jk”vªh “ks{kd vuqla/kku rs izf”k{k.k ifj”kn~ · -iv- [ksrjk p fkksg~m+h erh lqyrk fgksus...
TRANSCRIPT
izk:i
jk”Vªh ikB~;p;kZ nh :i&js[kk & 2005
jk”Vªh “kS{kd vuqla/kku rs izf”k{k.k ifj”kn~
NATIONAL COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING
-iii-
Hkwfedk
lk<+s cPpsa xh dsg~ rs fd*;ka i<+k;k tk] bl cD[kh vke yksdsa nk /;ku nksvkus ysbZ
,u0lh0vkj0Vh0 us lekth lksp&fopkj nh bd csgrjhu izfdz;k jEHk dhrh ,s A esa [kq”kulhc vka ts
fexh ml p fgLlk ySus nk lcCc feysvk A fopkjsa rs rdkt+s ij bl O;kid rs xw<+ eUFku ns nkSjku
bl nLrkost+ p izLrqr jk”Vªh ikB~;dze :ijs[kk r;kj djus ysbZ esa cM+h cn~/k fxurjh p [kkl&[kkl
yksdsa dUuS jyh&feyh dEe dhrk A bans lHkusa ns uka· bl nLrkost p fnRrs xsns u A
bl p [kklk fo”ys”ku rs cM+k erk lykg&e”ojk ,s A bl lc ns dUuS b*Cch psrk djk;k
xsnk ,s ts ekr`Hkk”kk cM+k EgŸkoiw.kZ ek/;e ,s ] cPpsa xh manh viuh Kku fljtuk djus p leFkZ
cukus vkLrS lekth] vkfFkZd rs tkfrxr iNkSdM+ nk uqek;ka Fkkg~j ,s A ehfM;k rs f”k{kk ljca/kh
VSDukyksth ns EgŸko xh Lohdkj dhrk xsvk ,s ij v/;kid nh Hkwfedk dsUnzh cuh jkSag~nh ,s A
cu&lcUus rkSj&rjhdsa ij tksj fnŸkk xsvk ,s ij m*usaxh dnsa ch leL;k,a ns rkSjk ij usbZa fnD[ksvk
xsvk A bl xYyk xh Egs”kka eUusvk xsvk ,s ts flD[kus nh lekth izfdz;k cM+h vge ,s rs mlh tksM+us
dUuS jLeh ikB~;dze gksj ch le`) gksx A ,g~ns p cgqyrk rs lksp&le> nk lekjksg ,s] tsg~M+k
eksdyh :ijs[kk p Ik)fr;sa nh cgqyrk ewtc jpukRedrk xh c<+kok nsx A bl nLrkost p ckj&ckj
cPpsa ij ikB~;dze ns HkkjS ckjS xYy dhrh xsnh ,s A bl ekeys p lsgh gksank ,s ts vl dqlS x*ŸkS
p isbZ xsns vkaa A vlsa le>S ns Fkkg~j oDrh rkSjk ij dEe vkSus vkg~yh tkudkjh xh viukbZ ySrs nk
,s A bl izfdz;k xh ijruk gksx [kkl dfj;S bl csYyS ftlyS lc fd”k tks psrS dhrk tkbZ ldnk
,s ] mlnk fiaM QVu yxh isvk ,s A vlsa vius cPpsa xh le> nk lqvkn ikuk pkfgnk ,s rka ts
tsYyS ckn p vksg~ HkkSfrd rs dkYifud lalkjS p thou ns dkj&C;gkj vkLrS iSj iku rka vksg~
flD[kus rs vius erkcd Kku nk vFkZ dM~<us ns dkcy gksu A Kku nk usgk lqvkn lk<+s cPpsa ns
orZeku xh iwjh pkYyh fgrdkjh] fljtukRed rs lSg~y cukx A vksg~ ersgku [kqvkus vkg~yh eq”dy
nkSM+ Fkeka iSg~ys rxj] Fkksg~M+s fpjS ysbZ yksM+pnh tkudkjh ns ckn~/kw HkkjS nh ;kruk nk “kdkj usbZa
gks³u A ,g~ nLrkost vkiwa vius ysbZ ikbZ nh bl Qkgh d”kk NqM+dus ns rjhds l>kank ,s A bl
-iv-
[ksrjk p Fkksg~M+h erh lQyrk Fgksus dUuS ,g~ tkg~j gksank ,s ts vlsaxh cPpsa nh flD[kus nh leFkkZ
rs tkudkjh dUuS cPpas ns ;knk”rh cSad Hkjus nh fujFkZdrk nh nkn nsus nh tkp vkbZ xsbZ ,s A vksg~
tkudkjh cM+h “kSy pkYyh b*;ka lEkYgksbZ nh ,s ft*;ka dkxtS ij L;kgh ns u”kku tka ¶gh daI;wVj
fMDl mIij fcV~l A
f”k{kk dksbZ usgh pht usbZa gS tsg~M+h Mkdk jkgsa tka v/;kid jkgsa Hksth tkbZ ldnh ,s A
mitkÅ rs ujksbZ f”k{kk Egs”kka fljth tanh ,s] tsg~nh t*M+ cPps nk HkkSfrd rs lkaLd`frd /kjrh p ykbZ
tanh ,s rs ftlnh ikyek ekrk&firk] v/;kidsa ] tekrh feŸkjsa rs leqnk;sa dUuS esy&crZu jkgsa gksanh
,s A bl dEek p v/;kid nh Hkwfedk rs eku&lEeku xh cy nsuk pkfgnk ,s rs ml cD[kh /;ku nsuk
pkfgnk ,s A Kku nh LgsbZ lajpuk p dsbZa pkYyh nk vkilh ySu&nsu gksank ,s A bl ySu&nsu p
v/;kid ch fl[knk ,s] tsdj cPpsa xh pqipki jkSg~us vkLrS etcwj usbaZ dhrk tk A dh ts cPps
vkerkSjk ij cM~Msa nh cfuLcr erk vuqHko djns rs y[kns u bl djh Kku ltZd ns rkSjk ij
mUnh “kfDr”kkyh Hkwfedk nh ljkg~uk djuk t:jh ,s A vius tkfr vuqHkosa ns v/kkj mIij esa ;dhu
dUuS vk[kh lduka ts esjh lher lusgh le> nk foLrkj cPpsa dUuS esy&crZu rs xYyk&ckrk jkgsa
gksvk ,s A ,g~ nLrkost bLlS iSg~yw ij v/kkjr ,s A
,g~ nLrkost bUus le`) rs O;kid lqvkre vkg~yk usbZa gksank tsdj bl dEeka p lSg;skx nsus
vkg~ysa lHkusa yksdsa nk [kkl mŸkstd ;ksxnku usbZa gksank A fexh usbZa irk ts rhy dqUu ckYyh && [kcjS
vksg~ dksbZ [kkl bd usbZa gk A [kcjS ,g~ iz;kl mlyS gksvk ftlyS vkS[ksa nk rekj dBjksbZ xsnk ,s A
gwu cM+k gksbZ xsvk ,s ß ers lkjs lSgHkkfx;sa p b*;S vuqHkwfr gh A dq”ok fd”k tusa nk mRlkg cM+k
ladzked gk A
,g~ efr;sa xYyssa ysbZ nks”k nsus nh dks”k”k gh tsg~fM+;ka Bhd m*vka usbZa gksbZ lfd;ka ft*;ka ds
vlsa dsbZ n~gkds iSg~ys lksfp;ka fg;ka A vlsa nks”k nsus nh ,g~ [ks< [ks<us “kk cpus nh dks”k”k dhrh ,s
&&& [kcjS bl lPpkbZ xh fn[kns gksbZ ts dqlS uka dqlS rjhds dUuS vl lCHkS ftEesokj vka A lk<+s
pk ers gkjs e>kVyk oxZ ns lnL; ns rkSjk ij ftEenkj u ] tsg~M+k HkkoukRed rkSjk ij vius vkiS
-v-
xh eqY[kk nh reke turk ”kk cD[kjk djuk ”kq: gksu yxh isnk gk A lk<+s fopkj&foe”kZ nkSjku
cgqyrk] U;ka· rs cjkscjh tusg~ “kCnsa nk ckj&ckj vkSuk fexh cM+k [kVdsvk ,s A esa usbZa le>nk ts
,g~ dqlS jktuhfrd Hkk”ku nk fgLlk ,s dh ts vlssa vius yEesa lksp fopkj p jktuhfr ckjS cM+h
?kV~V xYyckr dhrh ,s A esa ,g~ le>uka ßts ,slk bl ysbZ gksvk dh ts vl bl fo”okl dUuS
dEe djk djns gs ts capr jsgh xsnh lk<+h ikSuh turk p xS lk<+h rkdr ,s A lekth rkSjk ij
xzSg~.k dhrh xsfn;sa mafn;sa ;ksX;rk,a rs gqujsa nss lk<+s f”k{k.k laLFkkusa ns vdknfed y{;sa ns esy dUuS xS
miyfC/k;sa :ih izfrHkk rs gquj ns “kSy [kq”cwnkj QqYy f[kM+h ldns u A
,g~ nLrkost bl fn”kk p vXxs c/kus fn;ak tqxrka lq>kank ,s A bl p lq>kbZ xsfn;sa fd”k
O;oLFkkxr rCnhfy;sa djh bl dEek p enn t:j Fgksx A fexh esn ,s ts vl lka>h Ldwy O;oLFkk]
dEe rs f”k{kk ns fopkj mIij dEe djh ldus vka rs ftl dUuS cPpsa xh manh viuh ?k: Hkk”kk rs
okrkoj.k jkgsa jLeh f”k{kk nh nqfu;k p nk[ky gksu fnŸkk tk A
vl bl ftEesnkjh d”kk Mjk usbZa djns A vl elwl djus vka ts ,g~ lc dhrk tkbZ ldnk
,s A fexh esn ,s ts ,g~ iz;kl usfg;sa fd”k rkuk”kfg;sa d”kk eqDr gksx ft*Uns gokys vlsa vius vkiS
xh djh fnŸks nk ,s rs ,g~ lk<+s cPpsa nh f”k{kk ysbZ vt+knh nh bd eqfge “kq: djh ldx A
;”kiky
-vi-
vkHkkj
jk”Vªh ikB~;p;kZ :ijs[kk nk ekStwnk vkdkj rs :Ik&l:Ik cD[k&cD[k vuq”kklusa ns lqizfl)
fo}kusa] fizafliysa] v/;kidsa ] cPpsa ns ekrk&firk] xSjljdkjh laLFkk,a ns izfrfuf/k;sa]
,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0 ns izk/;kid oxZ rs gksj ers lkjs eksg~rcjsa p cD[k&cD[k Lrjsa ij lksp&fopkj
ns O;kid flylys jkgsa gks, ns fopkj&eaFku nk ifj.kke ,s A blxh fj;klrsa ns lSdzsVsfj;sa rs
,l0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0 ns Mk;jSDVjsa rs vkj0vkbZ0bZ0 iklsvk vk;kstr lSehukjsa p fgLlk ySus vkg~ys
izfrHkkfx;sa nk EgŸkoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gkly gksvk A izkbZosV Ldwysa rs dsanzh; fo|ky;sa ns fizalhiysa vklsvk
rs liwjs eqY[kk ns nsgkrh bykdsa ns v/;kidsa vklsvk lka>s dhrs xsns vuqHkosa lk<+s fopkjsa xh iSukiu
iznku djus p cM+h enn dhrh A Tgkjsa yksdsa && fo|kfFkZ;sa] ekrk&firk rs liwjs rkSjk ij turk us
fu;fer esy rs bySDVªkfud ehfM;k jkgsa viuh jk· Hksft;S cgqeq[kh fnz”Vhdks.k nk ekufp= R;kj djus
p vlsaxh cM+k lSg;ksx fnŸkk A
,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0 nh viuh laLFkk rs mlnh mPpLrjh desfV;sa ft*;ka dk;Zdkjh desVh]
tujy dkSaly rs f”k{kk ljca/kh dsUnzh lykgdkj cksMZ ns lnL;sa ns jpukRed lq>k,a rs vuqcks/kd
leh{kk,a ns Hkjiwj izokg djh bl nLrkost xh cM+k ykHk gksvk A fj;klrh ljdkjsa xh jk”Vªh ikB~;p;kZ
:ijs[kk ns bl elkSns ij ifjppkZ djus ysbZ tqykbZ&vxLr 2005 ns nkSjku dk;Z”kkyk,a nk vk;kstu
djus ysbZ [kkl rxhn dhrh xsbZ gh rs vl dsb;sa fj;klrsa rs vt+he izseh QkÅ¡Ms”ku ns /kUuoknh vka
ftlus e/;izns”k] jktLFkku oxSjk fn;sa ljdkjsa ns lSg;ksx dUuS lSehukj vk;kstr dfj;S vlsaxh fjiksZVka
Hksft;ka A
dsjy “kkL= lkfgR; ifj’kn~ ¼f=pwj½ rs vky bafM;ka ihiYt+ usVodZ ¼f=pwj½] Hkkjr Kku&foKku
lfefr ¼ueha fnYyh½] ,l0vkbZ0bZ0,e0,0Vh0 ¼iVuk½] n dUlUZM Qkj ofdZax fpYMªu] caxykSj] VªLV
QkWj ,tqds”kuy baVsxzsfVM MoyiesaV ¼jkaph½] dksf”k”k psjhVscy VªLV iVuk rs fnxarj ¼t;iqj½ iklsvk
ifjppkZa ch vk;sktr dhfr;ka xsb;ka A Hkkjrh Ldwy lfVZfQdsV ijh{kk dkSaly ¼ueha fnYyh½] lSdaMªh
f”k{kk ns dsUnzh cksMZ ¼ueha fnYyh½ fj;klrsa ns lSdaMªh f”k{kk cksMZ] Hkkjr p Ldwyh f”k{kk cksMsZa nh
-vii-
dkSaly ¼lh0vks0ch0,l0bZ0½ ueha fnYyh us fopkjsa ns Li”Vhdj.k p lk<+h cM=h enn dhrh A Hkkjrh
vdknfed LVkQ dkWyst] gSnjkckn( gkseh HkkHkk lSaVj QkWj lkbZal ,tqds”ku eqEcbZ ( tknoiqj ;wfuoflZVh
dksydrk( vyh ;koj tqax us”uy baLVhP;wV vkWQ fg;fjax gSaMhdSIM] eqEcbZ( us”uy baLVhP;wV vkWQ
esaVy gsYFk] fldUnjkckn( ,e0oh0QkÅaMs”ku] fldanjkckn( lsokxzke] o/kkZ( us”uy baLVhP;wV vkQ+
ifCyd dksvkijs”ku ,aM pkbYM MsoyiesaV] xqgkVh ( LVsV dkSafly vkWQ ,tqds”kuy fjlpZ ,aM Vªsfuax]
fr:oariqje( lSaVªy baLVhP;wV vkWQ baxfy”k ,aM Qkfju ySaXosft+t] gSnjkckn( lSaVªy baLVhP;wV vkWQ
bafM;u ySaXosftt] eSlwj( us”uy baLVhP;wV vkQ+ fMt+kbu] vgenkckn( ,l0,e0okbZ0,e0 lfefr]
yksukokyk] iq.ks( ukFkZ bZLVuZ fgy ;wfuoflZVh] f”kykax( Mh0,l0bZ0vkj0Vh0] caxykSj(
vkbZ0;w0lh0,0,0] iq.ks( lSaVj Qkj ,uokW;juesaV ,tqds”ku] vgenkckn rs fot; VhplZ dkyst]
caxykSj ns vl cM+s /kUuoknh vka] ft*usa bl flyflys p ehfVaxsa nk vk;sktu dhrk A
jk”Vªh ikB~;p;kZ :ijs[kk 2005 Hkkjrh lafo/kku fn;sa vBeha vuqlwfp fn;sa Hkk”kk,a p vuwfnr
dhrh xsbZ ,s A bl lanHkZ p vl MkW0 Mh0 cjdrdh ¼vklkeh½] Jh nsck”kh’k lsuxqIr ¼caxyk½]
MkW0 vfuy cksMks ¼cksMks½] izksQslj oh.kk xqIrk rs MkW0 “kf”kiBkfu;k ¼Mksxjh½] Jh d”;Ik eudksaMh
¼xqtjkrh½] lqJh izxfr lDlsuk rs Jh izHkkr jatu ¼fgUnh½] Jh ,l0,l0;nqjktu ¼dUuM+½]
MkW0 lkseukFk jS.kk ¼d”ehjh½] Jh nkeksnj x.ks”kdj ¼dksad.kh½] MkW0 uhrk >k ¼eSfFkyh] Jh ds0ds0
d`”.kdqekj ¼ey;kye½] Jh Vh0 lqjrthrflag Fkksdpkse ¼ef.kiqjh½] MkW0 nŸkk nslkbZ ¼ejkBh½]
MkW0 [kxsu “kekZ ¼usikyh½] MkW0 enueksgu iz/kku ¼mfM+;k½] Jh jathr flag jaxhyk ¼iatkch½] Jh nŸk
Hkw’k.k iksydu ¼laLd`r½] Jh lqcks/k gal ¼laFkkyh½] Jh ds0ihB ys[kok.kh ¼fla/kh½] Jh ,0 ofYyu;kxe
¼rfey½] Jh oh0 ckylqczã.;e~ ¼rsyxq½ rs MkW0 ut+hj gqlSu ¼mnwZ½ gqans vl fnyh rkSjk ij /kUuoknh
vka A vl fgUnh ikB ns lEiknu vkLrS Jh jk?kosUnz] lqJh _rq] MkW0 viwokZuan rs lqJh yfrdk xqIrk]
MkW0 ek/koh dqekj] MkW0 eatqyk ekFkqj rs lqJh banq dqekj gqans psps rkSjk ij vkHkkjh vka rs ikaMqfyfi nh
tkapk ij[k ysbZ Jh g’kZ lsBh rs lqJh ekfyuh lwn gqans izfr vkHkkj xh ch clkjh usbZa ldns A
Jh ulh#íhu [kku rs MkW0 la/;k lkgw gksjsa ikaMqfyfi ns va”k i<+s rs ennxkjh lq>k· fnŸks bl
-viii-
ysbZ vl mans [kkl vkHkkjh vka A bl nLrkost ns fMt+kbu rs mlxh R;kj djus ysbZ lqJh “osrk jkvks
gqans] eqD[k i`’B rs 78 lQ+s ij QksVksxzkQsa vkLrS lh0vkbZ0bZ0Vh0 ns Jh jksfcu cuthZ gqans] gksj nq,
QksVksxzkQsa vkLrS ,u0lh0bZ0vkbZ0bZ0Vh0 ns Jh vkj0lh0 nkl gqans] ,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0 osclkbV
jkgsa jk”Vªh ikB~;p;kZ ;kstuk ns izlkj p fgek;r nsus ysbZ vl Mh0lh0bZ0Vh0,0 ¼DCETA½ns vius
lkfFk;sa ns ] rs blxh ekStwnk l:i p izLrqr djus ysbZ vl izdk”ku foHkkx ns ch vHkkjh vka A Jh
vkj0 ds0 y{kE.k mank vkHkkj vl dnsa usbZa HkqYyh ldns ft*usa vius R;kj dhrs ns nks dkjVwu
¼lQk 1½] ¼lQk 77½ ns mIij iquj~ izdk”ku nh vuqefr fnŸkh A
QfjLr rs vly p cM+h foLr`r ,s rs vl mans lHkusa ns xS cM+s “kqdjxqt+kj vka ft*usa bl
nLrkost xh R;kj djus p viuk ;ksxnku fnŸkk A
-ix-
dk;Zdkjh lkj
jk”Vªh f”k{kk vuqla/kku rs izf”k{k.k ifj”kn~ nh dk;Zdkfj.kh us 14 rs 19 tqykbZ ] 2004 xh gksbZ
fn;sa ehfVaxsa p jk”Vªh ikB~;p;kZ xh la”kks/kr djus nk fu.kkZ ySrk A ,g~ fu.kkZ ekutksx ekuo lalk/ku
fodkl ea=h vklsvk yksdlHkk p fnŸks xsns C;ku] ts ifj”kn~ ,g~ la”kks/ku djuk pkfgnk ,s] nh
ikyuk p ySrk xsvk A Qyl:Ik ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ea=ky; ns f”k{kk lSdszVjh us fctu cks> nh
f”k{kk ¼1993½ nh jiksZVk nh jks”kuh p ifj”kn~ ns funs”kd xh ,u0lh0,Q0,l0lh0 & 2000 nh
leh{kk djus ckjS fy[ksvk A b*usa fu.ksZa ns lanHkZ p izks0 ;”kiky nh v/;{krk p bd jk”Vªh lapkyu
desVh rs 21,a jk”Vªh Qksdl lewgsa nk xBu dhrk xsvk A b*usa desfV;sa p mPp&f”k{kk ljca/kh
laLFkku] jk”Vªh “kSf{kd vuqla/kku rs izf”k{k.k ifj”kn~ ns vius vdknfed lnL;] Ldwysa ns v/;kid
rs xSj ljdkjh laxBu lnL;sa ns rkSjk ij “kkey dhrs xs A eqY[kk ns gj fgLls p bl ljca/kh
fopkj&xksf”B;ka dhfr;ka xsb;ka A blns dUuS eSlwj] vtesj] Hkksiky] Hkqous”oj rs f”kykax p
,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0 ns [skrjh f”k{kk laLFkkus p cM~Ms Lrj ns iat [ksrjh lSehukj ch dhrs xs A jkT;sa
fn;sa “kSf{kd vuqla/kku rs izf”k{k.k ifj”knsa rs ersgkuh cksMsZa dUuS lksp&fopkj dhrk xsvk A xzk,a&fiaMsa ns
v/;kidsa ns lq>k· ySus ysbZ manh bd jk”Vªh dkaQzSl dhrh xsbZ A turk nh jk· ySus ysbZ jk”Vªh rs
[ksrjh v[kckjsa p b”rsgkj fnŸks xs rs cM+h cn~/k fxurjh p yksdsa ns tokc gkly gks, A
la”kks/kr jk”Vªh ikB~;p;kZ :ijs[kk ¼nLrkost½ nk jEHk johUnzukFk Bkdqj gqans fuca/k ßlH;rk
rs rjDdh Þ ¼ Civilization and Progress½ ns bd m)j.k dUuS gksank ,s] ftl p dfo vlssaxh psrk
djkank ,s ts fljtukRed lHkk· rs lPpk vkuan cpiqus nh dqath ,s] ij lkspghu cM~Msa nh nqfu;ka
b*usa nkSusa xh fod`r djh ldnh ,s A eqa<ys /;k· p Lora=rk ns ckn ikB~;p;kZ p dhrs xsns lq/kkj ns
iz;klsa nh ppkZ dhrh xsnh ,s A n us”uy ikWfylh vkWu ,tqds”ku 1986 us Hkkjrh lafo/kku p LFkkir
-x-
jk”Vªh fodkl ns fnz”Vhdks.k ¼Vision) pk cqU;knh rRo nh lQkj”k djns gksbZ jk”Vªh ikB~;dze
:ijs[kk xh f”k{kk nh jk”Vªh O;oLFkk fodlr djus ns bd lk/ku ns :ik p izLrkor dhrk A izksxzke
vkQ+ ,D”ku ¼POA, 1992½ us izklafxdrk ] yphysiu rs xq.koŸkk ¼lsz”Brk½ ij tksj fnans gksbZ bl
dsanzfcanq xh foLrkj fnRrk A
lekth U;ka· rs cjkscjh ns eqYysa ij v/kkjr bd /keZfujiD[k] cjkscjh ewyd] cgqyrkoknh
lekt ns :ik p Hkkjr ns lafo/kkud fnz”Vhdks.k ¼Vision½ Fkeka fn”kkfunsZ”k ySans gksbZ bl nLrkost p
f”k{kk ns fd”k eksdys mÌs”;sa nh u”kkunsgh dhrh xsnh ,s A bans p lkspus rs djus nh Lora=rk ] nq,a
ns Hkys&csgrjh rs Hkkouk,a izfr laosnu”khyrk] ufe;sa ifjfLFkfr;sa dUuS yphysiu rs jpukRed <axk
dUuS fucM+us nh tkp] yksdrkaf=d izfdz;k,a p fgLlsnkjh vkLrS iSg~ysa xS R;kj jkSg~uk rs vkFkZd izfdz;k,a
rs lekth cnyko p ;ksxnku nsus ysbZ dEe djus nh leFkkZ “kkey ,s A tsdj f”k{kk xh thus nh
yksdrka=d “kSyh xh lqn`<+ djus nk lk/ku cukuk ,s rka blns ysbZ Ldwy tkus vkg~yh iSg~yh ih<+h nh
mifLFkfr nk /;ku jD[kuk gksx ftlnk LdwyS p fVds jkSg~uk ml lafo/kkud la”kks/ku djh ykteh gksbZ
xsvk ] ftlus eqa<yh f”k{kk xh gj cPps nk cqU;knh vf/kdkj cukbZ fnŸkk ,s A bl lafo/kku la”kks/ku
ewtc lk<+s ij ,g~ ftEesokjh vkuh isbZ ,s ts vl tkr&ikr] /keZ] fyax rs gj pkYyh nh vleFkZrk
Fkeka fujiD[k] lsgr] [kqjkd rs lekos”kd ¼Inclusive½ Ldwyh ifjos”k ;dhuh cukpS tsg~M+k manh
f”k{kkizkfIr p ennxkj gks,s A
,g~ lPp ,s ts f”k{kk cPpsa rs mans ekrk&firk ysbZ cks> rs ruk· nk dkj.k cuh xsbZ ,s] rs
,g~ lk<+h vTtS nh f”k{kk ns mÌs”;sa rs xq.koŸkk p vkbZ nh fod`fr nk izek.k ,s A bl fod`fr xh
lq/kkjus ysbZ ekStwnk ,u0lh0,Q0 nLrkost us ikB~;p;kZ fuekZ.k ns i*¥~tsa funsZ”kd fl)karsa nh rtoht+
dhrh ,s % ¼1½ Kku xh LdwyS ns ckg~jS ns thou dUuS tksM+uk ( ¼2½ ;dhuh cukuk ts f”k{kk jVus ij
v/kkjr Ik)fr;sa xh R;kxh ns,s ( ¼3½ ikB~;p;kZ xh bl pkYyh le`) djuk ts vksg~ lyscl fn;sa
-xi-
drkcsa “kk vXxsa tkbZ ldS ( ¼4½ ersgkusa xh yphyk cukans gksbZ musaxh tekrh thou dUuS tksM+uk rs
¼5½ eqY[kk ns yskdrka=d <kaps ns vanj gennkZuk ljksdkjsa vklsvk lwpr bd ers EgŸkoiw.kZ O;fDrRo
nh ikyek djuk A
“kq:vkrh Dyklsa ns nkSjku lk<+s lCHkS f”k{k.k ljca/kh iz;kl “kq:vkrh cky&cjslk nh
fnD[kHkky rs f”k{kk ljca/kh is”ksoj ;kstuk rs mlns lkFkZd foLrkj ij erh gn~nk rxj fuHkZj djns
u A izkbZejh Ldwy ns lyscl rs ikB~;iqLrdsa p la”kks/ku lao/kZu “kq:vkrh cky&cjslk nh fnD[kHkky rs
f”k{kk ¼bZ0lh0lh0bZ0½ ns [kjh pkYyh tkus&Hkk[ks fl)karsa nh jks”kuh p dhrk tkuk yksM+nk ,s A Kku ns
lqvkre rs cPpsa nh flD[kus ljca/kh viuh j.kuhfr ckjS ppkZ nq, /;k· p dhrh xsnh ,s ( tsg~M+h
cD[k&cD[k fo”ksa nk ikB~;p;kZ ns f=;s /;k· p dhrh xsnh flQkj”ksa ysbZ fl)kUrd vk/kkj R;kj djnh
,s A ,g~ lPp ,s ts cPpk Kku nh jpuk djnk ,s ftl Fkeka irk yxnk ,s ts i<+kbZ ] lyscl rs
ikB~;iqLrdka usfg;ka gksu ft*Uns dUuS v/;kid cPps ns lHkk· & lqvkre rs okrkoj.k ifjos”k ns
lxsa&lkFksa tekrk ns vuqHkosa xh latksus p leFkZ cuku rka ts lHkusa cPpsa xh bd cjkscj ekSds
miyC/k gksu A i<+kbZ nk mÌs”; cPpsa p flD[kus nh lSg~t bPNk rs j.kuhfr;sa xh lXxkslkj djuk gksuk
pkfgnk ,s A Kku xh lwpuk d”kk u[ksfM+;S fnD[kus & le>us nh yksM+ ,s rs i<+kbZ ns dEesa xh bd
is”ksoj xfrfof/k ns :iS p xzSg.k djus nh t:jr ,s uka ds rRFksa xh flQZ jVus tka mans dUusa rxj
itkus nh l[kykbZ ns :ik p A xfrfof/k cPps vklsvk nqfu;ka xh le>us nh dks”k”k nk dsUnz ,s bl
ysbZ gj bd lk/ku cPpsa xh vius vki xh vfHkO;Dr djus ] phtsa xh cjrus] manh vius dqnjrh rs
lekth ifjos”k xh rik”kus rs pqLr&ujks, :ik p eBksus p leFkZ cukus ysbZ cjrsvk tkuk pkfgnk
,s A tsdj cPpsa ns tekrh&vuqHkosa xh bl pkYyh dUuS latksuk ,s tsg~M+h cPpsaa xh Kku jpuk p izo`Ÿk
gksu ns,s ] rka lk<+h Ldwyh O;oLFkk p [kkls lajpukRed lq/kkjsa nh yksM+ ,s ¼Ik¥eka /;k·½ rs bl
-xii-
xYyk nh yksM+ ,s ts ikB~;p;kZ ns [ksrjsa tka LdwyS ns fo”ksa ¼f=;k /;k·½ xh ijfr;S ifjHkk”kr dhrk tk
rs LdwyS fn;sa lHkkod fo”ks”krk,a nh xq.kkRedrk xh lq/kkjus ysbZ lk/ku tqVk, tku ¼pkSFkk /;k·½ A
Ldwyh i<+kbZ ns pkSusa tkus&iUNkus ns [skrjsa ¼Hkk”kk] Lgkc] lkbZal rs lekt foKku½ p EgŸkoiw.kZ
rCnhfy;ka djus nk lq>k· fnŸkk xsnk ,s rka ts orZeku rs HkfoD[kk ysbZ i<+kbZ xh izklafxd cuk;k tkbZ
ldS rs cPpsa xh jkstejkZ ns ruk· dksyk eqDr dhrk tkbZ ldS A ,g~ jk”Vªh ikB~;p;kZ :ijs[kk
¼,u0lh0,Q0½ bl xYyk nh lQkj”k djnh ,s ts fo”ksa ns vkiwa fcPpsa ns QdZ&Hksn xh ?kV~V djh fnŸkk
tk rka ts cPps liwjs Kku nk lqvkn rs le>S nk uan ysbZ ldu A ,g~ns dUuS b*Cch lq>k;k xsnk ,s ts
ikB~;iqLrdsa nh cgqyrk rs gksj nwbZ lexzh ft*Uns p LFkkuh Kku rs ijEijkxr gquj “kkey gksbZ ldns
u rs cPpsa ns ?kjS ns rs vka<&xqvka<h ekgkSy dUuS ltho lEcU/k cukus vkg~ys izsjd Ldwyh ekgkSy xh
;dhuh cuk;k tk A Hkk”kk ns lanHkZ p lq>k· fnŸkk xsnk ,s ts =SHkk”kh Qkjewys xh ykxw djus ysbZ ueha
dks”k”k dhrh tkuh pkfgnh ftl p cPpsa ysbZ ekr`Hkk”kk xh] vkfnoklh Hkk”kk,a lesr] f”k{kk ns lHkusa “kk
lzs”B ek/;e ns :i p eatwjh nsus ij tksj ,s A cPpsa p vaxzst+h lesr efr;sa Hkk”kk,a p dq”kyrk
¼Proficiency½ xh eBsjus ysbZ Hkkjrh lekt ns cgqHkk”kh lqvkre xh lzksr ns :iS p cjrsvk tkuk
pkfgnk ,s A ,g~ rka xS eqedu ,s tsdj flD[kus nh izfdz;k xh ekr`Hkk”kk p bd foosdiw.kZ Hkk”kk
f”k{kk&f”k{k.k i)fr ns vk/kkj mIij r”dhy dhrk tk A i<+uk] fy[kuk] cksyuk rs lquuk ,g~ fdz;ka
ikB~;dze ns lHkusa [ksrjsa p cPpsa nh rjDdh p ;ksxnku fnaafn;ka u rs ,g~ ikB~;p;kZ ;kstuk nk v/kkj
gksfu;ka pkfgfn;ka u A izkbejh tekrsa ns iwjs nkSj p i<+us ij tksj nsuk t:jh ,s ftl dUuS gj cPps
Ldwyh i<+kbZ nh uhag iDdh gksbZ ldS A
^Lgkc* fo”ks nh i<+kbZ usgh gksuh pkfgnh ftl dUuS cPpsa ns vksg~ clhys gksj eBksu tsg~M+s
fprau rs rdZ p ] vewrsZa nh dYiuk djus rs m*usaxh cjrus p rs leL;k,a xh O;ofLFkr djus rs
m*usaxh lqy>kus p manh enn djns u A mÌs”;sa nk ,g~ eksdyk ifjn`”; cPpsa ns vuqHkosa p xanks, nk]
-xiii-
izklafxd rs vFkZiw.kZ Lgkc i<+kb;S iwjk dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s A LgkcS p lQyrk xh gj bd cPps ns
vf/kdkj ns :ik p fnD[ksvk tkuk pkfgnk ,s ] ,g~ns vkLrS blns [ksrj xh foLrkj nsus nh rs blh nq,
fo”ksa dUuS tksM+us nh yksM+ ,s A gj LdwyS xh daI;wVj gkMZos;j] lk¶Vos;j rs dksussfDVfoVh eqgS;k djkus
tusfg;sa <kapkxr pqukSfr;sa nk edkcyk djuk pkfgnk ,s A
lkbZal nh i<+kbZ p bl pkYyh nh rCnhyh dhrh tkuh pkfgnh ts vksg~ cPpas xh mans jkst+ejkZ ns
vuqHkosa xh ij[kus rs mank fo”ys”ku djus p leFkZ cukbZ ldS A okrkoj.k dUuS ljca/kr ljksdkjsa rs
eqn~nsa ckjS gj fo”ks p tksj fnŸkk tkuk pkfgnk ft*Uns p ?kjS Fkeka ckg~j dhrs tkus vkg~ys izkstSDVsa
lesr cM~Ms iekus ij dhrh tkus vkg~fy;sa xfrfof/k;sa nk ;ksxnku gks,s A b*usa izkstsDVsa pk gkly gksus
vkg~yh fd”k tkudkjh rs le>&cks/k Hkkjrh ifjos”k ij yksdsa nh igqap rs ikjn”khZ MkVkcsl xh foLrkj
nsus p ;skxnku nsbZ ldns u] tsg~M+k ds cnys p bd vueqYy f”k{kk&lalk/ku cuh ldx A tsdj “kSy
pkYyh fu;kstr gksu rka fo|kfFkZ;sa ns ,g~ ers lkjs izktsDV Kku&mRiknd gksbZ ldns u A iwjs jk”Vª rs
ts gksbZ ldS rs iwjs nD[ku ,f”k;k rxj [kkstchuh c/kkok nsus vkLrS cky foKku dkaxzsl (Children
Science Congress ) nh rtkZ ij bd lekth vanksyu nh ifjdYiuk dhrh tkuh pkfgnh ,s A
lekt foKku ns izlax p izLrqr ikB~;p;kZ :ijs[kk p Kku ns cD[k&cD[k [ksrjsa nh Vdksg~nh
iUNku xh eatwj djnh ,s ij bl xYyk mIij tksj fnanh ,s ts EgŸkoiw.kZ fo”ksa ns lanHkZ p lexz fnz”Vh
xS viukbZ tk ] ft*;ka ds ikuh A gkf”k, mIij djh fnŸks xsns lewgsa ¼Groups½ nh fnz”Vh dUuS lekt
foKku ns v/;;u nh rtoht+ djns gksbZ utfj;sa p bd iwjh rCnhyh nh lQkj”k dhrh xsnh ,s A
lekt foKku ns lHkusa [ksrjsa p fyax ljca/kh U;ka· rs vkfnokfl;sa rs nfyrsa ljca/kh elysa ckjS
tkx:drk rs vYila[;dsa ckjS laosnu”khyrk nh Hkkouk nk lekt ns lHkusa gYdsa p lapkj dhrk tk A
lekt “kkL= xh jktuhfr foKku nh fnz”Vh dUuS ueka :i fnŸkk tk rs cPpsa nh vrhr ljca/kh /kkj.kk
xh rs mlnh ukxfjd iUNku xh l:Ik nsus ns lanHkZ p bfrgkl ns EgŸko xh ekU;rk fnŸkh tkuh pkfgnh
,s A
-xiv-
,g~ ikB~;p;kZ :ijs[kk ikB~;dze ns p*Åa gksj [ksrjsa cD[kh /;ku nksvkanh ,s & dEe] dyka
rs [kkunkuh gquj] lsgr rs “kjhjh f”k{kk rs “kkafr A bl fn”kk p fd”k cqU;knh dne lq>k, xs u tsg~M+s
izkbZejh Lrj Fkeka mIijS vkg~yh f”k{kk xh dEek dUuS tksM+ns u A blns fiPNs lksp ,g~ ,s ts dEe Kku
xh lfdz; vuqHkosa p cnyh fnank ,s rs lkFkZd O;fDrxr rs lekth dnjka iSnk djnk ,s ] ft*;ka
vkRefuHkZjrk ] jpukRedrk rs lgdkfjrk A ,g~ Kku rs jpukRedrk ns uesa :isa xh ch izsjr djnk
,s A LdwyS ns mIijys Lrj mIij dEeS vkLrS LdwyS ns ckg~jS ns clhysa xh jLeh ekU;rk nsus nh uhfr nh
lQkj”k dhrh xsnh ,s ftl dUuS m*usa cPps xh ch ykHk iqTth ldS tsg~M+s jksth&#V~Vh dekus dUuS
tqM+h nh i<+kbZ nk pquka· djns u A LdwyS Fkeka ckg~jS nh bLlS pkYyh nh ,tSafl;sa xh jLeh ekU;rk nh
t:jr ,s ftRFkS cPps lanjsa rs gksj nq, lk/kusa dUuS dEe djh ldu A nLrdkfj;sa nh [kkdkd”kh nh
lQkj”k dhrh xsnh ,s ftl dUuS m*usa gYdsa nh u”kkunsgh dhrh tkbZ ldS ftRFkS cPpsa xh LFkkuh
dkjhfxjsa jkgsa nLrdkfj;sa nh l[kykbZ fnŸkh tkbZ ldS A
gj Lrj mIij dyk xh fo”ks ns :iS p Fkkg~j fnŸks tkus nh lQkj”k dhrh xsnh ,s ftl p
xkuk] ukp] fnz””k dyka rs ukVd & pkjS izeq[k [ksrj “kkey u A funsZ”ku ns Fkkg~j fdz;kRed
i)fr;sa mIij tksj fnŸkk tkuk pkfgnk dh ts dyk&f”k{kk nk mÌs”; lkSan;kZRed rs futh psruk xh
izksRlkgr djuk ,s rs vius vkiS xh cD[k&cD[k :isa p O;Dr djus nh leFkZ xh c<kok nsuk ,s A
Hkkjr nh [kkunkuh dkjhfxjh ns EgŸko xh mlns vkFkZd rs lkSan;kZRed eqYysa ns v/kkj mIij Ldwyh f”k{kk
vkLrS izklafxd eUuuk pkfgnk ,s A
LdwyS p cPps nh dke;kch nk nkjksenkj vksg~nh ikyeka rs O;ofLFkr “kjhjh xfrfof/k;sa ns
dk;Zdzesa ij ,s A lCgSjh vkg~ys dk;Zdze xh cy nsus ysbZ t:jh clhysa nk lfjLrk djuk rs Ldwyh
leka nsuk t:jh gksx A bl xYyk xh ;dhuh cukus ysbZ [kkl trusa nh yksM+ gksx ts Ldwyh cjslk Fkeka
iSg~ys lsgr rs “kjhjh f”k{kk dk;Zdzesa ns Lrj ij dqfM+;sa cD[kh mUuh xS roTtk fnŸkh tk ftUuh tkxrsa
xh fnŸkh tanh ,s A
-xv-
erHksnsa xh lqy>kus ysbZ ukcnkZ”r rs fgalk xh rjhds ns :i p cjrus nh iwjh nqfu;ka p c/knh
izo`fŸk xh fn[kns gksbZ “kkafr xh jk”Vªh fodkl nh iSg~yh “krZ rs bd lekth laLdkj ns :ik p lexz
eqYy lajpuk ns rkSjk ij izLrkor dhrk xsnk ,s] tsg~M+h vTtS ns lanHkZ p cM+h t:jh ,s A bd
yksdrka=d rs U;ka·iw.kZ laLd`fr p cPpsa ns lekthdj.k ysbZ “kkafr f”k{kk fn;sa laHkkouk,a xh cD[k&cD[k
xfrfof/k;sa jkgsa gj Lrj mIij rs gj fo”ks ns ckjs p le>nkjh dUuS pquka· dfj;S lkdkj dhrk tkbZ
ldnk ,s A “kkafr & f”k{kk xh v/;kidsa nh i<+kbZ nh ikB~;p;kZ p bd v/;;u&[ksrj ns rkSjk ij
“kkey djus nh lQkj”k dhrh xsbZ ,s A
Ldwyh vkpkj&C;gkj xh ikB~;p;kZ ns bd iD[k ns rkSjk ij fnD[ksvk xsnk ,s dhts ,g~ cPpsa
xh i<+kbZ ns mÌs”;sa rs flD[kus nh m*usa j.kuhfr;sa ysbZ R;kj djnk ,s tsg~fM+;ka LdwyS p dke;kch ysbZ
t:jh u A bd clhys ns rkSjk ij LdwyS ns lesa xh yphys <axk dUuS fu;kstr dhrs tkus nh t:jr
,s A LFkkuh Lrj ij fu;kstu] yphys Ldwyh dyaMj rs VkbZe Vscy nh lQkj”k dhrh xsnh ,s] tsg~M+s
izkstsDV&dEesa rs izkd`frd rs ijEijkxr cjklrh Fkkg~jsa ij lSj tusgh cD[k cD[k <axs fn;sa xfrfof/k;sa
ysbZ cD[k&cD[k leka fu/kkZjr djus ns ekSds nsbZ ldu A bl xYyk ysbZ dks”k”k djuh gksx ts cPpsa
vkLrS flD[kus nh gksj lexzh R;kj dhrh tkbZ ldS [kkl dfj;S eqdkeh Hkk”kk p drkcka rs lanHkZ
lefxz;ka] Ldwy rs v/;kidsa ysbZ lanHkZ yk;czsfj;ka rs u[ksM+us vkg~yh VSDukyksth ns Fkkg~j vkilh
rkyesy vkg~yh VSDukyksth rxj ikSaag~p A ,g~ :ijs[kk lhfuvj lSdaMjh Lrj ij fodYisa p cgqyrk rs
[kq*Yysiu ns EgŸko mIij tksj fnanh ,s rs cPpsa xh can lPps p <kyus rs [kkl djh xzkbZa ykdsa ns
cPpsa ns ekSdsa xh lher djus nh lk<+h izo`fr nh u[ks)h djnh ,s A
O;oLFkkRed lq/kkjsa ns lanHkZ p ,g~ nLrkost iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk xh lqn`<+ cukus mIij tksj
fnank ,s A xq.kork rs tokcnsgh c/kkus ns ek/;e ns :ik p cjknjh nh fgLlsnkjh xh izksRlkgr djus
vkLrS bd erk lqfu;sktu #[k viukb;S ,g~ dEe dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s A okrkoj.k dUuS ljca/kr
-xvi-
LdwyS ij v/kkjr cD[k&cD[k pkYyh ns izktsDV LFkkuh okrkoj.k ns lalk/kusa xh “kSy pkYyh dUuS
tqVkus rs mans iqu#Riknu p iapk;rh jkt laLFkk,a vkLrS Kku v/kkj R;kj djus p ennxkj gksbZ
ld³u A LdwyS ns Lrj mIij vdkfnfed fu;kstu rs usr`Ro t:jh ,s ftl dUuS xq.koŸkk nk Lrj
mIij pqDdsvk tkbZ ldS A ,g~ns ysbZ Cykd rs dyLVj ¼Cluster½ Lrjsa ij Hkwfedk,a nh yksM+pnh caM
t:jh ,s A pV~Vksik/;k; deh”ku ¼1984½ vklsvk lq>k, xs is”ksoj ekunaMsa p f<Yykiu vkg~uus nh
etwnk izo`fr xh jksdus vkLrS v/;kidsa nh i<+kbZ p cqU;knh rCnhfy;sa nh t:jr ,s A ukSdjh Fkeka
iSg~ysa ns Vªsafuax izksxzkesa xh gksj yEesa lesa nk erk O;kid gksuk t:jh ,s] ftl dUuS cPpsa nk
ujh{k.k&izs{k.k djus rs Ldwysa p baVjuf”ki jkgsa f”k{kk ljca/kh fl)kars xh O;gkj dUuS tksM+us ns yksM+pns
ekSds feyh ldu A
ikB~;p;kZ ns lq/kkj ysbZ lkjsa “kk t:jh lajpukxr xSa gksx & ersgkusa p lq/kkj ftl dUuS [kkl
dfj;s nleha rs ckg~jeha tekrsa p rs b*;ka ch cPpsa rs mans ekrk&firk ij c/kns euksfoKkud nck· nh
c/knh leL;k,a nk dksbZ iqvk· rqIisvk tkbZ ldS A ,g~ns ysbZ [kkl xSabZ pqDdfu;ka t:jh u ] ft*;ka ds
iz”u& Ik= nk iwjk l:i ifjorZu ] ftl dUuS rdZ “kfDr rs jpukRed leFksZa xh ewY;kadu nk vk/kkj
cuk;k tk uka ds jVus nh leFkkZ xh A ikjn”kZrk rs baVjuy vlSleSaV xh c<+kok fnans gksbZ ersgkusa xh
tekrh xfrfof/k;sa dUuS tksM+us nh t:jr ,s A cksMZ Fkeka ig~ys ns ersgkusa ij fnŸks tk djns tksjS nk
#[k iyVsvk tkuk t:jh ,s A rs vTt izpyr ikl&Qsy nkSa oxsZa vkg~yh vke caM&O;oLFkk xh nwj
djus ysbZ t:jh gksx ts usfg;ka tqxrka rqfIi;ka tku tsg~fM+;ka cPpas xh cD[k&cD[k Lrj nh miyfC/k;sa
nk fodYi pquus ysbZ izsjr djh ldu A
[khj p ,g~ nLrkost Ldwyh O;oLFkk rs nq, floy lekth lewgsa p lka>&H;kyh nh lQkj”k
djnk ,s ftl p xSj ljdkjh laxBu rs v/;kid laxBu “kkey gks³u A iSg~ysa Fkeka xS etwn
uesapkjh vuqHkosa xh eqD[k /kkjk nk l:i nsus nh yksM+ ,s A vTt t:jr bl xYyk nh ,s ts eqa<yh
i<+kbZ ns loZO;kihdj.k ns jLrs vkSus vkg~fy;sa pukSfr;sa ns izfr tkx:drk jkT; ljdkj rs cPpsa
vkLrS dEe djk djfn;sa lHkusa vtSafl;sa p bd O;kid lg;ksx nk fo”ks cuh tk A
-xvii-
jk”Vªh; lapkyu lfefr ns lnL;
1. izks0 ;”kiky ¼v/;{k½
iwoZ v/;{k ¼fo”ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx½
11 ch] lqij MhyDl ¶ySV~l] lSDVj & 15 ,] uks,Mk mRrjizns”k
2. vkpk;Z jkeewfrZ
v/;{k]
Je Hkkjrh ] [kknh xzke
IkksLV&[kknhxzke
ftyk & teqbZ & 811313 fcgkj
