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1. Project Background and Challenges

Indonesia is a country located in the southern part of

Southeast Asia with a population of about 2.55 billion,

GNI per capita of 3,580 US dollars, area of 1.89 million

km2 (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, July 2017). As

the capital city of Indonesia, Jakarta has a population of

about 10,171,000 people (Central Statistic Agency,

Indonesia in 2015) and is rapidly developing as an

economic and political center. Meanwhile, Jakarta have

been experiencing significant land subsidence. This is

mostly caused by over-abstraction of the groundwater

by factories or and buildings, accompanied by recent

economic growth and increase in population density in

the capital. This tendency is especially notable within the

lowlands along the northern part where economic activity

concentrates, and in some areas wherein damages caused

by sea water flooding at high tide is increasingly

observed. Comparing with 1970’s, the land subsidence

rate is more than 4 m at maximum. It is subsiding at a rate

rarely seen in the world. Land subsidence is occurring in

a wide range including the center of Jakarta, which results

to higher flood risks due to more severe floods and storm

surges, increasing flood damage, bringing inhibition of

civic life such as stagnation of logistics. It also have great

impact on the economy.

Countermeasures against land subsidence will require not

only monitoring, but also various measures such as

restrictions on groundwater abstraction, development of

alternative water sources, and promotion of adaptation

measures. In order to establish a system in which related

government organizations cooperatively promote these

countermeasures under one action plan, the following

steps are neededto be undertaken: 1. To propose effective

mitigation measures against land subsidence: 2. To

investigate risks of land subsidence and to estimate the

Republic of Indonesia

JICA PROJECT BRIEF NOTE

INDONESIA Project for Promoting Countermeasures against Land Subsidence in Jakarta －Establishment of Implementation Committee and Action Plan, and Capacity Building－

November 2019

Jakarta Special Capital Province and Surrounding Areas

対象地域（ジャカルタ特別州）とその周辺

－2－

costs of adaptation measures: 3. To raise awareness

among stakeholders about land subsidence and its

countermeasures: and 4. To promote activities related to

for implementing countermeasures.

Under these circumstances, the Government of the

Republic of Indonesia (hereinafter referred to as “GOI”)

requested Japanese Technical Cooperation, named “The

Project for Promoting Countermeasures against Land

Subsidence in Jakarta” (hereinafter referred to as "the

Project”) to the Government of Japan, aiming to promote

countermeasures against land subsidence in Jakarta

through integrated groundwater and surface water

management. The Project period is three years since April,

2018 to March, 2021.

2. Project Approach to Tackle the Challenges

To achieve the Project’s objective, 5 outputs are set as

milestone of the Project. The relation among super goal, p

objective and output of the Project is shown in Figure 1.

In the Project, countermeasures to mitigate land

subsidence phenomenon are referred to as “mitigation

measures” while the countermeasures against disasters

induced by land subsidence such as floods and high tides

are referred to as “adaptation measures”. Since the

Project can contribute to the risk reduction of disaster

induced by climate change such as sea water rise or

torrential rainfall, the Project can also be said to provide

adaptation measures against climate change. Aside from

these, provision of alternative water resources is one of

the key challenges in the Project, as such, it can also

contribute to safe and sustainable water use The

contribution of the Project to SDG’s goals are

summarized in Table 1.

Figure 1 Project Outline and Contribution to Climate Change

【Climate Change Impacts】

⚫ Risk Increase of High

Tide and Storm Surge

due to Sea Level Rise

⚫ Risk Increase of River

Flooding and Inland

Water Inundation due to

Sea Level Rise and

Torrential Rainfall

【Super goal】

Land subsidence has stopped and induced disasters reduces.

【Objective】

Action plan and project implementation committee have been established and

counterparts staff is well trained.

