JIN MAO TOWER

SITI YAUMILIA SALSA (13.036)

Overview• Architect: Adrian D. Smith,

SOM Architects

• Location: Shanghai, China

• Year(s) of Construction: 1994-1998

• Site Area: 23,257 m2

• Project Area: 287,000 m2

• Number of Stories: 88

• Building Height: 421 m

• Market: Commercial+Office, Hospitality, Mixed Use

Overvie

wJin Mao tower, in the Pudong new area

of

Shanghai is one of the highest

skyscrapers.

Made of ornately formed stainless

steel, aluminum, and glass, the

materials and decoration fashion an

fantastic experience. The structure

design also enabled the engineers to

hollow out that portion of the central

core to create the tower’s

centerpiece – a 650-foot-high atrium,

tallest and highest in the world,

extending up from the 56th floor.

History Completed in April 1999, The Jin Mao Building is China's tallest, the world's third tallest, and the last Jumbo of the 20th Century. With an east-meets-west design signifying Shanghai's emergence as a modern global city, Jin Mao follows the multi-use paradigm, offering retail at its base, offices above, and the Grand Hyatt's World's Highest Hotel occupying the upper 38 floors.

Commissioned in 1993 to serve as the project's architects and engineers, the Chicago office of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, led by partner Adrian Smith, confronted several challenges in China's first supertall structure. The absence of municipal codes governing high-rise construction necessitated the firm's close affiliation with many local agencies and international consultants. This collaborative process is evident in the final product, which combines western building standards with eastern aesthetics.

The Chinese lucky number eight figures prominently into the tower's composition. The mind-bending mathematics of Jin Mao's stepped-back form is best explained by the firm: _Each segment's height is reduced by one-eighth of the original base heiht and continues until the segment height is eight levels. At this point the Hotel begins and each segment reduces one-eighth of the 8-level segment until it reaches the 88th level._ Eights also appear in Jin Mao's advanced structural engineering system which fortifies the building against the typhoon winds and earthquakes typical of the region. The composite steel-and-concrete structure features eight mega columns of concrete and eight of steel situated around the tower's concrete core.

Reaching to the heavens, the

tower’s pinnacle extends to further

intensify the design while the glass

reflects the gray sunshine, adorning

the tower with a sacred atmosphere.

Sufficient Identification

Evidence

Description of main structural

systemThe Super-High-rise structure

boasts an entire vertical

deflection of only two

centimeters, with it’s roof

shifting less than half a meter.

Stability is ensured with up to

108 miles per hour wind and

can withstand a level seven

scale earthquake. This

resistance is possible in part

by the tough glass skin of the

outer walls.

Background

This building includes modern offices, a deluxe 5-star hotel - the Grand

Hyatt Shanghai, exhibition halls, banquet halls, an observation deck, and

entertainment facilities.

Background

The 51st and 52nd floors are

the mechanical and electrical

facilities center, which are

restricted for the tower's

working staff; the 53rd to 87th

floors are reserved for the

deluxe Grand Hyatt Hotel of

which, the 86th floor houses

a club exclusive for the hotel

guests and the 87th floor

lodges the hotel restaurant;

and, the 88th floor-the highest

floor, is reserved for the

tower's observation deck,

which can hold 1000 people

at one time.

Background

The tower has the best elevators available. Two direct elevators operate at the

speed of

9.1 meters (nearly 30 feet) per second that can send visitors from the ground

floor to the 88th floor for only 45 seconds. There are also five to six elevators

every 10 floors, which reduce waiting-time to 35 seconds even during rush hours.

Location

Jin Mao Tower is located in the Lujiazui area, 88 Shi Ji (Century) Boulevard, near the mouth of Metro East Yan'an Road in PudongNew District, Shanghai, the PRC.

Awards • 2014China Top 10 Modern Buildings AwardMinistry of Culture, China

• 2001World Architecture Award: Asia Category, FinalistWorldArchitecture

• 2001National Honor Award for Interior ArchitectureAIA

• 2001Interior Architecture Award: Honor AwardAIA - Chicago Chapter

• 2001Divine Detail Award: Special RecognitionAIA - Chicago Chapter

• 1999Structural Special AwardInstitution of Structural Engineers

• 1998Best Structure AwardStructural Engineers Association of Illinois

• 1995Excellence in EngineeringASHRAE - Illinois Chapter

The Architect• Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, founded in 1936, is one of the largest

and most influential architecture firms in the world.