3. MkW0 “kSys”k ,0 f”kjkyh
izkpk;Z
vEcj oSyh jslhMsaf”k;y Ldwy
ds0,e0jksM]eqxFkhgYyh
fpdeaxywj & 577101 dukZVd
4. Jh jksfgr /kudj
funs”kd
fnaxrj] VksMh jetkuhiqjk
[kksukxksfj;u jksM]
iksLV&txriqjk
t;iqj & 302025 jktLFkku
5. Jh iksjkses”k vkpk;Z
¼iwoZ lnL; & f”k{kk vk;ksx] iPNeh caxky½
,y0@,Q0 9] dqfLFk;k jksM xoZueSaaV gkmflax ,LVsV]
voafrdk vkokle
dksydkrk & 700039 iPNeh caxky
-xviii- 6. MkW0 ehuk LokehukFku
Ekkun funs”kd
mŸkjknsoh lsaVj QkWj tsaMj ,.M MsoyiesaV
,e0,l0LokehukFku fjlpZ QkmaMs”ku
f=;k dzkWl jksM
rkjkeuh bafLVV~;w”kuy ,fj;k
psUubZ & 600 113 rfeyukMq
7. MkW0 inek ,e0 lkjaxikf.k
,”kksfl,V Qsyks
jk’Vªh; mPprj v/;;u laLFkku
caxyksj & 560012 dukZVd
8. izks0 vkj0 jkekuqte
bafLVV~;wV vkWQ eSFkeSfVdy lkbaZl
pkSFkk dzkWl] lh vkbZ Vh dSail
rkjkeuh] pSUubZ & 600113 rfeyukMq
9. izks0 vfuy lnxksiky
¼f”k{kk foHkkx] fnYyh fo”ofo|ky;½
bZ&8 / 29 ,0 lgdkj uxj Hkksiky & 462039 e/;izns”k
10. izks0 th0 jfoUnz
izkpk;Z
{ks=h; f”k{kk laLFkku ¼,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0½
ekul xaxks=h
eSlwj & 570 006 dukZVd
-xix-
11. izks0 ne;arh ts0 eksnh
¼iwoZ foHkkxk/;{k]
f”k{kk foHkkx] Hkkouxj fo”ofo|ky;½
2209] ,0/ 2] vkuan/kkjk
cnksfj;k ikdZ ns dksy] fgy Mªkbo
Hkkouxj & 364002] xqtjkr
12. lqJh lquhy elhg
f”kf{kdk
fe= th0,p0,l0Ldwy
lksgkxiqj] iksLV@ftyk & gks”kaxkckn & 461771 e/;izns”k
13. lqJh g’kZ dqekjh
eq[;k/;kfidk
lh0vkbZ0bZ0 ,dlisfjesaVy csfld Ldwy]
f”k{kk foHkkx] fnYyh fo”ofo|ky;
fnYyh & 110 007
14. Jh f=ykspu nkl xxZ
izkpk;Z
dsUnzh; fo|ky;] ua0 1 cfVaMk 151001 iatkc
15. izks0 vjfoan dqekj
dsUnz funs”kd
gkseh HkkHkk lsaVj QkWj lkbal ,twds”ku
oh0,u0iqjko ekxZ] eku[kqnZ
eqacbZ & 400088] egkjk’Vª
16. izks0 xksiky xq#
lsUVj QkWj ikWfyfVdy LVMht
lkekftd foKku laLFkku
tokgj yky usg: fo”ofo|ky;
ueha fnYyh & 110067
-xx-
17. Mk0 jkepUnz xqgk
22,] czUVu jksM caaxyksj & 560025 dukZVd
18. izks0ch0,0Mkcyk
v/;{k
lkekftd dk;Z rs lekt”kkL= foHkkx
d”ehj fo”ofo|ky;
Jhuxj & 190006 tEew & d”ehj
19. Jh v”kksd oktis;h
¼iwoZ dqyifr] egkRek xka/kh
vUrjkZ’Vªh; fgUnh fo”ofo|ky;½
lh0& 60] vuqie vikVZesaV~l
ch0&13] olqa/kjk ,Udyso fnYyh & 110096
20. izks0 okYlu FkkEiw
lsaV LVhQu gkWfLiVy
th0&3 iz”kklfud CykWd rhl gtkjh ]
fnYyh & 110054
21. izks0 “kkark flUgk
funs”kd
,e0osadVjaxS;k QkmaMs”ku
201] ukjk;.k vikVZesaV~l
osLV eSjsMiYyh] fldUnjkckn & 500026 vkU/kzizns”k
22. MkW0 fot;k ewys
¼laLFkkid izkpk;Z] bafM;k MkWD;wesaVjh izksM~;wllZ ,”kksfl,”ku½
ch0 42] QzSaMl dkWyksuh ¼ iPNe ½ uehaa fnYyh & 110065
-xxi-
23. izks0 e`.kky fefj
dqyifr ] ukFkZ bZLVuZ fgy ;wfuoflZVh
iksLV & usgw dSail
ekmD;kujksg mef”kax
f”kyk¡x & 793022 es?kky;
24. izks0 ryr vtht
vkbZ0,0,l0bZ0f”k{kk fudk;
tkfe;k fefYy;k bLykfe;k
tkfe;k uxj] ueha fnYyh & 110025
25. izks0 lfork flUgk
v/;{k] Mh0bZ0,l0,l0,p0
,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0
Jh vjfoan ekxZ] ueha fnYyh & 110016
26. izks0 ds0ds0 of”k’B
v/;{k] Mh0bZ0bZ0
,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0
Jh vjfoan ekxZ] ueha fnYyh & 110016
27. MkW0 la/;k ijkatis
jhMj] Mh0bZ0bZ0
,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0
Jh vjfoan ekxZ] ueha fnYyh & 110016
28. izks0lh0,l0ukxjktq
v/;{k]Mh0bZ0vkj0ih0ih0
,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0
Jh vjfoan ekxZ] ueha fnYyh & 110016
29. MkW0 T;ksRluk frokjh
ysDpjj] Mh0bZ0,l0,l0,p0
,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0
Jh vjfoan ekxZ] ueha fnYyh & 110016
-xxii-
30. izks0 ,e0 pUnzk
v/;{k] Mkh0bZ0,l0,e0
,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0
Jh vjfoan ekxZ] ueha fnYyh & 110016
31. MkW0 vfurk tqYdk
jhMj] Mkh0bZ0th0,l0,u0
,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0
Jh vjfoan ekxZ] ueha fnYyh & 110016
32. izks0 d`’.k dqekj
funs”kd
,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0
Jh vjfoan ekxZ] ueha fnYyh & 110016
33. lqJh vfurk dkSy
lSDVjh
,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0
Jh vjfoan ekxZ] ueha fnYyh & 110016
34. Jh v”kksd xkaxqyh
v/;{k] dsUnzh; ek/;fed f”k{kk cksMZ
f”k{kk dsUnz] 2] dE;wfuVh lsaVj
izhr fogkj] fnYyh & 110092
35. izks0 ,e0,0[kknj ¼eSEcj lSDVjh½
v/;{k] ikB~;p;kZ lewg
,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0
Jh vjfoan ekxZ] ueha fnYyh & 110016 IkkB~;p;kZ lewg ns eSEcj] ,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0
MkW0 jatuk vjksM+k
MkW0 vejsUnz csgM+k
Jh vkj0 es?kukFkus
*****
-xxiii-
fo”ks & lwph
Hkwfedk iii-v
vkHkkj vi-viii
dk;Zdkjh lkj ix-xvi
jk”Vªh; lapkyu lfefr ns lnL; xvii--xxii
1. iNkSdM+ 1-19
1.1 ifjps 1
1.2 iNsMh utjlkuh 5
1.3 jk”Vªh ikB~;p;kZ & :ijs[kk 6
1.4 ekxZn”kZd fl)kUr 7
1.5 xq.koŸkk ns vk;ke 13
1.6 f”k{kk nk lekth lanHkZ 15
1.7 f”k{kk ns y{; 17
2. flD[kuk rs Kku 20-58
2.1 lfdz; fo|kFkhZ nh izkFkfedrk 21
2.2 lanHkZ p fo|kFkhZ 22
2.3 fodkl rs Ik<+kbZ 23
2.4 ikB~;p;kZ rs vH;kl fn;ka yksM+k 29
2.4.1 Kku&jpuk ysbZ Ik<+kbZ 29
2.4.2 esy&C;gkj nh EgŸkk 31
2.4.3 flD[kus ns vuqHkosa nh :ijs[kk 32
2.4.4 ;kstuk i)fr;ka 36
-xxiv-
2.4.5 vkykspukRedf”k{k.k “kkL= 39
2.5 Kku rs cks/k 42
2.5.1 cqU;knh leFkkZa 44
2.5.2 O;ogkjd Kku 45
2.5.3 cks/k ns :Ik 46
2.6 Kku nh iquZjpuk 49
2.7 cPpsa nk Kku rs LFkkuh Kku 51
2.8 Ldwyh Kku rs leqnk; 55
2.9 fd”k fodklewyd eqn~ns 56
3 ikB~;p;kZ&[ksrj] LdwyS fn;ka voLFkka rs tk;t+k 59-133
3.1 Hkk”kk 60
3.1.1 Hkk”kk nh f”k{kk 61
3.1.2 ?kjsyw&iSg~yh Hkk”kk¼ka½ tka ekr`Hkk”kk nh f”k{kk 63
3.1.3 nwbZ Hkk”kk izkfIr 65
3.1.4 i<uk rs fy[kuk flD[kuk 67
3.2 Lgkc ¼xf.kr½ 71
3.2.1 Ldwyh Lgkc ysbZ ekxZn”kZu ¼vision½ 72
3.2.2 IkkB~;p;kZ 75
3.2.3 DaI;wVj lkbZal 77
3.3 lkbZal 78
3.3.1 cD[k&cD[k voLFkk,a p ikB~;p;kZ 80
3.3.2 fnz”Vhdks.k 82
3.4 lekth foKku 86
-xxv-
3.4.1 izLrkor Kku “kkL=h :ijs[kk 88
3.4.2 IkkB~;p;kZ nk fu;kstu 90
3.4.3 f”k{k.k “kkL= rs lk/kusa clhysa ns tqxkM+ ljca/kh Ik)fr;ka 92
3.5 dyk&f”k{kk 94
3.6 lsg~r rs “kjhjh f”k{kk 98
3.6.1 j.kuhfr;ka 99
3.7 dEe rs f”k{kk 100
3.8 “kkafr ysbZ f”k{kk 105
3.8.1 j.kuhfr;ka 108
3.9 cLlksvka rs f”k{kk 110
3.10 v/;;u rs tk;t+s fn;ka ;kstuk 112
3.10.1 eqa<yh cky&cjslk nh f”k{kk 113
3.10.2 cqU;knh Ldwy 116
3.10.3 lSdaMªh Ldwy 118
3.10.4 gk;j lSdaMªh Ldwy 120
3.10.5 [kq*Yyk Ldwy rs iqy&Ldwy 122
3.11 vkdyu rs ewY;kadu 123
3.11.1 vkdyu nk mís”; 123
3.11.2 fo|kfFkZ;sa nh tkap ij[k 126
3.11.3 f”k{kk ns dze p vkdyu 126
3.11.4 ikB~;p;kZ ns vksg~ [ksrj tsg~M+s uacjs ysbZ usbZa tkaps tans 127
3.11.5 vkdyu nk :Ik&l:Ik rs rkSj&rjhdk 127
3.11.6 vkiwa viuh ij[k ¼vkdyu½ rs izfrfdz;k 129
-xxvi-
3.11.7 vksg~ [ksrj ft*Uns ckjS uesa fljsvk lkspus nh yksM+ ,s A 131
3.11.8 cD[k&cD[k Lrjsa ij vkdyu 132
4 Ldwy rs tekrk nk okrkoj.k 134-171
4.1 HkkSfrd okrkoj.k 135
4.2 leFkZ okrkoj.k nk fodkl 140
4.3 lHkusa cPpsa nh “kewfy;r 142
4.3.1 cPpsa ns vf/kdkj 144
4.3.2 lekos”k nh uhfr 146
4.4 vuq”kklu rs “kewfy;r izca/ku 149
4.5 Ekkrk&firk rs leqnk; ysbZ Fkkg~j 151
4.6 IkkB~;p;kZ LFky rs flD[kusa ns lalk/ku 153
4.6.1 IkkB rs iqLrd 153
4.6.2 ykbczsfj;ka 156
4.6.3 f”k{kk rduhd 157
4.6.4 midj.k rs yckVªfj;ka 159
4.6.5 gksj nq, pkYyh ns LFky rs Fkkg~j 160
4.6.6 cgqyrk rs oSfdYir lefxz;sa nh yksM+ 161
4.6.7 lalk/kusa xh dBsjuk rs O;oLFkk 162
4.7 leka 164
4.8 v/;kidsa nh Lok;rŸkk rs O;olk;d Lora=rk 168
4.8.1 fparu rs ;kstuk fuekZ.k ysbZ leka 169
-xxvii- 5. O;oLFkkxr lq/kkj 172-208
5.1 xq.koRrk nh fpark 173
5.1.1 vdknfed ;kstuk rs xq.koŸkk nk fujh{k.k 176
5.1.2 Ldwyk p rs Ldwyk ns fujh{k.k ysbZ vdknfed usr`Ro 177
5.1.3 Iakpk;r rs f”k{kk 178
5.2 ikB~;p;kZ uekadj.k vkLrS v/;kidsa nh f”k{kk 181
5.2.1 f”k{kk fn;ka orZeku fparka 181
5.2.2 v/;kid&f”k{kk vkLrS fnz”Vhdks.k 182
5.2.3 v/;kid&f”k{kk&dk;Zdze p izeq[k cnyk· 184
5.2.4 ukSdjh njku v/;kidsa nh f”k{kk rs izf”k{k.k 188
5.2.5 lsokjr v/;kidsa nh f”k{kk ns iz;kl rs fufr;ka 189
5.3 ijh{kk lq/kkj 191
5.3.1 isij ikuk] ersgku rs jiksZV 193
5.3.2 tk;t+s p yphykiu 194
5.3.3 gksjusa Lrjsa ij cksMZ ns ersgku 195
5.3.4 nk[kyk&ersgku 196
5.4 dEe&dsanzr f”k{kk 196
5.4.1 dkjksckjh f”k{kk rs izf”k{k.k 197
5.5 fopkj rs O;gkj p uekapkj 200
5.5.1 ikB~; iqlrd nh cgqyrk 200
5.5.2 uekapkj xh izksRlkgu 202
5.5.3 VSDUkkyksth nk bLrseky 203
5.6 ufe;ka Hkkbokfy;ka 204
5.6.1 xSj ljdkjh laxBusaa] lekt lewgsa rs f”k{kd&laxBusa nh Hkwfedk 204
-xxviii-
milagkj 209-212
ifjf”k”V & I lkj 213-220
ifjf”k”V & II Hkkjr ljdkj ns f”k{kk lSDVjh] ekuo lalk/ku ea=ky; 221-223 ns lSdaMªh rs mPp f”k{kk foHkkx fn;ka fpfV~B;ka
vuqdzef.kdk 224-229
Hkkjrh lafo/kku
izLrkouk
vlsa Hkkjr ns yksdsa fnyh rkSjk ij Hkkjr xh bd lqrarj] lektoknh] /keZ fujiD[k]
yksdrkaf=d x.kra= rs lHkusa ukxfjdsa ysbZ lqj{kr cukus nk fu.kkZ· ySrs nk ,s %
lekth] vkfFkZd rs jktuhfrd U;ka·(
fopkjsa] vfHkO;fDr] fo”okl] vkLFkk rs iwtk&ikB nh [kq*Yy (
ntkZ rs ekSdsa nh cjkscjh rs lHkusa ukxfjdsa ysbZ bank fodkl (
gj ukxfjd ns eku&lEeku rs jk”Vª nh ,drk rs v[kaMrk xh ;dhuh cukus ysbZ HkkbZpkjk (
bl 26 uoacj 1949 xh lk<+h lafo/kku lHkk bl lafo/kku xh vaxhdkj djnh ,s] ikl djnh
,s rs vlsaxh iznku djnh ,s A
ßtsYyS esa ¥~;kuk gk rka ykSg~dh&yksg~dh phtsa dUuS vifu;ka [kMkyh cukus rs viuh dYiuk p
ufe;ka&ufe;ka [ks<ka rqIih dM~<us nh fexh iwjh [kq*Yy gh A esjh [kq”kh p esjs lkfFk;sa nk iwjk fgLlk
gksank gk ( cYds esfj;sa [ks<+s nk iwjk etk mUns dUuS [ks<+us mIij eqUglj gk A bd fnu lk<+s cpiu
ns bl lqxkZ p cM~Msa nh ctk: nqfu;ka pk bd ykyp vkuh cM+svk A bd vaxzst+h gV~Vh ijk [kjhns nk
f[kMkSuk lk<+s bd lkFkh xh fnRrk xsvk % vksg~ deky nk [kMkSuk gk &&& cM~Mk tusgk] v”dsa thank
tkxnk A lk<s+ lkFkh xh ml [kMkSus mIij vkdM+ gksbZ xsbZ rs gwu vksg~nk /;ku lkf<+;sa [ks<sa p b*Uuk
usbZa gk yxnk % vksg~ ml dherh phtk xh cM+h pkSdlh dUuS lk<+h gkEck d”kk nwj j[knk gk] viuh
bl [kkl phtk ij ilksbZ&ilksbZ ikSank A vksg~ vius m*usa lkfFk;sa dksyk vius vkik xh lzs”B le>nk
gk ft*Uns [kMkSus lLrs gs A fexh iwjk ;dhu ,s tsdj vksg~ bfrgkl nh vTtS&dYyk nh Hkk”kk cks*Yyh
ldnk rka mUu b*;S vk[ksvk gksank ts vksg~ ml vfr mŸke ml [kMkSus nk ekyd gksus djh~ lk<+s
d”kk erk lE; ,s A
viuh gq”yckth p vksg~ bd xYy le>h usbZa ldsvk gk vks gh &&& bd cPps nk liwjkiu
vksg~ rRFk mlh ml csYyS vius ers lwijs [kMkSus ns ykypS p cM+k eewyh tusgh c>ksank gk vksg~
[kMkSus flQZ mlnh vehjh tkg~j djnk gk ij cPpsa nh jpukRed o`fŸk usbZa rs uka mlns [ksMus p
cPpsa nk vkuUn gk rs uka xS mlns [ks<usa nh nqfu;ka p lkfFk;sa xh [kq*Yyk lkn~nk AÞ
jfoUnzukFk VSxksj
ßlH;rk rs rjDdhÞ
(Civilization and Progress)
jk”Vªh dsanzh lewg~ &vofLFkfr ys[k
[kaM & I ikB~;dze ljca/kh [ksrj
1. lkbZal nh i<+kbZ
2. Lgkc nh i<+kbZ
3. Hkkjrh Hkk”kk,a nh i<+kbZ
4 vaxzsst+h nh i<+kbZ
5. lekth foKkusa nh Ik<+kbZ
6. vkokl rs f”k{k.k
7. dyka] laxhr] u`R; rs jaxeap
8- cjklrh f”kYi
[kaM & II O;oLFkkxr lq/kkj
1. f”k{kk ns mís”;
2. ikB~;p;kZ&rCnhyh ysbZ O;oLFkkxr lq/kkj
3. ikB~;p;kZ] lyscl rs ikB~;iqLrdka
4 ikB~;p;kZ uehadj.k ysbZ v/;kid f”k{kk
5. ersgkuh lq/kkj
6. “kS{kf.kd rduhd
[kaM & III jk”Vªh ljksdkj
1. iêh ntZ tkfr;sa rs tutkfr;sa ns cPpsa fn;ka leL;ka
2. f”k{kk p fyax ljca/kh leL;ka
3. [kkl yksMsa+ vkg~yh cPpsa nh f”k{kk
4 “kkafr ysbZ f”k{kk
5. lsg~r rs “kjhjh f”k{kk
6. eqa<yh ckycjslk nh f”k{kk
7. dEe rs f”k{kk
jk”Vªh “kSf{kd vuqla/kku rs izf”k{k.k ifj”kn~
1
/;k· & 1
iNkSdM+
1.1 ifjps
1.2 iNsMh utjlkuh
1.3 jk”Vªh ikB~;p;kZ & :ijs[kk
1.4 ekxZn”kZd fl)kUr
1.5 xq.koŸkk ns vk;ke
1.6 f”k{kk nk lekth lanHkZ
1.7 f”k{kk ns y{;
1.1 ifjps
Hkkjr bd lqrarj jk”Vª ,s] ftlnk bfrgkl lXxkslkj rs vusdrk dUuS ifjiw.kZ ,s A bl p
lkaLd`rd Lrj mIij cM+h uks[kh fofo/krk ,s rs yksdrkaf=d eqYysa rs lHkusa ns fgr ysbZ izfrc)rk ,s A lu~
1986bZ0 p ftlyS f”k{kk ckjS jk”Vªh uhfr xh ikfyZ;keSaV vklsvk Lohd`fr FgksbZ gh rnwa Fkeka ikB~;p;kZ xh
ijfr;S r”dhy nsus ns lHkusa iz;klsa nk b*;S mís”; jsgk ,s & f”k{kk nh bd jk”Vªh Ik)fr nh jpuk
djuk A ft*;ka ds ns”kS ns cPpsa xh f”k{kr djus nk dEe cM+k cM~Mk rs EgŸkoiw.kZ ,s bl ysbZ ,g~ t:jh ,s
ts ekSds&ekSds ij vl fdV~Bs feyh&csfg;S vius vkiS xh ,g~ lqvky iqNpS ßbl dEeS p #T>s ns vl dsg~
djk djus vka \ f”k{kk ns uka· ij ts fd”k vl cPpsa xh eqgS;k djk· djus vka] D;k vksg~ns p uekaiu
vkg~uus nk ekSdk vkbZ xsvk ,s \Þ
vt+knh ns ckn f”k{kk Ik)fr nh dsg~ miyfC/k jsgh ,s ] tsdj vl bl ikLlS /;ku nspS rka gksbZ
ldnk ,s vlsaxh [kkls lanks[ktud vkadM+s fey³u A vTt lk<+s nslS p yxHkx 10 yD[k Ldwysa p
2025 yD[k cPpsa xh Ik<+kus nk dEe yxHkx 55 yD[k v/;kid djk djns u A ftlyS ds 82 %
fjgk;”kh bykdsa p 3 fdyksehVj ns nk;js p izkbZejh Ldwy ,s A 75 % fjgk;”kh bykds p 3 fdyksehVj ns
2
nk;js p mPp izkbZejh Ldwy ,s A lSdaMjh Lrj ns ersgkusa p fgLlk ySus vkg~ys cPpsa pk ?kÍks?kV 50 %
cPps ikl gksans u A b*usa #>kusa ns bykok Hkkjr p 37 % yksdsa p lk{kjrk dkS”ky nh FkksM+ ,s A eqa<ys
Ldwysa p cPpsa ns Ldwy NksM+us nh vkSlr yxHkx 53 % ,s rs yxHkx 75 % Fkeka c) xzkbZa Ldwy ers ntsZ
vg~ys u A lk<+s “kSf{kd vH;kl ns ch ers lkjs iD[ksa nh fLFkfr ch rlYyh c[“k usbZa ,s % ¼d½ Ldwyh
O;oLFkk p bd [kkl pkYyh nh l[rh ,s tsg~M+h rCnhyh ns jLrs p cM+h cM~Mh #dkoV ,s ( ¼[k½ f”k{kk
bd pkYyh dUuS cD[k&ckg~jh xfrfof/k cuh xsnh ,s ] tsg~M+h cPpsa xh Kku xh vius thou dUuS bd
EgŸkoiw.kZ rs O;ogkjd <axk dUus tksM+us ysbZ izksRlkgr usbZa djnh ( ¼x½ Ldwy bl pkYyh nh fopkj Ik)fr
xh c<+kok fnans u tsg~M+h jpukRed lksp rs lks> xh mTtu usbZa fnanh ( ¼?k½ Ldwysa p f”k{kk ns uka· ij
tsg~M+k fd”k izLrqr dhrk tank rs ts fd”k cPpsa rxj iqtnk ,s vksg~ ueha tkudkjh rs Kku iSnk djus nh
euqD[kh leFkZ ns EgŸkoiw.kZ vk;ke xh vufnD[kk djh fnank ,s( ¼³½ cPpsa nk ßHkfoD[kÞ gwu bUuk
EgŸkoiw.kZ gksbZ xsnk ,s ts cPps ns ßorZekuÞ xh vufnD[kk dhrk tk djnk ,s ] tsg~M+k ds cPps] lekt rs
jk”Vª vkLrS fgrdkjh usbZa ,s A
f”k{kk ns ewy ljksdkj & cPpsa xh bUuk leFkZ cukuk ts vksg~ thou nk vFkZ le>h ldu rs
viuh ;ksX;rk,a nk fodkl djh ldu] vius thou nk bd mÌs”; fu”pr dju rs mlh gkly djus
vkLrS dks”k”k dju rs nq, euqD[kS xh ch ,slk djus nk gd ,s] bl xYyk xh ch iUNkuu & fcyk”kDd
,g~ lc vTt ch EgŸko j[knk ,s A tsdj vlsa fd”k djuk ,s & rka vksg~ ,s euqD[ksa nh vkiwa fcPpsa nh
fuHkZjrk ij tksj nsuk] rs ft*;ka ds VSxksj vk[kns u ts ftlyS vl nq,a ns ekQZr vius vki xh elwl
djus vka rnwa xS vlsaxh lHkusa Fkeka cM~Mh [kq”kh feynh ,s A cD[k&cD[k lkaLdf`rd ] lekth rs vkfFkZd
iNkSdM+sa Fkeka vk, ns cPps tsg~M+s c)ksc) fxurjh p Ldwysa nk fgLlk cuk ns u] mans p cjkscjh nh
/kkj.kk xh cy nsuk ch bUuk xS t:jh ,s A eqdkcys vkg~yh vFkZ O;oLFkk p O;fDrxr vklka&esnka f”k{kk xh
flQZ HkkSrd lQyrk gkly djus nk tfj;k ekŸkj gksus p izo`Ÿk djfn;ka u A A ,g~ lksp tsg~M+h bUlku
xh eqdkcys vkg~ys ljca/ksa p j[knh ,s ] cPpsa ij csotg nck· ikanh ,s rs bl pkYyh eqYysa&dnjsa xh tksg~
itkanh ,s A bl dUuS bd&nq, d”kk flD[kus nh izfdz;k nk ch dksbZ urhtk usbZa fudynk A f”k{kk m*usa
3
eqYysa&dnjsa nk izpkj&izlkj djus p leFkZ gksuh pkfgnh ,s] tsg~fM+;ka “kkafr] euqD[krk rs cu&lcUuh
laLd`fr vkg~ys lekt p lSgu”khyrk xh cy nsu A
,g~ nLrkost usgh :ijs[kk is”k djnk ,s ftlns rSg~r v/;kid rs Ldwy m*usa vuqHkosa nk pquka· rs
fu;kstu djh ldns u] tsg~M+s m*usaxh yxnk ,s ts cPpsa dksy gksus pkfgns u A f”k{kk ljca/kh mÌs”;sa xh
gkly djus ysbZ ikB~;p;kZ nh ifjdYiuk usgh lajpuk ns :ik p dhrh xsnh ,s] tsg~M+h b*usa t:jh vuqHkosa
xh Li”V rkSjk ij eq[kjr djnh ,s A ,g~ns vkLrS] bl p cqU;knh lqvkysa ns tokc gksus pkfgns u %
d½ Ldwysa vklsvk dsg~M+s f”k{kk ljca/kh mÌs”;sa nh iwfrZ nk iz;kl gksuk pkfgnk ,s \
[k½ f”k{kk ljca/kh usg~ dsg~M+s vuqHko miyC/k djk, tku tsg~M+s b*usa mÌs”;sa xh gkly djus ysbZ yksM+pns
u \
x½ ,g~ f”k{kk ljca/kh vuqHko fdl pkYyh lkFkZd :iS dUuS fu;kstr dhrs tkbZ ldns u \
?k½ vl ,g~ fd*;ka ;dhuh cukbZ ldus vka ts f”k{kk ljca/kh ,g~ mÌs”; lPpsa xS iwjs gksvk djns u \
jk”Vªh ikB~;p;kZ nh :ijs[kk 2000 nh ijfr;S ut+jlkuh [kkl dfj;S cPps ij ikB~;p;kZ ns c/kns
cks> nh leL;k nk ucsM+k djus ns mÌs”; dUuS “kq: dhrh xsbZ gh A uCcsa ns n~gkds p “kq: p ekuo
lalk/ku fodkl ea=ky; us bl leL;k nk fo”ys”ku djus ysbZ bd desVh cukbZ gh ] ft*UuS bl leL;k
nk fo”ys”ku dfj;S ,g~ rRFk xqgkM+svk gk ts bl leL;k nh t*M+ O;oLFkk nh vksg~ izo`fŸk ,s tsg~M+h lwpuk
xh Kku le>nh ,s A ßfctu cks> ns f”k{kkÞ ¼learning without burden½ nh jiksVZ p desVh us bl xYyk
ikLlS “kkjk dhrk ts Ldwysa p f”k{kk rnaw rxj bd [kq”khiw.kZ vuqHko usbZa gksbZ ldnk tnwa rxj cPps ckjS
vl viuh lksp usbZa cnypS] ftl p cPps xh flQZ Kku gkly djus vkg~ys ns :ik p fnD[ksvk tank ,s
rs ikB~; iqLrdsa xh ersgkuS nk vk/kkj A cPps nh mans vius vuqHkosa dUuS tkudkjh iSnk djus nh manh
leFkkZ mIij lk<+h vkLFkk nh FkksM+S dkj.k lk<+s p gj xYy l[kkus nh vknr iSnk gksanh ,s A ikB~;&iqLrdsa
nk fcr c*jsa Fkeka fuŸk c/knk xS tk*jnk ,s A uesa fo”ksa xh “kkey djus nk nck· c/kk nk ,s rs Kku xh
laxBr dfj;S rs mlh lEiw.kZrk dUuS C;gkj p vkg~uus ns tru xh tksg~ iqTtk djnk ,s A ftl p
eqV~Vh&eqfV~V;sa drkcsa rs mans p “kkey lyscl nj&vly cPpsa xh dsUnz p jfD[k;S cPpsa xh lacks/kr djus
vkg~yh O;oLFkk nh ukdke;kch nk izrhd ,s A tsg~M+s yksd usfg;ka bUlkbdyksihfM;k uqeka drkcka fy[kns u
4
vksg~ bl yksdfiz; /kkj.kk Fkeka izsjr gksans u ts nqfu;ka p tkudkjh nk bd foLQksV gksvk ,s rs nq, ns”ksa
dUuS xSaa eykb;S pyus vkLrS Hkkjr xh ch tkudkjh nk cM~Mk HkaMkj vius fuDds & fuDds cPpsa ns la?ksa
p rqUuh nsuk pkfgnk ,s A fctu cks> ns f”k{kk ¼ Learning without burden ½ us lyscl rs ikB~; &
iqLrdsa nh :ijs[kk p [kkl rCnhfy;ka vkg~uus nh lQkj”k dhrh A rs bl xYyk nh ch lQkj”k dhrh ts
lekt nh ekufldrk p ch cnyk· vkSuk pkfgnk tsg~M+h cPpsa ij mXxj :i dUuS gksM+&jhl rs vksijh
dkcfy;r nLlus vkLrS nck· ikanh ,s A v/;kiu xh cPpsa ns jpukRed lHkk· rs ln&mi;ksx nk ek/;e
cukus ysbZ bl jiksVZ us lQkj”k dhrh rs LdwyS nh ikB~;p;kZ rs ersgkuh O;oLFkk tsg~M+h cPpsa xh erh lkjh
tkudkjh jVus rs mlh mXxyus vkLrS etcwj djnh ,s & b*usa nkSusa p fd”k ewy ifjorZu dhrs tku A bd
e”khuh rjhds dUuS ij[ks tkus ysbZ f”k{kk cPps dksyk cPpk gksus nh [kq”kh [kqLlh ySanh ,s rs Ldwyh tkudjh
xh jkstejkZ ns vuqHko d”kk u[ksM+h fnanh ,s A lajpuk ljca/kh bl lathnk leL;k dUuS fucM+us vkLrS bl
nLrkost p fctu cks> ns f”k{kk nh lks> xh vxM+k foLrkj ch fnŸkkk xsnk ,s A
fd”k ch fu/kkZjr djus nh fuLcr ,g~ nLrkost lyscl rs ikB~;iqLrdsa nh :ijs[kk R;kj djus rs
ersgku&Ik)fr ns lq/kkj p “kkey m*usa cD[k&cD[k v/;kidsa ] ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;sa rs gksj nwb;sa vtSafl;sa
xh fd”k rdZ&iw.kZ pquk· rs fu.ksZ ySus p leFkZ djus nk ghyk djnk ,s A ,g~ m*usaxh uekapkjh rs LFkkuh
ifjos”k ij v/kkjr dk;Zdze fodlr djus rs ykxw djus p leFkZ cukx A ledkyh lekth ;FkkFkZ p
ikB~;p;kZ ns uekadj.k p vkSus vkg~yh pukSfr;sa ns lanHkZ p ,g~ nLrkorst m*usa [kkl leL;k,a ikLlS /;ku
nksvkank ,s ft*Uns ysbZ dYiuk”khy izfrfdz;k,a nh t:jr ,s A vlsaxh esn ,s ts bl Fkeka blyS pyk*jnh
l/kkj izfdz;k xh cy Fgksx] elyu v/;kidsa rs puksbZ fn;sa eqdkeh laLFkk,a xh fu.ksZ ySus ns vf/kdkj
lkSaiuk] dUuS xS ,g~ /;ku nsus tksx eqÌsa nh u”kkunsgh ch djnk ,s ] ft*;ka ds ikB~; iqLrdsa nh cgqyrk+ rs
ersgku i)fr p rqrZ lq/kkjsa nh yksM+ A
5
1.2 iNsMh utjlkuh
egkRek xka/kh us f”k{kk xh bd ,sls ek/;e ns :i p fnD[ksvk gk] tsg~M+k lekth O;oLFkk p O;kIr
csU;kbZ] fgalk rs ukcjkscjh ns izfr jk”Vª ns foosd xh txkbZ ldS A ^ubZ rkyhe* us vkRefuHkZjrk rs
bUlku ns vkRe lEeku ij tksj fnŸkk ] tsg~M+s liwjs lekt p vfgalk iz/kku lekth ljca/ksa nh cqU;kn
cu³u A
xka/kh th us lekt ns #ikarjh fnz”Vhdks.k dUuS esycrZu djus ysbZ cPps ns vka<h xqvka<h okrkoj.k
ftl p mlnh ekr`Hkk”kk rs dEe&dkt “kkey u] xh lk/ku&clhysa ns rkSjk ij cjrus nh lQkj”k dhrh A
m*usa bd usg~ Hkkjr nk lq[kuk fnD[ksvk gk ftl p gj dksbZ lalkj nh iquZjpuk ysbZ nq,a dUuS jfy;S dEe
djns gksbZ viuh izfrHkk,a rs ;ksX;rk xh rik”knk rs gkly djnk ,s ] vksg~ lalkj ftl p jk”Vªsa p] lekt
ns vanj rs euqD[krk rs dqnjr c”dkj la?k”kZ tkjh ,s A
vtknh ns ckn] vtknh nh yM+kbZ nkSjku Li”V dhrs xsns f”k{kk&ljksdkjsa ij jk”Vªh deh”kusa &
lSdsaaMjh ,tqds”u deh”ku ¼1952-53½ rs ,tqds”ku deh”ku ¼1964-66½] iklsvk ijfr;S utjlkuh dhrh
xsbZ A nkSusa deh”kusa cnyks, ns lekth&jktuSrd lanHkZ p jk”Vªh fodkl mIij [kkl tksj ikans gksbZ egkRek
xka/kh gqans f”k{kk&n”kZu pk mCHkjs ns eqD[k uqDrsa xh cLrkj fnŸkk A
1976 c*js rxj Hkkjrh lafo/kku ns rSg~r jkT; ljdkjsa xh Ldwyh f”k{kk ljca/kh lCHkS fu.ksZ ySus nk
btkt+r gh rs blns rSg~r mans vf/kdkj [ksrjk p ikB~;p;kZ ch vkSaaaaaaaaaaaaaanh gh A dsUnz jkT;sa ns uhfr ljca/kh eqÌsa
ij flQZ ekxZn”kZu djh ldnk gk A b*usa ifjfLFkfr;sa p 1968 bZ0 nh jk”Vªh f”k{kk uhfr ns “kq#vkrh
iz;kl dhrs xs rs ,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0 ¼jk”Vªh f”k{kk vuqla/kku o izf”k{kk ifj”kn~½ vklsvk 1975bZ0 p
ikB~;ppkZ :ijs[kk cukbZ xsbZ A 1976 p] lafo/kku p la”kks/ku dhrk xsvk rs f”k{kk nh ftEesokjh xh
leorhZ lwph p “kkey dhrk xsvk A rs 1986 bZ0 p iSg~yh ckjh f”k{kk ckjS iwjs eqY[kk p bDdS tusgh
jk”Vªh uhfr cuh A f”k{kk nh jk”Vªh uhfr ¼1986½ us lQkj”k dhrh ts iwjs eqY[kk p Ldwyh ikB~;p;kZ ns ewy
p bd loZlkekU; rRo gks,s A bl uhfr us ,u0lh0vkj0Vh0 xh jk”Vªh ikB~;ppkZ nh :ijs[kk fodlr
djus rs bl :ijs[kk nh rkSys&rkSys leh{kk djus nh ftEesokjh lkSaih A
6
1975 c*js ns ckn ikB~;p;kZ ljca/kh dEek xh tkjh j[kns gksbZ ifj”kn~ us fd”k tk;t+s ySrs rs
lq>k· fnŸks rs viuh xfrfof/k ns bd fgLls ns rkSjk ij 1984 c*js p bd ikB~;p;kZ :ijs[kk R;kj
dhrh A bl dEeS nk y{; iwjs eqY[kk p xq.kkRedrk ns Lrj mIij Ldwyh f”k{kk xh bd cjkscj cukus rs
eqY[kk nh cgqyrk vkg~yh Vdksg~nS ij le>ksrk dhrs cxSj jk”Vªh v[kaMrk xh ;dhuh cukus vkLrS rs dUuS
xS f”k{kk xh bd ek/;e cukus nk gk A usg~ xS rtcsZ ij v/kkjr ifj”kn~ nk dEe [khjk p Ldwyh f”k{kk ysbZ
jk”Vªh ikB~;p;kZ :ijs[kk 1988 ns :ik p r”kdhy gksvk A Hkkesa rsth dUuS cnyns bl fodkl”khy
lanHkZ p i<+kbZ ns dkslsZa rs ikB~;iqLrdsa jkgsa bl :ijs[kk nk urhtk ,g~ gksvk ts ßikB~;dze nk cks>Þ c/kh
xsvk ftl dUuS Ldwyh i<+kbZ manh cky&cjsl rs fd”kksj cjslw ns mTtus&eBksus ns c*jsa p mans “kjhjh rs
nekxh ruk· nk lzksr cuh xsbZ A izks0 ;”kiky nh v/;{krk p xBr desVh nh jiksZVk fctu cks> ns
f”k{kk] 1993 p bl iSg~yw xh Li”V rs lqlaxr ¼;qfDr;qDr½ :ik p is”k dhrk xsvk A
1.3 jk”Vªh ikB~;p;kZ & :ijs[kk
jk”Vªh f”k{kk uhfr 1986 nh b*usa lQkj”ksas ns ckotwn ts leFksZa nh iUNku dhrh tk rs cD[k&cD[k
voLFkk,a ij eqYysa&dnjsa nh ijksl dhrh tk] Ldwyh f”k{kk flQZ tkudkjh Hkjksph ikB~;iqLrdsa ij v/kkjr
ersgkusa cD[kh gksj [kpksanh xsbZ A 2000 c*js p ikB~;ppkZ :ijs[kk nh leh{kk ns ckotwn ch ikB~;ppkZ ns
cks> rs ersgkus nh rkuk”kkgh ns >esykxzLr eqÌs gy usbZa gks, A ,g~ etwnk leh{kk bl [ksrjk p gks, ns
ldkjkRed rs udkjkRed nkSusa pkYyha ns fodkl ij xkSj djnh ,s rs ueha lnh ns eksM+ mIij Ldwyh f”k{kk
fn;sa xsfM;sa t:jrsa dUuS flT>us nk iz;kl djnh ,s A bl iz;kl p vkiwa psa ljca/kr usdka vk;ke /;kuk
p jD[ks xsns u] ft*;ka ] f”k{kk ns y{;] cPpsa nk lekth ifjizs{k] eksdys vFksZ p Kku nk lqvkre] euqD[kh
fodkl nk lqvkre rs ekg~uw nh flD[kus nh izfdz;k A
^jk”Vªh ikB~;p;kZ :ijs[kk* inca/k xh vDlj xYr vFksZ p ySrk tank jsgk ,s] ft*;ka ds] ,g~ bd
bd:irk nk izLrkor nLrkost ,s A tsYyS ds jk”Vªh f”k{kk uhfr ¼,u0ih0bZ0½ 1986 p O;Dr eU”kk izksxzke
vkQ ,D”ku ] 1992 ns fcYdqy mYV gh A ,u0ih0bZ0 us jk”Vªh f”k{kk O;oLFkk xh fodlr djus vkLrS
bd ek/;e ns rkSj ij ikB~;p;kZ nh bd jk”Vªh :ijs[kk rtoht+ dhrh tsg~M+h Hkkjr ns Hkxksyd rs
7
lkaLd`rd ifjos”k ns culcUu p vdknfed rRosaa dUuS eqYysa&dnjsa ns loZlkekU; :i xh ;dhuh cukus p
leFkZ gks,s A ß,u0ih0bZ0 & ih0vks0,0 us Ldwysa p cPpsa ns lkoZHkkSed nk[kys rs 14,a c*jsa nh cjslw
rxj ns lHkusa cPpsa nh lkoZHkkSed Ldwysa p mifLFkfr xh rs Ldwyh f”k{kk nh xq.kkRedrk p lanks[ktud
lq/kkj xh c<+kok nsus vkLrS ckydsanzr i)fr nh dYiuk dhrh Þ ¼ih0vks0,0 ]l0 77½A jk”Vªh ikB~;p;kZ
:ijs[kk nh izklafxdrk] yphykiu rs xq.kkRedrk vkg~yh fo”ks”krk,a ij tksj fnans gkbZ ih0vks0,0 us
,u0ih0,0 nh bLlS fnz”Vh xh foLrkj fnŸkk ,s A bl pkYyh b*usa nkSusa nLrkostsa f”k{kk O;oLFkk ns
vk/kqfudhdj.k djus ysbZ bd lk/ku ns :ik p jk”Vªh ikB~;p;kZ :ijs[kk nh ifjdYiuk dhrh A
1.4 ekxZn”kZd fl)kUr
vlsaxh O;oLFkk ljca/kh eqÌsa ij /;ku nsus rs m*usaxh fu;kstr djus nh yksM+ ,s ftl dUuS vl
m*usa vksM+d paxs fopkjsa xh ykxw djus p leFkZ gksxs] ft*Uns ckjs p iSg~ys ch xYy dhrh xsbZ ,s A bans p
lHkusa “kk t:jh u %&
8
f”k{kk nh jk”Vªh O;oLFkk bd jk”Vªh ikB~;dze :ijs[kk ij v/kkjr gksx] ftl p vusd nq, ?kVd] tsg~M+s
yphys u] mans dUuS fd”k loZlkekU; ewy ?kVd gksans u A b*usa ewy ?kVdsa p Hkkjr ns Lora=rk
vkanksyu nk bfrgkl] lafo/kkud ftEesokjh rs gksj nq, rRo tsg~M+s jk”Vª nh Vdksg~n mlnh iUNku xh cjksl
nsus fxrS ykteh u “kkey gks³u A ,g~ rRo cD[k&cD[k fo”ksa&[ksrjsa p “kkey dhrs tk³u rs m*usaxh
Hkkjr nh bd lkekU; lkaLd`rd cjklr] lerkokn] yksdra=] /keZfujiD[krk] tukuh&ensZa p cjkscjh]
Ik;kZoj.k nh lqj{kk] lekth vM+puka nwj djuk ] ykSg~ds ijksvkj ns ekunaM nh ikyuk rs foKkud
lqvkre nh cjksl vkfn eqYysa xh izksRlkgu nsus ysbZ r”kdhy dhrk tkx A f”k{kk ljca/kh lCHkS dk;Zdze
/keZfujiD[k eqYysa nk iwjk ikyu dj³u A Hkkjr us iwjs fo”o xh bDdS ijksvkj euns gksbZ Egs”kka “kkafr rs
jk”Vªsa e>kVS vkilh le> ysbZ dEe dhrk ,s A bl dnheh ijaijk ij iwjk mrjns gksbZ f”k{kk us bLlS
fnz”Vhdks.k xh iq”V djuk ,s rs ;qok ih<+h xh varjkZ”Vªh lg;ksx rs “kkafriw.kZ lg&vfLrRo ysbZ izsjr djuk
,s A bl iSg~yw xh csxkSjk usbZa dhrk tkbZ ldnk A cjkscjh nh Hkkouk xh cy nsus ysbZ lHkusa vkLrS bd
&cjkscj ekSds eqgS;k djkuk t:jh gksx A & iqTt ¼ikSag~p½ ns Lrj ij xS usbZa cYds lQyrk nh fLFkfr;sa
ns Lrj mIij ch A blns vykok ewy ikB~;p;kZ ns tfj, lHkusa ekg~uq,a vanj etwn cjkscjh nh Hkkouk
ckjS tkx:drk iSnk dhrh tkx A blnk mÌs”; lekth okrkoj.k rs tekan# iwokZxzgsa rs tVyrk,a xh nwj
djuk ,s A
jk’Vªh; f”k{kk uhfr] 1986
• Kku xh Ldwysa ns ckg~jh thou dUuS tksM+uk]
• Ik<+kbZ xh jV~Vw&iz.kkyh Fkeka gVkus xh ;dhuh cukuk]
• IkkB~;p;kZ xh ikB~; iqLrdsa rxj dsanzr jD[kus ns ctk, cPpsa ns peq[kh fodkl ysbZ le`)
cukuk A
• ersgkusa xh fuLcru erk yphyk rs tekrh thou nk vu=qV fgLlk cukuk rs
• nslS nh yksdrkaf=d jktuhfr ns rSg~r gennkZuk ljksdkjsa vklsvk lwpr bd ers EgŸkoiw.kZ O;fDrRo
nh ikyek A
9
etwnk lanHkZ p fd”k ufe;ka rCnhfy;ka rs uesa ljksdkj iSnk gks, u ftU*nk tokc lk<+h ikB~;p;kZ p gksuk
pkfgnk ,s A bans p lHkusa Fkeka EgŸkoiw.kZ ,s] lHkusa cPpsa xh bd dk;Zdze ns tfj;s Ldwysa uS tksM+uk rs
mRFkS manh mifLFkfr ns EgŸko nh EgŸkk tsg~M+h gj cPps ns EgŸko xh ijfr;S ;dhuh cukanh ,s rs lHkusa cPpsa
xh viuh xfjek xh elwlus rs flD[kus ysbZ fo”okl djus tksx cukanh ,s A ikB~;p;kZ :ijs[kk p
lkoZHkkSed eqa<yh f”k{kk ¼;w0bZ0bZ0½ fxŸkS izfrc)rk ch >yduh yksM+pnh uka ds flQZ lkaLd`rd culcUu
nh uqeka;nxh djus p xS ] lxqvka ,g~ lqfu”pr dfj;S ts cD[k&cD[k lekth rs vkfFkZd iNkSdM+sa Fkeka
vk, ns cD[k&cD[k pkYyh fn;sa “kjhjh] euksfoKkud rs ckS)d fo”ks”krk,a vkg~ys cPps Ldwyk p flD[kus rs
dke;kch gkly djus p leFkZ u A bl lanHkkZ p fyax] tkfr] Hkk”kk] laLd`fr]/keZ tka ¶gh vleFkZrk
Fkeka iSnk gksbZ fn;sa QdksZ QfdZ;sa djh f”k{kk ns <kaps vkbZ fn;sa [kkfe;sa&uqDlkusa xh ijrD[k rkSjk ij caxkjus
