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DHAF'tt SUW·'l\RY. f1IST OF' 1'!0RKS FOR AFTE~ 1988

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Note • •

· The Norfolk Island: ArchaeologicA.l Survey . .

Kingston-Arthur's Vale Region, (January •

1980), by Graham Wilson and Martin Davies

should be consulted in.conjunction with

~this list. •

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Robert V.J. Varman· • •

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Consultant Archaeolo&ist

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28th Hay 1985

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to the Department of

r~using and Construction •

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Introduction

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'rhe following list is comniled to give ·~n indication

of the work which should be done after 1988. It should not ..

be otherwise regarded than as a rough draf.t· pre•pa:r;.ed in

a great hurry. The list is not complete. '

It should be remembered that there are s~veral other

pre-1856 complexes on the Island, notably at Cascade and

Langridge and two major First Settlement sites, those of

Queensborough and Phillipsburgh. The Third Settlement also.

produced an architectural legacy but is now in serious

decline.

In the text, there are three recommendations which

could be regarded as controversial, (see also page 34):

1 • • Roofing, flooring and securing apertures to ruins

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which are intact.

These and others proposed to be totally reconstructed .

are the most contoversial. If a ruin is to be educational,

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the detailing of the mortar outlines, sockets for timbers etc •. , .

must be regarded as the educational elements. Ifuwever, these

elements are also the most vulnerable to weathering. Ma"ny ~

ruins have had their surfaces campo-mortared to protect the~

from weathering, but this covering process effectively

obliterates the 11 educational" elements, (compare the Duplex •

and No 4 Quality Row with the campo-mortared Crank Mill,.

Salt House and Water Mill). The compo-mprtared examples are

no more than romantic outlines, best seen from a distance. ,

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Th~ Duplex, on the other hand, will have had so much stabilization

wo.rk done on it to preserve it from weathering,in a few years

time,·that the surface will nearly all be of recent patch work •

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It should be remembered that the best way to preserve

a structure and its details is to introduce roofing, doors,

windows etc. Many of the original details will be submerged under

new work but at least they will be' securely preserved for

the f~ture. (Rather than slowly wearing away and being - - ' . -

reulaced by patching). Though these structures are just

masonry shells, they are no different to cases where all

the timberwork has been stripped out and work begun anew • •

(Cadman's Cottage in Sydney, buildings at the Old Military

Barracks, Nt~B Officer.s 1 Kitchen, Settlement Guardhouse etc.)·

2. Total'Reconstruction.

This is only recommended when an essential architectural

or structural element is needed to make sence of an architectural '

group or of a historic landscape. •

3- Rebuilding of retaining walls and free-standing walls.

These are needed for practical and landscape purposes. ,

They were intended to have been maintained as t4ey deteriorated

but_ there has been virtually'no maintenance on them .since the . ' •

early 1850s. Some wall~ have disappeared completely because.

they were not given any foundations. The argument here is

that if these walls had been maintained we would have had

them complete today·and thus it would not seem improper to '

catch u~, so to speak, with the maintemance.

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Government House Reserve •

The following walls should be restored and reconstructed, •

(in some cases whole lengths have disappeared).

North boundary wall (AlA).

East and south-east boundary walls (AlB).

North boundary wall of stockyard (AlT). Dismantle the piled

stone wall • •

Internal boundary wall to north-east corner.

Protect sites of unidentified Stockyard buildings if locatable

(A1K-N and P). -•

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Milking Yard,_ (see boundary walls.). This should be restored. (A 1 J) •

Piggery and Cattle Stalls (A1Q). Restore and stabilize • •

Structure AlR. Restore and stabilize.

Gatekeeper's Lodge. (AlD). Rebuild to complete the Government . •

House complex o·r outline and protect remaining footings • •

Government House (AlA). A complete archaeological report is

needed. The house should be overhauled and finishings ]resented •

. . as during the Second Settlement. (This will be·a major project).

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Government House grounds landscaping.

Replant pines in the 11ornamen tal garden u· (A 1 Y). These should

be planted where the old ones have been removed, (preferaply •

planted from seed taken from

the nature of the ornamental

the surviving ones). Determine I

garden by test trenching (archaeolog-

ical work).

Define bridges area south-west of Government House (swamp).

Define water courses in the same area and associated remains •

(A4c-e and A5a and c). ' . .

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Define ca 1828 pallisade area ·(A2A).

Protect and define Causeway (A9A) •

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Clear and retain near underground water channel (A3e abd f). ·

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Area B

Golf Club and Cemetery Beach Area. •

Erosion control. Erosion in the direction of the cemetery

is eating into Murderers'' .Hound. A permanent measure must

be taken to avoid.serious damage during a cyclonic storm.

Eroding banks along the coast should be retained in the most

urgent cases. (Pre-European forest deposits eroding away).