• Head architect Adrian D and head

engineer Stanton Korista, lead the

design process from 1993 until

completion in 1998. Over 30 architects

and engineers worked on the project.

The Concept

With its postmodern form, it evokes

the architecture of the traditional

Chinese pagoda by creating a

rhythmic pattern growing in height.

The proportion of the building

revolves around the number 8. In

Buddhism 8 is a lucky number,

associated with prosperity,

economy, gold and trade.

Building Layout

The basement of the

tower is parking area,

which can hold 800

cars and 2000

bicycles.

The parking area is

equipped with 360-

degree surveillance

cameras as a

security feature of

the building.

Building Layout• Pool

The pool on the floor 57 acts as a passive switch

On the floor 57 is installed a pool. The seriousness of the charges is supported by the eight cores of large steel columns along the perimeter

• Monitoring

A 340 meters above street level, on the floor 88 is installed an observatory occupying 1520 square meters, is the observation deck largest and highest of China.

Building Layout• Offices

The offices occupy the floors from level 3 to 50 and have a total of 123,000 square meters.

The surfaces are clear, free of columns and are accessed by 26 lifts that have an average wait of 35 seconds during peak hours.

They have 100 parking spaces in plant and 800 in the underground floors.

Plants 51 and 52 are occupied by the center of mechanical and electrical installations of the JinMao Tower, which only has access to specialist staff.

Building Layout

This is a section diagram of the function of each

level. There is a lobby, five different office zones,

a double height mechanical level and hotel.

The major tenant of the building is the five-star 555-

room Shanghai Grand Hyatt hotel which occupies

floors 53 to 87. The barrel-vaulted atrium starts at the

56th floor and extends upwards to the 87th.

Function

Analysi

s

Level 1 – level 2

LOBBY

UNDER GROUND

Level 3 – level

52

OFFICE ZONE

Level 88 OBSERVATORY

DECK

Level 53 – level

87 HOTEL ZONE

Vertical Transportation

The elevator system is very

complex.There are more than

130 elevators in Jin Mao

Tower.

Office zones are serviced by 26

elevators in five zones.

A hotel express shuttle elevator

bay

An observation deck served by 2

elevators, 10 service elevators,

7 sets of escalators for podium

10 elevators for the

hotelelevator riser diagram

pla

n

Vertical Transportation

offic

e

hote

l

emergcy/

service

observation

deckelevator riser diagram

elevatio

n

Adhering to the theme of eight, which

signifies good luck in China, the

structure of the tower contains an

octagonal central reinforced concrete

core.

Eight concrete and steel

perimeter supercolumns, and

eight steel built- up columns.

Description of main structural system

2013/1/16

Identification of components

Crucial to Jin Mao’s form is the

success of its core. The structural

engineering of the center is a reinforced

concrete protective structure. The

upgrade is made up of high strength

concrete and steel. Under the

framework are a 4m thick reinforced

concrete raft foundation, encasing 429

root hollow steel reinforcements piled

into the sand clay layer 65 m deep.

Sand clay can provide some bearing

capacity, but the building’s bearing

relies mainly on the pile friction

resistance.

Core

The concrete core provides excellent

stiffness, while the structural steel

floor framing allows to use long,

column-free spans with minimal

weight. This, in turn, reduces the size

of the vertical members and the

foundation, creating a system that

resists winds and earthquakes with

the fewest possible structural

elements.

core plan

2013/1/16

Supercolumns

The supercolumns are comprised of

steel and

concrete.

The use of both steel and concrete created

a dilemma during construction however, as

some deformations occured due to its self

weight. While this process usually occurs

over a greater length of time this was

expediated in Jin Mao because concrete

and steel both deform elastically.supercolumn

plan

Supercolumns

Gravity loads are resisted by

the composite floor member’s

frames, called structural steel

columns. The central core and

composite supercolumns

provide additional support

counteracting the gravity loads.

Outrigger Truss

The final structure that enables

Jin Mao to function uniquely is

it’s outrigger truss system. This

provides resistance of lateral

loads through a central reinforced

concrete shear-wall core

interconnected with the

composite supercolumns.

Connection description

Jin Mao implanted a distinctive

system of pins within the joints,

forming a sort of hinge. These

pins allow rotation and more

flexibility during construction.