nh yksM+ ,s uka flQZ uhfr;sa rs ;kstuk,a tfj;s lxqvka eqa<yh cky&cjslw Fkeka xS flD[kus tksx dEesa nh
:ijs[kk fuekZ.k rs pquk· rs f”k{kk “kkL=h vH;klsa jkgsa ch A ;w0bZ0bZ0 Kku] dEe rs f”kYi ljca/kh
cD[k&cD[k ijEijk,a nh fuX?kh cjklr xh ikB~;p;kZ p “kkey dfj;S mlns [ksrj xh eksdyk djus nh yksM+
ckjS vlsaxh tkx#d djnh ,s A bans pk fd”k ijEijka vTt vFkZ&O;oLFkk ns HkweaMyhdj.k
¼Globalization ½ ns lanHkZ p ctkj nh “kfDr;sa rs Kku ns cLr gksbZ tkus djh cus ns xaHkhj ladV nh
pukSfr uS fucM+k djfn;ka u A vkRe&lEeku rs uSfrdrk nk fodkl rs cPpsa p jpukRedrk xh flatus rs
eBsjus nh t:jr xh iSg~y Fgksuh pkfgnh A rsft;k dUuS cnynh nqfu;k rs cqnksZcqnhZ vkg~yh lalkj&C;kih
lanHkZ p ,g~ ykteh ,s ts vl cPpsa nh ewy lks> rs dYiuk nh dnj djpS A
fodsUnzhdj.k rs iapk;rh jkt laLFkk,a ¼ih0vkj0bZ0½ nh Hkwfedk ij cy O;oLFkk ljca/kh lq/kkjsa nh
fn”kk p izeq[k xsbZ ns rkSjk fnD[ks tku A b*usa xYysa ysbZ ch t:jh ,s ts Kku rs ikB~;p;kZ ns vey
nj&vey nk LFkkuhdj.k gks,s A iapk;r jkt&laLFkka O;oLFkk xh ?kê rkuk”kkg~] v/;kidsa xh erk tokcnsg~
rs Ldwysa xh erk [kqneq[kR;kj rs cPpsa ns izfr erk tokcnsg~ cukus fxrS ekSds eqgS;k djfn;ka u A b*usa
dnesa HkkSfrd fLFkfr;sa] thou rs okrkoj.k ns lqvkysa rs xqa>ysa xh ch rst djuk pkfgnk A vius okrkoj.k
p c/kns&eBksans gksbZ cPps dqnjrh rkSjk ij dsbZa gquj xzSg~.k djh ySans u A vksg~ vius vkys&nqvkys ns thou
rs llkj xh y[kns u A ftlyS m*usaxh tekrk p vkag~nk tank ,s rka mans lqvky rs [krksys ikB~;p;kZ xh
10
lXxkslkj djh ldns u rs blh gksj erk jpukRed cukbZ ldns u A bl pkYyh ns lq/kkj ßtkus&Hkk[ks Fkek
vutkusÞ] ßewrZ Fkeka vewrZÞ rs ßLFkkuh Fkeka fo”oO;kihÞ cD[kh tkus ns cM~Ms iSekus ij ekU;rk izkIr
ikB~;dze ns fl)karsa ns izpyu xh lSg~y cuk³~u A bl mn~ns”; ysbZ vkykspukRed f”k{k.k i)fr nh
ifjdYiuk xh v/;kid f”k{kk lesr Ldwyh f”k{kk ns lHkusa vk;kesa p cjruk gksx A bRFkSa b*;ka ,s] ft*;ka
mRiknd dEe ¼d½ tekrh Kku xh cPpsa ns thou&vuqHkosa dUuS tksM+us] ¼[k½ lekt ns gkf”k;s vkg~ys oxZ
ns cPpsa ] fta*ns d”k dEeS dUuS ljca/kr Kku rs gquj u] m*usaxh lqfo/kk izkIr oxZ ns vius lkfFk;sa p
viuk Fkkg~j rs lEeku gkly djus p izo`Ÿk djus ¼x½ lanHkZxr vuqHkosa ij rdZiw.kZ <axS dUuS Hkjkslk
djns gksbZ dBsjs xsns euqD[kh vuqHkosa] Kku rs fl)karsa nh eBksanh le> xh lSg~y cukus] p bd izHkko”kkyh
ek/;e cuh ldnk ,s A
dqfM+;sa vkLrS cjkscj ikSaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaag~p tka cjkscj uqeka;nh ns :iS p cjkcjh ns cjrk· vkg~yh jLeh ikSag~p
ukdkQh ,s A urhtsa nh cjkscjh ysbZ vTt bd usgh Bksl i)fr viukus nh yksM+ ,s ftl p
vusdrk] QdZ Hksnsa rs uqDlkus nk iwjk [;ky jD[ksvk xsnk gks,s A cjkscjh ysbZ f”k{kk nk EgŸkoiw.kZ
dEe lHkusa fo|kfFkZ;sa xh vius vf/kdkjsa ckjS lekt rs jktuhfr xh ;ksxnku nus vkLrS leFkZ
cukuk ,s A vlsa ,g~ eUuus nh yksM+ ,s ts mUus rxj mans vf/kdkjsa rs bPNk,a xh cjrsvk usbZa tkbZ
ldnk ftUus fpj mafn;sa dsanzh euqD[kh ;ksX;rk,a xh ifjiw.kZ usbZa dhrk tk· A bl ysbZ gkf”k;s ij ns
fo|kFkZ;sa] [kkl dfj;S dqfM+;sa xh vius gd eaxus rs dUuS xS lkewfgd thou xh “kdy nsus p
viuh lfdz; Hkwfedk uHkkus xh laHko cukus ysbZ f”k{kk us lekth QdksZQdhZ ns ?kkVsa ij ftŸk gkly
djus p leFkZ rs [kqneq[kR;kj rs cjkscjh ns “kSg~jh cuus ysbZ manh ;ksX;rk,a xh eBsjus tksx t:j
cukuk pkfgnk A
cPpsa xh Ik;kZoj.k rs i;kZoj.k laj{k.k nh t:jr izfr laosnu”khy cukuk ch ikB~;p;kZ nk bd
EgŸkoiw.kZ ljksdkj ,s A fiNyh lnh p uesa vk, ns rduhdh lk/kusa ¼fodYisa½ rs jSag~r&cSg~r ns
rkSj&rjhds djh Ik;kZoj.k xh tksg~ iqTtk ,s rs ,g~nk ,g~ urhtk gksvk rs lXxkslkjsa rs fuXxkslkjsa c”dkj
11
ukcjkscjh [kklh c/kh xsbZ ,s A gwu ,g~ iSg~ysa Fkeka erk ykteh gksbZ xsvk ,s ts pikle nh ikyek rs
vksg~nh lkaHk lEgky dhrh tk A f”k{kk ,g~ns fxrS yksM+pnk ifjizs{; nsbZ ldnh ,s ts euqD[kh thou ij
i;kZoj.k ladV dUuS rkyesy fd*;ka Cgkysvk tkbZ ldnk ,s rka ts thou] fodkl rs ck)k eqedu gksbZ
ldS ( jk”Vªh f”k{kk uhfr ] 1986 us bl t:jrk ij tksj ik;k ts i;kZoj.k f”k{kk xh f”k{kk ns lHkusa Lrjsa
rs lekt ns lHkusa rcdsa dUuS tksfM+;S i;kZoj.k ljca/kh ljksdkjsa ckjS tkx:drk iSnk dhrh tk· A
vius vanj rs vius dqnjrh rs lekth i;kZoj.k dUuS rkyesy cukb;S jkSg~uk bd cqU;knh euqD[kh
t:jr ,s A bd bUlku rs O;fDrRo nk ljks[kM+ fodkl bd usg~ yksdkpkj p xS eqedu gksbZ ldnk ,s
ftl p veu&pSu gks,s A vDlj bd [kkS)y vkg~yk dqnjrh] euks lekth okrkoj.k euqD[kh ljca/ksa p
ruksruh vkg~unk ,s tsg~M+k dUuS rY[kh rs rdjkj iSnk djnk ,s A vl fgalk ns bd cD[k pkYyh ns ;qxS p
jkSg~Uus vka & LFkkuh] jk”Vªh ] bykdkbZ rs lalkjh A usg~ p f”k{kk vDlj bd vizrD[k Hkwfedk uHkkanh ,s
tka bRFkwa rxj ts tqvku lks>sa xh rŸks rkSyiqus nh laLd`fr nk ikB i<+kb;S uqDlkunsg Hkwfedk uHkkanh ,s ]
tsg~M+h euqD[kh Hkkouk,a rs cD[k&cD[k rgthcsa vklsvk rik”kh xsfn;sa mPp&lPpkb;sa xh udkjnh ,s A
veu&pSu nh laLd`fr nk fuekZ.k djus ljca/kh f”k{kk ns mÌs”; ckjS dksbZ nks & jk· usbZa A f”k{kk rka xS
lkFkZd gksbZ ldnh ,s tsdj vksg~ bUlku xh bUuk leFkZ cuk· ts vksg~ veu&pSu xh thou&”kSyh ns rkSjk
ij viukbZ ldS rs >xM+sa&>esysa xh ucsM+us nh leFkZ jD[kS uka ds >xM+s&>esysa xh pqipki fn[knk j*oS A
Ldwyh ikB~;p;kZ nk bd lEiw.kZkRed ifjizs{k gksus dkj.k “kkafr p] jk”Vª xh Hkysjus rs eqM+h cy iznku djus
vkLrS bd mn~neh bdkbZ cuus nh leFkZ ,s A
bd jk”Vª ns :ik p vl bd et+cwr rs lfdz; yksdrkaf=d jktuhfr xh dk;e jD[kus p lQy
gks, vka A bRFkS ek/;fed f”k{kk vk;ksx ¼lSdsaMjh ,tqds”ku deh”ku½ 1952] vklsvk eq[kjr yksdra= nk
fnz”Vhdks.k psrS djus tksx ,s %&
ßyksdra= p ukxfjdrk p dsbZ ckS)d ] lekth rs b[ykdh xq.k “kkey gksans u % bd yksdrkaf=d
“kSg~jh ¼ukxfjd½ lPp xh >wB d”kk U;kjk djus] izpkj Fkeka lPpkbZ cD[k djus] /keZ nh v*Uusckgh rs
iwoZxzSgsa ns [krjukd vkd”kZu ¼f[kPp½ xh udkjus nh le> rs lks> gksuh pkfgnh ,s && vksg~ uka rs ijkus
xh bl djh udkjS ts vksg~ ijkuk ,s rs uka xS uesa xh bl djh vaxhdkj djS ts vksg~ ueka ,s &&& cYds
12
mlh fu”iD[k gksb;s nkSusa xh ij[kuk pkfgnk ,s rs ne&[ke dUuS mlh udkjuk pkfgnk ,s tsg~M+k U;ka· rs
rjDdh ljca/kh “kfDr;sa nk jLrk jksdnk gks,s AÞ lk<+s fxrS yksdra= xh ekŸkj gdwer pykus vkg~yh iz.kkyh
lef>;S usbZa cYds bd thou&”kSyh ns :ik p ftl p lafo/kku p etwn eqYysa&dnjsa nk lHkusa “kk c)
EgŸko gks,s A
* Hkkjr nk lafo/kku lHkusa “kSg~fj;sa xh EgŸko rs ekSdsa nh cjkscjh nk ;dhu nksvkank ,s A f”k{kk ns
[ksrjk p cM+h c) fxurjh p cPpsa nk usbZa vkSuk rs izkbosV rs ljdkjh Ldwyh O;oLFkk Fkeka iSnk gksbZ
fn;ka ukcjkscfj;ka cjkscjh gkly djus ysbZ dhrh xsfn;sa dksf”k”ksa ns jLrs p jksM+k vM+dkafn;ka u A f”k{kk xh
yksM+pnk ,s ts vksg~ lekth rCnhyh rs cjkscjh vkg~yh lekth O;oLFkk ns ek/;e ns :ik p dEe djS A
• yksdra= xh et+cwr cukus ysbZ t:jh ,s ts lHkusa xh lekth ] vkfFkZd rs jktuhfrd U;ka· gkly
djksvk;k tk· A
• dEesa rs fopkjsa nh LorU=rk lk<+s fo/kku nk bd cqU;knh eqYy ,s A yksdra= p usg~ “kSg~jh nh
yksM+ gksanh ,s rs vksg~ usgk “kSg~jh xS iSnk djnk ,s tsg~M+k vius ysbZ fu/kkZjr mÌs”;sa xh iwjk djus
ysbZ Lora= rkSjk ij dEe djS rs nq,a ns bl vf/kdkj nh ch b*;ka xS dnj djS A
• bd “kSg~jh ysbZ ,g~ ykteh ,s ts lekt p Hkkbpkjs nh Hkkouk xh cy nsus ysbZ vksg~ cjkscjh]
U;ka· rs Lora=rk ns vlwysa xh vkRelkr djS A
• Hkkjr bd /keZfujiD[k yksdrka=d x.kjkT; ,s A ,g~nk eryc ,s ts bRFkS lHkusa vkLFkk,a nh dnj
dhrh tanh ,s] ij dUuS xS Hkkjrh x.kjkT; dqlS [kkl vkLFkk xh fuLcru erk lzs”B usbZa le>nk A
vTt cPpsa p lHkusa yksdsa fxrS Hkkesa vksg~ dqlS ch /keSZ ns gksu] bDdS tusgk vknj&Hkko iSnk djus
rs eBsjus nh t:jr ,s A
Hkkjr cu&lcfUu;sa laLd`fr;sa vkg~yk lekt ,s] tsg~M+k dsb;sa bykdkbZ rs LFkkuh laLd`fr;sa ns esy
dUuS cus nk ,s A yksdsa ns /kkfeZd fo”okl] thou “kSyh rs lekth ljca/ksa nh le> bd&nq, d”kk Hkysvka
cD[k ,s A lHkusa leqnk,a xh cjkscj ns vfLrRo rs c/kus&Qyus nk vf/kdkj ,s rs f”k{kk&O;oLFkk xh lk<+s
lekt p jph&cLlh nh bl lkaLd`frd culcUu ns ,su erkcd gksuk pfkgnk ,s A vius lkaLd`frd fcjls
13
rs jk”Vªh iUNku xh lqn`<+ djus ysbZ ikB~;p;kZ usgh gksuh pkfgnh ts vksg~ ukStqvku ih<+h xh vius vrhr
nk ufe;sa t:jrsa ¼izkFkfedrk,a½ rs cnyns lekth lanHkZ p mCHkjns ut+fj;sa ns lanHkZ p eqM+h ewY;kadu rs
O;k[;k djus p leFkZ cukbZ ldS A euqD[kh fodkl xh le>ns gksbZ bl xYyk xh Li”V djuk pkfgnk ts
lk<+s lekt p cUu&lcUu nk otwn lk<+s eqY[kk nh [kkl Hkkouk xh J)katyh ,s] ftUu blh c/kus&eBksus
nk ekSdk fnŸkk A bl /kjrh nh lkaLd`frd vusdrk lk<+h fo”ks”k Vdksg~n lkaHkh&leYgksbZ nh jkSg~uh pkfgnh A
blxh flQZ lfg’;qrk nk urhtk usbZa le>svk tkuk pkfgnk A bl lanHkZ p vius vf/kdkjsa rs drZCcsa izfr
bd ukxfjd psruk rs lafo/kku p etwn fl)karsa ns izfr cpuc)rk xh iSnk djuk xsrjh t:jr ,s A
1.5 xq.koŸkk ns vk;ke
O;oLFkk rs gj bd cPps rxj iqTtus nk tru djnh ,s ij xq.koRrk nk eqn~nk ueha pukSfr;ka nk
c[ksM+k vkg~uh [kMsjnk ,s A ,g~ fo”okl ,s ts xq.koRrk lqfo/kk ns dUuS&dUuS jkSag~nh ,s] cjkscj nh Hkkxhnkjh
ij fVds ns yksdra= ns ml n”kZu dUuS csesy jkSag~nh ,s] tsg~nh ikyuk Hkkjr jktuhfrd [ksrjk p djnk ,s
yksdra= bd bUlku nh bd ekg~uw ns :ik p vkRelEeku rs ;ksX;rk p vkLFkk ij fVds nk gksank
,s A bl ysbZ yksdrkaf=d f”k{kk nk mÌs”; gj O;fDrRo nk liwjk rs peq[kh fodkl &&&vFkkZr~ bd
usgh f”k{kk tsg~M+h fo|kfFkZ;sa xh bd rcds p thou nh cgqvk;keh dyk p izo``Ÿk djk· A [kSj ,g~
xYy fuf”pr ,s ts bd vkneh bDdys uka rs jsgh ldnk ,s rs uka xS c/kh&Qyh ldnk ,s &&& ml
i<+kbZ nk dksbZ ykg~ usbZa tsg~M+h fo|kfFkZ;sa xh vius lkFkh ukxfjdsa dUuS vnc] izseHkko rs lpTty
<axk dUuS thus ns rkSj&rjhds ysbZ yksM+pns xq.ksa dUuS lEiUu usbZa cukanh A
¼ek/;kfed f”k{kk vk;ksx 1952-53] lQk & 20½
f”k{kk ns [ksrjk p mlnh ikyuk djus ysbZ ykteh ,s ts lekt ns cD[kjs&cD[kjs oxsZa rs f[krsa p lHkusa
cPpsa xh fnŸkh tkus vkg~yh f”k{kk nh xq.kkRedrk bd&cjkscj gks,s A LoxhZ Jh ts0ih0uk;d us
cjkscjh]xq.kkRedrk rs ek=k xh Hkkjrh f”k{kk nk ßnqxzkg~; f=dks.kÞ xyk;k gk A bl ßnqxzkg~; f=dks.kÞ xh
le>us ysbZ gwuS rxj miyC/k xq.kkRedrk dksyk xw<+ fl)kard le> vkg~yh xq.kkRedrk nh yksM+ ,s A
14
fiPNsa tusgh xS ;wusLdks vklsvk Nkih xsnh fo”oLrjh ekuhrfjax fjiksZV ra= ljca/kh xq.koŸkk xh xq.kkRedrk
foeZ”k ns lVhd lanHkZ p fn[knh & ij[knh ,s A
bl utfj;s dUuS cPpsa ns izn”kZu xh O;oLFkkxr xq.koŸkk nk bd ladsr le>uk pkfgnk A bd usgh
f”k{kk O;oLFkk tsg~M+h rsth dUuS c/kns izkbZosV [ksrj rs mans Fkeka ch cM~Ms ljdkjh [skrjk p caMksbZ nh ,s]
tsg~M+h lk/kusa nh deh rs QdkssZ&QdhZ vkg~yh caM iz.kkyh gsB ncksbZ nh ,s] vksg~ns p xq.koŸkk nk eqn~nk dsbZa
vkSadM+ka rs O;ogkfjd lqvky [kMsjnk ,s A ,g~ fo”okl ts izkbZosV Ldwy fuLcru paxs gksans u bl /kkj.kk
Fkeka iSnk gks, nk ,s ts Ekrsgkus ns urhts xS f”k{kk ns Lrj xh ij[kus nh bd ekŸkj dlkSVh ,s A bl pkYyh
nh le> lXxkslkj izkbzosV Ldwysa nh yksdkpkj ljca/kh lhek,a cD[kh /;ku usbZa fnanh A ,g~ rRFk] ts usg~
Ldwy vDlj cPpsa nh ekr`Hkk”kk nh ijokg~ usbZa djns ] lk<+s lkeuS lqvky pqdnk ,s ts vksg~ jpukRed
Kku xh lkFkZd :isa p jpus vkLrS fdUus ekSds cPpsa xh nsbZ ld³u A lxqvka nk[kys nh izfdz;k p xjhc
rcds xh udkjuk cPpsa Fkeka tekrk p cD[k&cD[k lekth]vkfFkZd rs lkaLd`frd iNksdM+sa ns cPpsa dUuS
jfy;S flD[kus ns ekSds [kqLlh ySank ,s A
HkkSfrd lk/ku vius vkik p xq.kork ns lwpd usbZa eUus tkbZ ldns % ¶gh ch ljdkjh tka eqdkeh
laLFkk,a iklsvk pyk, tk djns Ldwysa p b*usa lk/kusa nh cM+h erh rs yEes fpjsa Fkeka pynh vkok djnh
=ksV] ftl p <kapkxr cqfu;knh lqfo/kk,a nh =ksV ch “kkey ,s ] bans djh xq.kork mIij xSg~jk vlj ikSank
,s A dkcy rs mn~neh v/;kidsa nh izkfIr tsg~M+s i<+kus ns dEek xh dSfj;j ns fodYi ns :ik p le>ns
u ] Ldwysa ns lHkusa cxsZa p xq.kork nh bd ykteh “krZ ,s A fiPNsa usgh xS ,u0ih0bZ0 rs bl Fkeka
iSg~ys pÍksi/;k; deh”ku ¼1984½ iklsvk xS v/;kidsa nh HkFkhZ] l[kykbZ rs ukSdjh ljca/kh “krsZa ysbZ
t:jh ekudsa nk Lrj ?kVkus ns lq>ko us fpark iSnk dhrh A f”k{kk nh dksbZ ch O;oLFkk vius v/;kidsa
nh xq.koŸkk Fkeka mIij usbZa mV~Bh ldnh rs v/;kidsa nh xq.koŸkk m*usaxh pquus ns lk/kusa] l[kykbZ izfdz;k
rs manh ftEeokfj;sa xh ;dhuh cukus ysbZ viukbZ xsfn;sa uhfr;sa mIij fuHkZj djnh ,s A
15
cPpsa ysbZ tkudkjh rs dkS”ky ns lanHkZ p r”kdhy fnŸks xsns vuqHkosa ns fnz”Vhdks.k Fkeka ch
xq.koŸkk ns vk;ke xh ij[kuk pkfgnk A Kku nk lqvkRke rs cPpsa ns vius lHkk· ns ckjsa p ekU;rk Ldwy
ns lqvkRke rs m*usa yksdsa ns joS;s rs rkSj&rjhds xh l:Ik fnanh ,s tsg~M+s v/;kid rs dUuS xS vksg~ ch
tssg~M+s ikB~;iqLrdka tka lyScl R;kj djns u A ikB~;iqLrdsa rs nwbZ lexzh p tsg~M+h tkudkjh fnŸkh tanh ,s
mlh m^usa pqukSfr;sa ns eksdys ifjizs{k p fnD[kuk pkfgnk ,s tsg~fM+;ka vTt jk”Vª tka euqD[krk ns lkeuS
ewag~ ckfd;S [kM+ksrh fn;ka u A Ldwyh ikB~;p;kZ nk dksbZ ch fo”ks b*usa Mwag~xsa ljksdkjsa Fkeka cD[k ckg~jk usbZ
jsgh ldnk rs bLlS ysbZ gj fo”ks [ksrjk p izLrkor tkudkjh ns pquk· nh lekth] vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;sa rs
mÌs”; ns lanHkZ fcPp Bksdh ctkb;S tkap ij[k gksuh pkfgnh ,s A f”k{kk ns lkeuS lkjsa dksyk cM~Mh jk”Vªh
pqukSrh ,s] lHkusa xh “kkey djus vkg~ys lk<s+ yksdra= rs lafo/kku p LFkkir dhrs xsns eqYysa xh lqn`<+
djuk A bl pqukSrh nk lQyrk dUuS edkcyk djus nk eryc ,s ts vl xq.koŸkk rs lekth U;ka· xh
ikB~;p;kZ p lq/kkj nk dsanz fcanq cukpS A ukxfjdrk&izf”k{k.k jLeh f”k{kk nk EgŸkoiw.kZ iSg~yw jsgk ,s A
vTt blh lkoZHkkSfed euqD[kh vf/kdkjsa rs vkykspukRed f”k{kk “kkL= dUuS ljca/kr izLrkosa ns ljca/kk p
csckdh dUuS ijfr;S ifjdfYir djus nh t:jr ,s A “kkafr rs ln~Hkko iw.kZ lg&vfLrRo dUuS ljca/kr
eqYysa dnjsa cD[kh jtwg~+ gksuk pkfgnk A f”k{kk p xq.koŸkk ns rSg~r thou ns lHkusa vk;kesa p xq.koŸkk
ljca/kh ljksdkj “kkey ,s A bl ysbZ “kkafr] Ik;kZoj.k lqj{kk rs lekth ifjorZu cD[kh vuqdwyrk
ljca/kh ljksdkj xh flQZ eqYysa ns vax ns :ik p usbZa cYds xq.koŸkk ns cqfu;knh rRosa ns :ik p fnD[kuk
yksM+pnk ,s A
1.6 f”k{kk nk lekth lanHkZ
f”k{kk O;oLFkk ml lekt Fkeka cD[k&ckg~jk jsfg;S dEe usbZa djh ldnh ftl nk ,g~ bd fgLlk
gksanh ,s A tkfr] vkfFkZd Lrj rs tukuh&enZ ljca/ks ] in ijaijk] lkaLd`frd cUu&lCcu ] QdksZ&QdhZ
vkg~yk fodkl rs ukcjkscj vkfFkZd fodkl] tsg~M+s Hkkjrh lekt fn;ka Vdksg~nk u] ch f”k{kk izkfIr rs Ldwysa
p cPpsa nh fdz;k”khyrk xh izHkkor djfn;ka u A Ldwyk p nk[ky gksus vkg~ys rs Ldwyk nh i<+kbZ iwjh
djus vkg~ys cPpsa nh vkSlr p lekth rs vkfFkZd oxsZa e>kVS tsg~M+k Mwag~xk QdZ yHknk ,s vksg~ns pk ,g~
16
xYy >ydnh ,s A bl pkYyh xzkabZa tka “kSg~jh xjhc rcds p “kM~;wy dkLV rs “kM~;wy VªkbZc oxsZa fn;ak
/kkfeZd rs gksj nq, vYila[;d (ethnic) ns csclhyk oxsZa fn;ka dqfM+;ka f”k{kk ns [ksrjk p lkjsa Fkeka cn~/k
vlqj{kr gksafn;ka u A “kSg~jh Fkkg~jsa rs dsb;sa xzk,a p Ldwy O;oLFkk vius vkik p dsbZa Lrjsa p caMksbZ nh rs
cPpsa xh pthZ <axk p cD[k pkYyh ns f”k{kk ljca/kh vuqHko djkanh ,s A
lk<+s ukcjkscj fyax&ljca/k uka flQZ izHkqRo xh c<+kok fnans u lxqvka fpark ch iSnk djns u rs
tkxrsa rs dqfM+;sa nkSausa nh ;ksX;rk,a xh iwjh pkYyh dUuS fodflr djus nh manh vtknh nh cks/k xh jksdns
u A fyax ljca/kh etwnk ukcjkscfj;sa d”kk euqD[ksa xh eqDr djuk lHkusa ns fgrk p ,s A bRFkS cD[k&cD[k
ntsZ ns Ldwy u &&& ^eSaag~xs ifCyd* Ldwy Fkeka ysb;S] ftRFkS jlns clns “kSg~jh vius cPpsa xh Hkstns u ] rs
Hkysvka ^eq¶r* ft*;ka&fd*;ka pyns edkeh laLFkk,a vklsvk pyk, xsns izkbejh Ldwysa rd ftRFkS vkerkSjk
ij f”k{kk dksyk cafpr rcds ns cPps vkSans u A fiPNsa tusgh xS bd Vdksg~nh xYy lkeus vkbZ ,s & xzkbZa
¼v½ykds p ers ntsZa vkg~ys Ldwy] tsg~M+s fjgk;”kh ¼v½ykds ns bd fdyksehVj ns nk;js p Ldwy miyC/k
djkus nh t:jr ns dkj.k v/;kid&fo|kFkhZ nj ns e”khuh iz;ksx ij v/kkjr gksans u] rs ftusaxh
ikB~;p;kZ ljca/kh t:jh xYysa tka f”k{kk Kku tka f”k{kk lexzh nh iwjh le> ckjS dksbZ enn ch usbZa
feynh A bl pkYyh fn;ka rCnhfy;ka vupkgs xS f”k{kk p lqfo/kk tka cfg’dkj xh cy fnafn;ka u rs ekSds nh
cjkscjh rs lekth U;ka· ljca/kh laoS/kkfud dnjsa xh tksg~ iatkfn;ka u A tsdj ^eq¶r* f”k{kk nk vFkZ f”k{kk
ijk lHkusa ikcaf/k;sa xh gVkuk le>svk tk· rka vlsaxh ;w0bZ0bZ0 fn;sa miyfC/k;sa xh lkS[kk cukus rs
izksRlkfgr djus ysbZ ljdkjk nh lekth uhfr ns gksjusa [ksrjsa nh Egrk xh le>uk gksx A Hkwe.Myhdj.k rs
lekt ns gj [ksrjk rxj ctkj ns ljca/ks ns QSyk· nk f”k{kk ns [ksrjk p EgŸkoiw.kZ edln ,s A bd
ikLlS rs vl f”k{kk ns cM~Ms O;olk;hdj.k xh fnD[kk us vka rs nwbZ cD[kh f”k{kk vkLrS ukdkQh QaM
^foDyih* Ldwysa xh ljdkjh c<+kok A ,g~ xYyka bl cD[kh lkjr djkans u ts f”k{kk nh ftEesokjh gwu
ljdkj mIijk gfV;S leqnk; rs ifjokjsa mIij vkbZ isbZ ,s A vlsaxh Ldwysa ns cUu cUuus rs ctkj ljca/kh
/kkj.kk,a nk Ldwysa rs Ldwysa nh xq.kkRedrk mIij ykxw gksus ns ckjs p lkSg~xs jkSg~uk ikSx A c/kns gksbZ
cqnksZ&cqnhZ nk okrkoj.k] ftlnh iyksVk p Ldwy vkSans tk djns u rs ekÅ&cCck fn;ka mfPp;ka&mfPp;ka
rkag~xk&esnk cPpsa mIij] fta*ns p ykSg~ds cPpsa ch vkSans u] fpark rs ruk· nk Mwag~xk nck ikbZ vksM+nh ,s
17
tsg~M+k ma*ans vius tkfr fodkl xh rs tksg~ itkank ,s xS rs bl pkYyh ma*ns p flD[kus nh [kq”kh rs #fp
txkus nh izfdz;k xh tksg~ itkank ,s A
lafo/kku nk 73eka rs 74 eka la”kks/ku edkeh leqnk; xh vius cPpsa fxrS f”k{kk ljca/kh QSlys ySus
nh izfdz;k p “kkey gksus ysbZ bd fo/kkud laLFkkxr Fkkg~j nksvkank ,s] tsg~M+h bd EgŸkoiw.kZ rCnhyh ,s A
Hkkesa f”k{kk ns eqn~ns mIij ekrk&firk fn;ka mfPp;ka&mfPp;ka rkag~xka&esnka [ksrjh xjhch rs ukcjkscj lekth
ljca/ksa rs leLrjh Ldwyh f”k{kk nh Ik;kZIr ek=k nh deh ns dkj.k >Bsfj;ka tafn;ka u A “kSg~jh xjhcsa nh
yxkrkj c/knh vkcknh ckjS fQdj ;kstuk,a p vtsa rdj usbZa yHknk A f”k{kk ns eqn~ns mIij xjhc rcds ns
rdkt+sas rs mfPp;sa & mfPp;sa rkag~xs&esnsa xh ikB~;p;kZ :Ik&js[kk ns ljksdkjsa Fkeka cD[k usbZa jD[ksvk tkbZ
ldnk A
bl pkYyh Hkkjr p f”k{kk nk lekth lanHkZ vksM+d pukSfr;ka vkg~uh [kM+sjnk ,s fta*ns dUuS
ikB~;p;kZ :i js[kk jkgsaa r”dhy rs O;ogkj nkSusa :isa p fucM+svk tkuk pkfgnk ,s A ekxZn”kZd fl)karsa
mIij lksp cpkj us b*usa pukSfr;sa cD[kh /;ku nqvk;k ,s rs bans dUuS fucM+us ysbZ fd”k <ax&rjhds ch
lq>k, u A bl nLrkost ns cD[k&cD[k [k.Msa p fd”k uesa cpkjsa mIij lksp opkj dhrk xsvk ,s fta*ns p
[kkl u && tkudkjh nh vo/kkj.kk xh eksdyk djuk rka ts ueha tkudkjh rs vuqHko [ksrj “kkey dhrs
tkbZ ldu A fgLlsnkjh] vkRefo”okl rs foospukRed tkx:drk xh c<+kok nsus vkg~ys f”k{kk “kkL=h
vH;kl] f”k{kk ljca/kh dEeS ns pquk· xh “kkey djuk rs ikB~;p;kZ ysbZ fu.kkZ ysus nh izfdz;k p lekt
nh fgLlsnkjh ysbZ [kq*Yykiu A
1.7 f”k{kk ns y{; ¼mÌs”;½
f”k{kk ns y{; pqfuank vkn”kaZs rs eatwj fl)kars vkLrS f”k{kk ljca/kh izfdz;k;sa ns eksdys fn”kk funsZ”ksa
nh Hkwedk uHkkans u A blns dUuS xS f”k{kk ns mÌs”;sa pk lekt nh etwnk t:jrsa rs rkag~xs esnsa ns dUuS&dUuS
“kk”or eqYyas rs rRdkyh lekth ljksdkjsa lesr eksdys euqD[kh vkn”kZ ch >ydnss u A dqlS ch le; tka
Fkkg~jk mIij m*usaxh eksdyh rs “kk”or euqD[kh rdktsa rs eqYysa nh ledkyh rs izklafxd vfHkO;fDr
xyk;k tkbZ ldnk ,s A
18
f”k{kk ljca/kh y{; Ldwysa rs gksjusa f”k{kk laLFkkusa vklsvk pykbZ tk*jnh cD[k&cD[k xfrfof/k;sa xh
bd jpukRed lPps p <kfy;S m*usaxh ^”kS{kd* gksus nk bd [kkl pfj= iznku djns u A f”k{kk nk mÌs”;
tekrh xfrfof/k xh e”khuh cuk, cxSj mlh HkfoD[k ns urhtsa dUuS tksM+us p v/;kid nh enn djnk ,s
rs bl ysbZ ,g~ etwnk ljksdkjsa dUuS mlnk ljca/k =kSM+s cxSj blh fn”kk fnank ,s A bl ysbZ bd mÌs”;
iSg~ys fnD[kh Hkkyh nh eafty gksank ,s( ,g~ flQZ n”kZd vkg~yk dksjk fopkj xS usbZa gksank ( lxqvka ,g~ ml
eaty rxj iqTtus ysbZ pqDds xsns dnesa xh izHkkor djnk ,s A bd mÌs”; ykt+eh rkSjk ij nwjfnz”Vh nsus
vkg~yh gksuk pkfgnk A ,g~ nwjfnz”Vh =*Åa pkfYy;sa dUuS dEe djh ldnh ,s % iSg~yk] bl p] eaty rxj
iqTtus vkLrS dsg~M+s lk/ku miyC/k u rs mlns jLrs p dsg~fM+;ka vkSdM+ka vkbZ ldfn;ka u ,g~ fnD[kus
vkLrS fu”pr ifjfLFkfr;sa nk lw[e tk;t+k ySuk “kkey ,s A ,g~ns p cPpsa nk cM+k lw[e v/;;u djus
rs ,g~ le>us nh yksM+ ,s ts vksg~ cD[k&cD[k cjslw p dsg~ flD[kh ldus p leFkZ u A nwbZ] ,g~
nwjfnz”Vh vlsaxh LgsbZ dze tka vuqdze lq>kanh ,s tsg~M+k izHkko”kkyh gksx A =h·] ,g~ fodYisa ns pquka· nk
jLrk [kksg~ynh ,s A bl ysbZ y{; lkeus gksus djh vl dEe le>nkjh dUuS djus vka A Ldwy] tekr rs
ljca/kr f”k{kk ljca/kh Fkkg~j vksg~ txg u ftRFkS f”k{kk ljca/kh xfrfof/k nk dsanz gksank ,s A b*usa Fkkg~jsa xh
bl pkYyh nk gksuk pkfg, ,s ftRFkS fo|kfFkZ;sa xh usg~ vuqHko Fgksu tsg~M+s ikB~;dzesa ns eupkgs mÌs”;sa xh
gkly djus p ennxkj gksu A fo|kfFkZ;sa nh le> ] f”k{kk & mÌs”;sa] Kku ns lqvkre rs lekth Fkkg~jsa ns
rkSjk ij LdwyS nk lqvkre tekrh vH;klsa xh pykus ysbZ fl)kUrsa rxj iqTtus p lk<+h enn djh ldns
u A
ft*usa ekxZn”kZd fl)kUrsa nh iSg~ysa ppkZ dhrh xsbZ vksg~ lekth dnjas nk fnz””k iznku djns u ft*Uns
vanj vl vius f”k{kk mÌs”;sa xh fu”pr djus vka A iSg~yk ,s yksdra= rs cjkscjh] U;ka·] Lora=rk]
ijksidkj] /keZ fujiD[krk] ekg~uw nh izfr’Bk rs mlns gd&gdwdsa cxSjk yksdrka=d eqYysa izfr nsunkjh A
f”k{kk nk mÌs”; le> rs foosd mIij v/kkjr b*usa eqYysa izfr cpuc)rk nk fuekZ.k djuk gksuk pkfgnk
,s rs bl pkYyh cPpsa p cpuc)rk nk fuekZ.k djus ysbZ ikB~;p;kZ us m*usaxh yksM+pns vuqHko] xYyckr
rs cpkj&cVkanjs nh xqatkb”k eqgS;k djuh pkfgnh A
19
lkspus rs djus nh vt+knh nks,s vkRefuHkZjrk rs fdës jfy;S /;kus dUuS lksps ns eqYysa ij v/kkjr
fu.ksZ ySus nh leFkkZ cD[kh lkjr djkanh ,s A
Kku rs nqfu;ka nh le> dUuS fdës jfy;S nq,a ns Hkys & csgrjh rs Hkkouk,a ysbZ bd laosnu”khyrk
xh eqYysa ns izfr rkfdZd izfrc)rk nk v/kkj cukuk pkfgnk ,s A
flD[kus vkLrS flD[kuk rs ts fd”k flD[ksvk ,s mlh HkqYyus rs uesa fljsvk flD[kus nh bPNsvk
gksuk ufe;sa ifjfLFkfr;sa dUuS yphys rs jpukRed <axk dUuS fuHkus ysbZ EgŸkoiw.kZ ek/;e u A ikB~;p;kZ
xh Kku fuekZ.k nh izfdz;k ij tksj nsus nh yksM+ ,s A
thou p pquka· tka yksdrka=d izfdz;k,a p “kewfy;r djus nh ;ksX;rk gksuk lekt p cD[k&cD[k
pkYyh dUuS ;ksxnku nsus nh leFkkZ mIij eqUglj gksank ,s A b*;S otg ,s ts f”k{kk xh dEe djus rs
vkfFkZd izfdz;k,a rs lekth cnyko p fgLlk ySus nh leFkZ xh eBsjuk pkfgnk ,s A ,g~ dEe rs f”k{kk ns
vkiwa psa vu=qV ljca/k xh t:jh cukank ,s A vlsa ,g~ ;dhuh cukuk gksx ts gqujsa rs fnz”Vhdks.k ns
ljca/kS p dEe ljca/kh vuqHko [kkls rs eksdys gksu] rs vksg~ lekth&vkfFkZd izfdz;k nh le> xh eBsju
rs bl pkYyh nh euksn”kk iSnk djus p enn dju] tsg~M+h lgdkfjrk nh Hkkouk dUuS nq,a dUuS dEe
djus ysbZ izksRlkgr djS A flQZ dEe xS bd lekth eu%fLFkfr nh jpuk djh ldnk ,s A
“kySis rs dyk ns cD[k&cD[k :isa xh le>uk euqD[kh thou nk vu=qV fgLlk ,s A dyk,a]
lkfgR; rs Kku ns nq, [ksrjsa dUuS jpukRedrk vu=qV~V rkSjk ij ljaca/kr ,s A f”k{kk us cPpsa p
jpukRed vfHkO;fDr rs “kySik foospuk nh leFkZ c/kkus rs eBsjus ns lk/kusa rs la;ksxsa xh miyC/k djkuk
pkfgnk ,s vTt ftlyS ds ctkjoknh “kfDr;sa vklsvk ersa rs vfHk#fp;sa xh izHkkor djus nh xqatkb”k erh
,s] “kySis nh le> rs jpukRedrk ysbZ f”k{kk gksj ch erh EgŸkoiw.kZ ,s A fo|kFkhZ xh “kySis xh blns
cD[k&cD[k :isa p le>us rs foospuk djus p leFkZ ¼;ksX;½ cukus nk tru gksuk pkfgnk ] [kSj vlsaxh
,g~ rs ;dhuh cukuk gksx ts vl euksj¥~tu rs “kySis ns m*usa :f<+c) :isa nk gkSlyk usbZa c/kkans tsg~M+s
efgyk,a rs fodykaxsa nh gŸkd nk dkj.k gksu A
******
20
/;k· & 2
flD[kuk rs Kku
2.1 lfdz; fo|kFkhZ nh izkFkfedrk
2.2 lanHkZ p fo|kFkhZ
2.3 fodkl rs Ik<+kbZ&y[kkbZ
2.4 ikB~;p;kZ rs vH;kl fn;ka yksM+ka
2.5 Kku rs cks/k
2.6 Kku nh iqujZpuk
2.7 cPpsa nk Kku rs LFkkuh Kku
2.8 Ldwyh Kku rs leqnk;
2.9 fd”k fodklewyd eqn~ns
,g~ /;k· cPps xh LHkkod l[ksr# ns :i p iuNkus tkus nh yksM+ rs cPpsa nh viuh xfrfof/k;sa
ns Qyl:i iSnk Kku ns :ik p LFkkir djnk ,s A vke jkstejkZ ns thou p] Ldwysa ns ckg~j vl cPpsa
nh ftKklk] [kksth rs yxkrkj lqvky iqPNus nh izo`fr nk uan ySus vka A vksg~ yxkrkj vius vkys nqvkys
nh nqfu;k dUuS cM+s lfdz; :iS dUuS tqM+s ns gksans u rs [kkstchu dfj;S ufe;ka&ufe;ka phtka lkeus Y;kaSns
u ] lqvkys ns tqokc rqins u rs uesa vFkZ xa<ns u A cpiu fodkl rs rCnhyh nk vksg~ nkSj ,s ftl p
”kkjhfjd rs ekufld fodkl iwjh pkYyh dUuS gksank ,s A bl p cM~Mas ns lekt dUuS feyuk&cjruk]
lalkj ns Kku nh jpuk djuk] euqD[kS ns lalkj dUuS rs nq,a dUuS vius ljcU/ksa xh le>uk dEe djuk
rs mlh cnyuk “kkey gksans u A lekt p gj bd ih<+h xh cjklrk p laLd`fr rs Kku nk bd [ktkuk
feys nk gksank ,s rs vksg~ blh viuh xfrfof/k;sa rs le> dUuS tksM+ns gksbZ blh uesa rjhds dUuS jpus p xS
lkFkZdrk elwl djnh ,s A
21
2.1 lfdz; fo|kFkhZ nh izkFkfedrk
lekt p xSj jLeh f”k{kk fo|kFkhZ p viuh tkudkjh iSnk djus nh LkHkkod leFkZ c/kkanh ,s rs
mlns Kku p ck)k djnh ,s A ,g~ mlnh leFkZ fuekZ.k ns bykok ml p HkkSfrd rs lekth nkSusa [ksrjsa p
vius vkys&nqvkys ns okrkoj.k nh le> iSnk djnh ,s A rs bl ysbZ uesa ekSdsa xh vktekuk] xfYr;ka
djuk rs vius vkik xh l/kkjuk cM+k t:jh ,s A b*;S xYy Hkk”kk flD[kus ysbZ m*Uuh xS t:jh ,s ft*;ka
dksbZ dkS”ky tka nqvk gksj dksbZ fo”ks flD[kus ysbZ A laLFkk,a ns rkSj mIij Ldwy uesa fo|kfFkZ;sa xh vkiwa
vius ckjs p] nq,a rs lekt ns ckjs p tkuus flD[kus ns uesa ekSds iznku djns u rka ts vksg~ viuh
cjklr p FgksbZ fn;sa lqfo/kk,a ml p bd Vdksg~ns ifjokj rs leqnk; p tUe ySus dUuS musaxh tsg~fM+;ka
ifjfLFkfr;ka FgksbZ fn;ka u vksg~ mUns “kk izHkkor gks, fctu dEe djh ldns u A Ldwy jLeh f”k{kk
nh ft*usa izfdz;k,a xh eqedu cukank ,s vksg~ fo|kfFkZ;sa ns thou p le> rs nq,a dUuS ljcU/kr ufe;ka
laHkkouk iSnk djh ldnk ,s A
ikB~;p;kZ nk lk<+k orZeku ljksdkj ikB~; iqLrd laLd`fr “kk nwj gVus ns trus lesr cPpsa xh
vFkZiw.kZ vuqHko nsus vkg~yh rs “kkey djus vkg~yh f”k{kk nsus nk ,s A ,g~ns ysbZ t:jh ,s ts vl fo|kFkhZ
rs f”k{kk izfdz;k ns ckjs p tks lkspus vka mans p cqfu;knh rCnhyh vkups A bl ysbZ cky dsafnzr f”k{kk ns
eryc rs cqfu;knh rRosa xh cjhdh dUuS fnD[kus nh yksM+ ,s A
cky dsafnzr f”k{k.k “kkL= nk eryc ,s cPpsa ns vuqHkosa] manh vokt rs manh lksg~xh Hkkxsnkjh nh
iSg~y nsuk A bl pkYyh ns f”k{k.k “kkL= p cPps ns eukSoSKkud fodkl rs #fp #>kusa ns en~nsutj f”k{kk
xh fu;kstr djus nh yksM+ gksanh ,s A bl ysbZ f”k{kk dk;Zdze Vdksg~ns rs t:jrsa ns eksdys cUu lcUu p
HkkSfrd] lkaLd`frd rs lekth iSg~ysa ns erkcd gksus pkfgns u A lk<+s Ldwysa ns f”k{kk ljcU/kh vH;kl]
l[kkus ns dEe rs fo|kfFkZ;sa vkLrS cukbZ xsfn;sa ikB~; iqLrdsa] cPpsa ns lekthdj.k rs cPpsa nh f”k{kk p
xzSg.k”khyrk ns xq.ksa mIij dsafnzr gksasns u A bl ns vykok vlsaxh manh lfdz; rs jpukRed leFkkZ,a xh
c/kkus&Qykus nh yksM+ ,s & nqfu;k dUuS LgsbZ rjhds dUuS ljca/k Cgkyus] vFkZ cukus] jpuk djus rs nq,a
euqD[ksa dUuS jkork LFkkir djus nh manh ewy izo`fr xh c/kkuk pkfgnk A f”k{kk vFkkZr~ flD[kuk vius
22
vkik p ch lfdz; rs lekth xfrfof/k ,s A vDlj ^vPNsa fo|kFkhZ * nh ftl /kkj.kk xh ljkgsvk tank ,s
ml p v/;kidsa nh vkKk nk ikyu] uSfrd pfj= rs v/;kid tks vk[kS mlh ^ lr cpu* vkg~yk ys[kk
Lohdkjuk “kkey ,s A
2.2 lanHkZ p fo|kFkhZ
cPps nh voktsa rs vuqHkosa xh Dyklk p vfHkO;fDr usbZa Fgksanh A vDlj v/;kid nh xS vokt
luksanh ,s cPps flQZ v/;kid ns lqvkysa ns tokc nsus ysbZ tka v/;kid ns “kCnsa xh nqgkjus ysbZ xS cksyns
u A vksg~ “kk;n xS dnsa vkiwa fd”k djns u rs uka xS m*usaxh iSg~y djus ns ekSds feyns u A drkch
tkudkjh xh c/kkus nh leZFkk xh c/kkus ns ctk, ikB~;p;kZ jkgsa cPpsa xh bl pkYyh leZFk cuk;k tkuk
pkfgnk ts vksg~ vifu;ka vfHkO;fDr;ka rqIih ldu A viuh ftKklk xh ikslh ldu] rs vius vuqHkosa xh
Ldwyh tkudkjh dUuS tksM+h ldu A bl mÌs”; dUuS ikB~;p;kZ xh ijfr;S R;kj djuk lk<+h lHkusa Fkeka