【Output-1】：The data collection, analysis, and data management system about land

subsidence and groundwater is established, the present condition of land

subsidence and groundwater abstraction is understood and analysis for

the relationship of them and future conditions are implemented. (Data

Management)

【Output-2】：Mitigation measures to stop land subsidence are studied and effective

countermeasures are implemented on a trial basis. (Mitigation Measures)

【Output-3】：Damages and risks caused by land subsidence are investigated and

adaptation measures are studied. (Adaptation Measures)

【Output-4】：Understanding about causes, risks, mitigation measures and adaptation

measures against land subsidence is promoted among stakeholders and

awareness against countermeasures against Land subsidence is raised.

(Awareness Raising)

【Output-5 】 : A planning and implementation committee for land subsidence

countermeasures is established, and an action plan for land subsidence

countermeasures is formulated. (Governance)

Adaptation Measure

－3－

Table 1 Contribution of the Project to SDG’s Goals

Goal Target

【Main Contributions】

11 Make cities and human

settlements inclusive, safe,

resilient and sustainable

11.5 By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and substantially

decrease the direct economic losses relative to global gross domestic product caused by disasters, including

water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations

13 Take urgent action to combat

climate change and its

impacts

13.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries

【Other Contributions】

6 Ensure availability and

sustainable management of

water and sanitation for all

6.4 By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals

and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering

from water scarcity

6.5 By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary

cooperation as appropriate。

6.a By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water-

and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency,

wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies

The Project requires various topics to be investigated as

shown in the Project’s outputs, and various agencies are

nominated as the counterpart such as Directorate General

of Water Resources, Ministry of Public Works and

Housing (herein referred to as the “PUPR”), related

agencies of Jakarta Special Capital Provincial

Government (hereinafter referred to as the “DKI”),

National Development Planning Agency (hereinafter

referred to as the “BAPPENAS”), Directorate General of

Human Settlement, PUPR, Geology Agency, Ministry of

Energy and Mineral Resources, and Ministry of

Environment and Forestry. Based on the appointment

letter by the Minister of PUPR, the joint coordination

committee and working groups are organized as shown in

Figure 2 and works together with the JICA Project Team.

Work items and concepts of each working group is

summarized below.

Figure 2 Project Organization

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(1) Output 1: Data Management

1) Satellite Imagery Analysis

InSAR analysis, which is used to analyze displacement of

land by using differences in the phase of the waves

returning to the satellite, is being conducted to measure

land subsidence rate in recent years.

Figure 3 Image of Displacement Measuring by

InSAR

For the analysis, ALOS and ALOS2 data (2007 to 2010

and 2014 to date, respectively) by JAXA is used since

these data has advantage for land displacement analysis in

wide area. Land subsidence in the period 2011-2014 is

estimated based on the anteroposterior periods. Analysis

results are verified with the past leveling survey data and

consensus on it is built among the relevant agencies such

as Bandung Institute of Technology.

2) Construction of Land Subsidence Monitoring

Wells

Land subsidence monitoring wells are constructed at two

locations with considering current monitoring network.

The locations are selected where land subsidence is

remarkable, no existing wells and public land owned by

DKI. The locations are determined with intensive

discussion with DKI.

A double tube type monitoring well (refer to Figure 4)

is applied because of its high durability and reliable

performance proven through considerable number of past

projects in Japan. While conducting technical discussions

and training in Japan, technology transfer is conducted

through site visit and preparation of construction

manuals.

3) Land Subsidence Mechanism and Prediction

Relationship between land subsidence, land use and

historical change of groundwater use are studied.

Hydrogeological condition is confirmed based on past

analysis and electromagnetic exploitation. Compiling the

geological features based on the boring core of

monitoring wells and past survey and data on abstraction

volume and groundwater level, mechanism of land

subsidence is identified by one dimensional land

subsidence simulation. The process and results of analysis

is shared and discussed with relevant agencies such as the

water resources institute of PUPR (hereinafter referred to

as the “PUS-AIR”) and the National Capital Integrated

Coastal Development (NCICD).