Sand Quarry (B8). This must be strictly managed as outlined .. - . before. Deposits of over 900 years have been found relating

to the Island 1 s flora and faun?-. A Polynesian artefact has

been found at a depth of about 1 .5m. The sand available is

limited and the quarry may form a breach between the sea and

the Golf". Course. •

Identify former roads • -

Restore 6auseway (B4) as existed up to about 1942. The ~eight ~

need only be about 2 metres to indicate its former extent • •

The Golf Club would consider this an enhancement but .the

fill would be difficult to obtain. •

Plant native trees in clumps from the same stock as survive·· •

in the area (Pine, Whiteoak, Melky tree1 etc).

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Cemeter,y Area

Stabilization of altar graves. The iron pins used to hold

the stones together are cracking the stone as they rust and

expand. One tomb must be reassembled.

Erosion control. A lot of soil has washed away from the slope .

along the northern side of the cemetery. A sea wall or buffer

is needed to the east of the cemetery, (see .B 9).

Removal of buffer composed of stone sills at the east end of

the cemetery. A similar one should be constructed outside the •

boundary of the cemetery. A retaining wall should be built ·

here and extended t6 join the one proposed to protect Murderers'

Mound.

Stabilization of the existirig corner pillars marking the boundary

of the Second Settlement cemetery and the pillars of the main

entrance. Reconstruct the missihg pillar, washed away in •

rec_ent years, at the south-east boundary corner. Hand split -

palings should be used where fencing is desired, (as appear?

along the front of No 11 Quality Row) •

Planting of natives. Clumps of Melky Tree, Whiteoak and

"tear dropping machineel'' ( 1836) should be planted. (The • .

machineel i~ not a native of the Island but had been planted' •

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in the cemetery by 1836). I

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Area D

Quality Row Area

Overseer's Hut~ Pc)~ t Building and ''retaining wall 11 remains.

Cattle should be excluded from the area which will necessitate

fencing. The remains shotlld.be stabilized and defined.

D 20 Area and valley to the north. Behind the Paradise Hotel

there are several undocumented and·unrecorded remains: A

footing of a possibly First Settlement structure at the commence-• •

ment of the east branch of the valley; A stone lined water

course near the pile of stone and earth. Closer to the Hotel

was the site of an Oversee's Hut (D20). These areas should .

be defined and protected from the cattle • •

Duplex. (D2 and 3). This structure should be reconstructed •

un~er the stringest archaeological control~. The constant •

stabilization needed to nrevent further deterioration will •

eventually obliterate the Second Settlement surface treatment,

leaving a visual display of modern patchwork. The Heritage

Commission's recommendations to roof, door and window the

structure is not included in the Restoration Programme up

to 1988. - •

Chief Clerk's Quarters (D4). This ruin is in a~poor state •

of preservation and needs a detailed plan for its preservation

and presentation. The structure is highly important in that •

a large area of original surface treatment survives.

No 5 Quality Row (D5). Maintenance and stabilization of '

boundary walls. I

Reconstruction of drainage chann:i behind Qua tity Row houses.

The water at present runs off the hill and strai. ght onto

these properties. A post and rail fence used to extend along

this area.

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Nos 6 to 9 QOality Row. A lot of work is required on boundary

walls, retaining walls, ruined outbuildings and landscaping.

No 9 needs to be restored when the lease runs out.

No 10 Quality How. 'fhis structure and outbuilding is due

for restoration. Work will be required on the boundary and •

retaining walls.

Old Military Barracks (D12).

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Hain Building (D12A). The roof should be remodelled because at

present the form of the roof has no parallel in its history. If

the 1880s period is decided upon, the stop, or parapet, gable

should be converted to one with overhanging eaves and barge

boards added. If a Second Settlement appearance is desired,

·· the third storey should be added and the roof should be hipped. ' .

As the Public Service grows additional space will be welcome·d.

Ball Court (Dl2M). Redefine by retoring the stonework etc • •

Well (D12N). Remove capping and either build up the wall as

seen at D12H) or cover in a heavy-duty mesh of iron so that

the well can be exnosed without accident.

O~B former major structures. Peg out the four corners and •

provide ground level signs of brass or stone explainini ~

the former structure and its·date of building. •

Parade Ground (D13). Peg out the four corners of the former

All Saints church (1870- l87lf). Provide with explanation . •

of the site in plaque form.

Officers' Bath (D15A). Remov~ the iron pins from the walls •

Remove all dirt from outside the landing area at the base

of the structure. The platform should be filled with crushed

stone. Anti-silt measures should be taken at the northern

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entrance of the vaulted drain to prevent silting within the 11 Bath 11•

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Vaulted Culvert under Parade Ground (D15B). Repair and rebuild

worn and broken sections. (The culvert collansed toward the ,>

northern end some years ago). The north entrance should be

arranged in such a manner so that silt is not carried into

the Officers' Bath, (which must hav~ been the case originally). •

The vaulted drain to the south of Quality Row needs major

rebuilding (See Area F) •

New Military Barracks (D16).

Most 6f the work on the surviving buildings have been completed.