Loading Summary

Jin Mao Tower weight 30t. The type

of steel is H flange steel which has

strong resistance on lateral forces

and bending stress. The main

components resisting lateral forces

include reinforced concrete core. And

through the stick-out trusses, the core

connects with outsider super

columns.

Loading Summary

From the basement to 87th floor,

the thickness of the core wall range

from 850mm~450mm, while

strength from C60 to C40. The

overhang trusses provided efficient

lateral resistance. It makes the

building reach highest depth under

deflection. Eight faces’ wall

provide special strength for

twisting.

Loading Summary

The overhang trusses locate at 24~26th levels, 51~53th levels and

85~87th levels. And at the 85~87th levels there is a three-dimensional

frame, which has a shape of pagoda.

Bending Moment

Diagram

Loading Summary

It will sufficiently transfer the lateral forces from core and super

columns. Meantime, this structure also solves the problems of partial

horizontal systems, allowing the loads transferred to atrium.

Axial Forces

Diagram

Loading Summary

For self-weight, there are eight super columns and composite beams

and truss beams. It also has composite contour plates with 76mm to

83mm normal weight panel.

Shear Forces

Diagram

Lateral Load analysis

Deformation – side sway

analysis

(a)Wind force

load

(b)calculate

diagram

(c)displaceme

nt

(d)deformatio

n

(e)overturning

moment

Design

requirement• Wind loads:

• Seismic

loads:

200km/h

7 on the Richter

scale.

Lateral load transfer analysis

Wind load works on the surface of the building, then

transferred to super columns. With the trusses

connection between super columns and core, the load

finally reaches to the core and gets to the foundation.

While horizontal forces working on the structure, the

whole system generates inner inertial forces resisting

the overturning and torsion induced. The outside

symmetry super columns constitute of the force

couple to resist the bending moment.

Lateral load components

Consist of

braced frames in the core,

outriggers from core to perimeter,

super-columns and moment resisting frames in the

perimeter

Super

columns

cor

e

outriggers

truss

Outrigger truss

core

supercolmn

Lateral Load resisting system

How to resist load?

Core and super columns connect

through main beams on each floor

and Outrigger Truss steel beams to

form a space integrate structure

resist to lateral loads.

Core play the most important role on

resisting moment, 8 super- columns

are good for balancing overturning

moment by outrigger truss connecting

with core.

Structural Elements

Outrigger truss

carry on lateral loads

improve whole ability to resist torsion

transfer the floor gravity to supercolumns to balance the force caused byoverturning moment.

Foundation

Shanghai is located in alluvial

plain, whose forty meters

underground is full of silt. So it

must have enoughbearing

foundation

skyscrapers there.

situation needs Jin

to

buil

d

Then,

thi

s

Mao

Tower’

s

foundation must traverse the

silt layer and reaches the hard

sand bed. In a general way, the

depth of skyscrapers’

foundation is equivalent to

one over fifteen of the building

height.

Foundation

Around the center part of the

skyscraper, structural engineers

design a reinforced concrete

protective structure; and

upgrade is high strength

concrete and steel structure

composite structure. Under the

skyscraper’s framework, there is

a 4 meters thick reinforced

concrete raft foundation and 429

roots Ø900m hollow steel piles.

The foundation under the

podium uses small steel pipe

piles, which reach the

seventh soil layer.

Foundation

The foundation pit

perimeter of this project is

568 meters, the depth is

15~19 meters, the area is

nearly 2X104 m2, and the

total earth cutting quantity

is 32X104 m3. The

foundation slab of the

main building is 4 meters

thick, and the total

amount is 13500m3, the

strength of concrete is

C50.

Foundation

Foundation

Plan

Foundation

Pad

Section

Sources • http://ctbuh.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=9Wv9upvzgCI%3d&tabid=

486&language=en-US/

• http://faculty-legacy.arch.tamu.edu/anichols/index_files/courses/arch631/case/2012/JinmaoTower.pdf

• http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1586652/Jin-Mao-Tower

• http://www.skyscraper.org/EXHIBITIONS/BIG_BUILDINGS/CONTENT/jumbos/j_27.htm

• http://shanghaisquared.com/2011/02/01/shape-of-the-city-jin-mao-tower/

• http://en.wikiarquitectura.com/index.php/Jin_Mao_Tower

• http://www.som.com/projects/jin_mao_tower#sthash.UxZc4J8A.dpuf