4) Establishment of Well Inventories and Database

Management System

Related data owned by relevant agencies in DKI such as

One-stop Service Agency, Industry and Energy Agency and

Tax Bureau as well as the groundwater conservation center,

ministry of energy and mineral resources (hereinafter

referred to as the “BKAT”) and PUS-AIR will be compiled

into the database together with location and specification

of wells, abstraction volume, groundwater level and land

subsidence rate. Future enhancement is also suggested.

Figure 4 Schematic Drawing of Double Tube

Type Land Subsidence Monitoring Well

－5－

(2) Output 2: Mitigation Measures

1) Study on Related Regulations and Proposal for

Improvement

Related laws and regulations to groundwater use,

alternative water resources (rainwater, water recycling)

and groundwater infiltration are studied and their

improvement is proposed.

The issues of registration which is obligated only to

industrial and commercial use is investigated in detail and

regulation to accelerate registration for public facilities

and houses is proposed. Considering early enforcement,

improvement of provincial regulations is focused as a

short term measure.

2) Estimation of Water Use and Groundwater

Abstraction Volume

Chronological change and spatial variation of water

supply and abstraction volume are summarized, and

abstraction volume by unregistered wells is estimated by

comparing water demand estimation based on various

statistics and water supply volume.

For domestic use, use of water sources except pipe water

supply is being estimated by district (kecamatan) level.

3) Proposal on Water Supply Service Improvement

A state-owned corporation used to operate water supply

services but it was privatized in 1998. In 2017, the

Supreme Court concluded that the privatization was

against the law and the water supply should be back to

public operation. However, its process is still uncertain

and other issues related to it are low coverage, high Non

Revenue Water (NRW) rate and insufficient water

treatment facilities. The current situation is examined and

improvements on water supply service is proposed.

Necessity of review master plan and reduction of NRW as

a short term measure such as block water supply and

leakage reduction by pressure control are focused.

4) Proposal on Alternative Water Resources

In order to fulfill the current and future water demand of

the Jakarta Metropolitan Area, new water conveyance

systems from Citarum River in West Java Province and

Karian Dam that is under construction in Banten Province

are expected. However, completion will take time due to

several issues on each project. Therefore, possibility of

other alternative water resources is explored such as

rainwater, water recycling, development of ponds, river

course storage, etc. as short to medium term measures. In

addition, dam operation improvement of the three cascade

dams in Citarum River is also proposed.

5) Proposal on Groundwater Recharge

Installation of rainwater infiltration facility is conducted

by DKI (construction by government in public facilities,

recommendation for housing and requirement for new

building constructions) with purpose of runoff reduction

during heavy rain and groundwater conservation. About

7,500 facilities has been constructed and thousands more

are being planned.

In order to recharge deep groundwater, of which over

abstraction is main cause of land subsidence in Jakarta,

cooperation of municipalities within the recharge area is

inevitable. Groundwater basin management, which will

provide guidance regarding the responsibilities of the

involved municipalities, is proposed.

(3) Output 3: Adaptation Measures

1) Examination of Risk caused by Land Subsidence

Disaster risk caused by land subsidence is examined

through interview survey on infrastructure damage

targeting 24 districts in northern Jakarta area and flood

simulation with land subsidence scenarios. The interview

survey is conducted by the Bandung Institute of

Technology and the counterpart staff accompanies to the

survey for capacity building purpose. For flood

simulation, several scenarios of land subsidence are

applied with impact of climate change also considered.

2) Preparation of Inundation Risk Map

－6－

In order to identify the land subsidence risk and to

prepare for the expected disasters, a risk map of land

subsidence on high tide, flood and impacts on

infrastructure is prepared. The map can be used to raise

the awareness of governmental staff and public. Based on

the results of the conducted social survey, the map should

be able to show necessary and important information in

an easy to understand manner.