Th~ corners of the former hospital (D16G) and other large ~ D1> J '$ i(O V\.... t:> I!> 12- i) (;'; ~ ~€-~

structures (D16H and P). Plaques should be set at ground

level explaining the sites. This whole complex, as with the

Old fJiilitaryBarracks,re1Jresents a unique survival of colonial

architecture. Unfortunately, the structur~D*B~6h balanced the . .

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Officers' Mess was burned down and demolished many years ago •

·It was identical in external ap1Jearance to the Officers Mess •

If this structure were to be rebuilt, it would complete the

precinct as it originally appeared from the entrance. At

present the original layout"can not be fully appreciated in

terms of the comuosition and balance. Extra· accommodation is •• •

. needed for government offices. The rebuilding~of this structure

would create a jewel of architectural composition and serve

a practical need at the same time. ·

Landscaping and interpretation is needed for the com,plex • •

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The old well should be deliniated and the soil pit archaeologically

cleaned -out of rubbish, (mostly dating ~o World War II) •

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Commissariat Store (D17). ' Peg out and· de fine the Commissariat s·heds. 1\t some

stage a range of these simple open skillion roofed sheds

should be'recohstructed, these rna~ be found useful for

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. church and festive functions, (especially at Thanksgiving Day) •

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Quality Row. •

_The original curbing should be restored to the street • •

' It should be of a type as seen at the entrance of the Commissariat •

Store. Repaired sections of upright slabs, seen along .Quality

Row, are quite incorrect. ' •

Large sections, if not all, of the original low walling

along Quality Row should be rebuilt. The ord~r of priority ' should be: Government House; bet~een Pier and Bounty streets;

. . and the Parade Ground from the Officers'·Bath to Rooty Hill

road,(and a section along Rooty Hill road in line to the

north end of ·the Old Military-Barracks complex).

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Area E

'Chis are<-~ of KAVHA is in nrivate hands, some of the -•

land has been in the same family for over one hundred years.

·Any plans or proposals on freehold or leasehold should be

nresented sympathetically to the owriers and with their full

approval. Th.e success of the KAVHA region ·depends on the

goodwill of the Islanders.

Flagstaff Hill (El).

A walk should be constructed along the original Queens~

borough Road (later Langridge Road), (E4). The track should

follow the course of the old road up to the Flagstaff. A track

should be constructed from this point down along the cliff •

back down to the Pier Area. The remains of the 1792 Flaghouse ·

and other remains should be fully protected, demarkated and

stabilized. •

As the area to the east and north are slowly stabilizing ' '

because of the pines and kikuyu grass, a subtle long-term

project to a·d·d to the landscape should be made involving '

the planting of native ~lants other than the pine. A major

soil erosion ~rogramme should be implemented for the south-•

west slone of Flagstaff Hill.

Eucalyptus Plantation (E3).

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This nlantation should never have been established here. . - - - - -

About three native species have invaded this area. The plantation • .

should be thinned out over a long period of time, replacing ·

them with native trees and plants. The rresent plantation

will make an excellent protection against the wind and the ' •

drying out of the soil as young natives are planted. (Note

how the pines growing along the edge of this plantatio~ are

larger an~ealthier in annearance than those further away).

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Chimney Base (E 11). •

This and other features should be indornorated in a defined

walking track which should link all the chimney bases and

remains of buildings. (SeeM). Permission should be humbly

sought from the owners of these areas. It is nossible that . ~

some of these are actually First Settlement farmhouse remains, .

as the area was intensely subdivided then. A guide should be

written explaining the history and significance of the area

(and should also explain that they (visitors) are on private •

property and that they are permitted into strictly defined •

areas only).

a·rain Silos ( E15).

The recently bulldozed area near the silos should be

returned to the original line of ~he slope of the hill and

planted with grass. (The area is beginning to erode). The

silos should be presented in such a way that visitors come

away with a clear understanding as to how the silos operated •

One or two should be opened but protected with a heavy duty wire

grid. A permanent light should be established inside one of -

these to illuminate the interior. A small shelter may need • •

to be erected over the silo to keep out the rain. The grass

in the area should be mowed and trimmed • •

Stockyard Valley (E20- 30).

This is one of the most beautiful valleys on Norfolk '

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Island. It contains remains from the First and Second Settlement

period, durin6 which it was intensively cultivated. Some

small pockets of native vegetation survive which should be

promoted (wi:th the permission of the land owners as it will

mean fencing off these small areas). Permission should be

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negotiated for a walking track to be established along the

creek

Roman Catholic Priest's Garden Hut etc. (E20).

These ruins are fairly comulete. The hut is well preserved

and has had a roof for most of its existance. ~rhe plans and •

elevations still survive and should be used as a basis for

restoration. The owner of this area appears to be quite

willing to co-operate. The roof should be shingled or thatched

and a part of the wall restored. A similar structure existed

further northwards. •

The valley contains numerous First Settlement farm sites,

Second Settlement farm remains and the remains of an extensive

water supply system •

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Area F

Nill Road ( F1 ) •

This road was established about 1788/1789 and must be

.one of the earliest in Australasia. Rebuild the upper and

missing parts of the retaining walls along the full length • •

The road should be restored from the turn-off at Pier street .

to Country road (F2). The frequent bogging at the Country

road end and the movement of cattl~ along this road are

destroying the remnants of its features. The cattle needn't

be excluded if the retaining walls are restored

Country Road (F2).