cM~Mh rs iSg~yh nsunkjh gksuk pkfgnk ,s A v/;kidsa nh i<+kus dksyk iSg~ys nh R;kjh nh lwpuk Ldwysa nh
lykuk ;kstuk] ikB~; iqLrdsa nh :Ik&js[kk ] f”k{kk ljcU/kh lexzh rs f”k{kk ljcU/kh ;kstuk,a] ewY;kadu rs
Ekrsgku O;oLFkk bLlS ns varxZr vkSans u A
cPps ml okrkoj.k p flD[kh ldns u] ftRFksS m*usaxh yxnk ,s ts mank dksbZ eqYy ,s A lk<+s Ldwy
vtsa ch lHkusa cPpsa rd ,g~ xYy usbZa itkans A flD[kus dUuS tqM+s ns uan rs lnksa[ksa ns Fkkg~j Mj&=kg~
vuq”kklu rs ruko flD[kus p vM+pu cuns u A vTt ,g~ t:jh ,s ts lk<+s+s lCHkS cPps ,g~ elwl dju
ts mans pk gj dksbZ] mans ?kj] mans leqnk;] Hkk”kka rs laLd`fr;ka lCHkS LdwyS ns Lrj mIij vuqHko ysbZ bd
lk/ku ns rkSjk ij EgŸkoiw.kZ u ] ft*Unk fo”ys”ku ij iqPN ijrhr dhrh tkuh ,s ( m*usa lHkusa d”k
flD[kus rs Kku rs gquj gkly djus nh ;skX;rk rs gDd ,s( cM~Msa nk lekt ,g~ eunk ,s ts vksg~ lHkusa
“kk csgrj djus p LkeFkZ u A ft*;ka&ft*;ka lk<+s Ldwy c/kk ns u rs lekt ns lHkusa oxsZ ns cPpsa xh erh
fxurjh p vl mans p “kkey djk usvka ] vl b*usa yksM+sa ns ckjs gksj ch ers tkx:d gksvk us vka A
lCgSjh rs ljapukxr enn “kkey djus vkg~yh f”k{kk rs f”k{kk ljcU/kh ljksdkj cfM+;ka Egroiw.kZ rcnhfy;ka
u tsg~fM+;ka fiNys Fkksg~M+s lesa p gksb;ka u A vlsa lHkusa pkfYy;sa nh “kjhjh ltk ns [kykQ ch l[r #[k
23
viukuk gksxk A Ldwysa fn;sa gn~nsa xh lekt ysbZ iSg~ys nh cfuLcr erk eksdyk gksus nh yksM+ ,s] dUuS xS
ikB~;p;kZ nk Hkkj rs Ekrsgkus ns ruk· ns lHkusa iD[ksa mIij rqjr /;ku nsus nh yksM+ ,s A izkbZejh Fkeka
lSdaMjh Ldwy rs mlns ckn ch “kkjhfjd rs HkkoukRed lqj{kk gj pkYyh nh f”k{kk nk uhag~ iRFkj ,s A
“kjhjh vlqfo/kk ns vke lzksr
“kjhjh vlqfo/kk ns vke lzksr
“kjhjh vlqfo/kk ns vke lzksr
Ldwy iqTtus ysbZ nwj rd iSny pyuk A
Hkkjh Ldwyh cLrs A
cqfu;knh HkkSfrd <kpsa rs i<+us fy[kus ysbZ lgk;d drkcsa nh FkksM+ A
cs<axk QuhZpj tsg~M+k cPpsa nh fiV~Bk xh yksM+pnk Lgkjk usbZa fnank rs tsg~M+k manh yŸksa rs xksMsa xh
uqDlku itkank ,s A
usgk VkbZe Vscy tsg~M+k cPpsa xh fcPp&fcPp mfV~B;S fQjus Vqjus [ks<us ysbZ yksM+pnk leka usbZa
fnank A rs tsg~M+k cM~Ms cPpsa xh [ks<us dqn~nus ns lesa Fkeka oafpr j[knk ,s rs dqfM+;sa xh i<+kbZ NksM+us
ysbZ etcwj djnk ,s A
[kkl rkSj ij dqfM+;sa ysbZ “kkSpky; rs mans lQkbZ izcU/ksa nh FkksM+ A
“kjhjh ltk & ekjuk dqV~Vuk ] cD[k&cD[k pkYyh nh rdyhQ nsg~ eqnzk,a p [kMsjus tka cBkyus nh
ltk A
2.3 fodkl rs Ik<+kbZ
cpiu Fkeka fd”kksj cjslk rd nk nkSj cM+k rsth dUuS eBksus rs ifjorZu nk gksank ,s A f”k{kk rs
fcdkl ns ckjS ikB~;p;kZ nh ,d liwjh i)fr ,slh gksuh pkfgnh tsg~M+h “kkjhfjd rs ekufld fodkl ns
vkiwa fcPpsa ns ljca/ksa rs caMsa rs O;fDrxr fodkl rs ckdh nq,a dUuS ljca/ksa xh fnD[kus ns dkcy gks,s A
2.3.1
lHkusa cPpsa nk ujksvk “kjhfjd fodkl lHkusa pkYyh ns fodkl nh iSg~yh “krZ ,s A ,g~ns ysbZ rRFk
Hkkstu] “kjhjh dljr rs nwb;sa euks&lekth tusfg;sa cqU;knh t:jrsa rs dUuS fuCcM+us nh yksM+ ,s A
24
[kq*Yys Mq*Yys [ks<us xSj jleh rs jLeh [ks<sa] ;ksx rs [ks<sa dUuS ljca/kh xfrfof/k;sa p lHkusa cPpsa
nh Hkkxhnkjh mans “kjhjh rs eukslekth fodkl ysbZ t:jh ,s A b*usa [ks<sa rs ;ksx ns Qyl:i vkbZ fn;ka
;kssX;rka] ne[ke] ewy rs lzs”B e”khuh gquj rs “kjhjh fu;a=.k] vkRepsruk rs la;e rs Vhe&[ks<sa p rkyesy
xh csg~rj cuk³u A [ks<sa ns enku] [ks<&midj.k rs fu;esa xh ljyrk dUuS viuku A LdwyS p xfrfof/k;sa
rs [ks<sa xh lHkusa cPpsa nh ikSag~p rxj itkank ,s A cPps [ks<sa ] nkSM+] ftEukfLVd] ;ksx rs izn”kZu dyk,a
ft*;ka ds ukp] lzs”Brk ns mPps Lrjsa xh gkly djh ldns u A ij ftlyS uansa ns ctk, miyfC/k Egroiw.kZ
gksbZ tanh ,s rka bl pkYyh nk izf”k{k.k usg~ vuq”kklu rs vH;kl nh eax djnk ,s ftl dUuS bl voLFkk
p ruko iSnk gksbZ ldnk ,s A tnds lHkusa fo|kfFkZ;sa xh LokLFk rs “kjhfjd f”k{kk nh xfrfof/k;sa p “kkey
djuk gksx rs tsg~fM+;sa [ks<sa p vXxS tkus nk pquka· djns u m*usaxh yksM+pns ekSds eqgS;k djk, tkus nh
yksM+ ,s A “kjhjh fodkl] [kkl dfj;S fuDdsa cPpsa p ekufld rs KkukRed fodkl p enn djnk ,s A
lkspus ] rdZ djus] vkiwa xh rs nqfu;ka xh le>us rs Hkk”kk nk iz;skx djus nh leFkZ nk bDdys dEe djus
rs vkiwa ps jyh&fefy;S dEe djus dUuS xw<+k ljcU/k ,s A
2.3.2
Kku p dEe rs Hkk”kk ns jkgsa vius vkiS xh rs nqfu;ka xh le>uk “kkey ,s A lkFkZd f”k{kk nk
eryc tkudkjh xh fdV~Bk djuk rs mlh jV~Vuk usbZa ] cYds ewrZ phtsa rs ekufld izLrqfr;sa nk
izLrqrhdj.k rs mans “kk dEe ySus nh mRiknd izfdz;k ,s A b*;ka lksp] Hkk”kk ¼cksypky tka b”kkjru½ rs
pkhtsa xh djus nk vkiwa fcPpsa xw<+k ljcU/k ,s A ,g~ izfdz;k ¥~;kuiq.ksa p “kq: gksanh ,s rs lqrSarj rs nq,a nh
enn dUuS dhrh xsnh xfrfof/k;sa ns ek/;e dUuS eBksanh ,s A “kq: p cPpsa nh Kku ns ckjS izo`fŸk bRFksa rs
gwu tkuus nh gksanh ,s ] vksg~ iq[rk vuqHkosa ij rdZ iw.kZ <axS dUuS dEe djns u A ft*;ka&ft*;ka manh
Hkk”kkbZ leFkZ rs nq, dUuS dEe djus nh leFkZ nk fodkl gksank ,s ] mans dEeS p iSg~yS dksyk erh tfVy
foospuk fn;ka laHkkouk [kq*Ykfn;ka tafn;ka u A ft*Uns p vewrZrk ] ;kstuk rs vufnD[ks mn~ns”;sa dUuS
fuHkuk “kkey ,s A rs b*;ka laHkkouk ij dEe djus rs laHko nh /kkj.kkRed nqfu;k p foospuk nh
leFkkZ nk peq[kk ckn~/kk ,s A
25
bl pkYyh /kkj.kkRed fodkl ljca/ksa xh Mwag~xk rs xw<+k djus rs vFksZ ns uesa Hksnsa xh gkly djus
rs le>us nh vu=qV~V izfdz;k ,s A dUuS&dUuS m*usa fl)kars nk ch fodkl gksank ,s tsg~M+s dqnjrh rs lekth
nqfu;k ns ckjs p cPpsa dksy gksans u ( fta*ns p nq,a dUuS mans ljca/k tsg~M+s m*usaxh ,g~ nlns u ts phtka
ft*;ka gSu b*;ka dh ] dkj.k rs dkjd p dsg~ QdZ ,s rs fu.ksZ ySus ns rs dEe djus ns dsg~ v/kkj u]
“kkey u A
IkzkbosV rs ljdkjh dsb;sa pkYyh ns Ldwy u fta*ns p cD[k & cD[k lekth rs vkfFkZd oxsZ ns
cPpsa tans u A dksBkjh vk;ksx ns vuqlkj ^ftl pkYyh nh fLFkfr Hkkjr p ,s ml p f”k{kk
O;oLFkk nh ,g~ ftEesokjh ,s ts vksg~ cD[k&cD[k lekth oxsZ rs leqnk; xh dUuS Y;kSu rs bl
pkYyh bd lkearoknh rs bDdtqV lekt nh cjksl xh cy ns,s A ij etwnk fLFkfr p ,slk
djus ns ctk, f”k{kk Ik)fr vkiwa xS lekth vyxko xh c/kk· djnh ,s rs oxZ&Hksn xh ch c/kk
djnh ,s A ml “kk ch HkSM+h xYy ,g~ ,s ts ,g~ vyxko rs c/knk xS tk djnk ,s rs bl dUuS
[kkl rs vke oxsZa ns c”dkjS nk fNaMk ch c/kk djnk ,s --- ¼1966 % 18½ A D;k vl vius
cPpsa xh ,g~ nLlk us vka ts lk<+s ysbZ cD[k&cD[k cPpsa nh cD[k&cD[k EgŸkk ,s tsdj blnk
tokc ^gka* ,s rka vlsa dksBkjh vk;ksx ns ml y{; xh gkly djus ysbZ lCHkS t:jh dne rqrZ
pqDdus gks³u] ftl p dksBkjh deh”ku rs bDdS usgh cjkscj Ldwyh O;oLFkk nh lQkj”k djns
gksbZ lk<s+ lkeuS jD[ksvk gk A bl lka>h Ldwy O;oLFkk xh f”k{kk nh bd jk”Vªh O;oLFkk ns rkSj
mIij ifjHkkf”kr dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s tsg~M+h Hkkjrh lafo/kku ns vknZ”ksa rs eqYysa ij v/kkjr ,s rs
tsg~M+h lHkusa cPpsa xh manh tkr]uly] fyax ]oxZ tka fjgk;”k ns HksnHkko fctu cjkscj <axk
dUuS cjkscj xq.kkRedrk vkg~yh f”k{kk nsus nh leFkZ j[knh ,s A bl pkYyh nh O;oLFkk p ewy
lajpukRed rs Hkk”kk f”k{k.k ns /kzqosa xh miyC/k djkuk rs LdwyS ns bykds p jkSg~us vkg~ys ns cPpsa
nh eq[r f”k{kk xh ;dhuh cukuk etwnk nkSj ns lHkusa Ldwysa ¼ljdkjh] eqdkeh tka izkbosV½ nh
ftEesckjh ,s A
26
bl pkYyh fnz”Vhdks.k ] Hkkouk rs vkn”kZ KkukRed fodkl nk vu=qV~V vax u rs Hkk’kk fodkl
ekufld izLrqrhdj.k] /kkj.kk,a rs foospuk dUuS ljcU/kr u A ft*;ka & ft*;ka cPpsa nh vfoKkukRed
leFkZ eBksanh ,s ] vksg~ viuh vkLFkk,a ckjS ers tkx:d gksans tans u rs bl pkYyh viuh f”k{kk xh
fu;er djus tksx gksbZ tans u A
• lkjs cPps LkHkk· Fkeka xS flD[kus ysbZ izsfjr jkSag~ns u rs flD[kus p leFkZ gksans u A
• vFkZ dM~<uk] vewrZ lksp xh fodflr djuk] fparu rs dEe djus nh leFkZ flD[kus nh izfdz;k ns
lHkusa Fkeka EgŸkoiw.kZ iSg~yw u A
• cPps cD[k&cD[k rjhdsa dUuS fl[kns u & vuqHkosa jkgsa] phtka vkiw djus rs cukus dUuS] vius
rtqZcsa dUuS] i<+us] cpkj&cVkanjsa ] iqPNus] lquus] lkspus rs euu djus dUuS rs cksfYy;S] fyf[k;S
& O;fDrxr rs lewfgd nkSusa Lrjsa ij A vius fodkl ns nkSjku m*usaxh bl pkYyh ns lCHkS dEe
djus ns ekSds feyus pkfgns A
• cPps ns ekufld :i mIij R;kj gksus Fkeka iSg~ys mlh i<+kuk ckn nh voLFkk p vksg~ns euS xh
flD[kus Fkeka mpkV djnk ,s A cPps ers lkjs rRFksa xh &^psrk* rs jD[kh ldns u ij gksbZ ldnk
,s ts m*usaxh vksg~ le>u usbZa A tka m*usaxh vius vkys&nqvkys nh nqfu;k dUuS usbZa tksM+h iku A
• flD[kus nh izfdz;k Ldwysa vUnj rs ckg~j & nkSusa Fkkg~jsa pynh ,s A tsdj b*usa nkSusa [ksrjsa nk vkiwa
psa ljcU/k gks,s rka flD[kus nh izfdz;k xh cy Fgksank ,s dyk rs dEe lkSan;Zcksn~/kh rRosa dUuS
lXxkslkj lcwjh Ik<+kbZ ns ekSds iznku djns u A usg~ vuqHko Hkk”kkfoKkud :i dUuS tkUuh xsfn;sa
phtsa ysbZ EgŸkoiw.kZ gksans u] [kkl rkSj mIij uSfrd eqYysa p] ft*usaxh ijrD[k vuqHkosa dUuS
flD[ksvk tkbZ ldS rs thou p lekos”k dhrk tkbZ ldS A
• i<+kbZ nh j¶rkj euklc gksuh pkfgnh rka ts fo|kFkhZ /kkj.kk,a xh le>h ldu rs vkRelkr djh
ldu uka ds flQZ psrS dju rs Ekrsgkusa ckn HkqYyh tku A dUuS xS f”k{kk p cUu&lcUu rs
pukSfr;ka gksfu;ka pkfgfn;ka rs cPps nh #fp rs j>seka cukbZ jD[kus vkg~yh gksuh pkfgnh ,s A
27
cksfj;r bl xYyk nh lkjr ,s ts dEe cPpsa ysbZ e”khuh :i p nqgjk;k tkus vkg~yk cuh xsnk ,s
rs vksg~nk KkukRed ueqYy ?kV~V ,s A
• f”k{kk ek/;e dUuS tka ek/;e ns cxSj gksbZ ldnh ,s A ek/;e cxSj flD[kus p lekth lanHkZ rs
esy&crZu [kkl dfj;S mans dUuS tsg~M+s leFkZ u] tsg~M+s m*usaxh vius Lrj mIij Kku gkly djus
ns ekSds eqgS;k djns u A
2.3.3
viuh iUNku ns fodkl ysbZ fd”kksj voLFkk nk nkSj cM+k EgŸkoiw.kZ gksank ,s A bl nh Hkkouk xh
gkly djus nh izfdz;k “kjhjh rCnhfy;sa dUuS tqM+h nh ,s rs dUuS xS lekt dUuS esy C;gkj djuk flD[kus
rs ukstqvkuas nh euksfoKkud eaxsa dUuS ch tqM+h nh ,s A lqrarjrk] izxk<+rk rs gemej ij fuHkZjrk tusg~
eqn~nsa dUuS ftEesnkjh dUuS fuCcM+uk& ,sls ljksdkj u ft*usaxh ekU;rk nsus rs gwu ma*ns dUuS fl*Ttus ysbZ
yksM+pnh enn nsus nh yksM+ ,s A ckg~jyh nqfu;k] ml rd fo|kFkhZ nh ikSag~p rs lqrSUrj rkSjs ij
fQjuk&Vqjuk mlns O;fDrRo ns fuekZ.k xh izHkkor djns u A dqfM+;sa ns ekeysa p ,g~ xYy gksj ch erh
EgŸkoiw.kZ ,s dh ts vksg~ vDlj lekth ijEijk,a dkj.k pkjnokjh vUnj xS jkSg~us ij etcwj gksafn;ka u A
b*;S ijaijka tkxrS ysbZ fcYdqy mYV /kkj.kk xh c<+kok fnafn;ka u tsg~M+h m*usaxh ckg~jyh nqfu;k rs “kjhjh
izfdz;k dUuS tksM+nh ,s A ,g~ f?klh fiVVh fn;ka :f<+;ka fd”kksj voLFkk p “kjhjh fcdkl ns urhts ns rkSj
ij gksj ch izcy gksbZ tafn;ka u A bd fd”kksj ns thou ns euksfoKkuh rs lekth iD[k b*usa “kjhjh
rCnhfy;sa dUuS iwjs Kku rs le> fctu xS fl*tns u ftl dUuS ;kSu ljca/ksa jkgsa QSyh fn;ka cekfj;ka]
;kSu&”kks”ku] ,p0vkbZ0oh0@,M~l rs u”ks rs gksj b*;S tusfg;sa cqjkb;sa tusfg;sa [krjukd ifjfLFkfr;sa ysbZ
laosnu”khy cukbZ ldfn;ka u A
,g~ usgk ekSdk ,s ftlyS lekt p etwn b*usa jhfr joktsa rs cpkjsa ij lqvkfy;k fu”kku yk;k
tank ,s A tsYyS ds ,g~ns dUuS xS nq, rs vius tksM+hnkjsa nh jk· rs mank er ers EgŸkoiw.kZ gksbZ tans u A
blxh ekurk nsuk t:jh ,s ts fd”kksjsa xh lekth rs HkkoukRed Lgkjs nh yksM+ gksanh ,s] ftl p ldkjkRed
C;gkj ns /kqzosa ] gqujsa nh xzSg~.krk nh Cgkyh nh yksM+ gksbZ ldnh ,s ] tsg~M+s mans thou fn;sa vkSf[k;sa
28
ifjfLFkfr;sa ] gemejsa ns nck· dUuS fuCcM+us rs fyax ljca/kh :f<+;sa dUuS fl*Ttus rs bank eqdkcyk djus
ysbZ t:jh u A
2.3.4
lHkusa fo|kfFkZ;sa ysbZ tekrk p lekos”kd okrkoj.k cukuk cM+k t:jh ,s A [kkl dfj;S mans ysbZ
tsg~M+s gkf”k, mIij djh fnŸks tkus ns [krjs p u ] mnkgj.k ns rkSjk ij v;ksX;rk,a vkg~ys fo|kFkhZ A dqlS
bd fo|kFkhZ pk fo|kfFkZ;sa ns lewg xh v;ksX; f”k{kk vkfn nk yscy ykbZ nsuk csclh] dEerjh rs dyafdr
gksus nk Hkko iSnk djnk ,s A ,g~ m*usa eq”dykrsa ij inkZ ikbZ vksM+nk ,s tsg~fM+;ka ds cPpsa xh cD[k&cD[k
lekth lkaLd`rd iNkSdMa+s rs tekrk p cjrh tk djh xSjeuklc Hkk”kk f”k{kk i)fr;ka cjrs tkus dkj.k
Ldwyk p is”k vkok djfnp;ka gksafn;ka u A dqlS v;ksX;rk vkg~ys fo|kFkhZ xh ch ckdh nq,a fo|kfFkZ;sa
vkaxj mLlS lewg nk esEcj gksus nk cjkscj gDd ,s A cPpsa ns e>kVs ns QdZ Hksnsa xh bd leL;k ns ctk,
f”k{kk ysbZ lg;ksxh lk/ku&clhysa ns rkSjk ij fnD[kuk gksx A f”k{kk p lekos”k] lekt p lekos”k ns rRosa
pk bd ,s
bl ysbZ lHkusa fo|kfFkZ;sa ysbZ lqyHk yphyh ikB~;p;kZ eqgS;k djkuk Ldwysa nh ftEesnkjh ,s A ,g~
nLrkost ikB~;p;kZ ;kstuk ysbZ “kq#vkrh fcanq cukbZ ldnk ,s] tsg~M+k fo|kfFkZ;sa xh O;fDrxr tka fo|kfFkZ;sa
ns lewgsa fn;sa [kkl yksM+sa xh iwjk djnk ,s A ikB~;p;kZ us fo|kfFkZ;sa xh f”k{kk p lQyrk nk vuqHko djus
rs viuh izfrHkk,a erkcd c)ksc) miyfC/k gkly djus ysbZ m*usaxh euklc pukSfr;ka nsfu;ka gks³u rs
;ksX; cukus vkg~ys ekSds iSnk djus gks³u A tekrk p flD[kus l[kkus nh izfdz;k bl pkYyh dUuS
fu;kstr dhrh tkuh pkfgnh tsg~M+h fo|kfFkZ;sa nh cD[k&cD[k t:jrsa ns erkcd gks,s A v/;kid lHkusa
cPpsa] ft*Uns p vksg~ cPps ch “kkey u ft*Uns ckjs p ,g~ lksph ySrk xsnk gksank ,s ts mans p v;ksX;rka u]
xh f”k{kk nsus ysbZ ldkjkRed uhfr;sa nh [kkstchu djh ldns u A ,g~ y{; vius lkFkh v/;kidsa ns
lSg;ksx tka LdwyS Fkeka ckg~jS nh laLFkk,a ns lSg;ksx dUuS ch gkly dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s A
29
2.4 ikB~;p;kZ rs vH;kl fn;ka yksM+ka
2.4.1 Kku &jpuk ysbZ i<+kbZ
Lkjapukoknh ifjizs{k p f”k{kk Kku&fuekZ.k nh bd izfdz;k ,s A fo|kFkhZ m*usaxh FgksbZ nh lexzh ij
v/kkjr etwnk fopkjsa dUuS uesa fopkjsa xh tksfM+;S lfdz;rk dUuS vius Kku nk fuekZ.k djns u A elky
ns rkSjk ij ;krk;kr O;oLFkk dUuS ljca/kr ikB~; lexzh tka rLohjsa xh ifjppkZ dUuS tksM+us uS ukStqvku
fo|kfFkZ;sa xh ;krk;kr O;oLFkk ij fopkj cukus p enn Fgksx A “kq#vkrh lajpuk ¼ekufld izLrqfr½
flM+d ;krk;kr O;oLFkk ns fopkj mIij v/kkjr gksbZ ldnh ,s rs nwj&njkt ns ifjos”k nk cPpk nkan&xM~Mh
dUuS ljca/kr fopkj nk fuekZ.k djS A fo|kFkhZ m*usaxh miyC/k ¼vuqHkosa½ xfrfof/k;sa jkgsa ckg~jyh lPpkb;sa
¼;krk;kr O;oLFkk½ fn;sa ekufld izLrqfr;sa ¼ewrsZa½ nk fuekZ.k djnk ,s A fo|kFkhZ ft*;ka&ft*;ka f”k{kk p
rjDdh djns u fopkjsa nk fuekZ.k rs iqufuZek.k mlns t:jh vax u A mnkgj.k ns rkSjk ij flM+d
;krk;kr ij cuk, xsns ;krk;kr O;oLFkk ns “kq#vkrh fopkj xh gksj nwb;sa pkfYy;sa nh ;krk;kr
O;oLFkk &&leqanzh rs CgkbZ xh “kkey djus vkLrS euklc xfrfof/k;sa xh cjrns gksbZ ijfr;S cuk;k tkbZ
ldnk ,s A izklafxd xfrfof/k;sa jkgsa fo|kfFkZ;sa nh “kewfy;r ;krk;kr O;oLFkk rs euqD[kh thou @ O;oLFkk
ns e>kVs ns ljca/ksa nh ekufld fcEcsa nh jpuk xh gksj lSg~y cukbZ ldnh ,s A tsYyS ds fuekZ.k izfdz;k p
bd lekth iD[k gksank ,s] ;kfu ds vkS[ks dEesa ysbZ yksM+pnk Kku lkewfgd&ifjfLFkfr p jsgh ldnk ,s A
bl lanHkZ p lg;ksxkRed f”k{kk vFkZ ns ucsM+s] ers fopkjsa nh lka> rs ckg~jyh lPpkbZ nh vanjyh izLrqfr
xh cnyus ysbZ Fkkg~j cukanh ,s A fuekZ.k bl xYyk nk irk fnank ,s ts gj bd fo|kFkhZ ft*;ka vksg~
fl[knk@fl[knh ,s] O;fDrxr rkSjk ij rs lekth rkSjk ij vFkZ fuekZ.k djnk ,s A vFkZ fuekZ.k f”k{kk ,s A
lajpukoknh ifjizs{k lHkusa vklsvk flD[kus nh izfdz;k xh c<+kok nsus ysbZ uhfr;ka iznku djnk ,s A
cPpsa ns Kku p v/;kid nh Hkwfedk ch c/kkbZ tkbZ ldnh ,s tsdj vksg~ Kku fuekZ.k nh bl
izfdz;k p lfdz; :iS dUuS “kkfey gksbZ tku ] ftl p cPps yXxs ns u A flD[kus nh izfdz;k p #T>s nk
bd cPpk viuh tkudkjh nk vkiwa fuekZ.k djnk ,s A cPpsa xh vksg~ lqvky iqPNus nh btktr nsuk ft*Uns
dUuS vksg~ LdwyS p l[kkbZ tkus vkg~yh phtsa nk ljca/k ckg~jh nqfu;ka dUuS LFkkir djh ldu] m*usa xh
30
bDdS rjhds dUuS tokc jVus rs nsus ns ctk, vius “kCnsa p tokc nsus rs vius vuqHko nLlus ysbZ
mRlkfgr djuk & ,g~ lCHkS cPpsa nh le> eBsjus ysbZ cM+s fuDds&fuDds ij EgŸkoiw.kZ dne u A
^le>nkj D;kQs ykus * nh izo`fŸk xh bd dkjxj f”k{k.k “kkL=h; lk/ku ns rkSj ij izksRlkfgr dhrk tkuk
pkfgnk A vDlj vius jkstejkZ ns thou tka ehfM;k jkgsa izkIr tkudkjh dUuS cPpsa xh bd cks/k rs gksank
xS ij vksg~ ml pkYyh dUuS cqgkLljh usbZa ikans ts v/;kid m*uasa xh le>h & ljkgh ldu A vl tks
fd”k tkuus vka rs vl tks yxHkx tkuus vka mans e>kVs ns bLlS ^f[kRrs* p ueha tkudkjh nk fuekZ.k gksank
,s A vDlj ,slk Kku gqujsa nk :i ysbZ ySaaank ,s tsg~M+s LdwyS Fkeka ckg~j] ?kj tka leqnk; Fkeka iSnk gksans
u A lHkusa pkYyh nh usgh tkudkjh rs gqujsa nk vknj gksuk pkfgnk A bd laonsu”khy rss tkudkj
v/;kid ,g~ tkunk ,s rs cPpsa xh “kSy pkYyh dUuS pqus xsns vH;klsa rs lqvkysa p el:Q djh ySank ,s
rka ts vksg~ vius fodkl nh leFkkZ xh elwl djh ldu A
lfdz; vM+ca/ksa p iqPNfxPN] [kkstchu] lqvky iqPNuk] okn&fookn] O;ogkfjd iz;ksx rs fpUru
ftl Fkeka fl)kar cuh ldu rs fopkjsa nh jpuk gksbZ ldS vkSans u A Ldwysa vkLrS lqvky iqPNus]
iqPN&iM+rky djus] ppkZ djus] fparu djus rs ¶gh /kkj.kk,a nk fu/kkZj.k djus tka ¶gh uesa fopkj jpus
ns ekSds eqgS;k djus gks³u A bl izfdz;k jkgsa cD[k&cD[k /kkj.kk,a] gqujsa rs fLFkfr;sa xh flD[kus nh izzfdz;k
p pqukSrh nk rRo egŸkoiw.kZ ,s A bd [kkl cjslk vkg~ysa ysbZ ts fd”k pqukSrh iw.kZ ,s A vksg~ nq,a ysbZ
lkS[kk rs uhjl gksbZ tank ,s rs gksj nq, oxZ vkg~ysa ysbZ fcYdqy cD[kjk] njsMk rs uhjl A
bl ysbZ vDlj ^oLrqfu’Brk* ns uka· ij v/;kid yphysiu rs jpukRedrk nh cy nsbZ fnans u A
vDlj izkbZosV rs ljdkjh nkSusa Ldwysa ns v/;kid bl xYyk ij tksj fnans u ts lHkusa cPpsa lqvkysa ns
bd tusg~ tokc nsus pkfgns A cD[kjsa tokcsa xh udkjus ysbZ ,g~ rdZ fnRrk tank ,s ts ßvksg~ usg~ tokc
usbZa nsbZ ldns ] tsg~M+s ikB~;iqLrd p usbZa gSu AÞ ßvlsa LVkQ:e p blnh ppkZ dhrh rs QSlyk dhrk ts
vl flQZ bLlS tokcS xh LgsbZ euxs AÞ tka ¶gh ßcfM+;sa pkfy;sa ns tokc gks³u A D;k vlsa lHkusa
pkfy;sa ns] tokcsa xh LgsbZ eUuh ysuk pkfgnk \Þ usg~ rdZ f”k{kk ns vFkZ nk ekStw cukbZ fnans u A rs cPpsa
rs ekrk firk xh gksj ch rlYyh nsbZ fnans u ts Ldwy b*;ka xS cserycs tusg~ l[r u A vlsaxh vius
31
vkiS xh iqPNuk gksx ts vl Egs”kka cPpsa xh lqvkysa ns tokc nsus ysbZ xS dh vk[kusvka A fnRrs xsns
tokcsa ysbZ lqvkysa nh bd pUnh cukus nh ;ksX;rk ch f”k{kk nh bd tk;t+ ij[k ,s A
lqvky R;kj djuk
tsdj tokc ^5’ ,s rka lqvky dsg~ gksbZ ldns u \ bRFkS fd”k ^tokc* fnRrs xsns u &
pkj rs bd fefy;S dsg~ cunk ,s \
tsdj rsfr;sa pk lrkbZ tek bd dM~<h fnrk tk rka dsg~ jsgh tkx \
rql fdUuh cjQh pkag~nsvks \
eSa vius ukuh ns ?kj ,srokj iqTtk rs chjokjsa mRFkksa nk pysvk A mRFkS fdUus fnu jsgk \
d] [k] x] vk,] ¶gh mUns p] ³ ] p] N] t vkbZ jys ] ¶gh d rs N pyh xs ¶gh N okil
vk;k rs [k pyh xsvk [khj p fdUus ckdh cps \
tsdj tokc ,s ^vksg~ yky gk* rka lqvky dsg~ gksbZ ldns u \
QqYyS nk jax dsg~ gk \
rwa fpV~Bh ml MCcs p dh ikbZ \
vksg~ pkupDd VSªfQd ykbZV mIij #dh dh xsbZ \
2.4.2 esy&C;gkj nh Egrk
f”k{kk vius vkls&ikls ns okrkoj.k] izd`fr] phtsa rs yksdsa dUuS esy C;gkj jkgsa rs Hkk”kk b*usa
nkSusa pkYyha ns esy&C;gkj jkgsa ?kfVr gksanh ,s rs dEesa&dktsa] Vqjus&fQjus nh “kjhjh xfrfof/k] phtsa xh
lks/kuk rs djuk] bDdys vius Lrj mIij] vius gemejsa dUuS tka cM~Msa ns lkFkS p] i<+us ysbZ] cqgkLljus
tka iqPNus ysbZ ] lquus ysbZ rs esy C;gkj ysbZ Hkk”kk nh cjrwu & EgŸkoiw.kZ izfdz;ka u ft*Uns jkgsa flD[kus
nh izfdz;k iwjh gksanh ,s A
32
Ldwyh f”k{kk nk erk lkjk fgLLkk vtsa ch O;fDr vk/kkjr ,s ¼gkfyads O;fDrd usbZa ½A v/;kid
xh cPpsa p Kku lapkjd ns :iS p fnD[ksvk tank ,s] Kku ftlh vDlj tkudkjh le>h ySrk tank ,s
rs vksg~ cPpsa xh flD[kus p enn djus ysbZ vuqHkosa nk vk;kstu djnk ,s A ij v/;kidsa] gemejsa ns
dUuS&dUuS vius “kk cM~Ms rs fuDds dUuS esy C;gkj lXxkslkj f”k{kk fn;ka dsbZa lEHkkouka [kksg~yh ldnk
,s A nq,a nh laxrk p flD[kuk rs dUuS xS dEeS jkgsa flD[kuk vkilh esyC;gkj nh izfdz;k ,s A bl pkYyh
nh i<+kbZ mlyS gksj ch jkspd rs lXxkslkj gksanh ,s ftlyS cD[k&cD[k lekth % vkfFkZd iNkSdM+ ns cPpsa
xh LdwyS p nk[ky dhrk tank ,s A
eqa<yh izzkbZejh Ldwyh f”k{kk p lkewfgd dEe djus ns [ksrj p bd ueha “kq#vkr dhrh xsnh
,s A feMy rs gkbZ Ldwysa p ch xzqisa p dhrs tkus vkg~ys izkstSDV rs xfrfof/k;sa xh ch i<+kbZ nk vax cuuk
pkfgnk A bl lkewfgd f”k{kk nk tk;t+k ySus rs ewY;kadu djus ns rjhds gSu A Ldwy cD[k&cD[k cjslk ns
cPpsa ns lewg cukb;S m*usaxh dV~Bs dEe djus ysbZ izkstSDV nsus ckjS lksph ldns u A bl p erk fd”k
,s ftlh cPps bd&nq, dUuS dEe dfj;S flD[kh ldns u] ft;ka ds VheodZ rs lekth dnjka A vius “kk
c) leFkZ vkg~ys yksdsa nh laxfr p ekg~uw xh cM~Ms dEeS p fgLlk ySus nk ekSdk feynk ,s A ftRFkS vksg~
viuh leFkkZ “kk ckg~jk ch dEe djh ldnk ,s rs vksg~ djus nk ;Ru ch djh ldnk ,s ftlh vksg~ iwjh
pkYyh usbZa tkunk A lewg p dEe flD[kuk] ftEesnkjh ySuk rs tsg~M+k dEe fnRrk xsnk ,s mlh iwjk djus
p ;ksxnku nsuk &&& ,g~ lCHkS Kku gkly djus ns xS usbZa cYds dyka] gquj vkfn flD[kus rs dEe djus
ns ch EgŸkoiw.kZ iSgyw u A efr;sa tekrsa vkg~yh dyklk nh fLFkfr p & cD[k&cD[k ntsaZ pk lewg~ pquuk]
ftl p cD[k&cD[k cjsl &lewgsa ns cPps xh bDdS xfrfof/k dju nsuk] “kS{kf.kd rkSjk ij ,g~ bd
eqedu rs paxh ikB~;dze ;kstuk nsbZ ldnk ,s A
2.4.3 flD[kus ns vuqHkosa nh :ijs[kk
i<+kbZ ns dEesa nh xq.koŸkk] ml p flD[kus nh leFkZ rs fo|kFkhZ ysbZ mlnh EgŸkk xh izHkkor djnh
,s A vksg~ vH;kl tsg~M+s cM+s lkS[ks gksans u tka cM+s vkS[ks] rka ?kM+h&eqM+h bd xS xYyk xh e”khuh :iS dUuS
nj~gkans u tsg~M+s ikB~; iqLrdsa xh psrS djus ij v/kkjr gksans u] tsg~M+s cPpsa xh vkRe vfHkO;fDr rs
lqvky usbZa iqPNu fnans rs v/;kid ns “kqf)dj.k ns dEeS ij xS fuHkZj jkSag~ns u ] vksg~ cPpsa xh bd
33
vkKkdkjh uV~Byh ewrZ cukbZ fnans u A rs fo|kFkhZ vius fopkjsa rs foosd nh Egrk usbZa fl[kns cYds b*;S
fl[kns u ts Kku nq,a vklsvk jpsvk xsnk ,s rs m*usa flQZ Kku xh gkly djuk gksx rs tsg~M+s cPps
lHkkod :iS dUuS f”k{kk p #fp usbZa ySans m*Uksa xh i<+kbZ ikLlS ykus nk ftEek v/;kidsa nk gksank ,s A
fo|kFkhZ fu;a=.k p jkSg~uk Lohdkj djh ySans u rs vksg~ fu;a=.k djuk pkg~uk ch flD[kh tans u A
vk[kjdkj ,g~ lc KkukRed ] vkRe fparu rs ml yphysiu ns fodkl ysbZ uqDlkunsg~ ,s A tsdj f”k{kk
fo|kfFkZ;sa xh l”kDr cukus ysbZ ,s rka ,g~ cM+s t:jh u A ers lkjs cPps tsg~M+s bl pkYyh ns f”k{kk &
okrkoj.k p eBksans u rs tnwa rxj vksg~ lreha tekrk rxj iqtns u vksg~ vkRe fo”okl] viuh xYy
vk[kus nh leFkZ rs Ldwyh vuqHkosa nk eryc le>us nh leFkZ eqgkbZ pqds ns gksans u A vksg~ gj ckjh
ersgkusa p ikl gksus ysbZ mLlS e”khuh jVr&fo|k nk Lgkjk ySans u A
blns ctk, tsg~M+s dEe pqukSrh iw.kZ rs LorU= fopkj izfdz;k xh eBksu fnans rs gy djus ns ers
rjhds iSnk djns u vksg~ fo|kfFkZ;sa p LorU=rk] jpukRedrk rs vkRe vuq”kklu xh c<+kok fnans u A
lqvky iqPNus] tokc nsus nh QqrhZ rs Egs”kka LgsbZ tokc tkuus nh laLd`fr xh c/kkus Qykus ns ctk,] vlsa
fo|kfFkZ;sa xh xSg~jh rs lkFkZd i<+kbZ ij erk leka ykus nk ekSdk nsuk pkfgnk ,s A
lajpukoknh f”k{kk fLFkfr
izfdz;k lkbZal
fLFkfr
lkbZal
fLFkfr
fo|kFkhZ nq/kk# thcsa ckjS ikB i<+ns u rs
cD[k&cD[k Fkkg~jsa ij nq/kk# thcsa ns thou
ij ohfM;ks fn[kns u A bl pkYyh fn;sa ?kVuk,a
rs xfrfof/k;sa p nq/kk# thcsa nk lewgsa p /kjrh
ij tka ikuh p fQjuk&Vqjuk] ?kk· pjuk]
f”kdkj mIij geyk djuk] cPpsa xh tUe
nsuk] [krjs rs gksj b*;S tusg~ ekSdsa ij fdV~Bs
fo|kFkhZ dkcqyh okyk nh Dgkuh
i<+ns u A ckn p m*usaxh Dgkuh
ns fd”k fnz””ksa dUuS ljca/kr
fnz”Vkarsa ns dUuS&dUuS mans ljca/kh
iNkSdM+&lexzh rs laf{kIr C;ksjk
fnŸks tans u A fd”k fo|kFkhZ m*usa
fnz”Vkarsa p nLls xsns bd tka nks
34
y[kuk
lanHkhZdj.k
KkukRed f”k{kkFkZu
lSg;ksx
O;k[;k fuek.kZ
cgq O;k[;ka
gksuk “kkey ,s A
fo|kFkhZ eqD[k ?kVuk,a tka nq/kk# thcsa ns C;gkj
tka manh xfrfof/k;sa nk bd uksV R;kj djns
u A
vksg~ vius fo”ys”ku xh ikB dUuS tksM+ns u A
v/;kid nq/kk# thcsa nk mnkgj.k fnans gksbZ
fnz”Vkar fnank ,s ts vksg~ bl pkYyh nh lwpuk
nk fo”ys”ku rs O;k[;k fd*;ka djS A
fo|kFkhZ dEe djns csYyS lewg~ cukbZ ySans u
tsYyS ds v/;kid m*usaxh lqa>kank ,s @ funsZ”k
fnank ,s] ft*;ka&ft*;ka vksg~ vxM+s c/kns tans
u A
fo|kFkhZ tehu rs ikuh oxSjk ij jkSg~us vkg~ys
nq/kk# thcsa dUuS ljca/kr vifu;sa laHkkor
/kkj.kk,a nh iqf”V ysbZ fo”ys”ku djns u rs
lcwr iSnk djns u A
vksg~ O;k[;ka fnans u rs lewgsa e>kVS rs lewgsa
fcPpsa ns jkgsa vius fopkjsa tka laHkkor
/kkj.kk,a nk iD[k ySans u A ikB ns dUuS lcwr
rs rdZ m*usaxh ijrs rqIius tka lexzh nh
fnz””ksa ij vfHku; djns u A
fo|kFkhZ fnz””ksa ij gksank vfHku;
fn[kns u A
vksg~ ikB nh Dgkuh xh iNkSdM+
lexzh ns fnz”Vkar dUuS tksM+ns u A
fnz””k ns vfHku; jkgsa v/;kid
uewuk is”k djnk ,s ts Dgkuh ns
i<+us rs iNkSdM+ lexzh ns fnz”Vkar
xh vkiwa psa fd*;ka tksM+uk ,s A
fo|kFkhZ O;k[;k iSnk djus vkLrS
lewgsa p dEe djns u tsYyS ds
v/;kid m*usaxh lq>kans @ fn”kk
funsZ”k fnank ,s ] ft*;ka&ft*;ka
vksg~ vxM+s c/kns tans u A
vksg~ Dgkuh nk viuk fo”ys”ku
rs vifu;ka O;k[;ka iSnk djns
u A
lewgsa ns fcPp rs lewgsa ns e>kVS
O;k[;k,a nh rqyuk fo|kfFkZ;sa xh
,g~ fopkj fnanh ,s ts dkcqyhokyk
Dgkuh ckjS yksdsa nh izfrfdz;k
35
CkgqvfHkO;fDr;ka
O;k[;k djus ns cD[k&cD[k rjhdsa dUuS :c:
djkans u
bl izfdz;k pk NM+h eqM+h xqtjus dUuS rs
cD[k&cD[k ?kVuk,a ns gj bd izklafxd
iNkSdM+ rs nq/kk# thcsa ns C;gkj xh tksM+us
dUuS fo|kFkhZ fn[kns u ts tks fd”k vksg~ djk
djns u mlns vki fl)kar vfHkO;Dr gksu
yxh ikSans u A
cD[k&cD[k gksbZ ldnh ,s A
ikB]iNkSdM+] fnz”Vkar rs vius
fparu nh cukg mIij fo|kFkhZ
fn[kns u ts cD[k&cD[k pfj= rs
fo”ksa xh fd*;ka cD[k&cD[k rjhdsa
dUuS vfHkO;Dr dhrk tkbZ ldnk
,s A
v/;kid nh Hkwfedk % bl izlax p ] v/;kid] bd ennxkj dM+h ,s] tsg~M+h fo|kfFkZ;sa xh Kku&fuekZ.k
izfdz;k p cgqkLljus] fo”ys”ku djus rs O;k[;k djus ysbZ mRlkgr djnh ,s A
f”k{kk ns dEe] tsg~M+s bl xYyk xh ;dhuh cukus vkLrS R;kj dhrs xsns u ts cPpsa xh drkcsa ns
vykok nq, Fkkg~jS Fkeka vius vuqHkosa p] ?kjS p nq, yksdsa ns vuqHkosa p rs leqnk; pk Kku gkly djus
ysbZ mRlkfgr dhrk tkx] bl n”kZu nk lapkj djns u ts f”k{kk rs Kku rqIisa tkus pkfgns] mank izek.khdj.k
dfj;S mank fuekZ.k dhrk tk rs uka rs ikB~; iqLrdka rs uka xS v/;kid [khjh lŸkk ,s A bl lanHkZ p
cjklrh lzksr f”k{kk ns lzksr ns :ik p cM+k EgŸkoiw.kZ Fkkg~j j[kns u A bfrgkl ns v/;kid xh xS usbZa
cYds lHkusa fo”ksa ns v/;kidsa xh iqjkrRo Egrk vkg~ys Fkkg~jsa ns ckjS cPpsa p bd vknj Hkko nh Hkkouk ]
m*ussaxh rik”kus nh bPNk rs mans EgŸko nh le> iSnk djus nh yksM+ ,s A
fiNys fd”k c*jsa p Dykl bd rs nks ysbZ Dyklk nk EgkSy rs ikB~;p;kZ ;kstuk p lq/kkj vkg~uus
ns y{; ckjS tru gks, u A tsYyS ds b*usaxh ijfr;S utjlkuh djus r cy nsus nh yksM+ ,s mRFkS xS cM~Ms
cPpsa ysbZ usg~ f”k{kk ljcU/kh vuqHkosa xh R;kj djus ns lqkvysa dUuS fucM+us nh t:jr ,s] tsg~M+s cPpsa
xh /kkj.kk,a xh le>us rs viuh tkudkjh jpus p enn djh ldu tsg~M+h vksg~ fl[kns u A gqu vl
^rRFk&dsUnzr Kku ns dsUnz p bd rCnhyh fnD[kk*jus vka] ij t:jh ,s ts v/;kidsa nh R;kjh Dyklk p
36
vH;kl nh ;kstuk] ikB~;iqLrdsa nh R;kjh rs ewY;kadu nh O;oLFkk jkgsa bl cnyk xh fu”pr :i dUuS
c<+kok fnRrk tk A ikB~;iqLrdsa nh ;kstuk rs fo”ks nh Ik<+kbZ vuqlkj <kyus p yphykiu vkg~uus rka ts
,u0ih0bZ0 & 86 ns rax neiq[r dejsa pk ckg~j fudyus ns mÌs”; vkLlS c/ksvk tkbZ ldS A ,g~ns ysbZ
v/;kidsa p LkeFkkZ rs vkRefo”okl cukuk t:jh ,s rka ts vksg~ LorU= :i dUuS cPpsa nh flD[kus nh
izfdz;k vuqlkj vius i<+kus nh ;kstuk cukbZ ldu A ekStwnk f”k{kk ljcU/kh lq/kkj vtsa ch dsUnzhd`r u A
izHkko”kkyh fodsUnzhdj.k DyLVj rs Cykd lalk/ku dsUnzsa nh fgLlsnkjh] LFkkuh izeqD[kh lalk/ku rs v/;kidsa
ns bLrseky ysbZ lalk/ku rs lanHkZ lexzh nh miyC/krk dUuS laHko gks³u A
2.4.4 ;kstuk i)fr;ka
vuqHkosa nk vk;kstu
dqlS izfdz;k xh ?kVr gksans y[kuk] ft*;ka vk[kks] ch· pk cwg~Vk R;kj gksus nh izfdz;k tka nw/k
dBsjus nh cD[k&cD[k voLFkk,a] Mss;jhQkeZ p cD[k&cD[k mRiknusa ns R;kj gksus rs MCck can djus
nh izfdz;k xh y[kuk A