Figure 5 Image of Inundation Risk Map

3) Review of Adaptation Measures

The following existing, on-going and planned facilities

and projects are reviewed. Based on this, a plan of land

subsidence adaptation measure is formulated and its cost

is roughly estimated.

✓ High tide levee, river embankment, river

improvement that mainly developed and maintained

by PUPR

✓ Drainage maintenance and pumping station that

mainly developed and maintained by DKI Jakarta

✓ Reinforcement of the coast levee and river-mouth

levee and pumping station listed as maintenance

menu of NCICD

✓ Others: road, bridge, railway, subway

The National Capital Integrated Coastal Development

(NCICD) is a government plan for redevelopment of

coastal area in Jakarta with the following four visions and

strategies.

1. Reducing Flood Threat

2. Developing Productivity in Coastal Areas

3. Improving Environmental Quality

4. Revitalizing Social-culture Aspect in Coastal Area

NCICD includes the projects on (1) Land subsidence

control, (2) Flood control from seas and rivers, and (3)

Sanitation and industrial waste management, as the “No

Regret Measures”. Total projects cost by 2050 is

estimated at Rp. 447 trillion (JPY 3.5 trillion). The

projects consists of national and local governmental

projects, PPP projects and donor projects such as the

sewerage development project funded by Japan ODA.

The off-shore dike integrated with toll road and land

development is also included in the project. The gates of

dike and bridges will be closed and pumps and flood

gates will be constructed between 2050-2080 as the

“Conditional Measures” in case land subsidence remains

uncontrolled.

4) Rough Estimate of Social Cost by Land

Subsidence

In the Project, the social cost by land subsidence is

defined as “the cost borne by the whole society, including

citizens and enterprises, as a result of improperly

implementation of the countermeasures”, and damage

cost is estimated based on the inundation area and depth

by the flood simulation.

(4) Output 4: Awareness Raising

1) Social Survey

As a baseline survey for awareness raising, social survey

is conducted by Indonesia University. The survey is noted

to avoid social conflict and is implemented after several

times of briefing to surveyors. The target respondents are

residents, industry and business. The target areas (district)

are selected based on the satellite survey results and 25

households, six factories and six business entities are

－7－

selected as the sample for each target area.

2) Preparation of Materials

Based on the results of the Project’s activities, various

publication materials are prepared to explain the current

situation, causes, risk of land subsidence and cost of

countermeasures, such as pamphlets, posters, hazard

maps, web site, sign boards, etc.

3) Awareness Raising Activities

Awareness raising activities are conducted for

government organizations, groundwater users and

residents. These activities include workshops, pamphlet

distribution, and dissemination of information via website.

Through these activities, the stakeholders’ awareness of

risk and understanding of groundwater use reduction

improve, resulting in the acceleration of several processes

in the implementation of countermeasures.

(5) Output 5: Governance

1) Establishment of Action Plan

Based on the Outputs 1 to 4, an action plan is formulated

consisting of short term measures to be implemented

within the Project period, midium term measures to be

implemented by 2030 and long term measures. For the

short term measures, some pilot areas are selected and

specific pilot activities are conducted together with

detailed investigations of local situation, as well as the

activities for whole DKI.

2) Capacity Building

In order to develop human resources who can cope with

the long term land subsidence countermeasures, capacity

building is implemented through the training in Japan,

workshops, seminar and academic forum as well as OJT

during the working group activities.

3. Results of Project Approach

(1) Output 1: Data Management

The distribution and magnitude of land subsidence areas

from 2007 up to 2018 is shown in Figure 6. Areas

affected by land subsidence are scattered within Jakarta.

The area where land subsidence rate ranges 20 mm to

50mm in 11 years are scattered from central to southern

Jakarta while severe land subsidence areas having rates

more than 50mm are concentrated along the coastal area

in the north. Contrary, the number of registered wells and

abstraction volume is highest in South Jakarta City while

the bedrock is shallow in southern areas and deep in the

north. This difference of geological formation is

suspected to have a significant influence on the

magnitude of land subsidence rate. Comparing the land

subsidence rates during two periods, 2007-2010 and

2014-2018, land subsidence has stopped in some areas in

Jakarta while new land subsidence areas emerged at the

surrounding areas.