Erosion along the banks is becoming, a problem and recent

rains have caused a number of earth slides. The grass does •

' not get the chanpe to recover, these areas must be stabilized •

Bridge Remains (F2A). .

This was demolished during the 1920s but parts remain •

The remains should be defined and stabilized as road works

in the area often damages the remaining parts.

Watermill, (or Swamp), Creek (F3). •

This creek must be cleared from time to time because o£

weed growth and consequent silting. The earth along the banks

is continually pressed into the creek by cattle. Material

from the late 1700s and even Polynesian material have been \

found in it. Organic deposits at low layers attest t6 various

crons having been grown there and there 1is also evidence of

prolific native flora. .

The creek should be regularly cleared by hand. The use

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of machinery is not recommended except in major work (usually

needed after years of neglec~. The embankments should be

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protected from cattle damage, though retaining walls are

not recommended.

Civil Officers' Gardens. ( F7). •

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Only a fireplace base (F7A) remains of this former hut.

A model garden should be established here or elsewhere to

illustrate the pre 1856 usage of this area.

Swamp Hut ( F12); Got tage ( F13); Chief Constable~ Quarters ( F15) ;

and Post Master's Residence ( F20).

Substantial foundations of.these structures remain,

some of which are significant to the Third Settlement as.

well as the Second Settlement, (for example Aunt Jane's Longhouse . .

( F16) and Post Master's House ( F20 }. These footings should

be fenced off from the cattle, (being favourite haunts). The . .

kikuyu grass should be eliminated.as the roots are damaging

the plaster remains and even the coursing. These areas should

be cl~ared and lightly defined. The well near the east end

of F16 was filled in living memory and should be cleared out

and treated as suggested elsewhere. If possible sand or •

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crushed calcarenite should be sprinlked about the footings

once they are c~eared. The exposed footings, free from ~he

grass, should make quite an impact from a distance. Plaques·· ' ' • should be set at ground level explaining the significance of

these remains.

Vaulted Drain (F19). •

This was cleared in 1984 and it was revealed that the

uncollapsed sections were in danger of ~eing undermined. The

ends of these sections were also found to be crumbling away.

The stone work along the flow of the creek is actually

corroding because of some element in the water •

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The vaulted drain should be restored along its full '

length: collapsed sections s!tould be rebuilt in the same

style a~ _existing, if this is not nossible, large diameter

concrete drain pipes should be used. The undermined sections

should be built up and worn sections mortared. The stream

will need to be diverted duz·ing this work •

• Parterre, or The Boulevards/Sports Oval (F22').

A series of·boards illustrating the former nature of

this area should be erecteq near the present entrance. The

area has been used for sports on and off since the ·early

1840s, though during the mid 1830s it was formed into a

highly ornate garden • •

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Area G

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Blacksmiths' Shop I (02).

'11his .;rea, within the New Gaol comnound, should be acknow­

ledged with a plaque at ground level. Some remnants of this

structure may still survive underground. 'fhe site is es.pecially

imnortant as the structure was built out of a First Settlement •

ruin in 1829. The more such sitss are located, the easier it •

will eventually be to overlay a plan of the First Settlement .

township on the nresent terrain. -New Gaol (G4).

This site is one of.the most neglected and one of the

most intriguing to Islanders and visitor alike.

be formulated, creating walks around areas which

of buildings. Cattle have recently been excluded

A plan

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area and the kikuyu grass eliminated from over the ruins,

(destructive root system). Some of ·the rubble should be removed '

from the area so that th·rplan of the en tire layout •

can be

perce:Lved.

One or two areas, as have been suggested, should be • •

excavated to the original floor level. This should be dbne •

_with the help of the Restoration Team who have excavated .

numerous sites under archaeological direction. The strictest

of archaeologiacal technique should be used, ( it should not

be regarded as an emergency excavation). '

It has been repeatedly suggested t~at some of the cells

and wings of the pentagonal should be rebuilt. If carefully

excavated, ·this would be the most per feet way of preserving

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-the actual remains from further weathering. Although "purists"

may not agree with such a nroposal, it is believed that in

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an other hundred years, the work would be greatly appreciated,

having been done so recently after the gaol's ruination. (If '

not, the work could always be demolished to the ruin level). ' '

Despite the documentation and' archaeological evidence, it is ' unlikely that the Heritage Commission would approve of such

a olan.

Prisoners 1 Barracks ( G5) • •

This area is used for Bounty Day and sporting and recreat­

ional purposes. Not a great deal of the original complex

survives above ground since it W::Js bulldozed during the late

1960s.