dqlS ,sls vH;kl p fgLlk ySuk ftl p nekx rs “kjhj nkSuas nh dljr “kkey gks,s] ft*;ka
dqlS dFkkud ] ij bd ukVd R;kj djuk rs mlh izLrqr djuk A
bd usg~ vuqHko ij fopkj cVkanjsa nh ekufld izfdz;k ftl nk cPps xh vuqHko ,s A ¼ft*;ka
ds ifjokj tka lekt p O;kir fyax Hksn tka ¶gh fxurjh nh nekdh [ks< ½ A
dksbZ pht cukuk] ft*;ka Hkkj pqDdus ysbZ pj[kfM+;sa dUuS dksbZ e”khu cukuk A
bl rtcsZa ns ckn v/;kid ml mIij ppkZ] vH;kl ]ys[ku] fp=dyk] izn”kZuh djokbZ ldns
u A vksg~ cPpsa ns m*usa lqvkysa xh tkuh ldnh ,s ft*nk tokc cPps pkag~ns u A vksg~ ikB~;iqLrdsa nh
tkudkjh dUuS gksj lanHkZ tksfM+;S vuqHkosa xh lXxkslkj rs xw<+ cukbZ ldnk ,s A
bl pkYyh ns vuqHkosa rs vuqHkosa ns ckn fn;ka xfrfof/k;ka Ldwyh f”k{kk ns dqlS ch Lrj ij
Qk;nsean rs dkjxkj gksbZ ldfn;ka u A lesa ns dUuS&dUuS b*usa vuqHkosa nk lHkk·&lqvkre] izdkj rs
tVyrk xh cnyus nh yksM+ gksx A Hkk”kk usg~ vuqHkosa xh vk;ksftr djus p eqD[k Hkwfedk uHkkanh ,s A
bl ysbZ vuqHko ns izdkj rs Hkk”kk ns fodkl p euklc rkyesy gksuk t:jh ,s A
37
Lkk<+k f”k{kk ljca/kh vH;kl vtsa ch lher ^ikB&;sktuk* mIij fuHkZj djnk ,s ftlnk y{; ukis
tkus tksx ^C;gkjsa* nh miyfC/k ,s( bl fnz”Vhdks.k ns erkcd cPpk ml tho vkg~yk ys[kk ,s] ftlh
izf”kf{kr dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s tka bd dEI;wVj vkg~yk ys[kk ,s ] ftlh izksxzke dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s A
b*;ka urhtsa rs cPpsa xh izsjr dfj;S drkcsa Fkeka fln~/ks tka xfrfof/k;sa jkgsa psrk djus ysbZ Fkksg~M+h&Fkksg~M+h
tkudkjh nsb;S Kku iLrqr djus ij erk tksj ,s rs [khj ewY;kadu djus ij ,g~ fnD[kus vkLrS ts cPpsa
tks fd”k flD[ks nk ,s vksg~ m*usaxh psrS ,s A blns ctk, vlsaxh yksM+ ,s ts vl cPpsa xh gj csYyS Kku
nk fuekZ.k djus vkg~ysa ns :ik p fn[kpS A flQZ Lgkc] lkabZl] Hkk”kk rs lekt foKku tusg~ ^KkukRed
fo”ksa* ns ckjs p xS ,g~ xYy lPp usbZa ,s cYds dnjsa] gqujsa rs fnz”Vhdks.k ns ckjs p ch ,g~ xYy lPp
,s A
,g~ ifjizs{k fo|kfFkZ;sa ns lanHkZ p Li”V ,s ij vly p ers lkjs v/;kidsa ] ijh{kdsa rs ikB~;
iqLrdsa ns ys[kdsa p vtsa ch bl fo”okl nh FkksM+ ,s ts ,g~ lPpsa gksbZ ldnk ,s A
* ^xfrfof/k* “kCn vTt T;knkrj izkbZejh Ldwysa ns v/;kidsa ns jftLVjsa nk vax cuh pqds nk ,s ]
ij ers lkjs ekeysa p ,g~ vTt ch ^gjckfVZ;u* ikB ;kstuk Fkeka iSnk gj ikB ns [khjk p urhtsa Fkeka
izsfjr ,s A gwu leFksZ nh xYy erh gksu yxh ,s ij ,g~ leFkkZ vtsaa rxj ^urhtas* vkg~yk ys[kk ^ikBsa* ij
v/kkjr u A bl ns ctk, v/;kidsa xh yksM+pnk ts vksg~ gj bd fo”ksa ysbZ p*Åa&i*¥~tsa l=sa nh bdkb;sa
vkg~yh ;kstuk ysbZ leFkZ c/kku A le> rs leFkZ nk fodkl ch rkafg;S eqedu ,s ftlyS cD[k&cD[k
fLFkfr;sa p cD[k&cD[k rjhdsa dUuS mank iz;ksx djus ns ekSds ckj&ckj feyu A tkudkjh] le> rs gqujsa ns
fodkl nk ewY;kadu ;wfuV ns v[khj p rs ¶gh mlns ckn nh dqlS fu”pr rjhdk ij ch gksbZ ldnk ,s ]
ij gqujsaa ns ewY;kadu nk pDdj yEek gksuk pkfgnk ,s A
* xfrfof/k;ka v/;kid xh gj bd cPps ij /;ku nsus rs vH;kl p cPps nh t:jr rs #fp ns
Lrj p cnyk· ns erkcd rCnhyh vkg~uus nk ekSdk fnafn;ka u A njvly v/;kid tekrk ns dEesa nh
;kstuk p cPpsa rs cM~Ms l[ksZr#,a xh “kkey djus ns ckjs p lksph ldns u &&& bl pkYyh nk
cu&lcUu tekrk p pyk djns dEesa xh erk jkspd cukbZ nsx A bl dUuS v/;kid m*usa cPpsa vkg~ys
ikLlS [kkl /;ku nsbZ ld³u ft*fUn;ka t:jrka [kkl u rs tekrk p b*;ka ch usbZa yXxs ts vksg~ cPps
38
ckdh vkg~ysa “kk cD[kjs u A v/;kid vTt ch gj bd cPps nh i<+kbZ p yksM+pns :Ik dUuS “kkey usbZa
gksbZ ikans ] cPpsa nh iUNku bd fdV~B ns :i p gksanh ,s ] m*usaxh tka ^paxs * tka ^ekM+s * ns :is p
fnD[ksvk tank ,s bl pkYyh /;ku nsus dUuS lHkusa cPpsa xh ykg~ gksx A
ftl tekrk p [kkl yksM+sa vkg~ys rs vkS[kk dUuS flD[kus vkg~ys cPps gksu ml tekrk ysbZ ikB
;kstuk p v/;kid us ,g~ xYy Li”V djuh pkfgnh ts usgh fLFkfr p vksg~ pyk djnh xfrfof/k p dsg~
Qsj cny djx \ flD[kus p vlQyrk xh vTtdy e”khuh rkSjk mIij ^funku* jkgsa lEcksf/kr dhrk tank
,s ftl nk lk/kkj.k vFkZ ,s b*usa cPpsa ysbZ m*usa ikBsa xh nj~gkbZ nsuk A ers lkjs v/;kid b*usa leL;k,a
nk ^ykt* rqIik djns u ft*usaxh fd”k cPps vuqHko djns u A cPpsa d”k tsg~fM+;ka “kfDr;ka gSu m*usaxh
eBsfj;S f”k{kk xh mans ysbZ O;fDrd cukuk v/;kid xh vtsa ch eq”dy yxnk ,s A
v/;kidsa ysbZ ,g~ le>uk t:jh ,s ts ikB&;kstuk fdl pkYyh dUuS cuku ts cPps tks fd”k
flD[kk djns u mlh lkspus rs vtekus ij etcwj gksu uka ds flQZ mlh nj~gku tsg~M+k m*usaxh nLlsvk
xsvk ,s A bd ueha leL;k ,g~ ,s ts ^xfrfof/k;ka* rs ^[ks<sa&[ks<sa p ^Ik<+kbZ* vkg~ys rjhds ns uka· ij
cPpa xh tsg~M+s dEe fnRrs tans u vksg~ manh leFkkZ Fkeka ?kV~V Lrj ns gksans u ftl dUuS erh lkjh i<+kbZ
gYdh isbZ tanh ,s A bd fpark ,g~ ,s ts xfrfof/k;sa mIij /;ku dsanzr djus dUuS leka erk yXxx rs
v/;kidsa xh ch erk leka nsuk ikSx A fu”pr rkSjk ij b*usa vH;klsa xh djus ysbZ t:jh ,s ts banh
;kstuk rs R;kjh p leka nsuk ikSx A “kq: p v/;kidsa xh tekrk p xfrfof/k & laLd`fr LFkkir djus rs
Fkkg~j rs lexzh iz;ksx ysbZ fu;esa xh LFkkfir djus ysbZ tRku djuk ikSx A
O;fDrd] fuDds lewg~ rs iwjs bd lewg~ p dEe djus ysbZ euklc HkkSfrd lalk/kusa ns lSg;ksx
dUuS fu;sktu cgqntkZ] cgq;ksX;rk vkg~yh dykl ns izHkkoiw.kZ cankscLr ns funsZ”k ysbZ bd dqath ,s A bd
Lrjh ikB~; iqLrdsaa ij v/kkjr ikB&;kstuk,a nh ckthfxjh ns jLrs rqIius ns ctk, v/;kidsa xsrj xS
fo|kfFkZ;sa ysbZ mans Lrj ns erkcd m*usaxh vH;klsa p ykus ysbZ lkjiw.kZ fo”ksa nh ;kstuk cukuh yksM+pnk
,s A
tekrk p v/;kid vklsvk djk, xs vH;kl] mUns p cjrksbZ nh lexzh rs mUns ewY;kadu nh
rduhd p vkilh rkyesy gksuk pkfgnk ,s A
39
2.4.5 vkykspukRed f”k{k.k “kkL=
v/;kid rs Nk= nk vkilh ljca/k tekrk p Egroiw.kZ gksank ,s dh ts ml p ,g~ nLlus nh
“kfDr gksanh ,s ts dksg~nk Kku Ldwy ljca/kh Kku nk fgLlk cux rs dq*Uns Loj blh :i ns³u A fo|kFkhZ
flQZ usg~ ukStoku yksd xS usbZagksans ft*Uns ysbZ cM~Msa fd”k gy rqIius gksans u A vksg~ viuh ifjfLFkfr rs
t:jrsa ns cM+s lw{e izs{kd gksans u rs m*usaxh viuh i<+kbZ rs vkSus vkg~ys ekSdsa dUuS ljc/kr leL;k,a ns
gy nh izfdz;k rs fopkj cVkanjs p fgLlk ysuk pkfgnk A bl ysbZ cPpsa xh bl xYyk izfr tkx:d gksuk
pkfgnk ts mans vuqHko rs le> t:jh u rs m*usaxh viuh ekufld leFkZ xh eBsjus ysbZ izsjr djuk
pkfgnk rka ts vksg~ vius rkSjk ij rdZ rs fopkj djh ldu rs vlgerh izdV djus nh fgEer jD[ku A
cPpsa tks fd”k Ldwyk ns ckg~jk fl[kns u && mafn;ka leFkkZ] flD[kus nh ;ksX;rka rs Kku nk vk/kkj & rs ts
fd”k vksg~ Ldwy ysbZ tUns u vksg~ flD[kus nh izfdz;k xh gksj vXxS c/kkus&Qykus p cM+k EgŸkoiw.kZ ,s A
,g~ cqfu;knh Lgwyrsa Fkeka cafpr iNkSdM+ vkg~ys fo|kfFkZ;sa ysbZ gksj ch erk EgŸkoiw.kZ ,s] [kkldjh
dqfM+;sa ysbZ dh ts manh nqfu;k rs mans ;FkkFkZ xh Ldwyh Kku p iwjh pkYyh is”k usbZa dhrk tank A
vkykspukRed f”k{k.k “kkL= eqn~nsa ns mIij jktfurd] lekth] vkfFkZd rs uSrd iD[ksa ns lanHkZ p
vkykspukRed fparu nk ekSdk iznku djnk ,s ,g~ns ysbZ t:jh ,s lekth eqn~nsa mIij cD[k&cD[k fcpkjsa
nh eatwjh rs xYyckrk ns yksdrkaf=d :iS ns izfr cpuc)rk A ,g~ usdka lanHksZa ns fnz”Vhdks.k dUuS
EgŸkoiw.kZ ,s ft*Uns p lk<+s Ldwy dEe djns u A bd vkykspukRed :i js[kk cPpsa xh lekth eqn~nsa
xh cD[kjs izfjizs{k p fnD[kus p enn djnh ,s rs ,g~ le>us p fts ,g~ eqn~ns fdl pkYyh dUuS mans
thou dUuS tqM+s ns u A ft*;ka ds] yksdra= xh thou “kSyh ns :ik p le>us ysbZ bd rjhdk viuk;k
tkbZ ldnk ,s ftl p cPps ,g~ tkg~j djns u ts ts vksg~ nq, nksLr xh dsg~ le>ns u ¼elyu
nksLr] xqvka<h] fcijhr fyaxh ] cM~Ms vkfn½ vksg~ fd*;ka pquka· djns u elyu ¼xfrfof/k;ka [ks<] nksLr]
dSfj;j] vkfn½ rs fd*;ka vksg~ QSlys ySus nh leFkZ iSnk djns u A bLlS pkYyh euqD[kh vf/kdkjsa]
tkfr ] /keZ rs fyax dUuS tqM+s ns eqn~nsa ij ch xYy gksbZ ldnh ,s rka ts vksg~ fnD[kh ldu ts fdl
pkYyh ,g~ eqn~ns mUns jsktejkZ ns vuqHkosa dUuS tqM+s ns u rs ,g~ ch ts fdl pkYyh cD[k&cD[k pkYyh
fn;ka ukcjkscfj;ka c/kfn;ka u A vkykspukRd f”k{k.k “kkL= [kq*Yys fcpkj&cVkanjs rs cD[k&cD[k fnz”Vhdks.ksa
xh c<+kok rs ekU;rk nsus ns ek/;e jkgsa lkewfgd QSlyk ySus nh izfdz;k xh lSg~y cukank ,s A
40
Lkak>snkjh dUuS f”k{kk rs v/;kiu ] Hkkouk rs vuqHko xh tekrk p bd Vdksg~nk rs EgŸkoiw.kZ Fkkg~j
Fgksus nh yksM+ ,s A Hkkesa lka>snkjh bd “kfDr”kkyh j.kuhfr ,s ij ftlyS blh egt bd jle cukbZ fnŸkk
tank ,s tka flQZ v/;kidsa ysbZ vius y{; gkly djus nk ek/;e cuh tk· rka blnh f”k{kk ljca/kh /kkj
[kqa<h gksbZ tanh ,s A lPph rs LgsbZ lka>snkjh fo|kfFkZ;sa rs v/;kidsa & nkSusa ns vuqHkosa dUuS “kq: gksanh ,s A
ftlyS cPps rs v/;kid ij[ks tkus ns MjS fctu vius&vius O;fDrxr rs lewfgd vuqHko lka>s
djns u ] mans ij ppkZ djns u rka bl dUuS m*usa xh m*usa yksdsa ns ckjs p ch tkuus nk ekSdk feynk ,s
tsg~M+s mans lekth ;FkkFkZ nk fgLlk usbZa gksans A bl dUuS vksg~ QdZ&Hksnsa “kk Mjus ns ctk, vius dUuS
tksfM+;S le>h ldns u A tsdj cPpsa ns lekth vuqHkosa xh tekrk p vkg~uuk ,s rka ,g~ t:jh ,s ts
la?k”kZ ns eqn~nsa ij xYy&ckr dhrh tk· A la?k”kZ cPpsa ns thou nk bd usgk fgLlk ,s ftl “kk cpsvk usbZa
tkbZ ldnk A vksg~ yxkrkj usgh ifjfLFkfr;sa pk ya?kns u fta*ns p uSfrd ewY;kadu rs dEeS nh eax gksanh
,s A Hkkesa ,g~ vuqHko vkiwa] ijksvkj tka lekt dUuS ljca/kr la?k”kZ nk gks,s tka ¶gh ledkyh nqfu;k
ns fgald la?k”kZ dUuS nks&pkj gksus nk A bl ysbZ ^la?k”kZ* xh f”k{kk “kkL=h; j.kuhfr cukb;S cjrus dUuS
vl cPps xh bl dkcy cukbZ ldus vka ts vksg~ la?k”kZ dUuS fuCcM+h ldu rs mans p ,g~ns lHkk· rs
thou p blnh Hkwfedk ns izfr tkx:drk iSnk gks,s A
fo|kfFkZ;sa xh] m*usa xh gkly Kku ns rRosa ckjS vkykspuk djus] lkspus rs manh rqyuk djus vkLrS
c<+kok nsus dUuS vl ts fd”k mans vius okrkoj.k p gS] tsg~M+h tkudkjh mans d“k gS] ml mIij
lqvky djus nh leFkZ mans p cukbZ ldus vka A ,g~ rRo Hkkesa iD[kikrh ikB~;iqLrdsa p gksu tka mans
okrkoj.k ns nq, lkfgR;d lzksrsa p A efgyk rs nfyr izpkjdsa ppkZ,a] fVIi.kh rs fo”ys”ku ysbZ xhrsa xh bd
l”kDr ek/;e ns rkSj ij cjrs nk ,s A dhts cD[k&cD[k ek/;esa p Kku ns HkaMkj etwn u ] ,g~ lCHkS
:i Hkkesa vksg~ Vh0oh0 ] e”gwfj;ka ]xhr] fp= vkfn :i gksu bl ysbZ fo|kfFkZ;saa p xfr”khy ljca/k
LFkkir djus ysbZ t:jh ,s ts b*usa lHkusa ek/;esa xh “kkey dhrk tk· A
bd f”k{k.k “kkL= vksg~ ,s] tsg~M+k fyax] oxZ] tkfr rs HkweaMyh ukacjkscjh ns izfr laosnu”khy ,s ]
tsg~M+k flQZ cD[k&cD[k O;fDrxr rs lkewfgd vuqHkosa nk leFkZu xS usbZa djnk lxqvka lŸkk ns fo”kky <kapsa
p b*usaxh fu/kkZjr djnk ,s rs lqvky pqdnk ,s ts dqlns vkLrS dqlh cksyus nh btkt+r ,s \ dksg~nk Kku
41
erk EgŸkoiw.kZ ,s \ ,g~ns ysbZ cD[k&cD[k fo|kfFkZ;sa vkLrS cD[k&cD[k j.kuhfr;ka R;kj djus nh yksM+
,s A mnkgj.k ns rkSj ij] tekrk p cksyus ysbZ fd”k cPpsa nh gkSlyk vQtkbZ djuk EgŸkoiw.kZ gksbZ ldnk
,s ]tsYyS ds nq, fd”k cPpsa vkLrS nq,aa fn;ka xYyka lqfu;S flD[kuk A
v/;kid nh Hkwfedk ,s cPps xh vfHkO;fDr vkLrS bd lqj{kr Fkkg~j miyC/k djkuk rs dUuS xS
mans vkiwa ps esy&C;gkj ysbZ <ax&rjhds R;kj djuk A m*usa ^uSfrd vf/kdkj* vkg~yh Hkwfedk Fkeka ckg~j
vkSus nh rs fctu viuh jk· fnŸks ns gennhZ dUuS m*usaxh lquuk* flD[kus rs cPps xh nq,a xh flD[kus
tksx cukus nh yksM+ ,s A fo|kFkhZ nh le>k xh dBsfj;S rs jpukRed <axS dUuS foLrkj fnans gksbZ] m*usaxh
lksg~xk jkSg~us nh yksM+ gksanh ,s ts erHksn rs QdZ&Hksn fdl pkYyh O;Dr gksu A vkiwa psa clkg~ Hkjksls nk
okrkoj.k tekrk xh cPpsa ysbZ bd lqj{kr Fkkg~j cukbZ nsx ftRFkS vksg~ vuqHkosa xh lka>k djh ldns u]
ftRFkS >esysa xh dcwfy;S mans ij jpukRed lqvky pqDds tkbZ ldns u rs ftRFkS >esysa ns gy] vkilh
lSg~erh dUuS dM~<s tkbZ ldns u ] Hkkesa vksg~ fdUus ch vLFkk;h dh usbZa gksu A [kkl dfj;S dqfM+;sa rs
cqusvknh yksM+sa Fkeka oafpr oxZ ns cPpsa vkLrS tekr rs Ldwy usg~ Fkkg~j gksus pkfgns u ftRFkS vksg~ fu.ksZa
ySus nh izfdz;k ij ppkZ djh ldu rs vius fu.ksZ ns v/kkj mIIj lqvky pqDdh ldu rs lksph&lef>;S
pquka· djh ldu ] QSlyk ysbZ ldu A
:f<+c) /kkj.kka dh jkSg~fu;ka pkfgfn;ka \
lekt ns gkf”k;s ij jkSg~us vkg~ys && nfyr rs vkfnoklh oxsZa Fkeka vk, ns cPpsa ns lanHkZ p
:f<+c) /kkj.kk,a nk pyns vkSuk xw<+ fpark nk fo”ks ,s ] ft*usa xh ijEijk Fkeka Ldwy tka f”k{kk rxj
ikSag~p usbZa FgksbZ A fd”k fo|kfFkZ;sa xh ,sfrgkfld :Ik dUuS ft*usaxh l[kk;k usbZa tk;k tkbZ ldnk ]
?kV~V flD[kus tksx] flD[kus p f<Yys rs bUus rxj ts flD[kus Fkeka Mjus vkg~ys ns :i p fnD[ksvk
xsvk ,s A b*;ka xS dqfM+;sa ns ckjs p ch bl pkYyh nh :f<+c) /kkj.kk ,s] tsg~M+h bl fo”okl xh
c<+kok fnanh ,s ts [ks<us p tka Lgkc rs foKku p manh fnypLih usbZa gksanh A “kjhjh vleFkZrk vkg~ys
cPpsa vkLrS gksj pkYyh fn;ka :f<+xr /kkj.kka u ] ftans Fkeka bl fopkj xh c<+kok feynk ,s ts m*usaxh
nq, cPpsa dUuS usbZa i<+k;k tkbZ ldnk A bl pkYyh fn;ka /kkj.kka bl fopkj Fkeka cufn;ka u ts
ghurk rs ukacjkscjh fyax] tkfr ] “kjhjh rs ekufld vleFkZrk,a Fkeka vkSafn;ka u A dke;kch fn;ka fd”k
42
Dgkfu;ka u ] ij erh fxurjh m*usa yksdsa nh ,s tsg~M+s ukdke;kc gksbZ tans u rs dfe;sa ns cks/k xh
vkRelkr djh ySans u A cjkscjh vkg~ys laoS/kkfud eqYysa xh gkly djuk rka xS eqedu gksbZ ldnk
,s tsdj vl v/;kidsa xh bl pkYyh dUuS R;kj djpS ts vksg~ lHkusa cPpsa dUuS bd cjkscj
lywd dju A vlsa xh vius v/;;kidsa xh izf”kf{kr djus nh yksM+ ,s ts vksg~ cPpsa p lekth]
vkfFkZd rs lkaLd`frd cUu&lcUu nh le> eBsju] tsg~M+h cUu&lcUu vksg~ LdwyS p vkg~uns u A
lk<+s ers lkjs Ldwysa p iSg~yh ih<+h ns fo|kfFkZ;sa nh [kklh fxurjh ,s ij ftlyS cPps nk
?kj jLeh Ldwyh i<+kbZ p dksbZ ijrD[k enn fnank ,s mlyS f”k{k.k “kkL= nk nqckjk xBtksM+ dhrk
tkuk pkfgnk A mnkgj.k ns rkSjk ij] iSg~yh ih<+h ns fo|kFkhZ] ys[ku rs ikBu xh eBsjus ] i<+us p
#fp c/kkus] Hkk”kk rs LdwyS nh laLd`fr dUuS ifjfpr gksus ysbZ iwjh pkYyh dUuS LdwyS ns xkspjh
gks³u] [kkl dfj;S ftlyS ?kjS nh Hkk”kk LdwyS nh Hkk”kk “kk cD[kjh gks,s A cs”kd ftUuh ch enn
m*usaxh Fgks,s ml lkjh nh m*usaxh t:jr gksanh ,s A usfg;sa fLFkfr;sa p ^?kjS nk dEe* fcYdqy ?kÍ
tka usbZa gksuk pkfgnk ,s A ers lkjs cPps ?kjS fn;sa ifjfLFkfr;sa dkj.k [kkls vlqjf{kr gksans u ] ftl
dUuS gksbZ ldnk ,s ts vksg~ lesa ij usbZa vkSu] ?kÍ& vkSu rs tekrk p /;ku usbZa nsu A cPpsa xh
usgh etcwfj;sa Fkeka eqDr djkus ysbZ varoZxhZ; enkn tqVkuk rs b*usa ifjfLFkfr;sa izfr laosnu”khy
ikB~;p;kZ R;kj djuk cM+k t:jh ,s A
2.5 Kku rs cks/k
,g~ lqvky ts ukStqvkusa xh dsg~ i<+k;k tkuk pkfgnk \ bl xSg~js lqvkyS Fkeka irk pynk ,s ts
f”k{kk p dsg~M+s mn~ns”ksa xh vXxsa c/kkuk pkfgnk ,s A leFkkZ,a rs dnjsa vkg~yh bd fnz”Vh blnk tokc ,s
tsg~M+h gj bd O;fDr p gksuh pkfgnh rs lekt ns lanHkZ p bd lekth&jktuSfrd rs lkaLd`frd fnz”Vh A
,g~ bd xS mn~ns”k usbZa ,s] cYds mn~ns”ksa nk bd fdV~B gksank ,s A bl ysbZ pquh xsnh fo”ks&oLrq
mn~ns”;&fdV~B dUuS U;ka· djus vkg~yh gksuh pkfgnh rs O;kid rs lkeha ch A ikB~;p;kZ us usg~ vuqHko
eqgS;k djkus yksM+pns tsg~M+s rdZlaxr lksp nh ;ksX;rk] izxfr”khy iUNku] cD[k&cD[k fo”ksa] lkSan;Zcks/k xh
c<+kok] nq,a izfr laosnu”khyrk] vkfFkZd izfdz;k p dEe djus nh Hkkxhnkjh jkgsa nqfu;ka lef>;S Kku nk
43
fuekZ.k dju A ,g~ [kaM Kku rs le> ns :i rs lqvkRe xh lwpr ikB~;p;kZ ns fodYisa rs t:jh fo”ksoLrq
ns vk/kkj ns :iS p fn[kns gksbZ ifjppkZ djnk ,s A
cksyfn;ka rLohjka
tekrk xh ?kjS p cD[k&cD[k dEe djns ifjokj ns ers gkjs esEcjsa nh rLohj nLlks A QdZ ,g~
,s ts firk #V~Vh idk nk ,s] eka fctyh nk ykVw yk nh ,s A /kh lSdyS ij Ldwyk nk ijrksvk nh ,s rs
tkxr xkS poS nk ,s rs nwbZ HkSu vEcS ns cwg~Vs ij p<+k nh ,s rs nwvk tkxr Q”kZ lksrk djnk ,s A nknk
cVu yk djnk ,s rs nknh Lgkc&drkc djk djnh ,s A
cPpsa xh rLohjk ckjS xYyckr djus ysbZ vk[kks A
vksg~ dEe dsg~M+s&dsg~M+s u ft*usaxh vksg~ iUNkuh ldns u\
D;k vksg~ ,g~ lkspns u] ts dksbZ usgk dEe ,s tsg~M+k b*usa yksdsa usbZa djk ns gksuk pkfgnk\
dh \
dEe djus nk vknj&eku] cjkscjh rs fyax ij ifjppkZ djus p m*usaxh “kkey djks A
gj O;fDr ns vkiwa l{ke rs liwjs gksus ns EgŸko ij ifjppkZ djks A
bLlS pkYyh nh cksynh rLohjsa jkgsa gksjusa fo”ksa ij ch b*;ka dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s ] ft*;ka paxk
rs ekM+k dEe] tkfr ljca/kh :f<+;ka rs dEeS ns eku&lEeku nk lqvkre A
Kku nh dYiuk O;ofLFkr vuqHkosa ns :iS p dhrh tkbZ ldnh ,s tsg~M+h Hkk”kk] fopkjsa ns
vkdkj&izdkj ns ek/;e dUuS vFkZ cks/k iSnk djnh ,s rs ftl dUuS vlsaxh bl lalkj xh le>us ysbZ enn
feynh ,s ftl p vl jkSg~us vka A blnh ifjdYiuk xfrfof/k;sa ns uewus] fopkj dUuS “kjhjh dkS”ky]
lalkjh dEeS p ;ksxnku] phtsa nh jpuk djus] phtsa xh iSnk djus rs mUnk fuekZ.k djus ns :i p ch
dhrh tkbZ ldnh ,s A oDr dUuS balku us dsbZa ^Kku lkjf.k;ka* fodlr dhfr;ka u ^fta*ns p lkspus]
^elwlus* rs dEe djus ns <ax rjhds rs gksj Kku fuekZ.k ns lwph i= “kkey u A lHkusa cPpsa xh bl
tSnknw ns [kkls fgLls xh vkiwa ¶gh jpuk ikSank ,s dh ts ,g~ lalkj p LgsbZ rjhds dUuS vXxsa gksj lkspus rs
vey djus vkLrS vk/kkj ns :isa p cM+k t:jh gksank ,s A ,g~ Kku fuekZ.k ] vFkZ cks/k rs euqD[kh dEeS
44
dktS p fgLlk ySus nh izfdz;k p ch cM+k EgŸkoiw.kZ ,s A eksdys vFkZ p Kku nh ifjdYiuk djuk vlsaxh
flQZ ^mRiknu* nh Kku&ij[k nk EgŸko xS usbZa nlnk lxqvka mlnh jpuk fd*;ka gksbZ\ fd;ka mlh O;ofLFkr
dhrk xsvk] dq*u bl rxj iqtnk ,s rs fd*;ak ,g~nk mi;ksx dhrk tank ,s & bl lc ikLlS lk<+k /;ku
vkdZ”kr djnk ,s A vksg~ ,g~ ch l>kanh ,s ts ikB~;p;kZ p flD[kus nh izfdz;k] Kku ns iqufuZek.k p
fo|kFkhZ fd*;ka izo`Ÿk gksans u ] p erk /;ku gksuk pkfgnk ,s A bl xYyk ij ch erk tksj gksuk pkfgnk
,s ts fdl pkYyh flD[kus vkg~ys Kku xh ijfr;S fljtus p yxns u A dUuS xS bl fo”ks ij ch dSg~nk
Kku izkIr gksvk A
tsdj nq, ikLlS Kku xh R;kj mRiknu ns rkSjk mIij ySrk tank ,s rka blxh cPps ns nekx rxj
itkbZ tkus vkg~yh ns :ik p la;kstr dhrk tank ,s A f”k{kk nk ljksdkj euqD[kh Kku ns bl [ktkus xh
dk;e jD[kus rs mlh izlkfjr djus nk gksuk pkfgnk ,s A Kku ns bl fnz”Vhdks.k ns erkcd fo|kFkhZ nh
ifjdYiuk flQZ bd uBYys izkIrdrkZ ns :i p dhrh xsnh ,s tsYyS ds Kku ns nq, fnz”Vhdks.k erkcd
fnD[kus] elwl djus] tkfgj djus] dEe djus rs lka>k djus nh izfdz;k jkgsa lalkj dUuS lfdz; ljca/k
gksank ,s A
ikB~;p;kZ f”k{kk ns fu/kkZjr mn~ns”;sa xh gkly djus p ennxkjh ;ksX;rk,a xh eBsjus nh bd
;kstuk ,s A euqD[kh ;ksX;rk,a nk ?ksjk cM+k eksdyk ,s rs f”k{kk jkgsa vl m*usa lHkusa xh eBsjh usbZ ldns]
bl ysbZ fpark m*usa leFkkZ,a xh ysb;S gksanh ,s tsg~fM+;ka fu/kkZjr mn~ns”;sa ns lanHkZ p t:jh rs EgŸkoiw.kZ
gksu A tsg~fM+;ka vXxsa gksj fodkl ysbZ leFkZ nsu rs fta*nk vlsa xh f”k{kk ljca/kh fd”k Kku ch gks,s A
2.5.1 cqU;knh leFkkZa
cPpsa fn;ka cqU;knh leFkkZa vksg~ gksafn;ka u] tsg~fM+;ka le>] eqYy&cks/k rs gqujsa ns fodkl ysbZ
eksdyk v/kkj cukafn;ka u A
d½ Hkk”kk rs vfHkO;fDr ns gksj nq, :i vFkZ fuekZ.k rs nq,a dUuS xYy lka>h djus nk v/kkj R;kj
djns u A vksg~ izrhdkRedrk] oxhZdj.k] psrS djus rs ntZ djus ljca/kh ;ksX;rka nsb;S cks/k rs
Kku ns fodkl fn;ak lEHkkouka R;kj djns u A cPps vkLrS Hkk”kk nk fodkl] cks/k rs iUNku ns
fodkl rs nq,a dUuS tksM+us&tqM+us nh leFkkZ ns fodkl nk i;k;Zokph ,s A uka flQZ fyfi vkg~yh
45
ekSf[kd Hkk”kk lxqvka fyfi cxSj Hkk”kka ] lkjrh Hkk”kka ] czsy tusfg;ka fyfi;ka rs izn”kZudkjh dyka
ch vFkZ&cks/k rs vfHkO;fDr ysbZ vk/kkj R;kj djfn;ka u A
[k½ lekth nqfu;ka] dqnjrh nqfu;k rs vius dUuS HkkoukRed izxkM+rk] laosnu”khyrk] eqYysa dUuS
lEca/k cukuk rs m*usaxh dk;e jD[kuk ] HkkoukRed rRFk rs mn~ns”; nsb;S thou xh vFkZ iznku
djnk ,s A ,g~ uhfr rs uSfrdrk nk ch vk/kkj ,s A
x½ dEe rs vey ljca/kh leFkkZ,a p “kjhjh fgYypqy nk fparu rs ladYi dUuS rkyesy nk fodkl rs
dqlS mn~ns”; xh gkly djus tka fd”k fljtus ns fn”kk funsZ”k “kkey u A dUuS xS bl p midj.ksa
rs rduhdsa nh cjrwu fnD[kHkky] phtsa rs vuqHkosa xh O;ofLFkr djuk rs lEizs”k.k ch “kkey u A
2.5.2 O;ogkjd Kku
euqD[kh dkj&C;gkj rs vH;klsa nk foLr`r [ksrj ] lekth thou rs laLd`fr xh thank j[knk ,s A
drkbZ] rj[kkuh] dEgSjh tusgh f”kYi&dyk,a ] djlkuh rs nqdkunkjh tusg~ dEeS jkstxkjS ns dUuS&dUuS
cD[k&cD[k pkYyh nh izn”kZudkjh rs fnz”;dyk,a rs [ks<dwn Kku ns eqYyoku :i u A Kku ns ,g~ :i
O;ogkfjd] lqvkRke ns u] tsg~M+s vDlj Fkksg~M+k&erk l[kkus dUuS xS vkbZ tans u A
bUns p ers lkjsa ysbZ ;ksX;rk ch “kkey u ft*usaxh eBsjsvk tank ,s A bUns p “kkey u &&&
mi;ksxh rs “kySis vkg~ys mRikn nh vo/kkj.kk rs dYiuk nh ;ksX;rk] mRiknu xh QS”kuuqeka cukus ysbZ
rj[kkuh tusg~ gquj vkLrS ifjdYiuk rs cukbZ tkus vkg~yh phtk nh le>] lekt p ml mi;ksfxrk
nh le> ¼lekftd lkaLd`frd “kySik ljca/kh rs vkFkZd EgŸko½] miyC/k lexzh nk Kku xq.koŸkk rs
ykxrk ckjS iwjh tkudkjh ns dUuS&dUuS blnk ch Kku t:jh ,s ts leku dqRFkwavk feyx] “kq: dksyk
[khjk rxj dq”kyrkiwoZd leku R;kj djh ySus nh leFkZ] vius gquj ns dUuS&dUuS nq, euklc O;fDr
ns gquj nk bLrseky djus p leFkZ gksuk] t:jh lanjsa nk jD[k j[kk·] xq.koŸkk nh ij[k] gquj p
jpukRedrk rs Egkjr nh t:jr gksanh ,s A
dksM~Mh tusgh [ks<k vkLrS “kjhjh leFkZ rs ne[ke] [ks<S ns fute nh tkudkjh ]gquj rs “kjhjh
Egkjr ] viuh leFkkZ,a nk Kku] Vhek xh O;ofLFkr djus rs pykus nh leFkZ] nwbZ Vhek nh le> rs
ftŸkus ysbZ j.kuhfr nh t:jr gkasanh ,s A
46
lkexzh cjrus nk Kku rs viuh ;ksX;rk,a nk Kku] lewg~ p dEe djus nh leFkZ] n`<+ lHkk· rs
vuq”kklu A ,g~ nkSusa ekeysa p lPp ,s Hkkesa dksbZ pht R;kj dhrh tk*jnh gks,s tka n”kZdsa ns lkeuS is”k
djuh gks,s A
b*usa xfrfof/k;sa xh gquj vk[kus dUuS /;ku flQZ bUns p “kkey gquj vkg~ys ikLlS tank ,s A
ij] vius lekt rs dqnjr nk [kklk vuqHko b*usa lHkusa ns cD[k&cD[k lanHkZ p t:jh gksank ,s A
Lohd`fr vdknfed vuq”kklu vkg~yk ys[kk b*usa gqujsa rs O;kikjsa fn;ka ch vifu;ka ijEijka rs mank
ikyu djus vkg~ys jsg~ u A bUns p gj bd gquj] is”ksa rs dyk :isa dUuS ljca/kr Kku laf{kIr rkSjk ij
c/knk ,s A ,g~ gquj vxyh ih<+h rxj vuqHkosa rs gko&Hkko jkgsa dEexkjsa nh vxyh ih<+h rxj iqtns u A
bl ysbZ bUns p gj bd gquj O;ogkfjd Kku nk vuq”kklu ,s A bl pkYyh O;ogkfjd Kku :iS nh Hkkjrh
fojklr [kklh [kq*Yyh&Mq*Yyh] cUu&lcUuh rs le`) ,s] mRiknd gqujsa ns :iS p ,g~ lk<+h vFkZ&O;oLFkk ns
vueqYys vax u A
b*usa O;okgfjd vuq”kklusa nh KkuehekalkRed lajpuk,a xh le>us ysbZ [kkls v/;;u nh yksM+ ,s A
,g~ le>uk ts vksg~ fd*;ka flD[ks tka viuk, tUns u rs fdl pkYyh dUuS vius Kku xh O;ofLFkr djns
u ] ,g~ lekt “kkL=h lksvky u dh ts ijEijkxr is”ksa nk ljca/k tkfr&lewg rs fyax dUuS gksank ,s A
ikB~;dze p mUns EgŸko xh flQZ dEeS ns :iS p usbZ cYds leku :i dUuS Kku ns :iS p rs gksj nwbZ
i<+kbZ ns ek/;e ns :iS p le>uk] t:jh ,s A euqD[kh Kku ns bl egRoiw.kZ vax xh Ldwyh ikB~;p;kZ p
EgŸkoiw.kZ Fkkg~j nsus nh yksM+ ,s A
2.5.3 cks/k ns :i
EkkSf[kd rs f”kYi ijEijk
ewag~ tckuh ijEijka rs f”kYi ijEijk [kkl ckSf)d cjklr nk ntkZ j[kns u A vufxur yksdsa lk<+s
lekt p cD[k&cD[k rs lw[ke ijEijk,a nh ikyek dhrh ,s fta*ns p efgyka] gkf”k;s ij f/kDdh fnŸks
xsns yksdsa ns fuDds&fuDds lewg rs vkfnoklh yksd “kkey u A cPpsa nh ikB~;p;kZ p b*usaxh “kkey
djus dUuS vl mUns lkeus le> rs fopkjsa fn;ka nqvkfj;ka [kksg~Yyh ldusvka ] usg~ gquj] usfg;ka
leFkkZ nsbZ ldusvka ft*Uns dUuS vksg~ vius thou rss lekt nh lXxkslkjh p ;ksxnku nsbZ ldns u A
Ldwy i<+uk &fy[kuk tkuus vkg~ysa xh lqfo/kk iznku djnk ,s ij ekSf[kd xh utj vankt usbZ djh
ldnk A lHkusa pkYyh ns ekSf[kd gqujsa xh iksluk EgŸkoiw.kZ ,s A
2.5.3 cks/k ns :Ik
Kku nk oxhZdj.k cD[k&cD[k /kkj.kk,a rs vFkZ izdVrk rs oS|rk rs vkSfpR; nh izfdz;k,a ns v/kkj
ij dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s A gj bd nk viuk ßvkykspukRed fparuÞ] Kku nh izekf.kdrk fl) djus nk
viuk rjhdk rs viuh pkYyh nh ^jpukRedrk* gksanh ,s A
47
Lgkc ¼xf.kr½ ns vius Vdksg~ns fl)kar gksans u ft*;ka ewykad] oxZewy] n”keyc] iw.kkZad rs fdz;k A
blnh oS|rk izfdz;k ch viuh gksanh ,s ] ft*;ka xSa&nj&xSa tsg~M+k rRFk LFkkir djuk gks,s mlnh t:jrk nk
izn”kZu djuk A LgkcS nh oS|rk nh izfdz;k dnsa ch vuqHkkfod usbZa gksanh ] uka dnsa lalkjh vuqHkosa tka
rtjcsa ij v/kkfjr gksanh ,s cYds Lo;a flf);sa rs ifjHkk”kk,a ns euklc lewg jkgsa fu”pr O;oLFkk nk
izn”kZu gksans u A
LgkcS nh O;oLFkk,a vkg~yk ys[kk dqnjrh foKku fn;ka vifu;ka vo/kkj.kka gksafn;ka u vDlj vksg~
fl)karsa ns ek/;e dUuS bd nq, dUuS tqM+h fn;ka gksafn;ka u rs dqnjrh txr nh O;k[;k ns iz;kl gksafn;ka
u A vo/kkj.kk,a p v.kq] pqEcdrk] lSy] U;qjku vkSans u A oSKkfud ij[k p fl)karsa ns v/kkj ij dhrh
xsnh ?kks’k.kk,a nk ijh{k.k dfj;S LgsbZ lkcr dhrk tank ,s A fta*ns p vDlj midj.ksa rs fu;a=.ksa nh enn
ySrh tkbZ ldnh ,s A fl)kar fuekZ.k rs ekud fu/kkZjr djns gksbZ dnsa&dnk,a LgkcS nh yksM+ ikSanh ,s ij
flQZ ujh{k.k&ijh{k.k Lrj ij xS rs ij[ks xsns lPp nh ;FkkZFkrk ysbZ usbZa A ,g~ dksf”k”k gksanh ,s ts bd
usgh Hkk”kk R;kj dhrh tk tsg~M+h dqlS pkYyh dUuS lPpkbZ dUuS jkork cukbZ ldnh ,s A
lekt foKku rs ekufodh fn;ka vifu;ka vo/kkj.kka gksafn;ka u] ft*;ka & leqnk;] vk/kqfudhdj.k]
laLd`fr] iUNku rs jktuhfr A euqD[ksa rs lekt p euqD[kh lewgsa nh vke rs vkykspukRed le> xh
eBsjuk lektfoKku nk y{; gksank ,s A lekt foKku viuk ljca/k lekth nqfu;k p o.kZu] O;k[;k rs
vuqeku dUuS j[kns u A lekt foKku m*usa iwoZ /kkj.kk,a dUuS fuCcM+ns u tsg~fM+;ka leqnk;d thou p
euqD[kh O;ogkj dUuS ljca/kr gksafn;ka u rs manh oS|rk nk ljca/k lekt&voyksdu dUuS jkSag~nk ,s A bl
vFkZ p Kku fuekZ.k izfdz;k p dqnjrh foKku rs lekt foKku yxHkx bDdS tusg~ gksans u ij nks QdZ gksans
u ft*Unk ikB~;p;kZ ;kstuk dUuS cM+k cM~Mk ljcU/k gksank ,s A
1. lekt foKku euqD[kh O;ogkj nk v/;;u djns u ft*Unk vk/kkj rdZ gksank ,s ] tsYyS ds dqnjrh
foKku dEe ßdkj.k rs izHkkoÞ ns fl)kar mIij dEe djnk ,s A
2. lekt foKku fn;ka LFkkiuka vDlj uSfrdrk oka”kfu;rk ns eqn~ns pqdfn;ka u tnds dqnjrh ?kVuka
lef>;ka tkbZ ldfn;ka u] uSfrd lksvky vksg~ flQZ mlyS iqVfn;ka u ftlyS vksg~ euqD[kh
dkjsa&C;gkjsa ns [ksrjS p nk[ky gksafn;ka u A
48
dyk rs “kySik “kkL= p ers lkjs “kCn lka>s gksans u] ft*;ka & yS·] bdlqjrk] vfHkO;fDr rs
lkekiu A tsYyS ds vksg~ b*usaxh uesa lanHkZ uesa vFkZ fnans u A dyk&mRikn ;FkkFkZ tka lPp ns edkcys p
usbZa ij[ks tkbZ ldns A Hkkesa dyk p vkReij[k O;k[;k nh [kklh xqatkb”k gksanh ,s ] ,g~ ch eqedu ,s ts
dsg~ paxk ,s rs dsg~ usbZa mlnk vkykspukRed tk;t+k ySus ysbZ dykRed dYiuk xh f”k{kr dhrk tk A
uhfr “kkL= nk ljca/k lHkusa euqD[kh dnjsa ] futesa ] fl)karsa] ekudsa rs vkn”ksZa dUuS gksank ,s
tsg~M+k m*usaxh vfHkO;fDr iznku djnk ,s A dEesa rs #fp ns ljca/kS p uhfr “kkL= xh cks/k ns lHkusa :isa p
f”kjksef.k eUusvk tkuk pkfgnk ,s A uSfrd le>k p U;k·ijrk nh le> “kkey gksanh ,s && dsg~M+h xYyk
dksbZ pht tka dEe LgsbZ tka xYr gksbZ tank ,s] Hkkesa dqlS O;fDr nh dusgh ch lRrk gks,s A blns bykok
vksg~ rdZ dqlS ch O;fDr ysbZ cjkcj gksu % rdZ]cjkscjh rs O;fDrxr Lok;rŸkk vkiwa psa cfM+;ka ?kqyh&feyh
fn;ak /kkj.kka u A
n”kZu “kkL= p bd ikLlS rs fo”ys”kukRed Li”Vhdj.k fparu”khyrk ] thou ns ljca/kS p mIij
c[kkuh xsnh fon~;k,a nk ewY;kadu rs mUns rkyesy nk v/;;u gksank ,s rs nq, ikLlS lcwjs lPp] Hkje rs
lHkusa Fkeka mPps lPp dUuS mlnk lEca/k gksank ,s A
cqfu;knh leFkkZ] O;ogkj nk Kku rs cks/k ns cD[k&cD[k :i xS ewy :i u ft*Uns ek/;e dUuS
bfrgkl ns euqD[kh vuqHkosa nk foLrkj gksank jsgk ,s A lSg~t euqD[kh dkj&O;ogkj nh jkg~ bRFkwvka fudynh
,s && mnkj is”ks] rduhdka] mn~;ksx rs cikj nh ch A ,g~ euqD[kh laLd`fr nk dsanz fcanq u A dYiuk rs
vkykspukRed fparu nk fln~/kk ljca/k cks/k rs rdZ “kfDr ns fodkl dUuS gksank ,s rs dUuS xS Hkkouk,a nk
ch A
Kku ns gj f[kRrs nh viuh Vdksg~nh “kCnkoyh gksanh ,s ] ftl p vk[kus nk viuk <ax] /kkj.kka ]