The discussion on the plan of construction of land

subsidence monitoring well started in May 2018, and

construction was commenced in the end of October, 2018

and completed in June, 2019. By th time of the

commencement, three joint surveys and five meetings

were conducted which resulted to the encouragement of

the counterparts’ initiative. During the construction, new

construction method has innovated through the

discussions among the contractor, the counterparts and

the Project Team. Based on this experience, DKI will

construct same type land subsidence monitoring wells at

four locations in 2020.

The following are the current findings on the mechanism

of land subsidence in Jakarta. Future prediction is also

conducted with interactive process between the flood

simulations.

✓ The east and west sides of the coastal area of Jakarta

were originally swamp areas that were converted to

urban areas through urbanization from 1960s to 2000.

Since at the minimum about 20 years has passed, it is

－8－

difficult to estimate the load of embankment and/or

structure and its influence on land subsidence.

✓ Land subsidence has becomes much lower since 2009

when groundwater abstraction volume drastically

decreased. It indicates that over abstraction is a has

significant influence over land subsidence.

✓ Based on one dimensional land subsidence analysis,

shrinkage of soil layer occurred mainly in layers more

than 40m deep.

As a result of hearing and discussion with relevant

agencies on data management, consensus was obtained to

integrate or link the data of agencies to the platform of

groundwater management system which was developed

and managed by BKAT. Currently, trial integration of

JICA’s data is being conducted.

Land Subsidence Area more than 50mm

Land Subsidence Area more than 20mm

Figure 6 Distribution of Land Subsidence Areas in 2007 -2018

(2) Output 2: Mitigation Measures

For the improvement of legal framework, “acceleration of

registration by all users” and “setting of critical zones and

restriction in these areas” are proposed and currently

under discussion with relevant authorities. On the other

hand, latest actions are also being examined such as new

water resources law enforced on October 15, 2019 and

draft of provincial regulation on enhancement of

groundwater control including designation of restricted

areas.

Based on the available statistic data and unit water

consumption applied in Indonesia or Japan, the water

balance in whole Jakarta in 2015 is estimated as shown in

Figure 7. Residual deficiency against the demand of 23.4

m3/s is about 10.5 m3/s and most of the residual

deficiency might be compensated by unregistered wells.

Currently, domestic water use and abstraction volume by

shallow unregistered well by district is being estimated.

－9－

Figure 7 Estimation of Water Balance in 2015

Current efforts by the Indonesian Government for

provision of alternative water supply are reviewed and

rainwater storage facility is proposed to DKI as a short

term alternative water resources.

Besides, water supply pressure control to reduce NRW is

also proposed to DKI as a short term measures in water

supply improvement.

Regarding the groundwater recharge, current activities,

plans and management system by DKI is currently under

review and measures in source area are also being

discussed with relevant agencies.

(3) Output 3: Adaptation Measures

Based on the interview survey on infrastructure damages,

road is the most affected infrastructure, and bridge and

drainage follow. Type of damage is mostly related to

flood and high tide damages such as an increase in

inundation depth and period, however, daily affected

damages are also pointed out such as dysfunction of

facilities by unequal settlement.

For flood simulation, the model formulated by “The

Simulation Study on Climate Change in Jakarta” (JICA,

2012) is reviewed, effects of climate change and other

conditions are examined and trial simulation is conducted

with several land subsidence scenarios. Using past flood

records, model verification is confirmed. Also, a post

process for preparation of inundation risk map is

on-going.

The Indonesian Government is conducting design review

of coastal dike under NCICD and the Project Team gives

suggestions on it. Based on the draft simulation results.

prioritization for high tide and flood countermeasures

should be given. In addition, basic data preparation and

examination for estimation of social cost is also on-going.