The corners of the main buildings of the complex should

bri-ndic~ted with ground level rriar~ers and ground level plaques. • •

The Protestant Chapel (G5F), or·Prince Philip Youth •

Centre, is only half the original lengt~ of the structure,

(which is indicated by the south gable end). It is felt that •

the remainder of the structure as it was originally built

should be added. As interest in the historic area escalates, •

a larger hall will be needed for public functions, (films, . ~,

meetings, arts and crafts etc).

First Settlement Hospital (G6) • •

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This was roughly located in the north-west corner of

the compound. A ground level plaque should be installed' to •

commemorate the site. This was the· actual area where W.C • •

Wentworth was born, (not the Surgeon's Kitchen).

Lu'mber Yard and Prisoners I r1ess ( F 7). . .

This was the focus of some of the more interesting side

lights of convict history. It was the headquarters of the

infamous 11 Hing 11 as imortalized by Narcus Clarke. '

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The footings need to be rebuilt to the level of the

platform as some of the de'9osits are eroding awa,y. The

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kikuyu grass obscures even the most obvious remaining feature,

the large stone lined saw ~it. Attempts should be made to

fence off the area and expose some of the footings because

the area has nothing to offeras it is at present. (Even few •

of the locals have any idea that a comrlex existed in this area).

The dressing shed and W.C. (G8) should be shifted to a •

site further eastwards.

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Area H

Pier Area

Surgeon's Quarters (Hl)

This structure, by 1987, will be fully restored. The area, • . .

however, is one of the most important sites on Norfolk and

Australasia, being the sites of the First and Second Government

Houses (1788 and 1782).

Attempts should be made to locate the site of the •

Second Government House and the area marked out, if found.

This area should be the ·focal point for the presentation of

First Settlement Kingston. Work should be done to overlay

maps of the existing terrain with early maps in order to

mark the sites of the First Settlement township.

Surgeon's Kitchen (H1B). •

.Parts of this structure date back to the First Settlement .

and was most likely associated with the Second Government House.

This structure is one of the great favourites among

Islanders and visitors alike because of its rustic charm, (esp­

ecially the worn exterior walls and the old shingles). However, • the structure does require restoration. The work should-be

~ . restricted to some careful filling of joints on the exterior

masonry joints and the removal of some of the cement render.

The shingle roof should be repaired and maintained until

it is impossible.to retain it any longer. • •

Hajor work should be done to all apertures ( 1950s/1.960s), I

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the interior walls and the ceiline: and timber floor. The flagging

on the exterior should be exposed.

Special care should be taken to retain as much of the

interior plaster and render when removing the cement render.

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The shed which was formerly located to the west of the

cottage (attached) should be rebuilt. (The exterior oven

and laundry area need protection from the rain and heat). • •

Surgeon's Privy (H1C). •

' This structure is substantially intact. '.ro preserve it

from further deterioration, the broken parts of the wall:,

should be rebuilt to height. A pyramidal roof and. a door

should be installed. The walls should not be rendered but

maintained from time to time and any damaged coursing·carefully

re-filled.

Well (H1D) • .

The deteriorating reinforced cement slab should be

removed and a grid of heavy duty ~ire set over it. A sheer

legs or barrel winch should be erected over it. The sheer legs

or roller should be made functional so that demonstrations may " be arranged. A trapdoor with lock may need to be made in the

grid for this purpose.

The well is but 17 feet de~p but was probably used for

dumping rubbish and fill. During a dry period, it might. be

advisable to clear out as much of the fill as'1possible,

(under archaeological-.)supervision).

Stairs. ( H1 K) • •

This stairway has deteriorated sadly since the Secon~

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Settlement. The stairs should be restored (but no stones should . I

be removed) and the miniature walls restored to protect the

stairs and the small remaining section .of wall.

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Civil Hosuit:~l (!·I6) • •

Parts of the walls or this structure , judging by t'h.e

masonry and blocked fe.'ltures, date back to the early First

Settlement. The walls were fairly intact until the 1940s

or 1950s when part~ were demolished for the sale of the stone.

This ruined structure needs a conservation plan. Plans

and elevations exist for this structure and all rooms may be

identified. Some exploratory excavation work should be

done to determine the extent and nature of the First Settlement

remains. •

:tvlany have expressed a desire to see a roof, doors and

windows etc., installed. If this were the case, the walls

along the western end would have to be built to height and

the outer south wall fully rebuilt. A few original timbers

survive. •

Coxswains' Dunlex ( H1 0). ~ .

•

The foundations of this building may still be observable

from Flagstaff Hill and from close up. The foundations inhibit . •

the long grass (Buffalo and Kikuyu), these outlines in the • •

grass are used as part of the walking tracks. •

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The area should be fenced off and the grass treated

with Round-up. A plaque should be set at ground level explaining

the significance of the area. '

Lt Borough'~ Quarters (H14). •

Although all traces have Vo.nished '• the footings probably

still survive under the ground. The structure was rebuilt in

1828/1829 out of the remains of a First Settlement building • •

The site should be determined and the corners marked out • .

A plaque should be set at ground level to commemorate the site • •

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Original Landing Place ( 11H17 11 ) •

This was the site of the First and eo.rly Second Settlement

landing place, '(located a little further west of the present '

Slipway).