fl)kar] o.kZu rs Ik)fr;ka “kkey gksafn;ka u A Kku nk gj [ksrj nqfu;k xh le>us cq>us nh lksp fnank ,s
rs ,g~ [ksrj iSg~ys yksdsa ns ;ksxnku dUuS eBks, ns u A mUnk jax <ax ch cnynk jsgk A flD[kus ns dze
p Kku ns dsbZa pkYyh ns dEe “kkey gksans u A lkQ & lkQ rdZuk rs vfHkO;fDr ns jLeh :i rqIis tans
u ] iz;ksx ns cD[k&cD[k ek/;esa dUuS] nq, ns lSg;ksx dUuS flD[kus nh izfdz;k pynh jkSag~nh ,s A
jpukRedrk rs mRd`”Vrk nk ljca/k Kku ns b*usa :isa dUuS cM+k vu=qV~V gksank ,s A
49
euqD[kh laLd`fr ns Kku nk ,g~ HkaMkj rs tkuus rs djus ns <ax euqD[kh lH;rk nh ueqYyh cjklr
u A lk<+s lHkusa cPpsa xh bl Kku nk iwjk vf/kdkj ,s rka ts vksg~ viuh lk/kkj.k cqfn~/k xh f”k{kr]
fodlr rs bl pkYyh lXxkslkj djh ldu rs blns ek/;e dUuS vius vkys&nqvkys ns ckdh ifjos”k xh
le>h ldu A
cks/k fn;ka ijrka
/kkj.kka % Hkk”kk nh le> rs ts fd”k vk[ksvk xsvk ,s mlns Hkk”kk oSKkfud rRo A
lanHkZ % ftl ckjS xYy&ckr gks,s] mlnh le>] mlnk ljca/k ft*usa “kCnsa rs /kkj.kk,a dUuS ,s A
KkukRed % blnh le> lcwr dsg~ gksank ,s ] dqlS dFku nh lPpkbZ fd*;ka fu/kkZjr gksanh ,s ]
lcwr fd*;ka ySus rs lPp nk uFkkjk fd*;ka djuk A
ljca/kr rs EgŸkoiw.kZ cD[k&cD[k rRFksa rs vo/kkj.kk,a rs vkiwa fcPpsa ns ljca/ksa ns ek/;e dUuS
le> rs ßtkus&Hkk[ksa Þ ns lPps p jD[kuk] cD[k&cD[k phtsa ns vkilh ljca/ksa nh le> rs bd&nq, ns
lanHkZ p mUnk egRo A
2.6 Kku nh iqujZpuk
leFkkZ] O;ogkj rs gqujsa nh le> vksg~ phtka u ft*usaxh vl Ldwyh ikB~;p;kZ ns ek/;e dUuS
eBsjuk pkg~Uusvka A ba*ns p fd”k ft*;ka ds Lgkc] bfrgkl ] dqnjrh foKku tka iznZ”kudkjh dyka lSg~tsa xS
fo”ks ns :iS p eBksbZ tafn;ka u A ckdh nq, ] ft*;ka uSfrd le> xh fo”ks rs xfrfof/k;sa dUuS tksM+us nh
yksM+ gksanh ,s A Hkk”kk fn;sa ewy leFksZa xh nkSusa fnz”Vhdks.ksa nh t:jr gksanh ,s ] tnds “kySis ljca/kh le>
lSg~tsa xS nkSusa fnz”Vhdks.ksa xh FgksbZ tanh ,s A b*usa lHkusas Kku & [ksrjsa vkLrS izkstSDV dEe v/;;u ns varj
fo”ks ljca/kh rs vuq”kklukRed dkslZ] f[kRrs p nkSjs rs ykbZcszfj;sa rs ySckfVª;sa nh yksM+ gksanh ,s A
50
Kku nh ,g~ i)fr bl xYyk mIij tksj fnanh ,s ts vlasxh xh Lo;a fl) ^rRFksa* xh mn~ns”; eUuus
nh cfuLcr izfdz;k p rRFk xh rqIius cD[kh jtwg djuk pkfgnk ,s] ftl jkgsa mank irk pynk ,s] ftl
jkgsa rRFk nh lŸkk Fkeka gsB tkb;S ml ljca/kS xh le>us nh yksM+ ,s tsg~M+h m*usaxh vFkZ rs EgŸko iznku
djnh ,s A
Hkkjr p ijaijkxr :iS p ikB~;p;kZ fu/kkZj.k p fo”ks ijd fnz”Vhdks.k viuk;k tank jsgk ,s tsg~M+k
flQZ vuq”kklusa ij v/kkjr gksank ,s A ,g~ i)fr Kku xh ikB~; iqLrdsa ] ersgkus ysbZ mi;ksxh lexzh rs
dUuS xS fo”ks fo”ks”k p ;ksX;rk xh ij[kus ysbZ ^uEcjsa* ns ek/;e vkg~ys cus cuk, <kaps p is”k djnh ,s A
bl i)fr ns dkj.k lk<+h f”k{kk O;oLFkk p dsbZa leL;ka vkbZ xsfn;ka u A iSg~yk] vksg~ tsg~M+s [ksrj ikB~;
iqLrdsa ns rSg~r usbZa vkSans tka fta*nk ewY;kadu uEcjsa ns v/kkj mIij usbZa gksbZ ldnk A vksg~ cD[kh gksbZ tans
u rs ikB~;p;kZ nk vu=qV~V fgLlk gksus ns ctk, m*usaxh f”k{kk nk ckdh ßtka f”k{kk nk lgikB~;dze
vk[kh fnRrk tank ,s AÞ Ldwyk p b*usa fo”ksa nh iwjh R;kjh djus ns ekeys p v/;kid “kk;n xS mUuk
/;ku usbZa fnans ftUuk b*usaxh fnRrk tkuk pkfgnk ,s A Kku ns [ksrj ft*;ka & f”kYi rs [ks<ka] “kySik”kkL=]
jpukRedrk] ckclhykiu rs fdV~Bs dEe djus nh leFkZ nh fnz”Vh dUuS iwjs ijkrs gksans u ] vksg~ ch
cD[kh gksbZ tans u A dEe dkt rs vksg~ns ljca/kh cqfn~/k tusg~ Kku ns EgŸkoiw.kZ [ksrj] iwjh pkYyh dUuS
utj vankt dhrs xs u rs vtsa ch lk<+s dksy usgh ikB~;p;kZ usbZ ,s tsg~M+h b*usa [ksrjsa p Kku gquj rs
fnypLih xh eBsjh ldS A
nwvk & fo”ksa nk vkiwa psa dksbZ rkyesy usbZa gksank rs bl ysbZ Kku ch vkiwa psa ljca/kr gksus ns
ctk, VksVs&VksVs xS gksank ,s A fo”ks] nqfu;k xh fnD[kus ysbZ cPps nk viuk fnz”Vhdks.k cuus ns ctk,
“kq#vkrh fcanw cuh tank ,s rs Ldwyh Kku rs ckg~jh Kku ns c”dkj caM&js[kk cuh tanh ,s A
=hvk ] Kku fuekZ.k rs tkuus ns gksj uesa jLrs rik”kus nh cPpsa nh viuh ;ksX;rk,a xh [kRe djns
gksbZ tsg~M+k fd”k iSg~ys tkuns u mlh rjthg~ Fgksanh ,s A Kku mIij tkudkjh xh rjthg~ Fgksanh ,s ftl
dUuS eqfV~V;ka&eqfV~V;ka R;kj gksafn;ka u] cks/k rs leL;ka lqy>kus ns ctk, cus&cuk, iz”uksŸkjsa ij tksj fnŸkk
tank ,s] tkudkjh xh Kku le>us nh bl izo`fr ns dkj.k ikB~;p;kZ p usg~ rRFksa nk Hkkj cn~/kk tk djnk
,s] ft*usaxh ;kn djuk gksank ,s A pkSFkk] ^uesa fo”ksa * xh “kkey djus nk eqn~nk ,s A lekt ns ledkyh
51
ljksdkjsa dUuS fuCcM+us vkg~ys fo”ksa nh yksM+ cM+h EgŸkoiw.kZ ,s A ij Ldwyh ikB~;p;kZ p uesa fo”ksa nh jpuk
dfj;S] ljca/kr ikB~;iqLrdka R;kj dfj;S rs mans ewY;kadu ns rjhds rqfIi;S b*usa ljksdkjsa dUuS fuCcM+us nh
xYr i)fr ,s A b*usa ljksdkjsa dUuS csgrj <axS dUuS flT>svk tkbZ ldnk ,s A tsdj iSg~ys Fkeka pynh
vkok*jnh ikB~;p;kZ rs xfrfof/k;sa dUuS tksM+h fnRrk tk· A ,g~ vk[kus nh yksM+ usbZa ,s ts uesa fo”ksa dUuS
ikB~;p;kZ nk Hkkj c/knk ,s rs Kku nh csQkSanh [kkukcanh pynh jkSag~nh ,s A
[khjk p ] ikB~;p;kZ p “kewfy;r ysbZ Kku ns pquka· ns fl)kar Bhd pkYyh dUuS R;kj usbZa dhrs
xsns] vDlj ml p fodkl nh mi;qDrrk] rdZlaxr flylyk rs cD[k&cD[k laoxZ ns vkilh lEca/k ckjS
yksM+pnk /;ku usbZa fnRrk tank rs iqjkusa fl)karsa vklsvk ijrksbZ ikus ns ekSds ?kV~V xS gksans u dUus xS
,sfl;ka /kkj.kka tsg~fM+;ka vius fo”ks nh lheka nk mYya?ku djh ldu ft*;ka ldSaMjh Ldwysa p Lgkc rs
fQft+Dl usg~ fo”ks u ft*Unk vkiwa psa dksbZ ljca/k usbZa A
2.7 cPpsa nk Kku rs LFkkuh Kku
cPps nk viuk leqnk; rs vksg~nk viuk ifjos”k vksg~ “kq#vkrh ljca/k gkssank ,s ftRFkS cPpk
fl[knk ,s rs ftl p mlns Kku nh Egrk gksanh ,s A vius ifjos”k dUuS c/kns esy cjru jkgsa cPpk Kku
Kku nk pquka·
Kku nk ?ksjk [kklk c/ksvk ,s ] bl ysbZ pquka· djuk t:jh ,s ts ikB~;p;kZ p dsg~ “kkey
dhrk tk A
izklafxdrk % ,g~ [kkls O;ogkfjd pquk,a vkg~ys ikLlS ysbZ ldnk ,s ] ftl p ,g~ xYrQSg~eh jkSaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaag~nh
,s cM~Ms gksus ij thou p dsg~ mi;ksx ,s A ,g~ cPps ns orZeku rs Kku fuekZ.k p fcYdqy ennxkj
usbZa gksank rs bl ysbZ vksg~ Kku dqlS ch pkYyh dqlS HkfoD[k fuekZ.k p dEe usbZa vkSank A
“kkSd %& ,g~ bd mi;ksxh rjhdk ,s] ij ,g~ b*usa ljyhdj.ksa ij v/kkjr usbZa gksuk pkfgnk ts cPpsa
xh dsg~M+h phtk p uan vkSank ,s ] ft*;ka ^dkVwZu*] rLohjka tka [ks<ka A dksf”k”k ,g~ gksuh pkfgnh ts
,g~ rjhdk cPps nh #fp cukbZ jD[kus rs gRFkS p ySrs ns dEeS p mlh euS Fkeka ykbZ jD[kus p
leFkZ gks,s A
vFkZiw.kZ % ,g~ lHkusa Fkeka EgŸkoiw.kZ mik· ,s tsdj cPpk ml xfrfof/k tka Kku xh vFkZiw.kZ le>nk
,s rka ikB~;p;kZ p mlnh “kewfy;r tk;t+ gksx A
52
dBsjnk ,s rs mlnk vFkZ gkly djnk ,s A ,g~ [ksrj vke rkSjk ij ikB~;iqLrdsa nh /kkj.kk,a rs Hkk”kk
f”k{k.k ns vH;kl p ut+jvankt djh fnŸkk tank jsgk ,s A bl ysbZ bl nLrkost p vl i<+kbZ xh cPpsa ns
lanHkZ p fLFkr dfj;S rs Ldwyh rs mlns vius okrkoj.k c”dkj fNaMk ?kV~V dfj;S f”k{kk xh izklafxd djus
ns EgŸko ij tksj nsvk djus vka A ,g~ flQZ bl ysbZ usbZa ts LFkkuh okrkoj.k rs cPps ns vius vuqHko
Kku ns [ksrj p nk[ky gksus ns csg~rj ek/;e gksans u A cYds bl ysbZ ch ts Kku nk y{; lalkj dUuS
tksM+us nk ,s A ,g~ flQZ lk/ku usbZa ,s cYds lk/ku rs lk/; nks,s u A ,g~ns ysbZ vlsaxh Kku xh O;ogkfjd
cukus ysbZ t:jr usbZa gksanh es uka xS rqrZ izklafxd cukus nh] cYds lalkj dUuS blnh xfr”khyrk xh
le>usa nh yksM+ gksanh ,s A
ftlyS rxj fo|kFkhZ ikB~;iqLrdsa p fnŸkh xsnh /kkj.kk,a xh vius thou lanHkZ dUuS usbZa tksM+h
ikank rnwa rxj vksg~ Kku flQZ tkudkjh xS cusvk jkSag~nk ,s A tsdj vl blnh ij[k djuk pkg~Uus vka
ts fdl pkYyh i<+kbZ leqnk;d thou ns HkfoD[k dUuS tqM+nh ,s rka blh c<+kok nsuk t:jh ,s ts fd”k
tkuus nk eryc dsg~ gksank ,s rs tks fd”k vlsa flD[ksvk ,s mlh fd*;ka cjrpS A fo|kFkhZ xh mlnh
viuh f”k{kk p bd lfdz; HkkbZokyS ns rkSj mIij ekU;rk fnŸkh tkuh pkfgnh A
cPps vius vkys nqvkys nh nqfu;ka && vksg~ cwg~Vs ft*Uns ij vksg~ p<+ns u] ft*Uns Qy vksg~ [kans
u] ft*usa iD[k#,a xh vksg~ ilan djns u mans dUuS tqM+s ns vuqHko vksg~ jkst&cjkst Ldwy vkg~uns u lkjs
cPps fnu rs jkr] ekSle ns pDdj] ikuh] #D[k&cwg~Vs rs tkuoj tsg~M+s mans vkys&nqvkys gksnas u mans dUuS
tqM+s ns gksans u A lkjs cPps fnusa&jkrha ns dqnjrh pDdj dUuS ljca/kr gksans u ] ekSle dUuS tqM+s ns gksans
us ] ikuh dUuS tqM+s ns gksansa us ] cuLifr;sa dUuS tqM+s ns gksans us] rs vius vkys&nqvkys ns tkuojsa dUuS
tqM+s ns gksans u A cPps ftlyS iSg~yh tekrk p nk[kyk ySaans us rka ml csYyS m*usaxh Hkk”kk ] Fkksg~M+h erh
fxurjh vkfn nk iwjk Kku gksank ,s A “kk;n xS vl dnsa cPpsa ns ml Kku cD[kh /;ku fnUus vka tsg~M+k
mans dksy vXxsa xS gksank ,s rs ftlh vksg~ vius dUuS Dyklk p vkg~uns u A i<+kbZ ns nkSjku ch vl cPpsa
dUuS Ldwysa Fkeka ckg~jh nqfu;k ckjS cM+h xS ?kV~V xYy djus vka A blns mYV vl ikB~;iqLrdsa p Nis ns
“kCnsa rs fp=sa nk Lgkjk ySUus vka tsg~M+h mans vkys&nqvkys nh nqfu;ka nh cM+h fuEeh tusgh rLohj ekŸkj gksanh
,s A ,g~ xYy gksj ch ekM+h ,s A dh ts vTt daI;wVj v/kkjr f”k{kk ns uka· mIij thank&HkkSaank lalkj
53
ydhjsa p cnyk nk ,s rs ,g~ esn dhrh tanh ts cPpsa ,g~ lc fd”k daI;wVj mIij fnD[ku A tM+ rs psru
ckjS i<+kus Fkeka iSg~ys tsdj bd v/;kid viuh tekrk xh LdwyS ns usM+S [ksrjS p ysbZ tank ,s rs ckilh
ij gj bd cPps xh fnD[kh fn;sa phtsa pk nl psru rs nl tM+ phtsa ns uka· fy[kus xh vk[knk ,s rka
urhts peRdkjh gks³u A rkfeyukMw ns egkcyhiqje p cPps viuh panh p flIi] dSadj rs ePNh tusfg;ka
phtka “kkey djh ldns u rs NRrhlx<+ ns usM+s naMdkj.; p tkus vkg~ys vkg~yM+s] HkkSjs ns NRrs rs iatssck
“kkey djh ldns u A vDlj cPpsa xh Mªkabx nh ikB~;iqLrd tka “kCnsa nh panh fnfD[k;S mans pk tM+ rs
psru pk phtka rkyfu;ka gksafn;ka u A ty iznw”ku ns ikB ns nkSjku cPps vius vkys&nqvkys ns iU;klsa nk
fujh{k.k dfj;S iznw”ku ns izdkjsa dUuS tksM+h ldns u A bl pkYyh nk vH;kl lqj{kr ikuh nh FkksM+k dkj.k
lsgr ij ikSus vkg~ys izHkko ckjS eqn~ns pqDdh ldnk ,s A blns ctk, cPpsa “kk esn dhrh tanh ,s ts vksg~
iznw”kr ikuh ns fp= fnD[ku rs mans ij fVIi.kh dju A pUuS rs vksg~ns pj.ksa ns ckjs p v/;;u djns gksbZ
fdUuS xS v/;kid cPpsa xh jkrha csYyS lPpsa pUu fnD[kus xh vk[kns u rs ¶gh nq, fnu bl ckjS mans
dUuS xYy ckr djns u\ cPpsa xh LFkkuh iD[k#,a rs #D[ksa ns uka· iqPNus ns ctk, lkf<+;sa ikB~;iqLrdsa
p usg~ uka· gksans u tsg~M+s gj Fkka· gksans u ij gksans dqrS ch usbZa A tsdj vBeha tekrk ns fo|kFkhZ d”kk
^izdk”k la”ys”k.k * Ik<+kus ns nkSjku vkys&nqvkys ns #D[ksa&cwg~Vsa dUuS mlh tksM+svk tk rka vksg~ lqvky
iqPNus ns ckjs p lksph ldns u] ft*;ka dzksVku ftlns iŸkj jaxnkj u ij lSYys usbZa vksg~ viuh [kqjkd
fd*;ka iSank djns u A tsdj vkys&nqvkys nk psru lalkj Ldwyh vH;kl nk fgLlk cuh tk· rka cPps
Ik;kZoj.k ns eqn~ns ns izfr laosnu”khy gksbZ ldns u A
bl pkYyh LFkkuh okrkoj.k f”k{kk nk bd dqnjrh lzksr ,s ftlnk ikB fuekZ.k p iwjk & iwjk
/;ku jD[ksvk tkuk pkfgnk A blnk ,g~ ch eryc ,s ts LFkkuh lanHkZ p ,g~ lq>ku ts fd”k vo/kkj.kka
nq,a Fkeka efr;ka EgŸkoiw.kZ u A ij bl Fkeka ,g~ eryc usbZa ,s ts tekrk p flQZ LFkkuh phtsa ckjS xS
xYy&ckr dhrh tk· A lekt foKku rs Hkk”kk ysbZ fo”ks lexzh ns pquka· ns ekkeys p lafo/kku p ntZ
vkn”kZ rs eqYysa xh /;kuk p jD[kuk cM+k t:jh ,s A tekrh ySu&nsu p LFkkuh lanHksZa nh “kewfy;r] bl
pkYyh dUuS pquka djus ysbZ] tsg~M+h f”k{k.k “kkL=h fnz”Vh dUuS dYiukRed rs uSfrd rkSjk ij lqn`<+ gks,s]
v/;kid d”kk xaHkhj dks”k”k nh ryc djx A ij ftlyS dsjy p jkSg~usa vkg~ys cPpsa nk ifjps jktLFkku
54
ns jsxhLrkuh ifjos”k dUuS djk;k tk· rka vksg~ C;kSjs le`) rs foLr`r gksu rka ts vksg~ mRFkwa fn;sa iwfj;sa
Vdksg~nsa rs cUu lcUu ckjS bd vuqHkwfr gkly djh ldu] ctk, blns ts mRFkwa ns ysrjS rs ÅaVsa ns fpŸkj
xS usbZa mCHkju A m*usaxh bl xYyk nh gSjkuh gksuh pkfgnh ,s ts bUus xeZ bykds p yksd ?kV~V diM+s ykus
ns ctk, ers diM+s dh ykans u A mans p mRFkwa ns thou rs vius vkys&nqvkys ns thou nk rqyukRed
v/;;u djus nh leFkZ gksuh pkfgnh ,s rs vksg~ usg~ lqvky iqPNh ldu ts nkSusa p dsg~ lka>ka u rs dsg~
QdZ Hksn A
Kku ns fuekZ.k p Hkkxhnkjh
i;kZoj.k nh vkarfjd ifjorZu”khyrk nh fnz”Vh dUuS blnh gj vfHkO;fDr tka izdVhdj.k
U;kjk xS gksank ,s A rtcsZ djus nh bdekŸkj izphu i)fr ns v/kkj mIij blnk chpd le>k usbZa
vkbZ ldnk rs cM~Ms iekus ij izR;qŸkj nh ryc djnk ,s A ctk, blns] b*;S tusfg;sa tVhyh
O;oLFkk,a nh le> ysbZ locale rs time specific fnz”Vh] lksgxs izys[ku rs uewusa ns Li”Vhdj.k rs
dqlS fnz”Vh dUuS bd&nq, “kk fHkUu rqyukRed O;oLFkk,a ij v/kkjr js[kkadu nh yksM+ gksanh ,s A
vTt Hkkjr ns i;kZoj.k ns dsbZa iSgyq,a ft*;ka tehuh lrg gsB ikuh nh MqaxsgkbZ nh lwph gksbZ] ckjS
eq”dysa xS dksbZ paxh xq.kkRedrk nk izys[ku miyC/k gksx ij fo|kfFkZ;sa ns izkstsDVsa nh cukg~ mIij b*;S
tusg~ izys[ku R;kj djuk eqedu gksbZ ldx rs vke yksdsa nh ikSag~p vkg~ys website mIij b*usa
izkstDVsa nh fu”d”kZ&lexzh Hkjuk laHko gksx rs bl pkYyh dUuS Hkkjr ns i;kZoj.k mIij bd ikjn”khZ
rs O;kid MkVkcsl R;kj dhrk tkbZ ldx A b*usa izktsDVsa nh xq.koŸkk tk;t+s rs mans urhtsa nh c<+ksrjh
ysbZ flQZ ekfgjsa xh xS usbZa cYds #fp jD[kus vkg~ys gj ukxfjd xh cqykans gksbZ vkiwa n#Lr djus
vkg~yh O;oLFkk dk;e dhrh tkbZ ldnh ,s ] tsg~M+h Hkkjrh i;kZoj.k ns ifjn`”; ljca/kh lk<+h
le>&cw> nh organic c<+ksrjh rs ldkjkRed xSbZa pqDdus ns Bksl rjhds l>kus cD[kh EgŸkoiw.kZ Hkwfedk uHkkx A dsbZa c*jsa rxj lykuk esyh xsnh rs dUuS xS gksjus izns”ksa dUuS lka>h dhrh xsnh rs
rqyuk dhrh xsnh rs dsanzh rkSjk ij feyku dhrh xsnh b*;S tusgh lwpuk ifjfLFkfr foKkud rCnhfy;sa
nh EgŸkoiw.kZ le> iSnk djx rs rqyuk djus dUuS] dsg~ gksvk djnk ,s rs dh gksvk djnk ,s bl
ckjS ifjizs{k nk fodkl djx A bl pkYyh fn;sa Kku ltZd xfrfof/k;sa xh f”k{kk izfdz;k ns vax ns
rkSjk ij “kkey djus dUuS f”k{kkRed vuqHkosa nh xq.kkRedrk p ch cM+k ckn~/kk gksx A
LFkkuh ifjos”k flQZ HkkSfrd rs dqnjrh txr usbZa gksank cYds lekth & lkaLd`frd ch gksank ,s A ?kjS
p lHkusa cPpsa nk viks Loj gksank ,s rs ,g~ t:jh ,s ts Ldwy bl xYyk xh tdhuh cuk tss mans Loj
tekrS p ch lqus tku A leqnk,a ns lkaLd`frd lzksr ch [kkls gksans u % yksd dRFkka] yksd xhr] pqVdys rs
55
Qykg~Sfu;ka rs dyk tsg~M+s Ldwysa p Hkk”kk rs Kku xh lXxkslkj cukbZ ldns u bans dksy jTts&iqTts nk
ekSf[kd bfrgkl ch gksank ,s ij cPpsa mIij pqIih ykxw dfj;S vl m*usaxh nckbZ fnUus vka A
2.4 Ldwyh Kku rs leqnk;
LFkkuh Kku ijEijk
Hkkjr p ers lkjs lEiznk; rs O;fDr ih<+h nj ih<+h gkly gks, ns] ijEijkr Kku ns rkSjk ij
izkIr gks, ns rs dUuS xS O;fDrxr vuqHkosa Fkeka gkly Kku ns v/kkj mIij Hkkjr ns ifjos”k ns
cD[k&cD[k iSg~yq,a ckjS le`) Kku] HkaMkj u A ,g~ Kku Hkkesa #D[ksa&cwg~Vsa ns ukedj.k tka mans
tekrhdj.k dUuS ljca/kr gks,s] Hkkesa ckM~<h ns <ax&rjhdsa rs ikuh tek djus ckjS tka ¶gh leUo;kRed
d`f’k xh fdz;kfUor djus dUuS ljca/kr gks,s A dsbZa ckjh ,g~ rkSj&rjhds m*usa rkSj&rjhdsa Fkeka cD[k
gksans u ft*Uns jkgsa Ldwyh Kku b*usa fo”ksa ckjS xYy djnk ,s A dsbZa ckjh b*usa xYysa xh bUuk EgŸkoiw.kZ
usbZa ch eUusvk tkbZ ldnk A b*usa ifjfLFkfr;sa p ,g~ laHko gksbZ ldnk ,s ts LdwyS p v/;kid cPps
xh LFkkuh ijaijk,a rs yksdsa ns vk/kkj ij izkStsDV R;kj djus p enn djh ldns u ] bl p Ldwyh
ijEijk dUuS rqyukRed v/;;u ch “kkey dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s A fd”k ekeysa p ft*;ka ds #D[k&cwg~Vsa
ns oxhZdj.k p ,slk gksbZ ldnk ,s ts nks,s ijEijka cjkcj gksu] tsg~fM+;ka cD[k&cD[k EgŸkoiw.kZ ekudsa
ij v/kkjr gksu A ckdh ekeysa p ft*;ka ds cekjh ns oxhZdj.k rs le>us ns ekeysa p ,g~ LFkkuh
fo”oklsa ns mYV ch gksbZ ldnh ,s ] m*usaxh pqukSrh ch nsbZ ldnh ,s A ¶gh ch LFkkuh Kku ns lHkusa :isa
nk lafo/kkud dnjsa rs fl)kars jkgsa fcPp cpk· gksuk pkfgnk ,s A
2.8 Ldwyh Kku rs leqnk;
lekth & lkaLd`frd txr ns vuqHkosa xh ch ikB~;p;kZ nk fgLlk cuk, tkus nh t:jr ,s A
cPpsa xh ikB~;iqLrdsa p c[kkus xsns yksdsa rs thou “kkSfy;sa nh vfHkO;fDr rs izfrfuf/kRo nh cgqyrk ns
mnkgj.k rik”kus nh yksM+ ,s A b*usa c[kkusa p bl xYyk nk /;ku jD[ksvk tkuk pkfgnk ts dqlS ch
leqnk; nk vfr ljyhdj.k usbZa gks,s ] uka xS mans mIij dksbZ BIik yk;k tk rs uka xS mans ckjS dksbZ fu.kkZ
fnŸkk tk A fo|kfFkZ;sa ysbZ ,g~ gksj ch csg~rj gksx ts lekt v/;;u ns ikB ns rSg~r LFkkuh lekth
56
leqnk;sa nk v/;;u ch dju A vksg~ fln~/kk xzka iapSr ns uqeka;ns dUuS xYy&ckr djh ldns u ftlxh
Ldwy ln~nsvk tk rs vksg~ nLlS ts fodsanzhdj.k us LFkkuh lekth eqn~nsa xh lqy>kus p fdl pkYyh enn
dhrh ,s A LFkkuh ekSf[ky bfrgkl xh ch jk”Vªh bfrgkl dUuS ch tksM+svk tkbZ ldnk ,s ij lekth lanHkZ
ikB~;p;kZ cukus vkg~ysa rs v/;kidsa d”kk gksj ch erh vkykspukRed tkx:drk nh eax djnk ,s A fyax]
tkfr] oxZ rs /keZ nh leqnk; v/kkjr cqU;knh iaNkuka u] ij ,g~ ne?kksVw gksbZ ldfn;ka u rs lekth
HksnHkko dV~~Vjiqus xh gksj iDdk djus vkg~fy;ka ch A Ldwyh Kku vksg~ lksp nsbZ ldnk ,s ftl dUuS
cPps vius lekt ns ;FkkFkZ nh vkykspukRed le> eBsjh ldns u A bl p vksg~ xqatkb”k ch gksuh
pkfgnh ,s ts cPps vius paxs&cqjs vuqHkosa nh ppkZ vius ?kj djh ldu] vius “kd&”kq*cs nLlh ldu A
cD[k&cD[k leqnk; dqlS vuqHko tka Kku xh dqlS ikB~;p;kZ nk fgLlk cukus tka usbaZ cukus xh
ysb;S lqvky pqDdh ldns u A bl ysbZ Ldwy xh m*usa leqnk;sa ns “kd&”kq*csa xh lquus rs bl pkYyh ns
fu.ksZa ns f”k{kkrRed eqYy fnD[kus ysbZ izsjr djus ysbZ ch R;kj jkSg~uk pkfgnk ,s A blns ysbZ t:jh ,s ts
v/;kidsa xh ch blnh tkudkjh gks, ts dqlS phtk xh ikB~;p;kZ p dh “kkey dhrk xsvk] dqlS xh dh
usbZa A dUuS xS m*usaxh vfHkHkkodsa nk clkg~ ch gkly djuk pkfgnk ts Hkkesa vksg~ cPpsa xh tekrk p ?kjS
nh Hkk”kk cjru nsu tka ] m*usaxh lSDl rs iSnkokjh ckjS f”k{kk nsu] tka izkbZejh Ldwysa p [ks<sa&[ks<sa p
i<+kus nk rjhdk viuku tka tkxrsa xh uPpu xkus ysbZ izksRlkgr dju A ,g~ O;k[;k dkQ+h usbZa ,s ts
fu.ksZ jkT; Lrj mIij ySrs tans u A tsdj vlsa /keZ fujiD[k f”k{kk p gj oxZ ns cPps xh “kkey djuk
,s rka ikB~;dze ljca/kh fodYisa ckjS nq, /keZ ns yksdsa dUuS ch xYy djuh gksx A
2.9 fd”k fodklewyd eqn~ns
cPpsa p “kkSd ] “kjhjh leFkZ] Hkk”kkbZ leFkZ] vewrZ fparu nh ;ksX;rk rs lkekU;dj.k nh leFkkZ nk
fodkl Ldwysa Fkeka iSg~ys nh i<+kbZ “kk ysb;S gk;j lSdaMªh Lrj rd nh f”k{kk rxj gksank ,s A ,g~ flQZ lcwjs
rkSjk ij c/kus Qyus rs fodkl nk nkSj gksank ,s A bl nkSjku #fp&#>kusa rs ;ksX;rk,a leFkkZ,a p
cqfu;knh rCnhfy;ka ch fnfD[k;ka tkbZ ldfn;ka u A bl ysbZ fnz”Vhdks.k fu/kkZj.k rs ikB~;p;kZ ns [ksrjsa ns
pquka· rs mans la;kstu ysbZ ,g bd EgŸkoiw.kZ vk;ke gksank ,s A
57
Kku nk fuekZ.k rs iquZfuekZ.k vuqHkosa vkg~ys vk/kkj] Hkk”kkbZ leFkZ rs euqD[k rs dqnjr dUuS esy
crZu ij fuHkZj djnk ,s A iSg~yh ckjh Ldwy nk[kyk ySus rxj cPpsa nk lalkj ckjS Kku fuekZ.k gksuk
“kq: gksbZ pqds nk gksank ,s A ts fd”k vksg~ ckn p fl[kns u vksg~nk bl Kku dUuS ljca/k gksx tsg~M+k vksg~
tekrk p vkg~uns u rs ,g~ Kku lSg~t ch gksank ,s A Ldwy mlh gksj ers lkSg~xs <axS dUuS gkly djus ns
ekSds fnank ,s A “kq#vkrh voLFkk nh f”k{kk p LdwyS “kk iSg~ys Fkeka izkbZejh LdwyS rxj ns c*js p ikB~;p;kZ
nh lHkusa xfrfof/k;sa p Lgkc rs Hkk”kk xh EgŸkoiw.kZ Fkkg~j nsuk pkfgnk ,s A fo”kas p caMuk EgŸkoiw.kZ usbZa ,s
mIij c[kkus xsns Kku ns [ksrjsa xh ifjos”k ns f”k{kk ljca/kh vuqHkosa ns rkSj ij “kkey dhrk tkbZ
ldnk ,s A bl p dqnjrh rs lekth ifjos”k dUuS le`) esy&C;gkj ] vius gRFksa dEe djus lekth esy
C;gkj nh le> rs viuh “kySik ckS)d vuqHkwfr ns fodkl xh txg fnŸkh tkuh pkfgnh ,s A dqnjrh rs
lekth ifjos”k rs “kq:vkrh vuqHko ckn p feMy tekrsa p tkb;S foKku rs lekt foKku p caMs tkbZ
ldns u A
mPp izkbZejh tka feMy Ldwy mIij c[kkus xsns Kku ns :iasa nh fnz”Vh dUuS “kSy pkYyh c[kkus xsns
fo”ks [ksrjsa ns mCHkjus nk eqdke gksbZ ldns u A bl nkSjku cD[k&cD[k fo”ksa ns c”dkj Fkksg~M+k&Fkksg~M+k leka
fnRrk tkbZ ldnk ,s ftl p cPps dqnjrh ] lekth ] x.krh;] Hkk”kkbZ lexzhdj.k ] oxhZdj.k vkfn dju
rs dUuS xS luD[kh le> rs vkykspukRed tusg~ fd”k Kku [ksrjs jkgsa fo”ys”ku ch dju A
58
IkkB~;p;kZ p Kku fn;sa i)fr;sa ljca/kh fd”k fl)kar
1. fo”ks lexzh ns fnz”Vhdks.k jkgsa lekth ;FkkFkZ rs dqnjrh ifjos”k ckjS vkykspukRed ifjizs{k xh
xzSg~.k djuk A
2. LFkkuh; dUuS tksM+uk] lanHkZ p jfD[k;S f”k{kk xh bl pkYyh izklafxd rs vFkZiw.kZ cukuk ts
cPps vius ckg~jh Kku xh iDdk djh ldu ] fujh{k.k rs vkilh esy crZZu] oxhZdj.k]
tekrhdj.k] lqvky iqPNus] tokft+;r rs rdZ forZd nk vius vuqHkosa dUuS ljca/k cukans
gksbZ flD[kh ldu A
3. cD[k&cD[k vuq”kklusa p vkilh ljca/k xh bl pkYyh eBsjsvk tkuk ts Kku nk vkilh
ljca/k ckank gksbZ ldS A
4. ;FkkFkZ ns dEe pykÅ LkHkk·] rs iqPN&fxPN ns fgrdkjhiu rs [kq*Yysiu xh Li”V djuk A
5. ftRFkwa rxj lEHko gks,s LFkkuh Kku xh LFkkuh [ksrjk p ns”kt vH;klsa xh tqVkuk rs Ldwyh
v/;;u dUuS tksM+uk A
6. lqvkysa xh c<+kok nsuk rs uesa lqvkysa ysbZ txg cukuk A
7. tekrh C;gkj p ^cjkscjh* rs cD[k&cD[k leqnk;sa ¼ft*;ka dqfM+;sa xh QhYMlosZ mIij v/kkjr
izkstsDV usbZa fnŸks tans rs us=ghusa xh xf.kr flD[kus nk fodYi nsus p “kkey usbZ dhrk tank
oxSjk½ ljca/kh :f<+xr HksnHkko vkfn ns eqn~nsa izfr laosnu”khy gksuk A A
8. dYiuk”khyrk nk fodkl rs dYiuk”khyrk xh dk;e jD[kuk A
ftlyS rxj cPps i<+kbZ nh lSdaMªh voLFkk rxj iqtns u mans p Kku nk vk/kkj] vuqHko] Hkk”kkbZ
;ksX;rka rs Kku ns cD[k&cD[k :isa xh cjrus nh le> iwjh pkYyh fodlr gksbZ pqdh nh gksanh ,s ts vksg~
cD[k&cD[k /kkj.kk,a ] Kku nh lajpuk] [kkstchu ns rjhds rs oS|rk ns rkSj&rjhds nh ;ksX;rk xh xzSg~.k
djh pqds ns gksans u A bl ysbZ mIij c[kkus xsns fo”ksa rs mPp f”k{kk p vTt i<+k, tk ns fo”ksa p vkiwa psa
usM+eka ljca/k gksuk pkfgnk A
mlyS Kku ns lHkusa :isa nh euklc uqek;kanxh rs lekurk,a ij [kkl cy] [kkl Vdksg~nka rs mans
e>kVS vkilh ljca/k ns eqn~ns EgŸkoiw.kZ gksbZ tans u A
*****
59
/;k· & 3
ikB~;dze&[ksrj] LdwyS fn;ka voLFkka rs tk;t+k
3.1 Hkk”kk
3.2 Lgkc ¼xf.kr½
3.3 lkbZal @ foKku
3.4 lekth foKku
3.5 dyk&f”k{kk
3.6 lsg~r rs “kjhjh f”k{kk
3.7 dEe rs f”k{kk
3.8 “kkafr ysbZ f”k{kk
3.9 dqnjrh fjgk;”k rs l[kykbZ
3.10 f”k{kk fn;ka ;kstuka
3.11 tk;t+k rs ewY;kadu
lekth rdkt+sa rs cD[k&cD[k O;kid [ksrjsa ns v/;;u p vkbZ fn;sa cfM~M;sa rCnhfy;sa ns ckotwn
ikB~;dze ;kstuk ysbZ izklafxd izeq[k [ksrj cM+s yEes vjls rxj [kMqr jsg~ u A ,g~ t:jh ,s ts gj
bd ikB~;dze [ksrjk ckjS xSg~jkbZ dUuS ijfr;S fopkj dhrk tk· rka ts flj pqdnh lekth t:jrsa ns lanHkZ
p nk[kys ns [kkl uqDrsa nh u”kkunsgh dhrh tkbZ ldS A bl ljcU/kS p dyk,a rs lsg~r rs “kjhjh f”k{kk nh
Hkwfedk nh fLFkfr cD[kh [kkl /;ku nsuk gksx] ft*usaxh yxHkx bd lnh iSg~ys ßikB~;dze ns bykokÞ¼,DLVªk
dfjdqyj½ ns [kkUus p ikbZ fnŸkk xsvk gk A eBksans cPps nh jpukRedrk ns izeq[k vax u % “kySik&cks/k rs
vuqHko bl ysbZ vlsa dyk,a xh ikB~;dze ns [ksrjS p bdne vkg~uuk gksx ( m*usaxh Fkkg~jk&Fkkg~jk flj
manh iUNku fnans gksbZ Ik<+kbZ ns lHkusa [ksrjsa dUuS tksM+uk gksx A dEe] “kkafr rs lsgr rs “kjhjh f”k{kk
60
nh ch b*;S fLFkfr ,s A vkfFkZd lekth rs O;fDRkxr fodkl ysbZ b*usa =kSusa nk ekSfyd EgŸko ,s A ,g~
;dhuh cukus p Ldwysa nh Hkwfedk EgŸkoiw.kZ ,s ts cPpsa nk lekthdj.k vkRe&fuHkZjrk ckclhykiu]
“kkafrewyd dnjsa rs lsgr dsanzr laLd`fr p gks,s A
3.1 Hkk”kk
bl nLrkost+ p Hkk”kk f}Hkk”kk@cgqHkk”kkokn ns rkSjk ij fu/kkZjr ,s A rs ftlyS vl ?kjS nh
Hkk”kk@Hkk”kk tka ekr`Hkk”kk¼ka½ nh xYy djus vka rka bl Fkeka vfHkizk; gksank ,s ?kjS fn;ka] lkd&ljca/kh cM~Ms
lewg] x*yh EgYys rs vka<&xqvka<S fn;ka Hkk”kka ] ft*;ka vksg~ Hkk”kk ¼ka½ ft*usa xh cPpk vius ?kjS p rs
lekth ifjos”k p vkieqgkjS xzSg~.k djnk ,s A cPps bd van:uh Hkk”kkbZ “kfDr lesr iSnk gksans u A vl
vius jkstejkZ ns vuqHkosa Fkeka tkuus vka ts ers lkjs cPps] Ldwy tkus Fkeka iSg~ysa xS Hkk”kk [kqvkus vkg~yh
bd vfr tfVy rs fl)karsa vkg~yh O;oLFkk xh vius vanj /kkjh ySans u rs iwfj;ka Hkk”kkbZ leFkkZa j[kns u A
ers ekeysa p] ftlyS cPps Ldwy vkSans u] cksyus&lquus ns Lrj ij mans dksy nks&=S Hkk”kka vXxsa xS gksafn;ka
u A vksg~ b*usa xh flQZ Bhd pkYyh dUuS cjrus p xS leFkZ usbZa gksans cYds euklc rjhds dUuS cjrns
u A bUus rxj ts cD[kjh pkYyh nh izfrHkk vkg~ys cPps] tsg~M+s cyksus vkg~fy;ka Hkk”kka usbZa cjrns vksg~ bans
cnys p vfHkO;fDr rs laizs”ku ysbZ fp*Uusa rs izrhdsa nh cjkscj tfVyrk vkg~yh O;oLFkk R;kj djh ySans
u A
Hkk”kka vius lkFkh oDrk,a rs viuh ftanxh p jps ns psrsa rs izrhdsa nk bd HkaMkj ch eqgS;k
djkafn;ka u A Hkk”kka usg~ ek/;e ch u ft*Uns jkgsa ers lkjs Kku nh jpuk dhrh tanh ,s rs blysbZ blnk
O;fDrxr fopkjsa rs iUNku dUuS xw<++k ljca/k ,s A njvly ,g~ O;fDrxr iUNkuk dUuS bl pkYyh
bdtqV gksafn;ka u ts cPps nh ekr`Hkk”kk xh udkjuk tka iwa>h vksM+uk mlnh iUNku ns ekeys p n[ky
nsuk ,s A izHkkoiw.kZ le> rs Hkk”kk,a nh cjrwu cPpsa xh fopkjsa] yksdsa] phtsa ns vkilh ljca/k xh le>us
rs mUnk vius vkys&nqvkys nh nqfu;k dUuS laca/k LFkkir djuns ns ;ksX; cukans u A
61
tsdj Ldwysa p Hkk”kk&f”k{k.k nk dksbZ ujksvk dk;Zdze “kq: djuk pkg~Uus vka] rka cPpsa nh dqnjrh
Hkk”kkbZ izfrHkk xh tkuuk t:jh ,s] dUuS xS ,g~ psrS jD[kuk ts Hkk”kka lekth&lkaLd`frd rkSjk ij
cufn;ka u rs lk<+s jkstcjkstk esy&C;gkj p cnyfn;ka u A bl lalk/ku ij f”k{kk p Hkk”kka eBks³~u rs
vdknfed Kku ysbZ lkD[kjrk ¼czsy lesr fyfi;ka½ ns fodkl jkgsa blh lXxkslkj djus ysbZ tru dj³u A
Hkk”kk ljca/kh vleFkZrk,a vkg~ysa cPpsa xh ekud lkjrsa vkg~yh Hkk”kk,a dUuS ifjfpr djk;k tkuk pkfgnk
ftl dUuS mans fujarj rs cíksc) fodkl p enn gksx A fo|kfFkZ;sa nh Hkk”kkbZ leFkkZ,a xh ekurk Fgksus
dUuS mank vius vki mIij rs vius lkaLd`frd iNkSdM+ ij fo”okl xh c<+kok feyx A
cgqHkk”kdrk nk] tsg~M+h ds bd cPps nh iaNku nk vax rs Hkkjrh Hkk”kkbZ nD[k nh bd Vdksg~nh
fo”ks”krk ,s ] Hkk”kk ns jpukRed v/;kid vklsvk bd lk/ku ,s :ik p iz;ksx dhrk tkuk pkfgnk ,s A
,g~ uka flQZ bd lSg~trk dUuS miyC/k lk/ku nk LgsbZ mi;ksx ,s cYds ,g~ ;dhuh cukus nk bd rjhdk
ch ,s ts gj bd cPpk vius vkik xh lqj{kr rs Lohd`r elwl djS rs dksbZ ch vius Hkk”kkbZ iNkSdM+ ns
dkj.k fiPNsa usbZa jsgh tk· A
3.1.1 Hkk”kk nh f”k{kk
Hkkjr p Hkk”kkbZ cu lcUu dkj.k dsbZa tVy pukSfr;ka iSnk gkssafn;ka u ij ml dUuS dsbZa laHkkouka
ch iSnk gksafn;ka u A Hkkjr bd Vdksg~nk eqY[k flQZ bl xYyk xS usbZa ts bRFkS efr;ka Hkk”kka cksfYy;ka tafn;ka
u lxqvka bl dfj;S ch ts b*usa Hkk”kk,a p fdUus rs cD[k&cD[k pkYyh ns Hkk”kk ijksvkj “kkey u A
nqfu;ka p dksbZ gksj usgk eqY[k usbZa ,s ftRFkS i*¥~tsa cD[k&cD[k Hkk”kk ijksvkjsa fn;ka Hkk”kka cyksafn;ka gksu A
Hkkesa vksg~ lajpukRed :iS p bUus cD[k u ts manh cD[k&cD[k Hkk”kk ijksvkjsa ns rkSjk ij caM dhrh xsnh
,s ft*Uns uka· u % baMks vk;Zu] nzfofM+;u] vkLVªks ,f”k;kfVd] frCcrksceZu rs vaMekuh A blns ckotwn ch
,g~ vkiwa psa yxkrkj esy&C;gkj djfn;ka u A Hkk”kk foKkuh rs lekt & Hkk”kk foKkuh dsbZa rRo u tsg~M+s
lHkusa Hkk”kk,a p bDdS tusg~ u] tsg~M+s bl rRFkS nh xqvkgh fnans u ts lfn;sa Fkeka Hkkjr p culcfUu;ka
Hkk”kka rs laLd`fr;ka fdfV~B;ka&fdfV~B;ka jsfg;ka u rs bd nwbZ xh lXxkslkj djfn;ka jsfg;ka u A mPp Hkk”kka
ft*;ka ySfVu] vjch] Qkjlh ] rfey rs laLd`r viuh foHkfDr iz/kku O;kdjf.kd lajpuk rs “kySik
62
“kkL=h eqYyS djh [kkfl;ka le`) rs lk<+s thou xh jks”ku djh ldfn;ka u dh ts efr;ka Hkk”kka mUns “kk
“kCn xzSg.k djfn;ka jkSag~fn;ka u A
gwu tsYyS vl ,g~ iDds rkSjk ij tkuus vka ts nksHkk”kh tka cgqHkk”kh gksus ns dsbZa KkukRed ykg~
u A =S Hkk”kk QkewZyk Hkkjr nh Hkk”kkbZ fLFkfr fn;sa pukSfr;sa rs laHkkouk,a dUuS fucM+us nh bd dks”k”k