(4) Output 4: Awareness Raising

The social survey was conducted in the land subsidence

remarkable areas with 400 households, 66 factories and

126 business entities in total. As an overall trend, the

respondents know that land subsidence occurs in Jakarta

but they do not know that it occurs in their own areas.

Understanding of causes and current regulations related

to land subsidence are also poor.

Relevant agencies of DKI started discussions on public

awareness materials. Among the materials, DKI Jakarta

intends to construct real time water level sign board

which will be funded by the local government.

The first year of the Project will focus on awareness

raising within the officers of central government and DKI.

For the second year, the target will be the local

government such as districts, towns and villages.

Additionally, public awareness activities will be extended

to residents and business entities with initiative of local

governments.

－10－

Photo 1 Real Time Water Level Sign Board in

Tokyo

(5) Output 5: Governance

Based on the satellite imagery analysis, six pilot areas are

selected where land subsidence is remarkable and landuse

pattern is clearly expressed. Short term measures for each

pilot area are proposed and approved by the Indonesian

Government as well as the measures for whole DKI such

as improvement of legal frameworks and awareness

raising activities (refer to Figure 8 and Table 2).

The training in Japan was conducted in October 2018

where seven young-middle class governmental staffs

were trained and given lectures on theories of integrated

water resources management, experiences of Tokyo and

current efforts of local government of Japan, application

of technology of private companies, and site visits. At the

end of the training, discussion about the action plan was

held and this became the basis of the current action plan.

The trainees take active roles in the working groups.

During the course of the Project, exchange of opinions

with the minister of PUPR and the governor of DKI were

conducted. As a result, both agencies has established the

Project Implementation Teams. And with the request from

minister, a technical seminar and site visit was conducted

which was attended by 36 staffs.. Moreover, exchange of

opinions with academician was also conducted through

academic forums and joint inspection of boring cores.

Photo 2 Training in Japan

－11－

①③

②

④⑤

⑥

Figure 8 Pilot Areas

Table 2 Characteristics of Pilot Areas and Short Term Measures

－12－

4．Lessons and Innovations of Project Implementation

(1) Learning from Tokyo’s Experiences

The experiences of Tokyo to conque the land subsidence

problem have been discussed in various occasions such as

the training in Japan, seminars and working group

meetings. The topics and issues discussed were

generation of zero meter zone and induced disasters,

verification of relation between over abstraction and land

subsidence, mitigation measures taken by the central and

local government and adaptation measures which remains

to be taken now. Some Indonesian officers had skeptical

views such as whether groundwater abstraction causes

land subsidence and whether land subsidence can be

stopped etc. Through learning of Tokyo’s experiences,

they recognized the cause of land subsidence and they

learned that it can be stopped if optimal countermeasures

are taken under proper policies. Discussion on similarities

and differences between Tokyo and Jakarta also led more

understandings to the counterparts resulting to the

application of double tube type land subsidence

monitoring well and real time water level sign board.

Such approach makes not just learning the lessons and

experiences of Tokyo but also knowledge co-creation to

meet the situation of Jakarta. This is achiieved by the

efforts for taking knowledge from Japanese experts and

officers through organizing technical advisory committee.

(2) Discussion based on Objective Data/Analysis

For the discussion on action plans, cause of land

subsidence and severe affected areas were identified

based on reliable and accurate data/analysis such as

identification of land subsidence area by satellite analysis,

setting of land subsidence scenario based on geotechnical

investigations, clarification of relation between

groundwater abstraction and land subsidence based on

analysis of groundwater abstraction volume and so on. It

makes practical and fruitful discussions on action plan

and leads active involvement of Indonesian side.

(3) Sharing with High Decision Makers

Recognizing the importance of land subsidence problem,

discussions with the minister of PUPR and the governor

of DKI were held. The Project outline, findings and

strategies for countermeasures were shared with them.