This also anpears to be the site of the. initial landing

in· 1788. The Philip Gidley King monument (H55) was erected ..

in 1970. It is a plaque mounted on a basalt boulder from

Gannet Point. The stone is.totally out of character with the

area and is· nowhere near the original landing place. It .would

be more appropriate to shift it to this area and re-erect .

it against the natural looking backdrop of the shrubs planted

against Flagstaff Hill. A plaquE? should be mounted on the

retaining wall explaining the significance of the area. ·

Sea Wall (H19). . .

The retaining walls are of recent origin. The present

masonry wall should be extended along the full length

because deposits. from the First Settlement are eroding out .

of the exposed and eroding bank. •

Pier ( H18) • • .

The masonry of the Pier is fairly sound but in several

places it is being undermined and parts are ~earing away.

The Slipway, in particular is broken at the sea end

and is of no use. This end should be reconstructed with

care as it appears that the remains of an earlier landing'

place survives underneath. Nearly all"the masonry needs I

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stabilization work. 'fhe sur face should be treated so that

peonle cannot slip on it, (several ha~e had some nasty

accidents here).

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The banks to the north and north-west need to be entirely

rebuilt (modern) wh~re they exist. A prouer retaining wall

should be built extending from the slir;way to the existing

masonry retaining wall along the bank west of the Pier.

Beach Store (H23). • ' . Several very visual mistakes were made when it was

recently restored. It has already .been acknowledged by all

concerned-that these elements should be corrected.

1,. Parapets were built to the gable ends which never

existed before. The shingled roof overhung the gables originally.

2 ''. The large masonry pilla:rs at the top of the stairs

should be removed and r~placed with square sectioned pillars

of timber. Pyramidal cappings should be restored to the · ' ' .

same area when the masonry pillars are removed. . '

• 3. The recessed panels on the· side of t~e walls of the

porch are not correct, (see historic photographs). . '

'The basement wa~ used during the Second Settlement

and could be turned into a valuable area for setting up

tanks etc., for the _stabilization of historic artefacts, -

(many need soaking in solutions for up to twelve to eighteen ~ .

• months): The loose rubble should be removed under archaeological

supervision. Locks should be placed on the door. The asbestos

slates should be replaced with timber shingles. ' •

Crank Mill ( H28) • l

. This ruin,(or rather shell), was ear-marked for restoration

and preparations were made up to about· 1979 when it was decided • .

not to proceed. Ttie structure had been reroofed and refloored

several times throughout its history, (once or twice during

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the Third Settlement, when it was used as a boat store and

for boatbuilding). '

The com-co-mortared surface has obscured all the accessible

details (1962 and 1979) which rather. defeated its purpose

of being an educational ruin.

It is believed that it would be better to roof the

structure and provide floors, doors and windows. Some original • .

timbers survive in doors and window openings but are deteriorat-

ing due to the exposure.to weathering. The interior campo-mortar .

should be very carefully removed by hand with fine instruments •

(Time should be allocated so that this may be done with

great care). One floor, at least; should be used to display

the remains of the Crank .Hill (now in the Museum) and perhaps '

contain a small working model. Hand mills etc.,· stiould also

be displayed

Carpenters' Shop (H29). ' .

This demolished structure (1848) was built out of the .

remains of a First Settlement structure. A ground level plaque .

should be arranged to the north of the Royal Engineer 1 s Office. ·

Royal Engin~er's Office and Stables (H30A abd B).

Replace the asbestos slates with hand split timber

shingles. A more correct .:painting scheme should be implem13nted • .

Flaghouse and Privies (H35) I

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Repla6e the asbestos slates with shingles and remove

fascia boards. , •

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Old Gaol ( ri37).

The exact site of this imnorta.nt and interesting building

should be located. The gaol \'Tas added to at the beginning • •

of the Second Settlement from the remains of the First Settlement '

gaol. It was demolished in 1848. The.gallows associated with '

this structure would have been located to the north of the

remaining section of H38. ' •

The corners, when located should be pegged out and a

ground level plaque should provide an outline "history of

the site.

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Constables' Quarters (H38). ~ .

Th-is was once a terrace of six units. Only one remains

which comprised the eastern· end of t4e. structure, (now knowri •

as Munna's). The last section to be demolished was in 1962,

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to improve the view out to sea. By .the demolishion of this

range, the feeling of the 11square 11 to the north was destroyed •

This range was .built as/Part of. a rationaliza tiqn of the area; -structures were demolished and the area levelled. Several

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structures dating·back to the First Settlement were demolished •

The range should be rebuilt, as proposed in the Bicentannial '

Suggestions (R.V.J. Varman). Accommodation is sorely needed '

• for a refreshment area and other facilities in order to make·

the Pier Area a place. where one can spev.d the day .in comfort.

The structure was very sim~le, a mere repetition of the

surviving elements. There is also amnle visual documentation

which will assist to make the reconstruction an authentic

one. •

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Captain '.Vake field 1 s rtuarters ( H39) •

fhis structure should be indicated by marking out its . .

corners. It was probably built out of the remains of a

First Settlement stru.cture, ca 1826-1828. IJ.'he remains,

however, may have been ~amoved ~uring the 1848 levelling '·'

of the area.

Bakehouse (H40).

This was built out of a First Settlement structure •

ca 1826-1828. As it was located on the brow of a ridge,

extending from the Civil Hospital, no remains can be expected

to be found, (the area was completely excavated away in

1848). •

B=!-acksmiths' Shop ( Htf4). ·

The compound wall and workshops for the blacksmiths

and nailers were built. soon after 1846. Shops for painters and

whe~lwrights were added soon ifter. The compound is now used

as a worJmhop ·and store by the Restoration Team. This.·use is

compatible with its Second Settlement u'se • •

The internai arrangement of sheds need an overhaul. The ' •

pillars at the fron't gate should have their capping stones

restored to them and new doors provided. The Restoration Team •

should be consulted about the internal arrangement for thei~ '

long-term functional needs. '

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Structures eust of the Blacksmiths 1 Con,:oound ( Hl~5-Hlr9).

These remains have been sadly neglected and even mislabelled.

The individual sites need protection from cars and suitable

plaques should be provided to commemorate the sites.

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-,....c_ ... ,......c",.~~·>·,.._ f""~. • ~w_..,._ ":--- w,, a

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Old Langridge Road ( H50) •

This is one of the oldest roads on the Island (by 1794,).

;_walking track sHould be constructed along its course to

the ton of Flagstaff Hill. (Trees should not be removed

from it as erosion is a g~eat nroblem in this area). A

walking track should link with the latter track down along

the side of the cliff, but making sure that no further erosion

can result from the track or that archaeological remains are

not disturbed, (the remains of the 1792 and later flaghouses) • •

Commemorative Boulder ( H55).

This should be relocated to the area west of the Pier •

where the actual landing occurred • •

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Area J

This area is in 5reat need of stabilizing walls, some '

of which are urgently needed. Some new retaining walls will

require a good deal of ingenuity, such as the kiln waste sea

road.

Sea Wall (J1 ).

· ·This wall"has 'been patched but still requires attention • • . .

The wall once had several stone ramps, one may still survive

in an area where the sand has built up.

Limekiln .Police Hut. ( Jlt-). ·

This ruin has never received any attention. The south .

end is eroding away and cantil~vering. Careful stabilization

work is needed. The masonry walls were fairly complete until .. . .

the World War II period. The sea has made great inroads into

this area • .

Kiln Waste Sea Road.

A retaining wall is urgently needed to keep the remains

of this perfectly smooth convict road.from disappearing

completely. The retaining wall will be difficult to construct - •

because its foundations will largely be on sand. • •

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The whole bank from J4 to the Limekiln should be

retained.

Outlet Channel (J7).

Both si~es of this channel were formerly retained by'

masonry walls. The recent erosion and undermining of the I

remains and the bank are alarming. Deposits from pre- First

Settlement times and later are eroding out of the bank. The

banks are often scaled by visitors and children like to dig

holes into the banks. I have witnessed a remarkable change

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in .the area over the last four years.

·The walls should be totally reconstructed from Emily

Bay to the convict bridge. It is also urgent that this wall

project be continued from the bridge to the underground .

channel. (The most substantial sections of the original .

wall survive here but have been seriously undermined during

the recent ~eavy rains, one section has already collapsed) • .

The remains should be very carefully incorporated into the

new work •

Bridge or Steps (J7C).

This bridge or steps remains has declined dramatically

over the last two years, about half of the visible remains

have been washed into the channel. •

Concrete Lined Open Channel (J7A~. .

The south-east end' needs to have retaining walls between ' ' - .

. the rock outcrops. Pre-First Settlement material are eroding

. out of these places, (and at .the north-western end the

remains of charcoal burning activities).

Pine Plantation ( J9).

The banks have been eroding seriously since the mid· •

1930s. The area was part of ·the First Settlement cemetery

and stone work shons. • •

The pines are ranidly declin.ing, perhaps topping may •

helu to extend their life snan. ' A o

First Settlement Cemetery. •

This site should be aclmoledged b/ a sui table cairn,

perhaps in the shape of the Second Settlement pillars in the

present cemetery). Efforts should be made to retain the

erodi.hg banks near J9. Human remains have washed out · .

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• of this area since at lenst the mid 1930s. ·

Causeway Branch (J11).

This was sadly diminished when the nresent road was

ungraded and during the unsunervised quarrying of sand • .

The south end is now eroding in section and should be •

stabilized.

Area K •

Former Dump Area, 11 Park11, ( K1 ) •

• ' . This area should be extensively planted with natives .

which.can survive near the sea. At uresent the area is little . .

used as a park because of its barren appearance and lack . •

of wind shelter.