This contributed to the enhancement of recognition of the

Project and more active involvement of the whole

ministry/government. For dealing with the complicated

issues which requires involvement of various

organizations/agencies, it is effective to obtain

commitments from the higher decision makers.

For BAPPENAS that has jurisdiction over coordination

of international cooperation and formulation of national

development plan, periodical technical meetings are held

upon the request of them.

(4) Dissemination in Relevant Meetings

Land subsidence issue has been noticed in home country

and abroad, and it is occasionally reported by foreign

media. Various organizations are holding

workshop/seminar for this issue and the Project Team

utilize these opportunities for the dissemination of project

outlines and findings. Besides, the Project Team

communicates well with other donors, NGOs and

industry groups. Through such activities, confidence from

relevant agencies is given to the Project and it has a

dramatic effect on Project implementation such as

awareness raising of the Project, effective data collection,

and active involvement of the counterparts and so on.

－13－

Table 3 Major Meeting Participation

Date Participation

2018/7/12 Presentation in the Workshop

”Answering the Challenges of Jakarta’s

Groundwater Problems”

2019/1/27

-28

Attending and Guidance of Site Visit

for ”National Workshop on Integrated

Urban Water Management” (WB)

2019/8/22

-27

Participation to “World Water Week” in

Stockholm

2019/9/3 Presentation in 3rd World Irrigation

Forum

2019/11/18 Presentation in G20 CSWG

2019/11/23 Presentation in 3rd International Seminar

of Indonesian Association of Hydraulic

Engineers

(5) Communication with the Counterparts

One of the Project management issues is communication

with the various counterpart organization. To cope with

this issue, working group is organized for each output and

periodical meetings among various agencies are

facilitated to integrate sense of purpose and recognition of

issues. Awareness of the counterparts has raised through

14 working group meetings, individual discussions and

training in Japan. Currently, the Project activities are led

by the trainee and the Implementation Team member as a

main counterpart personnel of belonging agencies. In

April, 2019, a group in social media network was

established and the members are communicating over

institutional boundaries on a daily basis. It helps to build

up a sense of solidarity.

(6) Cooperation with Indonesian Academia

The interview survey for infrastructure damage and social

survey were conducted by sub-contracting to authoritative

universities in the region to intend the survey with

consideration of respondents and efficient information

collection.

By exchanging opinions with Indonesian experts in

academia who leads public opinion during the academic

forum and joint boring core inspection, recognition of

Indonesian against land subsidence issue can be well

understood.

(7) Experience of Past JICA Projects/Studies

In Jakarta Metropolitan Area, the following JICA

projects/studies had been conducted. The knowledge and

experiences of these projects are well utilized in the

Project.

✓ The Institutional Revitalization Project for Flood

Management in JABODETABEK (2007 – 2010)

✓ The Simulation Study on Climate Change in Jakarta

(2012)

✓ Project for Capacity Development of Jakarta

Comprehensive Flood Management (2010 – 2013)

(8) Cooperation with On-going JICA Project

The Project is implemented with information

sharing/exchange with other on-going JICA projects such

as the “DKI Jakarta Sewerage Development Project”,

“Jakarta Mass Rapid Transit Project” and “Data

Collection Survey on Improvement and Rehabilitation of

the Jakarta Fishing Port and Local Fishing Ports in

Indonesia”. For SME’s Business Support Project

promoting rainwater harvesting facilities, the Project

Team supported for facilitation with the counterpart

organization for pilot project.

（Project Period: April, 2018 to March, 2021）

References:

Japan International Cooperation Agency (2010) “ The

Institutional Revitalization Project for Flood Management

in JABODETABEK, Final Report”

Japan International Cooperation Agency (2012) “The

Simulation Study on Climate Change in Jakarta,

Indonesia Final Report”

Japan International Cooperation Agency (2013) “Project

for Capacity Development of Jakarta Comprehensive

Flood Management, Final Report”