Windmill Area (K2A). •

Although there could be heritage and financial problems

connected with a proposal to reconstruct the former simple

windmill,· it would rather add to this fairly uninteresting

area. The windmill would only need to appear to be functional ~ . '

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with moving fans and rotating mill housing. The horizon eff~ct as

seen from any part of Kingston would greatly enhance this area. The •

surviving stabilizing base is mostly mistaken for a water

tank at present • •

The miller's cottage remains is under a golf green and

is at least safe from any further deterioration.

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Area L

'-~~--~""''-" . ~,~---:::-

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The surviving whole limekiln (14) has been com~o-mortared . . ll.S. M'IV"I.- .SI O.lo.l I~ \C. ... ~C.E- •

realize. The arching area /1.

needs in excess and few visitors

some attention • .

A well defined walk should be constructed on Chimney Hill

because casual visitors io the area are ciusing unintentional •

erosion to sensitive archaeological remains. Some of the

most beautiful scenes may be seen ·from here. •

Quarry (17).

The sea has formed a hole under the rock into the limekiln • •

quarry. The hole shouldn't be blocked but ·the base and sides • . .

retaihed with stout masonry work. Heavy seas have already •

broken through this hole and into the quarry area.

Salt House Area

'There are several exposed banks which should be provided

with retaining walls to protect the point. Along several sides

material from the 1830s and 1840s are eroding out of the • •

bank, (regimental buttons, domestic goods etc). . ' •

Salt House (15). •

This building should be provided with a roof, windows and

doors. The campo-mortar has obscured any.points of interest

in the masonry and it would be better to protect the '

structure in the way it was originally intended,(ie roof etc).

Regulation and Concentration Tanks (L6Atand B).

Prov~de with explanatory plaques. Some minor stabilization . .

work may be required in the area .

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Arthur's Vale/ '1-/atermitl Valley '

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This has been one of the most neglected areas of the

KAVHA region and deserves a management nlan on its own

merits. Only the most basic st~bilization measures have

taken place here, (mostly unfortunately ineffectual). It

is envisaged that the area could be brought to life·with

the establishment of walking tracks and the .enhancement

of some of the remains. 'some of the interesting sites are

on freehold and leasehold and l;)ermj_ssion should be sought

from some of the owners to allow visitor access along specifically '

defined routes. (It is esse~tial that the good will of the

owners is maintained at all times).

The following is a rough outline:

The area has been intensively farmed since 1788, or eien '

before that as Polynesians appeared· to have cultivated bananas

there before the arrival of Europeans. The dam and some of

the above ground remains date back to the First Settlement

Walking tracks would not be suitable for the valley area -

but would be a great success along the east side of th~ valley, • • •

linking the ruins

The conservation of these ruins, especially the basalt •

ones is a great ~roblem as large chunks break off from time to '

time, (fresh breaks are constantly seen). For the substantial

ruins, it seems that the only l.ong-term .solution would be to

build up the collapsed walls and roof the structure.

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Watermill (M13A). •

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• The campo-mortaring and urovision of concrete sills

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and heads_ have suoiled this structure when· viewed closely

but from a distance it appears as a splendid ruin. A long

term policy should be formulated for this structure.

Watermill Dam.

This dam, dating from the First Settlement, has been

leaking seriously for some time. It will be necessary to

empty the dam once more and thoroughly repair the walls • •

Because of its functional aspects, the original fabric has

been poorly treated. I

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'fhe. mill race s·hould be opened again and the outlet

r.ebuilt ( 1960s reconstruction). The walls of the watercourse c c

should be rebuilt and the water allowed once again to fl.ow

through it. Nany of the older Islanders have expressed a

·desire to see it flow again • •

Cottage M21.

This stone cottage is complete as far as the masonry

is concerned. It was continually occupied until the late 1 •

1930s when it was allowed to fall into ruin. Since that time

the wear, especially on .the interior has been.remarkable. It '

survived only because it had been lived in and maintained • •

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The structure, as with Cottage M29, should be roofed· an~· •

provided with doors and windows I

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Field Boundaries ( H38).

These are still discernable but have declined over the •

last one hundred years. If they are not to disappear completely,

they should be added to along their full length. This will

not only Dreserve what remains of them by giving them a protective

covering but will ensure that such a rare agricultural visual

characteristic does not disanpear for ever. . . •

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Post Scriut •

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It may alarm some that so much reconstruction is proposed.

I would argue.that if we are looking toward long-term preservation . -

of all these_remains for a period of one hundred or two hundred

years, reconstruction on a massive scale will b~ necessary • •

•

The survival of most of Europe's ancient castles, houses,

churches etc., is due to those· structures having been maintained,

rebuilt when fired or fallen into ruin~ It is one of the

fascinations of Europe's architectural history to spot the •

H various nhases in historic monuments. Our successors will bless -~

our efforts in a century or two for ensuring the preservation

of so many early features. Careful reconstruction around a

ruin should be done so that the process can be reversed if

desired. Patching and proping over a period of a century can •

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only lead to substantial losses, leavink a heritage of obscuring

patchwork, if anything at all.

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Robert V.J. Varman, Consultant Archaeologist.

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