,s A ,g bd j.kuhfr ,s vlyk p ftu gksj efr;ka Hkk”kka flD[kus ysbZ v/kkj ns :iS p dEe djuk
pkfgnk A
dsbZa tk;t+s ,g~ lkcr dhrk ,s ts nksHkk”kh&dq”kyrk KkukRed fodkl] lekth lSg~u”khyrk]
cD[k&cD[k pkYyh nh lksp&leFkZ f”k{kk ljca/kh miyfC/k;sa ns Lrj xh mcM+k pqdnh ,s A lekth
tka jk”Vªh Lrj mIij cgqHkkf”kdrk bd lalk/ku ,s] ftlnk eqdkcyk dqlS ch nq, jk”Vªh lalk/ku
dUuS dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s A
bl ij dFkuh rs djuh nkSuas Lrjsa ij vey djus nh yksM+ ,s A blnk iSg~yk y{; cgqHkkf”kdrk
rs jk”Vªh ,drk xh c/kkuk ,s A gsB fnŸkh fn;ka ekxZn”kZd lrjka bl y{; xh gkly djus p lk<+h enn
djh ldfn;ka u %
* cgqHkk”kkh Hkk”kk&f”k{k.k flQZ Hkk”kk,a nh fxurjh rxj usbZa jkSg~uk pkfgnk] tsg~fM+;ka cPpsa xh fnfŸk;ka
tafn;ka u cYds j.kuhfr;ka eBsjus ns vFkZ p ch gksuk pkfgnk ft*usaxh cgqHkk”kh tekrsa p lalk/ku
ns rkSjk cjrsvk tkx A
* cPpsa fn;ka ?kjsyw Hkk”kk ¼ka½ ] ft*;ka iSg~ysa 3.1 p nLlsvk xsvk ,s] Ldwys p f”k{kk nk ek/;e
gksfu;ka pkfgfn;ka A
* tsdj LdwyS p mPp&Lrj ij cPps nh ?kjsyw Hkk”kk p i<+kus nk izko/kku usbZa gks,s rka eqa<yh Ldwyh
f”k{kk rka ch ?kjsyw Hkk”kk p gksuh pkfgnh A ,g~ drZCc cunk ,s ts vl cPps nh ?kjsyw Hkk”kk ¼,a½
nk vknj djpS A lk<+s lafo/kku nh /kkjk 350 , ns erkcd ^f”k{kk nh eqa<yh voLFkk ij
vYila[;d Hkk”kkbZ lewgsa ns cPpsa xh f”k{kk ljca/kh mfpr lqfo/kka manh ekr`Hkk”kk p eqgS;k djkus
ysbZ] gj fj;klrk rs fj;klrk vanj gj LFkkuh iz”kklu us iz;kl djuk gksx A
63
* cPps “kq: Fkeka xS cgqHkk”kh f”k{kk gkly dj³u A cgqHkk”kh nslS ysbZ cgqHkk”kh laizs”ku xh c/kkus
vkLrS =S&Hkk”kk QkewZys xh LgsbZ eSg~us p ykxw djus nh yksM+ ,s A
* xSj fgUnh Hkk”kh fj;klrsa p cPpss fganh fl[kns u A fganh Hkk”kh fj;klrsa p cPps vksg~ Hkk”kk
fl[kns u ] tsg~M+h mans f[kŸks p usbZa cksYyh tanh A b*usa Hkk”kk,a ns dUuS laLd`r xh ch vk/kqfud
Hkkjrh Hkk”kk ns rkSj ij i<+svk tkbZ ldnk ,s A A
* ckn p “kkL=h rs fons”kh Hkk”kka ch ykb;ka tkbZ ldfn;ka u A
3.1.2 ?kjsyw @ iSg~yh Hkk”kk ¼ka½ tka ekr`Hkk”kk nh f”k{kk
,g~ Li”V ,s ts viuh van:uh Hkk”kkbZ leFkZ rs ijksvkj rs vius vkys&nqvkys ns yksdsa dUuS laidZ
dkj.k cPps viuh Hkk”kk,a p laizs”ku nh iwjh Egkjr dUuS Ldwy vkSans u tka rs ers ckjh efr;sa Hkk”kk,a
dUuS A vksg~ flQZ Tgkjsa nh fxurjh p “kCnkoyh dUuS xS Ldwy nk[ky usbZa gksans cYds /ofu] “kCn] okD; rs
xYykckrk ns Lrj rxj Hkk”kk ns tfVy rs lXxkslkj <kaps dUuS ljca/kr fu;esa ij ch iwjk daVªksy gksank
,s A bd cPpk flQZ ,g~ xS usbZa tkunk ts viuh Hkk”kk ¼,a½ p fd*;ka le>uk rs Bhd fd*;ka cksyuk ,s
cYds euklc ch A vksg~ O;fDr] Fkkg~j rs fo”ks ns LgkcS vius C;gkj p ch Qsj&cny djh ySank ,s A
/ofu;sa ns izokg~ pk Hkk”kk nh tfVy O;oLFkk,a xh u[ksM+us fn;ka KkukRed leFkkZa ml p fuf”pr rkSjk ij
gksafn;ka u A tekrk p xsMs Lrj nh laizs”kukRed rs KkukRed ;ksX;rk,a xh rsth dUuS c/kkus dUuS b*usa
gqujsa xh rjk”kuk iSg~yh Hkk”kk ¼ka½ f”k{kk nk mn~ns”; ,s A rhljh tekrk Fkeka vXxsa cksypky rs lk{kjrk
f”k{kk rs mPps Lrj ns laizs”kukRed gqujsa rs vkykspukRed lksp xh c/kkus ns midj.k gks³u A eqa<yh
voLFkk ij m*usaxh lq/kkjus nh dks”k”k fctu cPps nh Hkk”kk,a xh m*vka xS ft*;ka vksg~ gSu] Lohdkjh ySuk
pkfgnk A
pkSFkh tekrk rxj tsdj cPps xh LgsbZ rs fnypLi EgkSy Fgksx rka vksg~ vkiwa xS ekud :i rs
LgsbZ fy[kus ns fu;e xzSg~.k djh ySx ij cPps nh ?kjsyw Hkk”kk¼,a½@ekr`Hkk”kk ¼,a½ ns eku&lEeku nk /;ku
jD[kuk gksx A bl xYyk xh Lohdkj djh ySuk pkfgnk ,s ts xfYr;ka flD[kus nh izfdz;k nk t:jh fgLlk
u rs ts cPps viuh xfYr;ka flQZ mlyS xS Bhd djns u ftlyS vksg~ ,slk djus ysbZ R;kj gksans u A
64
xfYr;sa rs eq”dy Fkkg~jsa ij xS /;ku dsanzr djus ns ctk, cPpsa xh le>us tksx] jkspd rs pqukSrhiw.kZ
elkSnk nsus ij leka ykuk erk csg~rj gksx A
LdwyS p ?kjsyw Hkk”kka i<+kus ns EgŸko xh c/kkuk&p<+kuk cs”kDd eq”dy ,s A cs”kDd cPps cqfu;knh
laizs”kukRed gqujsa dUuS vkSans u] LdwyS p m*usaxh xsMs Lrj nh Hkk”kkbZ Egkjr xzSg~.k djus nh yksM+ gksanh ,s A
ge mezh lewg~ dUuS esy&C;gkj tusgh izlaxiw.kZ rs Kku nk rdkt+k usbZa djus vkg~yh fLFkfr;sa p cqfu;knh
Hkk”kkbZ gquj dkQh gksans u( HkkokRed fo”ks ij fuca/k fy[kus tusgh ?kV~V izlaxsa rs Kku nk rdkt+k djus
vkg~yh fLFkfr;sa p xsMs Lrj ns gqujsa nh yksM+ gksanh ,s A ,g~ ch gwu “kSy pkYyh dUuS LFkkir gksbZ xsnk ,s
ts mPp Lrjh dq”kyrk vkg~ys gquj vlkuh dUuS bd Hkk”kk Fkeka nwbZ p eqardy gksans u A bl ysbZ ,g~
lk<+s ysbZ t:jh ,s ts vl vksg~ lc fd”k djpS ts fd”k vl LdwyS p Hkkjrh Hkk”kk,a nh pyk djnh
f”k{kk xh cy nsus ysbZ djh ldus vka A
Hkk”kk nh f”k{kk flQZ Hkk”kk nh tekrk rxj xS usbZa gksanh A lkbZal] lektfoKku tka LgkcS nh tekr
ch vly p Hkk”kk nh tekr xS gksanh ,s A fo”ks flD[kus nk eryc ,s ifjHkk”kd “kCnkoyh xh flD[kuk ]
mlnh vo/kkj.kk xh le>uk rs mUns ckjs p vkykspukRed <axk dUuS ppkZ djuk rs fy[kuk flD[kuk A
fd”k fo”ksa vkLrS fo|kfFkZ;sa xh izksRlkgr djuk pkfgnk ,s ts vksg~ drkcka Ik<+u tka cD[k&cD[k Hkk”kk,a ns
yskdsa dUuS xYyckr dju tka baVjusV ijk vaxzst+h p lexzh dBsju A bl pkYyh iwjh ikB~;p;kZ p Hkk”kk,a
ljca/kh uhfr LdwyS p LgsbZ cgqHkk”kkokn xh c/kkx A dUuS xS Hkk”kk nh tekr fd”k Vdksg~ns ekSds ch iznku
djnh ,s A Dgkfu;ka] dforka ]xhr rs ukVd cPpsa xh lkaLd`frd fojklr dUuS tksM+ns u rs m*usaxh vius
rtjcsa xh le>us rs nq,a ns izfr manh laonsu”khyrk xh eBsjus ns ekSds ch fnans u A vl bl cD[kh ch
b”kkjk djh ldus vka ts psps rs O;kdj.k ns vDlj cksj ikBsa nh cfuLcr bl pkYyh nh xfrfof/k;sa pk
cPps vkieqgkjS xS erk O;kdj.k flD[kh ySans u A
lkfgR; cPpsa nh viuh jpukRdrk ysbZ ch izsjd gksbZ ldnk ,s A Dgkuh ] dfork tka xhr lquus
ns ckn cPpsa xh vkiwa fd”k fy[kus ysbZ izksRlkgr dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s A jpukRed vfHkO;fDr;sa ns
cD[k&cD[k :isa xh vkiwa&fcPpsa tksM+us ysbZ ch mUnk gkSlyk c/kk;k tkbZ ldnk ,s A
65
cD[k&cD[k fnzf”V;sa dUuS leFkZ fo|kFkhZ ewy Hkk”kk dkS”ky xh vke lekth cjru&C;gkj dUuS
flD[kh ldns u A m*uasxh [kkl <axk dUuS R;kj dhrh nh lexzh fnŸkh tkbZ ldnh ,s ] tsg~M+h mans
fodkl&ckn~/ks xh gksj eBsjus p manh enn djx A vksg~ fo|kFkhZ tsg~M+s “kjhjh rkSjk ij vleFkZ usbZa
m*usaxh ch ladsr Hkk”kk rs czsy fyfi flD[kus ns fodYi fnŸks tkus pkfgns u A
3.1.3 nwbZ&Hkk”kk izkfIr
vaxzst+h Hkkjr tusg~ bd cgqHkk”kh nslS p bd fo”oh Hkk”kk ,s A vaxzst+h p v/;kidsa nh dqNyrk rs
LdwyS Fkeka ckg~j fo|kfFkZ;sa ysbZa vaxzst+h nk EgkSy & nks izeq[k dkj.k u] ft*Uns dkj.k bRFkS vaxsst+h f”k{kk nh
ifjfLFkfr;sa p cu&lcUu rs foLrkj ,s A gwu vaxzst+h xh “kq: djus ns Lrj vdknfed tka gksus nh
laHkkouk,a Fkeka c) yksdsa nh vklsa&esnsa izfr jktuSfrd #[k nk elyk ,s rs ikB~;p;kZ p blh “kq: djus
ns Loj ljca/kh yksdsa nh bPNk,a nk lEeku bl pkYyh djuk gksx ts vl bl O;oLFkk p gksj [k*yds ikls
xh usbZa vkbZ tkpS tsg~M+k vXxsa xS vlQy gksbZ pqds nk ,s A
nwbZ&Hkk”kk nh ikB~;p;kZ ns y{; nrsg~ u % cqfu;knh dq”kyrk nh izkfIr ] ft*;ka vkieqgkjS Hkk”kk
f”k{k.k p gkly gksanh ,s rs lk{kjrk jkgsa ¼mnkgj.k ysbZ ½ HkkokRed fopkj rs Kku izkfIr ysbZ Hkk”kk xh bd
ek/;e ns :iS p eBsjuk A ,g~ lcwjh ikB~;p;kZ ysbZ bd i)fr vkLrS rdZ djnk ,s tsg~M+h vaxzst+h rs nq,
fo”ksa rs vaxsszt+h rs nwbZ Hkkjrh Hkk”kk,a ns c”dkjS ns lHkusa cUusa xh =ksM+nh ,s A “kq#vkrh voLFkk,a ij vaxzst+h
xfrfof/k;ka flD[kus ysbZ cjrksus vkg~yh Hkk”kk,a pk bd gksbZ ldnh ,s tsg~fM+;ka cPps p nqfu;k ckjS
tkx:drk iSnk djfn;ka u A ckn nh voLFkk,a ij lkjh f”k{kk Hkk”kk jkgsa gksanh ,s A mPp&Lrjh Hkk”kkbZ
gquj lHkusa Hkk”kk,a p l/kkj.k u( i<+uk ¼mnkgj.k vkLrS ½ bd LFkkukarj gquj ,s A blh bd Hkk”kk p
csgrj djuk nwbZ Hkk”kk p ch blh csg~rj cukank ,s A tsYyS ds viuh xS Hkk”kk,a p i<+us nh vlQyrk
nwbZ&Hkk”kk p i<+us xh cqjh pkYyh izHkkor djnk ,s A
vaxzst+h bDdyh usbZa jsgh ldnh A vaxzsth nh f”k{kk nk edln cgqHkk”kh iSnk djuk ,s tsg~M+s lk<+h
lHkusa Hkk”kk,a xh le`) djh ldns us( ,g~ bd LFkkbZ jk”Vªh fnz”Vhdks.k jsgk ,s A vaxzst+h xh cD[k&cD[k
fj;klrsa p nwb;sa Hkkjrh Hkk”kk,a ns dUuS viuk Fkkg~j rqIius nh yksM+ ,s] ftRFkS cPpsa fn;ka nwb;ka Hkk”kka
vaxsszt+h v/;kid rs f”k{kk xh cy fnafn;ka u rs ^vaxzst+h ek/;e* Ldwysa p ftRFkS nwb;sa Hkkjrh Hkk”k,a xh
66
vaxzst+h nh dfYir usrkfxjh xh ?kê djus vkLrS izcy djus nh yksM+ ,s A vaxsst+h ek/;e Ldwysa nh laca/kh
lQyrk n”kkZanh ,s ts ftlyS dksbZ Hkk”kk Hkk”kk ns rkSjk ij usbZa i<+kbZ tanh] Hkk”kk vFkZiw.kZ lanHksZa p
mëus&ckSg~us jkgsa flD[kh tanh ,s A bl ysbZa vaxzsth xh nq, fo”ksa ns ljca/kS p fnD[kuk gksx( eqa<yh f”k{kk nh
lcwjh ikB~;p;kZ p [kkl izkalafxdrk vkg~yh Hkk”kk rs ckn p lkjh f”k{kk psru Hkk”kk f”k{kk p ,s A ,g~
l:i fo”ks :i p vaxzst+h rs ßek/;e :i p vaxsszt+hÞ ns e>kVs ns fNaMs xh iwjx A vlsa b*;ka lka>h Ldwy
O;oLFkk cD[kh c/kuk pkfgnk tsg~M+h ßHkk”kk f”k{k.kÞ rs ßf”k{kk ns ek/;e ns :iS p Hkk”kk nh cjrwuÞ p
QdZ&Hksn usbZa djnh A
laoS/kkfud rkSjk gj cPps ysbZ fuf”pr f”k{kk ns vësa c*jsa ns vanj p*Åa c*jsa ns vjls p
cqfu;knh vaxzst+h &Hkk”kk dq”kyrk xh gkly djh ySuk eqedu gksbZ tkuk pkfgnk A “kq: Fkeka xS Ldwyh
i<+kbZ ysbZ cgqHkk”kh i)fr viuh Hkk”kk,a ns uqDlku rs vKkurk ns HkkjS nk edkcyk djx A
Hkkesa iSg~yh tka nwbZ Hkk”kk ns :iS p Hkk”kk&f”k{k.k ysbZ [kklh ykxr lexzh vkg~ys laizs”kukRed
okrkoj.k iSg~yh yksM+ u A ykxr lexzh p ikB~;iqLrdka] fo|kFkhZ vklsvk pquank ikB rs tekrh ykbcszfj;ka]
fo/kk,a ns cu&lcUu nh NikbZ ¼mnkgj.k ns rkSjk ij fuDds fo|kfFkZ;sa ysbZ cfM~M;ka drkcka½( lkekarj
drkcka] bd Fkeka c) Hkk”kk,a p lefxz;ka( ehfM;k nh enn ¼fo|kFkhZ&if=dka@v[kckjsa ns dkye]
jsfM;ks@lquus vkgfy;ka dSlVka½( rs ^izek.kr* lefxz;ka “kkey u A vlqfo/kka vkg~ys fo|kfFkZ;sa ns Hkk”kk
ljca/kh okrkoj.k xh Ldwysa xh leqnk;h f”k{kk dsUnzsa p eBsfj;S lXxkslkj djus nh yksM+ ,s A lQy ueh
Ik)fr;sa fn;ka dsbZa fdLeka etwn u ft*usaxh O;kid djus ysbZ rik”k rs mRlkg nh yksM+ ,s A i)fr;ka rs
rjhds fu’ks/kd usbZa gksus pkfgns cYds eksdys KkukRed n”kZu foxksRlfd;u] pkfELdu rs fi;kxsfu;u ns
lq;qDr fl)kar ns rSg~r vkiwa psa ennxkj gksbZ ldns u A mPp&Lrjh gqujsa ¼lkfgR;d lw> rs iSnk djus p
Hkk”kk nh Hkwfedk lesr½ xh c/kk;k tkbZ ldnk ftlyS bd ckjh cqfu;knh leFkkZa tdhuh gksbZ tku A
v/;kid&f”k{kk pynh jkSg~uh pkfgnh ¼jLeh tka xSjjLeh lgk;d O;oLFkk jkgsa½ dUuS xS “kq:vkrh %
dq”kyrk rs O;olkf;d tkx:drk xh cjkscj rkSjk ij c/kkus nh yksM+ ,s ( ckn vkg~yh mRFkS xS fnŸkh tkuh
pkfgnh] ftRFkS t:jh gks,s A ,g~ lc f”k{kk v/;kidsa nh viuh Hkk”kk,a p gksuh pkfgnh A tsg~M+s vaxszt+h
67
i<+kns u] m*usa lHkusa p vaxzst+h p cqfu;knh dq”kyrk gksuh pkfgnh A Hkk”kka fd*;ka flfD[k;ka tafn;ka u * ns
ckjS fd”k Kku ij v/kkjr viuh ifjfLFkfr;sa rs Lrjsa ysbZ euklc rjhdsa dUuS vaxzst+h i<+kus ns gquj lHkusa
v/;kidsa d”k gksus pkfgns A vFkZ ij dsUnzr ykxr&le`) ikB~;p;kZ eqgS;k djkus vkLrS lefxz;sa nk
cUulcUu miyC/k gksuk pkfgnk A
Hkk”kk nk ewY;kadu [kkl lyscl ns lanHkZ p ^miyfC/k* dUuS tqM+s nk gksus nh yksM+ usbZa ,s] cYds
Hkk”kk&dq”kyrk ns uki&rksy cD[kh #twg djuk gksx A ewY;kadu fo?u cuus ns ctk, f”k{kk ysbZ ;ksX;
cukus ysbZ bd dkj.k cuuk pkfgnk A pyk djnh tk;t+k i)fr [kq*Yys i= ns rjhds jkgsa fo|kFkhZ nh
rjDdh xh izek.kr djh ldnh ,s A Hkk”kk dq”kyrk ysbZ jk”Vªh cSapekdsZa xh oSdfYid vaxzst+h Hkk”kk tsg~M+h
izek.khdj.k ysbZ yksM+pnh ewY;kadu nh ekudrk nk ikB~;dze nh NwV dUuS lkekaiu Cgkyx rs 10eha tekrk
ns Lrj ij vlQyrk ysbZ izeq[k dkj.k & vaxszt+h ¼LgkcS dUuS½ ns gksus nh etwnk leL;k xh jksdx A
tsdj fu;er Ldwyh ikB~;dze Fkeka ckg~j vaxzst+h ns lfVZfQdsV ¼rs bl ysbZ funsZ”k½ nk dksbZ nwvk jLrk
gks,s rka bd fo|kFkhZ xh ^vaxsszt+h cxSj* iklÞ gksu fnŸkk tkbZ ldnk ,s A
3.1.4 i<+uk rs fy[kuk flD[kuk
Hkkesa vl Hkk”kk ns cD[k&cD[k gqujsa ns v/;kiu ysbZ bd iwjh i)fr nh odkyr djus vka ij
ers ekeysa p LdwyS xh i<+us rs fy[kus cD[kh [kkl /;ku nsus nh yksM+ ,s ] [kkl dfj;S ?kjsyw Hkk”kk,a ns
ekkeys p A nwbZ rss =h tka “kkL=h; tka fons”kh Hkk”kk,a ns ekeys p laizs”kukRed ;ksX;rk lusa lCHkS gquj
t:jh gksbZ tans u A cPps fdë vkg~yh ifjfLFkfr;sa p csgrj rkSj ij fl[kns yHkns u tsg~M+h m*usaxh
vFkZiw.kZ yxnh ,s ctk, bd ckn~/kw cD[kjs rjhds ns tsg~nk vDlj dksbZ eryc usbZa gksank A [kklh rs
le>kuss vkg~yh ykxr us Hkk”kk ns lHkusa cD[k&cD[k gqujsa nh izkfIr ysbZ Fkkg~j cukuk pkfgnk A erh lkjh
laizs”kukRed fLFkfr;sa p] ft*;ka ds dqlS xh Qksu ij lquns gksbZ uksV ySus p dsbZa gqujsa xh dës xS cjrus nh
yksM+ gksbZ ldnh ,s A vl lPpsa xS pkg~Uus vka ts cPps cks/k dUuS i<+u rs fy[ku A Hkk”kk&gqujsa ns lewg~]
fopkjsa ns ladsr rs bd:irk ns fp*Uudsa ns rkSj ij Ldwyh fo”ksa rs vuq”kklusa p etwn gksanh ,s A cksyuk rs
lquuk ] i<+uk rs fy[kuk & ,g~ lCHkS O;kid gquj u rs bans ij cPpsa nh ekLVjh] LdwyS p manh lQyrk
xh izHkkor djus vkg~ys dkj.ksa p izeq[k gksanh ,s A erh lkjh ifjfLFkfr;sa p b*usa lHkusa gqujsa xh fdës
68
cjrus nh yksM+ gksanh ,s A b*;S dkj.k ,s ts Hkk”kk&f”k{kk xh gj dqlS nh ftEesnkjh ns rkSjk ij fnD[kuk
t:jh ,s uka ds flQZ Hkk”kk&v/;kid nh xS ftEesnkjh ns :iS p A dUuS xS Hkk”kk dUuS ljca/kr gqujsa nh
cqfu;knh Hkwfedk eqa<yh tka “kq#vkrh tekrsa dUuS xS usbZa lEHkh tanh ] cYds ft*;ka fo”ks [ksrjsa fn;ka ufe;ka
yksM+ka iSnk gksafn;ka u] blnk foLrkj nleha rs ckg~jeha tekrsa rxj gksank tank ,s A jkstejkZ ns thou nh eaxsa
rs pqukSfr;sa dUuS fucM+us ysbZ vkykspukRed lksp gquj] laizs”ukRed gquj] le>kSrkRed@vLohd`fr gquj]
fu.ksZ&fuekZ.k@ leL;k&lek/kku gquj rs Lo&lk/kuk ns gquj tusg~ thou&gqujsa nk fodkl ch cM+k t:jh
,s A
:f<+xr <axk dUuS izf”k{kr v/;kid okfpdrk ns izf”k{k.k xh mlnh O;atdrk rs Hkk”kk nh
fgLlsnkjh ns dEesa dUuS usbZa lxqvka vksg~ns LgsbZ rs “kq) gksus dUuS tksM+nk ,s A b*;S dkj.k ,s ts lk<+h
O;oLFkk p tekrk p xYyckrk xh udkjkRed eUusvk tank ,s rs v/;kid nh erh lkjh “kfDr cPpsa xh
pqIi jD[kus tka “kq) mPpkj.k ij tksj p tk;k gksbZ tanh ,s A tsdj v/;kid cPpsa nh xYykckrk xh
jkSyk usbZa lxqvka bd lalk/ku ns :iS p fnD[ku rka daVªksy rs izfrjks/k vkg~ys nq”pdz xh vfHkO;fDr rs
laokn p cnysvk tkbZ ldnk ,s A bl ckjs p dkQh tkudkjh miyC/k ,s ts fd*;ka ^xYykckrk* xh Ik<+kbZ
nk ek/;e cuk;k tkbZ ldnk ,s rs v/;kid ns izf”k{k.k dk;Zdzesa p tsg~M+s v/;kid u rs tsg~M+s v/;kid
cuus vkg~ys u & nkSusa nk bl dUuS ifjps djksvkuk pkfgnk ,s A ikB~;iqLrdsa rs v/;kidsa ysbZ lanf”kZdk,a
nh :ijs[kk fuf”pr djus vkg~ys ch usfg;ka ;kstuka cukbZ ldns u rs rkSj&rjhdsa ckjS v/;kidsa nk ekxZ
n”kZu djh ldns u A cPpsa ns lewgsa p xYyckr rs gksj ,sfl;ka xfrfof/k;ka “kkey u ft*Uns jkgsas rqyuk rs
O;frjsd djus nh le>] cjksl djus] lkspus rs ;kn jD[kus ] ykuk ykus rs pqukSrh nsus ] ewY;kadu djus
rs fu.ksZ ySus nh leFkZ xh ikslus vkg~fy;ka gksu rs ft*Unh ennk dUuS fo”ks lexzh nh gksj rik”k dhrh tkbZ
ldnh ,s A lquus nh lhek&js[kk p bLlS pkYyh fn;ka lw{e rs foLr`r vH;kl ;kstuka tsdj ikB~;iqLrdsa rs
v/;kidsa ljca/kh lanf”kZdk,a p “kkey dhfr;ka tku rka vksg~ EgŸkoiw.kZ gqujsa rs eqYysa ns [ksrjsa xh ijfr;S
thoknku nsus ns dEek xh cM+k izHkkor dj³u A blns rSg~r /;ku nsus nh leFkZ ] nq, vkneh ns fopkj xh
iSg~y nsuk ] ts fd”k cksYysvk tk djnk ,s mlns lEidZ p jkSg~uk rs ts fd”k vk[ksvk tk djnk ,s mlnk
bd D;kQ+k ykbZ ySuk vkSank ,s A bl pkYyh lquus nk dEe ch cksyus vkg~yk ys[kk gqujsa rs eqYysa nk bd
69
tVy tky tu cuh tank ,s A eqdkeh rkSjk ij miyc/k lalk/kusa p yksdokrkZ rs Dgkuh lukuk] lewg
xku rs jaxeap “kkey u A Dgkuh lukuk flQZ LdwyS ns iSg~ys nh f”k{kk ysbZ xS mfpr usbZa cYds ckn p ch
,g~ EgŸkoiw.kZ cuh jkSag~nh ,s A vk[;kfRed xYyk ckrk ns :ik p lukbZ xsnh Dgkuh dYiuk rs rRo xh rs
le`) djnh xS ij bans dUuS xS rdZ”khy le> nh uhag~ ch ikanh ,s A ,g~ns dUuS xS ,g~ vius thou Fkeka
fHkUu fLFkfr;sa p fgLlk ySus nh leFkkZ xh ch c/kkanh ,s A dYiuk rs jgL; cPps ns fodkl p EgŸkoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk uHkkans u A Hkk”kk flD[kus ns bd vax ns rkSjk mIij lquus xh ch laxhr nh enn dUuS ifjiq”V
¼cy”kkyh½ cukus nh t:jr gksanh ,s A bl PkkYyh ns laxhr p yksd rs “kkL=h; laxhr rs yksdfiz; /kquka
ch “kkey u A yksdokrkZ rs laxhr xh ch Hkk”kk nh ikB~;iqLrdsa p usg~ foe”ksZa ns rkSjk mIij “kkey dhrk
tkuk pkfgnk ,s tsg~M+s ueha pkYyh ns vH;klsa rs xfrfof/k;sa nh lgk;rk dUuS fodflr gksbZ ldu A
i<+us xh Hkk”kkbZ f”k{kk ns dsanzh [ksrj ns :ik p [kq”kh dUuS Lohdkj djh ySrk tank ,s ij Ldwyh
lyscl tkudkjh rs mlh psrk djus ns cks>s djh bUuk cks>y gksbZ tank ,s ts i<+us nk vius fxrS vkuUn
xS xqvkph tank ,s A i<+us nh laLd`fr xh c<+kok nsus ysbZ lHkusa voLFkk,a p O;fDrxr rkSjk ij i<+us ns
ekSds iSnk dhrs tkus nh t:jr ,s A rs v/;kidsa bl pkYyh nh laLd`fr ns lnL; gksus ns ukrS mnkgj.k
cuuk pkfgnk A blns ysbZ i<+us xh grksRlkfgr djus ns izeq[k ek/;esa nh yksM+ gksanh ,s A lHkusa Lrjsa ns
¼Grade½ lHkusa Ldwyh fo”ksa ysbZ EgŸkoiw.kZ lgk;d iBu lexzh xh fodflr djus rs tqVkus cD[kh rqjr
/;ku nsus nh yksM+ ,s bl pkYyh nh [kklh lexzh Hkkesa mlnh xq.kork ns Lrj cD[kjs&cD[kjs u ctkjk p
FgksbZ tanh ,s rs blnk iz;ksx lSa)kaafrd rkSjk ij Dyklk p bd fo”ks nh i<+kbZ ns dEe [ksrjk xh foLrkj
nsus ysbZ dhrk tank ,s A v/;kid izf”k{k.k dk;Zdze usg~ gksus pkfgns tsg~M+s v/;kidsa xh bl pkYyh nh
lexzh dUuS ifjfpr djku rs m*usaxh ekunaM nsu ft*Uns dUuS vksg~ blxh pquh ldu rs izHkko”kkyh <axk
dUuS cjrh ldu A
fy[kus ns EgŸko xh rs [kjh pkYyh le>svk tank ,s ij ikB~;p;kZ ,slh gksuh pkfgnh ,s tsg~M+h
blns uesaiu vkg~ys rjhds cD[kh /;ku ns,s A v/;kid cPpsa mIij ,g~ tksj ikans u ts vksg~ LgsbZ <axk
dUuS fy[ku A ij] vksg~ vius fopkjsa rs vuqHkwfr;sa xh vius ys[ku ns jkgsa LgsbZ <axk dUuS vfHkO;Dr
djns u tka usbZa bl xYyk xh EgŸkoiw.kZ usbZa le>svk tank ft*;ka dPph mejh p xS mPpkj.k nk vuq”kklu
70
ykxw djus dUuS cPps xh lSg~t rs lqrSarj :ik p viuh cksYyh p viuh ¼cksYyus½ xYy vk[kus nh izsj.kk
ncksbZ tanh ,s A Bhd m*;ka ft*;ka ;kaf=d :ik p LgsbZ <axk dUuS fy[kus nh eax vius fopkjsa nh
vfHkO;fDr ysbZ ys[ku ns bLrseky ¼usage½ xh nckbZ vksM+nh ,s A v/;kidsa xh bl xYyk ysbZ izsfjr rs
izf”k{kr djuk t:jh ,s ts vksg~ fy[kus nh fdz;k xh dykRed vfHkO;fDr nh tekrh p jD[ku rs blh
bd n¶rjh gquj ns rkSjk ij le>uk can djh nsu A f”k{kk ns eqa<ys c*jsa p fy[kus ljca/kh leFkZ xh
cksyus lquus rs i<+us ljca/kh le> ns dUuS tksfM+;S lexzrk p fodflr dhrk tkuk pkfgnk ,s A feMy rs
mPprjh Ldwyh f”k{kk ns Lrjsa ij uksV~l ysus xh bd gquj fodkl izf”k{k.k ns rkSjk ij ySrk tkuk pkfgnk
,s A ,g~ns dUuS CySd&cksMZ] ikB~; iqLrdsa rs [kyklsa Fkeka ;kaf=d udy izo`fŸk dkQh gn~nk rxj #dh tkx
A fpV~Bh iŸkjh rs fuca/k&ys[ku xh jV~Vsckth Fkeka eqDr djksvkus fn;ka dks”k”kka ch t:jh u rka ts f”k{kk
p dYiuk ”khyrk rs ekSfydrk erh EgŸkoiw.kZ Hkwfedk uHkkbZ ldu A
cPps i<+uk dh usbZa fl[kns \
• v/;kidsa p cqfu;knh f”k{kk “kkL=h dkS”ky ¼bl xYyk nh le> ts fo|kFkhZ nk Lrj dsg~ ,s]
mlh le>kuk] oktc lqvky iqPNus rs i<+uk flD[kus nh izfdz;k nh le> ftl p lCHkS
izfdz;ka vkSafn;ka u ft*;ka*d vD[kj&/ofu nh laxfr] drkcsa ns iwjs “kCnsa nh iUNku rs vFkZ
dM~<us fn;ka gsBk dksyk mIijs rxjs fn;ka lCHks izfdz;ka½ nh deh gksanh ,s A
• ukSdjh Fkeka iSg~ys ns izf”k{k.k p v/;kidsa nh i<+us ns f”k{kk&”kkL= ckjS Bhd pkYyh R;kjh usbZa
gksanh rs ukSdjh ns njku nk izf”k{k.k vkerkSjk ij cseSg~uk gksank ,s A
• ikB~;&iqLrdka dEe&pykÅ rjhdsa dUuS fyf[k;ka tafn;ka u ft*Uns p i<+uk flD[kus nh
dqlS O;oLFkr i)fr xh viukus nh dks”k”k usbZa gksanh A
• lqfo/kk,a Fkeka oapr iNkSdM+ ns cPps [kkl dfj;s tsg~M+s iSg~yh ih<+h ns fo|kFkhZ u] v/;kidsa
iklsvk Lohdkjsvk xsnk elwl usbZa djns A vksg~ vius vkik xh ikB~; iqLrdsa dUuS tqM+s nk
elwl usbZa djh ldns A
i<+uk jEHk djus ysbZ O;ogkjd rkSj rjhdk ¼Workable Approach½
* tekrk p ladsrsa ] pkVsZa] dEeS nk vk;kstu djus nh lwpuk,a vkfn nk izn”kZu dfj;S Nfir
lexzh dUuS lXxkslkj okrkoj.k nsus nh yksM+ gksanh ,s ftl dUuS /ofu&vD[kj nh laxfr ns dUuS
fy[kr izrhdsa rs ewfrZd`r iUNku xh cy Fgksank ,s A
71
• bl p dYiukRedrk ykus nh yksM+ ,s ] ftlh euklc gko&Hkko] ukVdh;rk vkfn dUuS dqlS
dkcy ikBd vklsvk i<+svk tk· A
• cPpsa vklsvka nLls xsns vuqHkosa xh fy[kuk rs ¶gh mans Fkeka m*,s fy[kr vuqHko i<+kuk
¼Organic Reading½
• ckn~/kw lkexzh nk i<+uk % Dgkfu;ka] dforka vkfn
• iSg~yh ih<+h ns Ldwysa xh vifu;ka drkcka vkiwa cukus rs tekrk p vkiwa pquh fn;ka drkcka nsus ns
ekSds fnŸks tkus pkfgns A
3.2 Lgkc
Lgkc nh f”k{kk nk eqD[k mÌs”; cPpsa nh Lgkc ljca/kh leFksZa nk fodkl djuk ,s A Ldwyh Lgkc nk
lher y{; ykHknk;d ;ksX;krk,a nk fodkl djuk] [kkl dfj;S la[;k & ] la[;k&
uki&tks[k] b”kkfj;k] rs Qhlfn;ka A blnk cM~Mk mÌs”; cPps ns lk/kusa xh fodlr djuk ftl dUuS
vksg~ Lgkch rjhds dUuS lksph ldS rs rdZ djh ldS] ekU;rk,a dUuS rdZiw.kZ urhts @ fu”d”kZ dM~<h ldS
rs vewrZ xh lEgkyh ldS A blns rSg~r dEesa xh djus nk rkSj&rjhdk rs leL;k,a xh O;ofLFkr djus rs
mank gy rik”kus nh leFkkZ nk fodkl “kkey ,s A
,g~ns ysbZ ,slh ikB~;p;kZ nh t:jr ,s tsg~M+h mfPp;sa rkag~xs&esnsa vkg~yh gks,s] lqlaxr gks,s rs LgkcS
ns EgŸkoiw.kZ fl)kar i<+k· A mfPp;sa rkag~xsa&esnsa vkg~yh bl ysbZ gksuh pkfgnh ,s ts blh mIij c[kkus xsns
mPps y{; xh gkly djus nk tru djuk pkfgnk ,s uka ds flQZ lher y{; xh gkly djus nk A
lqlaxr bl ysbZ gksuh pkfgnh ,s rka ts VqdM+s p miyC/k iz.kkfy;ka tka f”k{kk ¼fganlsa nk Lgkc] cht xf.kr]
js[kkxf.kr½ bd ,slh leFkkZ p <yh ldu tsg~M+h gkbZ LdwyS p vkSus vkg~fy;sa lkbZal rs lekth v/;;u ns
[ksrjk nh leL;k,a dUuS ch fuCcM+h ldS A
,g~ bl vFkSZ p EgŸkoiw.kZ gksuh pkfgnh ,s ts fo|kFkhZ usg~ lqvkysa xh gy djus nh t:jr elwl
dju rs v/;kid rs fo|kFkhZ nks,s usg~ lqvkysa xh gy djus p vius oDr rs “kfDr nk [kq”kh&[kq”kh
lnqi;ksx dju A Lgkc nh ikB~;p;kZ ns nks eqD[k ljksdkj u A Lgkc nh f”k{kk gj dqlS fo|kFkhZ ns nekxS
72
xh el:Q jD[kus ysbZ dsg~ djh ldnh ,s A vkd”kZr djus ysbZ dsg~ djh ldnh ,s rs ,g~ fo|kFkhZ ns
lk/kusa & clhysa xh lXxkslkj fd*;ka cukbZ ldnh ,s A
dh ts Lgkc lSadMªh Ldwy rxj bd ykt+eh fo”ks ,s bl ysbZ Lrj vkg~yh Lgkc &f”k{kk nk
vf/kdkj gj cPpsa xh ,s A f”k{kk ns HkweaMyhdj.k ns lanHkZ p lkjsa “kk iSg~yk lqvky mBnk ,s ts vV~Bsa
c*jsa nh Ldwyh f”k{kk ns njku cPps xh dusgk Lgkc i<+kuk pkfgnk ,s tsg~M+k mlh flQZ gkbZ lSdaMªh f”k{kk
ysbZ xS R;kj usbZa djS cYds rk&mej mlns dEe vkoS A izkbZejh Ldwysa p i<+k, tkus vkg~ys Lgkc ns
T;knkrj gquj ykHkdkjh gksans u A ¶gh ch iSg~ys c[kkus xsns] ßmPprj mÌs”;sa Þ nh izkfIr ysbZ ikB~;p;kZ
ns ijfr;S xBtksM+ dUuS cPps ¼thou ns½ bl lesa nk csg~rj mi;ksx djh ld³u] tsg~M+k vksg~ Ldwyk
p crhr djns u A mans p leL;k gy djus rs fo”ys”ku djus nh dkcfy;r c/kx rs vksg~ thou p
cD[k&cD[k pkYyh fn;sa leL;k,a dUuS [kjh pkYyh fuc+M+h ld³u A blns dUuS xS LgkcS nh ^yEeh&pkSM+h*
ikB~;p;kZ ¼ftl p vxys fo”ks ysbZ iSg~ys ij Egkjr gksuk ykt+eh ,s ½ ns ctk, ers fo”ksa vkg~yh eksdyh
ikB~;p;kZ gksuh pkfgnh tsg~M+h cqfu;knh fo”ksa Fkeka “kq: gks,s A ,g~ cD[k&cD[k fo|kfFkZ;sa nh yksM+sa xh
csgrj <axS dUuS iwjk djx A
3.2.1 Ldwyh Lgkc ysbZ ekxZn”kZu ¼Vision½
* cPps Lgkc d”kk Mjus nh ctk, ,g~nh i<+kbZ nk vkuan ySuk fl[kns u A
* cPps EgŸkoiw.kZ Lgkc i<+ns u % Qkewysa rs e”khuh izfdz;k,a ns NqV~V ch Lgkc p erk fd”k ,s A
* cPps Lgkc xh bd usgk fo”ks le>ns u tsg~ns ij vksg~ fd”k vk[kh ldns u] ftlns jkgsa laizs”ku
djh ldns u ] vkiwa psa ppkZ djh ldns u] fdV~Bs dEe djh ldns u A
* cPps lkFkZd lqvky djns u rs m*usaxh gy ch djns u A
* cPps ljca/ksa xh le>us ysbZ] lajpuk,a xh fnD[kus] phtsa nh foospuk djus] C;kus ns lPp rs >wB
mIij rdZ forZd djus vkLrS vewrsZ nk iz;ksx djns u A
* cPps Lgkc ns cqU;knh <kapsa xh le>ns u % Lgkc] vytcjk] teSVªh rs fVªxukseSVªh Ldwyh Lgkc ns
lCHkS ewy rRo] vewrhZdj.k ] la?kVu rs lkekU;hdj.k vkLrS Ik)fr eqgS;k djns u A
73
* v/;kid Dyklk p gj cPps dUuS bl fo”okl ns v/kkj mIij O;gkj djnk ,s ts gj cPpk Lgkc
flD[kh ldnk ,s A
Ldwyh Lgkc&f”k{kk fn;ka fd”k leL;ka
1. ers lkjs cPps Lgkck d”kk Mjns u rs vlQyrk nh Hkkouk dUuS =kgs ns jkSag~ns u A bl ysbZ
vksg~ rkSys xS gkjh tans u rs LgkcS nh vkS[kh i<+kbZ NksM+h fnans u A
2. etwnk ikB~;p;kZ bl pukSrh dUuS fcan ch :&c: usbZa gksanh A nwbZ cD[kh ,g~ m*usa cPpsa nh
leL;k,a dUuS ch usbZa fl*tnh tsg~M+s izfrHkk”kkyh u rs ft*usaxh Lgkc i<+us p etk vkSank ,s A
3. leL;ka] vH;kl rs f”k{kk i)fr;ka e”khuh rs xqa>yh&iyph fn;ka u] bRFkS lx.kuk
¼Computation½ mIij erk tksj fnŸkk xsvk ,s A ikB~;p;kZ p LgkcS ns LFkku ljca/kh fparu
tusg~ [ksrjsa xh ¼t:jrk erkcd fodlr usbZa dhrk xsnk ½ yksM+pnk Fkkg~j usbZa fnŸkk xsnk A
4. v/;kidsa p vkRefo”okl] R;kjh rs enkn nsus nh FkksM+ gksanh ,s A
LdwyS p cD[k&cD[k ekSdsa ij leL;k,a ns ucsM+s fn;ka dsbZa vke tqxrka l[kkb;ka tkbZ ldfn;ka
u % vewrZrk] ukiuk&tks[kuk] bd:irk] fLFkfr fo”ys”ku] lSg~y Fkeka gksj lSg~y :ik p ?kVkb;S
fnD[kuk ] bRFkwa rxj ts D;kQ+k ykuk ns vH;kl cxSjk dsb;sa leL;k&lek/kkusa ns lanHksZa p ykHkdkjh ,s
bRFkwa rxj ts tsYyS cPps ,g~ efr;ka lkfj;ka tqxrka flD[kh ySans u rka mans lk/ku&clhys le`) gksbZ tans u
rs m*usaxh b*Cch le> vkbZ tanh ,s dq*RFkS dsg~M+h tqxr erh dkjh nh ,s A cPpsa xh vUos”kdsa nh cjrwu tka
LgkcS ns ewy fu;esa ¼ Thumb rules½ nh tkudkjh ch t:jh gksanh ,s uka ds flQZ ,g~ fo”okl ts Lgkc
bd lVhd ¼exact½ lkbZal ,s A uki&tks[k ljca/kh vankt+k rs lek/kkusa nk D;kQk ch EgŸkoiw.kZ dkS”ky ,s A
ft*;ka bd fdlku bd [kkl Qly nk vanktk ykank ,s rka vksg~ D;kQs ] usM+rk rs eqvkfQd voLFkk ns
fu”p; p lksg~xs L;kus gqujsa nk iz;ksx gksank A Ldwyh Lgkc bl pkYyh ns ykHkdkjh gquj eBsjus p
EgŸkoiw.kZ Hkwfedk uHkkbZ ldnk ,s A
ijrD[khdj.k rs uqeka;nxh tusg~ gquj fodlr djus p Lgkc ennxkj gksbZ ldnk ,s A ukitks[k
dn~nfcr rs :Ik vkdkj nk iz;ksx dfj;S fLFkfr;sa nk fp=.k djus p Lgkc nh f”k{kk nk loZJs’B iz;ksx
gksbZ ldnk ,s A Lgkc ljca/kh vo/kkj.kk,a nk fu:i.k dsbZa pkfRy;sa dUuS gksbZ ldnk rs ,g~ fu:i.k
74
cD[k&cD[k ljcU/ksa p cD[k&cD[k mn~ns”; ysbZ dEe vkbZ ldns u &&& ,g~ lc Lgkc nh leFkkZ nk
ckn~/kk djnk ,s A elky ns rkSjk mIij bd dEek xh vtyScjk ns rkSjk mIij fu:ir dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s
tka bd xzkQ ns :ik p ch A ih@ d~;w nh izzLrqfr xh bd iwjh bdkbZ ns bd fgLls ns :ik p is”k dhrk
tkbZ ldnk ,s ij vksg~ n*Åa uEcjsa ih @ D;w ns HkkxQy ¼quotient½ xh ch O;Dr djh ldnk ,s A
cD[kjs [kaMs ns ckjs p flD[kuk mUuk xS EgŸkoiw.kZ ,s ftUuk ds cD[k va”ksa ns Lgkc xh flD[kuk A
Lgkc rs gksjus nq, fo”ksa e>kVs ljca/k cukus nh ch t:jr ,s A ftlyS cPps xzkQ cukuk fl[kns
u rka m*usaxh lkbZal fo”ks e>kVS Hkwxksy lesr cD[k&cD[k lkbZal fo”ks ns e>kVS dEe dkth fo”ks ns ljca/ksa
ns ckjs p lkspus ysbZ ch izksRlkgr djuk pkfgnk ,s A lk<+s cPpsa xh bl rRFkS xh ljkg~uk djus nh yksM+ ,s
ts Lgkc lkbZal ns v/;;u ysbZ bd izHkko”kkyh midj.k ,s A
bl xYyk mIij erk tksj ikus nh yksM+ usbZa ts Lgkc p O;ofLFkr rdZ”khyrk nh Egrk ,s rs ,g~
Lgkc ns fo}kusa xh vr I;kjh [kwclwjrh rs “kySik cks/k ljca/kh /kkj.kk,a dUuS ch Mwag~xk tqM+s nk ,s A izek.k
EgŸkoiw.kZ gksank ,s ij fuxeu v/kkjr ¼MhMSfDVo½ izek.k ns dUuS cPpsa xh bCch tkuuk pkfgnk ts rLohjka
rs lajpuk izek.k dnwa fnafn;ka u A izek.k bd ,slh izfdz;k ,s ts lansg fojks/kh iD[kk xh tdhuh cukus ysbZ
t:jh ,s A Ldwyh Lgkc f”k{kk jkgsa rdZ&fordZ nh O;ofLFkr iz.kkyh nh gkSalyk vQ+t+kbZ dhrh tkuh pkfgnh
,s A rdZ fodkl djuk mlnk ewY;kadu djuk] vVdyk ?kM+uk rs mUnh iM+rky djuk blnk mn~ns”; gksuk
pkfgnk ,s rs ,g~ le>uk ts rdZ djus ns cu lCcusa rkSj&rjhds ekStwn u A
ijrD[khdj.k izek.k
dh 3 X 5 = 5 X 3 ?
* * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * *
i*¥~tsa ns =S lewg~ =*Åa ns i¥~t lewg~
75
Lgkc ljca/kh laizs”ku tsg~M+k lVhd rs lansg~ eqDr Hkk”kk ns iz;ksx vkg~yk ,s rs lajpuk p dBksj
,s A tsg~fM+;ka Lgkc ljca/kh O;ogkj fn;ka EgŸkoiw.kZ fo”ks”krka u A Lgkc p “kCnkoyh nk iz;ksx [kjh pkYyh
lksp&fcpkjsa nk laf{kIr rs “kSyhc) gksank ,s A Lgkc fo”ks ns ekfgj bl xYyk mIij lksp&fopkj djns u ts
dsg~M+h vadu i)fr Qk;nsean gksx rs paxh vadu i)fr fopkjsa ns lgk;d ns rkSjk mIij ySrh tanh ,s A
ft*;ka&ft*;ka cPps cM~Ms gksans tans u m*usaxh b*usa jok;rsa] ijEijk,a ns egŸko xh le>us rs m*usaxh
cjruk ch l[kkuk yksM+nk ,s A elky ns rkSjk ij lehdj.k cukbZ jD[kus xh ch mUuk xS Fkkg~j Fgksuk
pkfgnk ftUuk ßlqy>kusÞ xh fnRrk tk· A
b*usa dsbZ gqujsa nh izfdz;k nh ppkZ djns gksbZ vlsa izfdz;k,a rs joS;S nh cgqyrk nh xYy dhrh ,s A
,g~ lc Ldwyh Lgkc xh flQZ m*usa ßvYxksfjneÞ ns bLrseky nh rkuk”kkgh Fkeka eqDr djus ysbZ t:jh ,s]
tsg~M+s i<+k, tans u A
leL;k,a nk izfriknu
* tsdj rql tkuns vks ts 235 $ 367 = 602 ,s rka 234 + 369 fdUus gks³u \ rqlsa tokc
fd*;ka rik”ksvk\
* 5384 pk dksbZ bd fganlk cVkbZ vksM+ks A dsg~ fxurjh c/knh ,s tka ?kVnh ,s \ fdUuh \
3.2.2 ikB~;p;kZ
izkbZejh Fkeka iSg~ys ns Lrj mIij lkjh i<+kbZ [ks<k jkgsa gksanh ,s] mins”kkRed lEizs”k.k jkgsa usbZa A
IgkM+s ?kksVus nh ctk, cPpsa p ykSg~ds&ykSg~ds lSVsa ns lanHkZ p] “kCnsa ns uk,a ] fxurjh rs uki&tks[k ns
e>kVS ljca/ksa xh flD[kuk rs le>uk pkfgnk ,s A bl Lrj mIij] bd lesa p bd vk;ke p lSg~y rqyuk
rs oxhZdj.k djus rs vkdkj rs laxfr;ka iUNkuus tusg~ gquj flD[ks tkus nh yksM+ ,s A bl Lrj mIij rs
bl Fkeka vXxsa ch cPpsa xh :f<+xr rjhdsa dUuS usbZa cYds vius fcpkjsa rs Hkkouk,a xh lqraSrjrk dUuS
cqgkLljus ysbZ Hkk”kk nh cjrwu djus ysbZ izksRlkfgr djuk t:jh ,s A
76
izkbZejh Lrj mIij cPpas p Lgkc fo”ks vkLrS lkdkjkRed #>ku rs #fp fodflr djuk ch mUuk
xS t:jh ,s ftUuk ds KkukRed gquj rs vo/kkj.kk flD[kuk A LgkcS vkg~fy;ka [ks<ka] QykSg~fu;ka rs
dRFkka&Dgkfu;ka ldkjkRed #>ku iSnk djus rs Lgkc nh i<+kbZ rs jkstejkZ thou ns vkilh ljca/k tksM+us
p ennxkj lkcr gksbZ ldnh ,s A ,g~ [;ky jD[kuk t:jh ,s ts Lgkc flQZ la[;k,a nh fxurh usbZa ,s A
la[;k,a rs manh cjrwu ns bykok :i&l:isa ] f”k{kk ljca/kh le>] iSVuZt+] ukisa rs vkadM+sa nh le> xh ch
EgŸko nsuk pkfgnk ,s A IkkB~;p;kZ p lkQ rkSjk ij flD[kus vkg~ys nh rjDdh nh rjrhc xh “kkey
dhrk tkuk pkfgnk ,s tsg~M+h vo/kkj.kk,a xh lef>;S vewrZ Fkeka ewrZ vkg~yh cD[kh ysbZ tanh ,s A fxurjh
ljca/kh ;ksX;rk ns bykok iSVZUl xh iUNkuus vfHkO;Dr djus rs le>kus ij tka ewY;kadu rs lkn`”;rk
ljca/kh leL;k,a ns ucsM+s p cjrus rs ljca/k iUNkuus rs cSg~l&eqckgls rs rdZ nh fnz”Vh dUuS gksj
;skX;rk nk fodkl djus ij tksj fnŸkk tk A
izkbZejh f”k{kk nh mIijyh voLFkk p fo|kFkhZ xh Lgkc nh “kfDr nk vglkl gksank ,s ftlyS vksg~
m*usa “kfDr”kkyh vewrZ vo/kkj.kk,a nk iz;ksx djnk ,s tsg~fM+;ka fiNyh i<+kbZ rs vuqHkosa xh fdV~Bk djh
fnafn;ka u A ,g~ns dUuS mlh izkbZejh voLFkk ij flD[kh fn;sa cqfu;knh vo/kkj.kk,a rs gquj vkg~yh cD[kh
ijfr;S /;ku nsus rs m*usaxh etcwr cukus p enn Fgksanh ,s tsg~M+k ds Lgkc nh lkoZtfud i<+kbZ & y[kkbZ
vkLrS t:jh ,s A fo|kFkhZ vYtcjsa ljca/kh ladsrsa rs leL;k,a xh lqy>kus rs l/kkj.khdj.k Fkkg~jsa rs :i &
l:isa ns O;ofLFkr v/;;u p cjrus rs mans uki&tks[k ljca/kh Kku xh iq[rk djus p manh cjrwu dUuS
tkudkj gksans u A vkadM+sa nh cjrwu] izfrfuf/kRo rs C;gkj] O;k[;k jkgsa dqy teka tkudkjh nk bLrseky
djus nh ;ksX;rk cunh ,s ] ,g~ bd ykt+eh thou gquj ,s A bl Lrj mIij f”k{kk fo|kFkhZ nh Fkkg~j
ljca/kh rdZ “kfDr rs n`”;oku dYiuk gquj xh ch le`) cukus nk ekSdk iznku djnh ,s A
lSdaMªh Lrj mIij fo|kFkhZ ^Lgkc* nh lajpuk xh bd vuq”kklu vkaxj fnD[kuk “kq: djnk ,s A
vksg~ Lgkc ljca/kh lEizs”ku fn;sa fo”ks”krk,a dUuS okdQ gksank ,s % lko/kkuh dUuS ifjHkk”kr uka· rs
vo/kkj.kkaa] m*usaxh O;Dr djus ysbZ ladsrsa nh cjrwu] Bhd&Bhd vfHkO;Dr dhrs xsns iwoZ&lxZ rs m*usaxh
fl) djus ysbZ izek.k A ,g~ iSg~yw [kkl rkSjk ij T;kWeSVªh ns [ksrjk p Li”V gksans u A fo|kFkhZ ^vYtcjs*
bp viuh ;ksX;rk c/kkans u ] tsg~M+k flQZ ^Lgkc nh cjrwu vkLrS xS EgŸkoiw.kZ usbZa ,s cYds Lgkc ns vanj
77
vkSfpR; ¼tokft+;r½ ns izek.ksa vkLrS ch EgŸkoiw.kZ ,s A bl Lrj mIij fo|kFkhZ flD[kh fn;sa dsb;sa
vo/kkj.kk,a rs gqujsa xh tksM+ns u] ft*usaxh leL;k lqy>kus nh ;ksX;rk p latks, nk gksank ,s A Lgkc
ljca/kh ekWMfyax] vkadM+sa nk fo”ys”ku rs O;k[;k ts fd”k bl Lrj mIij i<+k;k tank ,s ] vksg~ ^Lgkc*
ljca/kh mPpLrjh lkD[kjrk nk :i b[R;kj djh ldnk ,s % ljca/ksa rs iSVUZt+ nh bDdyh rs lkewfgd
rik”k] fnz”k&jpuk rs lkekU;hdj.k ] lewg~ cukuk rs fl) djuk bl Lrj mIij EgŸkoiw.kZ gksans uA rs
oktc fdz;k ns midj.ksa && ft*;ka Lgkc nh yckVfj;sa rs dEI;wVj nss Bksl ekMysa&lk/kusa tfj*;s b*usaxh
izksRlkgr dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s A
gk;j lSdaMªh LVst mIij Lgkc ljca/kh ikB~;p;kZ nk mÌs”; fo|kFkhZ p Lgkc ns mi;ksx ns eksdys
dSUol rs cqfUk;knh lanjsa&midj.ksa nh le> fodlr djuk ,s A bl Lrj mIij xSgjkbZ rs foLrkj ljca/kh
vkiwa psa bd nq, ns vDlj cjks/kh eaxsa e>kVS pkSdl jsfg;S pquka· djuk t:jh ,s A bd vuq”kklu ns
rkSjk ij Lgkc nk rst+h uS foLrkj rs blns mi;skx nk QSynk dSUol ers foLrkj nh ryc djnk ,s A ,sls
foLrkj fo”ksa xh mUnh Lgkc ljca/kh ¼Mathematical½ EgŸkk fn[kns gksbZ vkadsvk tkuk pkfgnk ,s A tsg~M+s
fo”ks gksjusa vuq”kklusa ns ers lHkkod vax u m*usaxh Lgkc ljca/kh ikB~;p;kZ Fkeka ckg~j jD[ksvk tkuk
pkfgnk A fo”ksa ns crkZ·&C;gkj nk bd mÌs”; gksuk pkfgnk ,s &&Lgkc ljca/kh vUrZn`f’V rs vo/kkj.kk,a
nk laizs”ku] ftl dUuS fo|kfFkZ;sa nh #fp rs mRlqDrk c/kS A
3.2.3 dEI;wVj lkbZal
dEI;wVj rs dEI;wVj ljca/kh VSDukWyksth nk vk/kqfud lekt nh r”kdhy p tsg~M+k ekdkZ[kst izHkko
,s ] ml Fkeka bl pkYyh nh i<+h&fy[kh turk nh t:jr vkuh cuh ,s tsg~M+h lekt rs ekg~uw tkfr nh
csg~rjh ysbZ bl VSDukyksth nh cM+s izHkko”kkyh <axk dUuS cjrwu djS A bl ysbZ bl xYyk nk vglkl c/kk
djnk ,s ts Kku ns b*usa [ksrjsa xh Ldwyh ikB~;p;kZ p Fkkg~j Fgksuk pkfgnk ,s A
lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ¼vkbZ0 Vh0½ ikB~;p;kZ] tsg~ns p lwpuk rs dEI;wVj ;qx ns lanjsa nh cjrwu
“kkey ,s rs dEI;wVj lkbZal ikB~;p;kZ ftl p ,g~ lanj cuk, rs O;oLFkr dhrs tans u b*usa nkSusa e>kVS
QdZ djuk ykt+eh ,s A Ldwyh f”k{kk p b*usa nkSusa nk xS viuk Fkkg~j ,s A
78
tsYyS ds dsbZa eqY[ksa dEI;wVj foKku tka lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh nh f”k{kk ykxw djh fnŸkh ,s ] vlsaxh m*usa
pukSfr;sa nk [;ky jD[kuk gksx tsg~fM+;ka Hkkjrh Ldwyh fo|kfFkZ;sa xh njis”k u A iSg~yh pukSfr dEI;wVj
lkbZal ysbZ rduhdh lk/kusa clhysa nh deh dUuS ljca/kr ,s A dEI;wVj mi;ksx nh rs xYy NksM+ka dEi;wVj
ljca/kh clhysa nk lfjLrk dhrs cxSj dEI;wVj lkbZal i<+kuk cseSg~uh tusgh xYy ,s A lHkusa fo|kfFkZ;sa xh
dEI;wVj rs mlnh dusfDVfoVh gkly djksvkuk cM+h cM~Mh rduhdh rs vkfFkZd pukSrh ,s A ij dEI;wVj
VSDukWyksth ns c/kns vlj xh fn[kns gksbZ vlsa bl lajpukxr pukSrh dUuS lathnxh dUuS fucM+us nh yksM+
,s rs gkMZos;j] lkW¶Vos;j rs dusfDVfoVh ljca/kh rduhd ns ekeys p O;ogkjd rs dYiuk”khy fodYi
rqIius gks³u] tsg~M+s Hkkjr ns “kSg~jh rs xzkbZa Ldwysa ysbZ ykHkdkjh gksu A vlsaxh dEI;wVj lkbZal rs lwpuk
VsDukWyksth p bd O;kid rs “kSy pkYyh O;oLFkr ikB~;p;kZ xh fodlr djus ns lqvkyk xh ch gy djuk
gksx tsg~M+s f”k{kk dUuS tqM+s ns yksdsa&iz”kkldsa rs vke yksdsa c”dkj xYykckrk nk v/kkj cuh ldu A dsbZa
cqU;knh rRo] tsg~M+s dEI;wVj lkbZal rs lwpuk VsDukWyksth ns lysclsa p bDdS tusg~ u vksg~ Hkkjrh Ldwysa p
ch ykxw gksbZ ldns u A vlsaxh daI;wVj lkbZal rs lwpuk izk|ksfxdh ns O;kid rs rdZlaxr ikB~;p;kZ ns
ekMy ns fodkl ns eqís dUuS ch fuCcM+us nh yksM+ ,s tsg~M+k f”k{kdsa iz”kkldsa rs vke turk c”dkj ifjppkZ
xh “kq: djus ysbZ vk/kkj cuh ldnk ,s A daI;wVj lkabZl rs lwpuk izk|ksfxdh ns ikB~;dze p fd”k ewy
rRo lka>s gksans u rs b*;ka vksg~ Hkkjrh Ldwysa p ch ykxw gksans u A bans p nj~gkus vkg~yh izfdz;k,a rs
vYxksfjne ljca/kh vo/kkj.kka] fxurjh Fkeka iSnk gksus vkg~fy;sa leL;k,a ns lek/kku fn;ka l/kkj.k
j.kuhfr;ka] dEI;wVj nh cjrwu fn;ka laHkkouka] vk/kqfud nqfu;k p dEI;wVj vklsvk ?ksjh ySrs ns Fkkg~j rs
ml Fkeka iSnk gksus vkg~ys lekth eqn~ns vkSans u A
3.3 lkabZl
vkfn dky Fkeka ekg~uw nh izd`fr ns cfpŸkj rs ptsZ p ikus vkg~ys iSg~yq,a ns HkkSrd rs tSch
Ik;kZoj.k ij lw[ke fnz”Vh] lkFkZd ljca/ksa rs iSVuZ nh [kkst] izd`fr dUuS lEidZ djus ns uesa midj.k
rik”kus rs cjrus rs lalkj xh le>us ysbZ vo/kkj.kk iz/kku ekWMy cukus nh EgŸkoiw.kZ izfdz;k jsgh ,s A
bl Fkeka xS vk/kqfud foKku nk fodkl gksvk ,s A O;kid rkSjk ij lkbZalh rjhds p vanjksxrh ljca/kr
79
dsbZa iSfM+;ka gksafn;ka u % y[kuk] lw[ke chuh] fu;errk] ljca/kr xq.ksa rs iSVuZsa nh rik”k] ifjdYiuk]
xq.kkRed tka Lgkc ljca/kh ekWMysa nk iz;ksx] fu”d”kZ dM~<uk ] y[kuk rs fu;a=r rtcsZa jkgsa fl)kUrsa nh
iqf”V tka m*usaxh xYr fl) djuk rs bl pkYyh HkkSfrd txr xh lapkyr djus vkg~ys fl)krsa rxj
iqTtuk A foKku ns fu;e fu”pr rkSjk ij ije lPp usbZa gksans A bRFkwa rxj ts foKku ns lokZf/kd
LFkkir rs “kk”or fu;essa xh ch lnk vLFkkbZ le>svk tank ,s ] tsg~M+s ufe;sa fnzf”V;sa ] rtcsZa rs fo”ys”kusa
nh jks”kuh p la”kks/ku ns fo”ks u A
foKku nh paxh f”k{kk cPps ns izfr ] thou ns izfr rs foKku ns izfr bZekunkj gksanh ,s A ,g~ lSg~y
y[kuk foKku&ikB~;p;kZ ns gsB fnŸks ns b*usa cqfUk;knh ekudsa cD[kh lkjr djkank ,s %&
1. KkukRed tk;t+xh ¼Validity½ ysbZ t:jh ,s ts ikB~;p;kZ nh fo”ks&oLrq izfdz;k] Hkk”kk rs “kS{kd
vH;kl cjslw ns erkcd gksu rs cPps nh ekuld ikSag~p ¼leFkZ½ ns vanj gksu A
2. fo”ks & lexzh nh tk;t+xh ysbZ t:jh ,s vksg~ cPpsa rxj EgŸkoiw.kZ rs Bhd&Bhd foKkud
tkudkjh iqtku A fo”ks&oLrq nk ljyhdj.k fo|kFkhZ ns KkukRed Lrj ysbZ ikB~;p;kZ xh Bhd
djus ysbZ t:jh ,s ij mlh bUuk gYdk ch usbZa cuk;k tk· ts ewy tkudkjh tka rs xYr gks,s rs
tka ¶gh vFkZghu gksbZ tk· A
3. izfdz;k nh tk;t+xh ysbZ t:jr bl xYyk nh ,s ts ikB~;p;kZ fo|kFkhZ xh m*usa iz.kkfy;sa rs
izfdz;k,a xh xzSg~.k djus p yk· tsg~fM+;ka mlh foKkud tkudkjh nh fljtuk rs mlns tk;t+hdj.k
vkg~yh cD[kh yk· ftl dUuS foKku p cPps nh lHkkod mRlqDrk rs fljtu”khyrk iq”V gksbZ
ldS A izfdz;k nh tk;t+xh cM+h EgŸkoiw.kZ dlkSVh ,s dh ts bl dUuS fo|kFkhZ xh ß flD[ksvk
fd*;ka tk·\Þ ,g~ flD[kus p enn feynh ,s A
4. bfrgkld tk;t+xh ysbZ t:jh ,s ts foKku nh ikB~;p;kZ bd bfrgkld iNkSdM+ dUuS tkudkjh
ns,s rka ts fo|kFkhZ le>h ldS ts lesa ns dUuS&dUuS foKku fn;ka vo/kkj.kka fd*;ka fodlr gksb;ka
rs dUuS mlh b*Cch le>us p enn djh ldS ts foKku bd lekth nysjh vkg~yk dEe ,s rs lekth rRo foKku ns fodkl p fdl pkYyh ennxkj gksans u A
80
5. i;kZoj.k ljca/kh tk;t+xh ysbZ t:jh ,s ts foKku xh fo|kFkhZ ns LFkkuh rs lalkjh nkSusa ns fo”kky
i;kZoj.k ns lanHkZ p jD[ksvk tk· rka ts vksg~ foKku ] rduhd rs lekt ns Interface ns dze
p eqÌsa xh le>h ldS rs dkjt [ksrjk p izos”k ysbZ t:jh Kku rs gquj iznku djh ldS A
6. b[ykdh tk;t+xh ysbZ t:jh ,s ts ikB~;p;kZ bZekunkjh] oLrqijdrk] lg;ksx] Mj rs iwoZvkxzg
Fkeka eqfDr tusg~ eqYysa xh izksRlkgr djS rs fo|kFkhZ p i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ns izfr psruk xh fodlr
djS A
3.3.1 cD[k&cD[k voLFkk,a p ikB~;p;kZ
mIij fnŸks ns ekunaMsa nh fnz”Vh dUuS ikB~;p;kZ nh cD[k&cD[k voLFkk,a p mn~ns”;] fo”ks oLrq ]
“kSf{kd iz.kkyh rs ewY;kadu nk la[ksihdj.k gsB dhrk xsnk ,s %
izkbZejh voLFkk p cPps nk j>seka vius pcD[kh nqfu;k nh ufe;sa&ufe;sa phtsa xh pk,a&pk,a
rik”kus p rs mUns dUuS rky&esy Cgkyus p gksuk pkfgnk ,s A bl voLFkk p ,g~ edln gksuk pkfgnk ts
cPps p viuh pcD[kh nqfu;k ns ckjs p mRlqDrk txkbZ tk· ¼dqnjrh i;kZoj.k] phtsa rs yksdsa ns ckjs p½]
cPps xh usgh xfrfof/k;sa p ykbZ jD[kuk rka ts y[kuk] oxhZdj.k rs mans fcPp n[ky vkfn nsus dUuS ewy
KkukRed ;ksX;rk gkly djh ldS] ;kstuk rs fuekZ.k] vankts rs uki&tks[k mIij tksj nsuk rka ts ckn fn;sa
LVstsa p vksg~ rduhdh uki&tks[k ljca/kh gquj gkly djh ldS A rs Hkk”kk ljca/kh ewy gquj fodlr
djuk % cksyuk] i<+uk rs fy[kuk foKku vkLrS xS usbZa cYds foKku ns jkgsa ch A foKku rs lekth foKku
xh Ik;kZoj.k&v/;;u nk vurzqV fgLlk cukuk pkfgnk ,s ft*;ka vTtdy ,s] lsg~r tsg~nk bd EgŸkoiw.kZ
fgLlk gks,s A iwjh izkbZejh voLFkk p fu;er rkSjk ij dksbZ ersgku usbZa gksuk pkfgnk rs uka xS uEcj tka
xzsM nsuk pkfgnk rs uka xS dqlS xh Qsy djuk pkfgnk A
mPp izkbZejh voLFkk p cPpsa xh tkus&Hkk[ks vuqHkosa jkgsa lkbZal ns fute&fl)kar flD[kus] gRFksa
dUuS lSg~y&lkfn;ka rduhdh bZdkb;ka rs izfr:i ft*;ka Hkkj pqDdus ysbZ CgkbZ pDdh nk ekM~y nk uewuk
R;kj djuk rs cukuk] dEe djus vkg~ys cukus rs xfrfof/k;sa rs losZa jkgsa i;kZoj.k rs lsg~r] ftl p
iztuu rs ;kSu ljca/kh lsg~r ch “kkey ,s] ns ckjs p fl[kns jkSg~usp ykbZ jD[kuk pkfgnk ,s A foKkud
vo/kkj.kk,a xh eqD[k rkSjk ij xfrfof/k;sa rs vuqHkosa jkgsa xS le>kuk pkfgnk ,s A ,g~dM+h voLFkk ij
81
foKku nh fo”ks&oLrq xh gkbZ Ldwyh foKku nk gkSyk laLdj.k usbZa le>uk pkfgnk A lewgd xfrfof/k;ka]
nksLrsa rs v/;kidsa dUuS lksp&cpkj] losZ] vkadM+s nk fu;sktu rs Ldwy rs vkys&nqvkys ns bykds p uqek;”ksa
cxSjk jkgsa blnk izn”kZu f”k{k.k iz.kkyh ns EgŸkoiw.kZ vax gksus pkfgns u A yxkrkj fu;er :ik p ßVSLVÞ
gksus pkfgns ¼;wfuV VSLV rs lkyS ns [khjk p ersgku½ rs ijrD[k xzsM nh O;oLFkk nk ikyu gksuk pkfgnk A
Qsy usbZa djuk pkfgnk A gj cPpk tsg~M+k Ldwyk p vV~B c*js xtkjnk ,s mlh ukSeha tekrk p nk[kys
gksus ns dkcy eUuuk yksM+pnk ,s A
lSdaMªh LVstk ij fo|kfFkZ;sa xh foKku xh bd la;qDr vuq”kklu ns rkSjk ij flD[kus p #>kuk
pkfgnk A vius gRFksa rs lanjsa&midj.ksa dUuS vkSLru ers rduhdh izfr:i ¼Module½ cukus pkfgns u rs
i;kZoj.k rs lsg~r ljca/kh eqÌsa nk fo”ys”ku djuk pkfgnk ,s A lS)kard fu;esa xh [kkstus & rik”kus rs
manh iqf”V vkLrS O;ofLFkr rtcsZa xh bd lanj ns rkSjk ij cjruk rs LFkkuh rkSjk ij EgŸkoiw.kZ izktSDVsa
vkLrS foKku rs rduhd cjfr;S dkjt&iz.kkyh dUuS dEe djuk bl voLFkk ij ikB~;p;kZ ns t:jh fgLls
gksus pkfgns u A
gk;j lSdaMªh LVstk mIij lkabZl xh bd cD[kjs vuq”kklu ns rkSjk mIij ykuk pkfgnk ,s ftl p
rtcsZa@ rduhd rs leL;k,a xh gy djus nh izfdz;k mIij tksj fnŸkk xsnk gks,s A vTtk ns ifjizs{; p
etwnk n*Åa #[ksa && vdknfed rs O;olkf;d ] fta*nk ikyu ,u0ih0bZ0 1986 ns rSg~r dhrk tk djnk
,s ij ijfr;S utjlkuh djus nh yksM+ gksbZ ldnh ,s A fo|kfFkZ;sa xh viuh ethZ ns fodYi pquus nh
vtknh gksuh pkfgnh ,s A Hkkesa gj bd Ldwyk p lCHkS cD[k&cD[k fo”ks nsuk eqedu usbZa gks,s A
ikB~;p;kZ ns ckss> xh lSdaMªh rs gk;j lSdMªh tekras ns lyscl ns e>kVS laxr gksuk pkfgnk ,s A bl
voLFkk ij ml [ksrjS p ufe;sa rCnhfy;sa xh /;kuk p j[kns gksbZ vuq”kklu ns ewy fo”ksa nh u”kkunsbZ
lko/kkuh dUuS djuh pkfgnh rs euklc n`<+rk rs xSg~jkbZ dUuS lfjLrk djuk pkfgnk A vuq”kklu p ers
lkjs fo”ksa xh ljljh rkSjk ij ySus nh izo`fŸk dksyk cpuk pkfgnk A
82
3.3.2 fnz”Vhdks.k
tsdj Hkkjr p lkabZl ns i<+kbZ nh f”k{kk eat+j ij xkSj dhrk tk· rka =S eqn~ns mCHkfj;S Li”V rkSjk
ij lkeuS vkSans u A iSg~yk ] lkabZl nh i<+kbZ lk<+s lafo/kku p c[kkus xsns lefnz”Vh mn~ns”; nh izkfIr
Fkeka vTt ch cM+h nwj ,s A nwvk] Hkkjr p foKku nh loZlzs”B f”k{kk ch ;ksX;rk xh fodflr rs djnh ,s
ij jpukRedrk rs bZtknh lqvkRke xh izsjr usbZa djnh A f=vk] ersgkusa nh cks>y O;oLFkk ch Hkkjr p
lkabZl nh f”k{kk ljcU/kh erh lkfj;sa ewyHkwr leL;k,a nk v/kkj ,s A
foKku ljca/kh ikB~;p;kZ xh vkfFkZd rs oxZ] fyax] tkfr] /keZ rs izns”k ns v/kkj mIij erHksn
?kVkus vkLrS lekth rCnhyh vkg~uus ns midj.k ns :ik p cjrsvk tkuk pkfgnk ,s A vlsa ikB~;iqLrdsa
xh cjkscjh nk Hkko vkg~uus ns bd cqfu;knh midj.k ns :ik p cjruk gksx dh ts ers gkjs Ldwyh
fo|kfFk;sa rs v/;kidsa ysbZ ch b*;S f”k{kk nk bdekŸkj lqyHk lk/ku ,s tsg~M+k vkfFkZd rksjk ij ch mUnh
Fkchdk p gksank ,s A vlsaxh eqY[kk p fodYih ikB~;&iqLrdsa ljca/kh ys[ku nh ch gkSalyk vQ+tkbZ djuh
pkfgnh ,s tsg~M+k jk”Vªh ikB~;p;kZ :ijs[kk ns O;kid ekxZn”kZu ns fl)kars nh lhek js[kk p xS fy[ksvk
tk· A b*usa ikB~;iqLrdsa p xfrfof/k;sa] y[kuk ] rtcsZ vkfn xh ch “kkey dhrk tkuk pkfgnk ,s rs
foKku vkLrS bd lfdz; #[k xh c<+kok nsuk pkfgnk ,s tsg~M+k cPps xh mlns vkys&nqvkys nh nqfu;k dUuS
tksM+h ldS rs f”k{kk flQZ tkudkjh ij xS v/kkjr usbZa gks,s A bl lexzh ns dUuS vey&iqLrdka ¼Work
books½] ljca/kr yksdfiz; lkbZal fn;ka drkcka rs cPpsa nk bUlkbZdyksihfM;k ¼Encyclopadia½ m*usa
lwpuk,a rs fopkjsa rd cPpsa nh ikSag~p xh c/kkbZ ns³u] ft*usaxh bd cks> ns :ik p ikB~;iqLrdsa nk fgLlk
cuus nh t:jr usbZa gksanh A ij ,g~ izktSDV dEeS jkgsa gksus vkg~yh f”k{kk blh lXxkslkj djx A [ksrjh
Hkk”kk,a p “kSy rLohjsa vkg~yh ,slh lexzh nh cM+h deh ,s A
xzkabZ [ksrjsa p foKku ljca/kh uqDdM+sa ¼Science Corner½ nk fodkl foKkud fdV rs ySckWVªh nh
lqfo/kk nsuk ch lkbZal nh f”k{kk ysbZ bDdS tusfg;ka lqfo/kk nsus ns EgŸkoiw.kZ rjhds u A
83
lqvky iqPNuk
ßCgk ¼Air½ gj Fkkg~j ,s Þ ,g~ dFku gj Ldwyh cPpk fl[knk ,s A [kq”ok fo|kFkhZ b*Cch tkuns u ts /kjrh ns okrkoj.k p dsbZa xSlka u tka ,g~ ts pUuS mIij Cgk usbZa ,s A vl [kq”k gksbZ
ldus vka ts vksg~ Fkksg~M+h lkbaZl rs tkuns u] ij pkSFkh tekrk p gks, ns bl ySu&nsu ij /;ku
nsvks A
v/;kid % ßdsg~ Hkyk bl xyklk p Cgk gS \Þ
fo|kFkhZ % ßfdV~Bs jfy;SÞ % gka \
vksg~ v/;kid bl l/kkj.k tusg~ dFku Fkeka larq”V usbZa gk ts ^Cgk gj Fkkg~j ,s * mlus fo|kfFkZ;sa xh
viuk ,g~ fopkj bd lknh tusgh fLFkfr mIij ykxw djus ysbZ vk[ksvk rs pkupDd mlus fnD[ksvk ts
m*usa fd”k fodYih vo/kkj.kka R;kj djh ysb;ka fg;ka A
v/;kid % gwu es xyklk xh iqëk ekjuka A
dsg~ Hkyk gwu ch ,g~ns p Cgk gS \
fo|kFkhZ & 1% Cgk xyklk ns ckg~j vkbZ xsbZ A
fo|kFkhZ & 2% xyklk p Cgk gS xS usbZa gh A
nwljh tekrk p bd v/;kidk us cynh eksecrh ns mIij bd [kkYyh xykl jD[ksvk gk rs
eksecrh fgLlyh xsbZ gh A
ft*Uns psrs p n*Åa c*jsa ijSar ch vksg~ tkudkjh Li”V gh m*usa fo|kfFkZ;sa ,slh xfrfof/k dhrh
gh ij de&l&de fd”k fo|kfFkZ;sa rs blnk xYr fu”d”kZ dM~<h fnŸkk gk A fd”k nLlus ns ckn
v/;kidk us fo|kfFkZ;sa xh lqvky iqPNs A ß dsg~ Hkyk bl can vyekjh p Cgk gS \ dsg~ Hkyk feV~Vh
p Cgk gS\ ikuh p \ lk<+s “kjhjS ns vanj \ lk<+h gfM~M;sa ns vanj\Þ gj lqvky uesa fopkj ysb;S
vk;k rs vksg~ns dUuS fd”k xYrQSg~fe;ka nwj gksbZ xsb;ka A ,g~ ikB Dyklk vkLrS ch bd Lkusgk gk %
dqlS ch c;kuk xh fo”ys”u ns cxSj vaxhdkj usbZa djks A lqvky iqPNks A gksbZ ldnk ,s lCHkS ijrs usbZa
zFgksu] ij rql gksj erk fl[kxsvks A
lwpuk rs lEizs”ku ljca/kh rduhd ¼vkbZ0lh0Vh0½ lekth fcRFkk xh iwjus nk EgŸkoiw.kZ lanj ,s A
vkbZ0lh0Vh0 nk iz;ksx bl pkYyh gksuk pkfgnk ts ,g~ lwpuk lEizs”ku rs lk/kusa & clhysa xh nwj&njsMs
bykdsa rxj itkb;S lHkusa Fkkg~jsa bDdS tusg~ ekSds gkly djk· A tsdj vkbZ0lh0Vh0 nk iz;ksx v/;kidsa
rs cPpsa ns ;wfuoflZVh rs “kks/k laLFkkusa dUuS laidZ lk/kusa ns rkSjk ij dhrk tk· rka bRFkS dEe djus vkg~ys
foKkudsa rs mans dEeS Fkeka Hkje&Hksr nk ijnk gVkus p enn feyx A
84
lkbZl nh i<+kbZ nh etwnk fLFkfr p dqlS ch pkYyh nh xq.kkRed rCnhyh ysbZ bd fun”kkZukRed
¼Peradigron ½ rCnhyh nh t:jr ,s A jV~Vs vkg~yh f”k{kk xh udkjuk pkfgnk ,s A Hkk”kk fMtkbu tka
uki&tks[k ljca/kh dkcfy;r jkgsa [kkstchu nh izo`fr xh etcwr cukuk yksM+pnk ,s A Ldwysa vklsvk
lSg~ikB~;dzfed xfrfof/k;sa ¼Co-curricular½] rs ikB~;p;kZ Fkeka cD[k gksjusa rRosa mIij bZtknh jkaaSaa rs
jpukRedrk ns jkgsa erk cy fnŸkk tkuk pkfgnk ,s ( cs”kd Hkkesa ,g~ rRo jLeh ersgku O;oLFkk nk fgLlk
usbZa gksu A etwnk lesa p cky&foKku lEesyu cM+h lQyrk dUuS dhrk xsvk ,s rs bLlS rtZ mIij
xfrfof/k;sa xh O;kid dhrk tkuk pkfgnk A bl vkanksyu p fgLlk ySus vkLrS Ldwysa rs v/;kidsa xh
mRlkfgr djus ysbZ jk”Vªh Lrj ¼dyLVj@ftyk @fj;klr Lrj½ ij foKku rs rduhd ns esys cM~Ms Lrj
ij ykus pkfgns A fo|kfFkZ;sa rs v/;kidsa p jpukRedrk rs foKkud lqvkre nh ySg~j nk lapkj djns usg~
vkanksyu cYysa&cYysa Hkkjr ns gj dksus rxj QSyus pkfgns rs bUus rxj ts iwjs nD[ku&,f”k;k rxj A
ersgkusa ns rkSj&rjhds p lq/kkj vkfFkZd lgk;rk] mPpLrjh euqD[kh lalk/kusa nh ennk dUuS jk”Vªh
eqfge ns rkSj ij “kq: dhrk tkuk pkfgnk A bl eqfge us v/;kidsa ] f”k{kk ns efkgjsa rs lkbZalnkusa xh bd
IysVQkeZ mIij vkg~uuk ( fo|kfFkZ;sa ns ewY;kadu ns uesa rjhdsa dM~<uk] tsg~M+s ersgkuh ruk· ns Lrj xh
?kV~V dj³u( nk[kyk&ersgkusa nh c) fxurjh ij dkcw djuk rs jLeh “kks/kkRed dkcfy;r ns bykok
cgqiD[kh ;ksX;rk,a xh tkpus ij[kus ns rjhdsa mIij “kks/k djuk A
fQ+ygky b*usa lq/kkjsa ysbZ ewy :ik p v/;kidsa ns l”kfDrdj.k ns lq/kkj nh t:jr ,s A dksbZ ch
lq/kkj Hkkesa vksg~ fdUuk ch lqfu;kstr rs mRlkg ;qDr dh usbZa gks,s rnwa rxj lQy usbZa gksbZ ldnk tnwa
rxj v/;kid mlh vey p vkg~uus ysbZ leFkZ elwl usbZa dju A
v/;kidsa nh lfdz; fgLlsnkjh dUuS mIij c[kkus xsns lq/kkjsa nk Ldwysa p gj bd Lrj mIij lkabZl
nh i<+kbZ mIij&rjrhcokj izHkko isbZ ldnk ,s A
85
fo|kFkhZ dq*u dsg~M+k tho foKku tkuns u \
ß,g~ fo|kFkhZ lkabZl usbZa le>ns ,g~ oafpr iNkSdM+ Fkeka u AÞ
vl vDlj xzkabZ rs vkfnoklh iNkSdM+sa Fkeka vk, ns cPpsa ns ckjs p b*;S tusg~ er lquus vka A
¶gh ch bl cD[kh /;ku nsvks ts ,g~ cPpsa vius jkst&cjksth vuqHkosa Fkeka dsg~&dsg~ tkuns u \
tukckbZ lkg~;knzh ioZr ekyk p ckD;k bd ykSg~ds tusg~ xzka p jkSag~nh ,s A vksg~ pkSysa rs <kaxjh
nh djlkuh p vius ekrk&firk nh enn djnh ,s A dnsa&dnsa vksg~ cdfj;sa xh pkju vius HkzkÅ dUuS
ch tanh ,s A m*UuS viuh ykSg~dh HkSuw xh ikyus&ikslus p ch enn dhrh ,s A vTtdy vksg~ jkst vV~B
fdyksehVj iSny pfy;S dksyk ns lSadMªh Ldwy tanh ,s A
vksg~nk vius dqnjrh okrkoj.k dUuS xw<+k ukrk ,s A m*UuS vksM+d cwg~Vs xh [kqjkd ] nqvk·]
ckyu rs jaxus nh cLrq ns rkSjk mIij bLrseky dhrs nk ,s A m*UuS Hkkafr&Hkkafr ns #D[ksa ns cD[k&cD[k
vaxsa xh ?kjS p /kkfeZd jkg~ jhrka djns rs rsgkj vkfn eukans gksbZ cjrs tans fnD[ks&Hkkys nk ,s A #D[ksa ns
lw[ke Fkeka lw[ke QdZ ckjS tkunh ,s rs mans :i&l:i ] iŸkjsa ] QqYysa ] lqxa/kh rs cukSV xh fnfD[k;S
mlh ekSleh rCnhyh nk irk yXxh tank ,s A vksg~ vius vkys&nqvkys ns yxHkx 100 #D[ksa xh iUNkuh
ldnh ,s ] tsg~M+k mlns tho&foKku ns v/;kid nh tkudkjh Fkeka dqrS cn~/k ,s A m*,s v/;kid tks ,g~
le>nk ,s ts tukckbZ bd detksj fo|kFkhZ ,s A
dsg~ Hkyk vl tukckbZ nh le`) tkudkjh xh thc foKku nh jLeh vo/kkj.kk,a p cnyus ysbZ
enn djh ldusvka\ dsg~ Hkyk vl mlh ,g~ Hkjkslk nqvkbZ ldus vka ts Ldwyk nk tho foKku dqlS
vewrZ nqfu;k ckjS NMh+ tkudkjh usbZa ,s ]tsg~M+k vkS[kh Hkk”kk p cM~Mh cM~Mh drkcsa p ,s\ ,g~ mLlS
[ksrjk ns ckjs p ,s ftRFkS vksg~ dEe djnh ,s A m*usa tkuojsa ns ckjs p ft*usaxh vksg~ tkunh ,s rs ft*Unh
fnD[k&Hkky djnh ,s ] ml taxyS ns ckjs p ,s ft*RFkqvka vksg~ jkst ya?knh ,s A vksg~ flQZ mlyS xS LgsbZ
rkSjk ij foKku xh LgsbZ pkYyh le>h ldx A
86
3.4 lekth foKku
lekth foKku ns rSg~r lekt ns cD[k&cD[k ljksdkj vkSans u rs blnh fo”ks oLrq cM+h cu
lcUuh ,s ] tsg~ns p bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] jktuhfr&foKku ] vFkZ”kkL=] lekt “kkL= rs u`”kkL= tusg~
vuq”kklusa Fkeka tkudkjh latksbZ tanh ,s A bd ;FkkFkZ rs “kkafriw.kZ lekt ysbZ Kku&v/kkj cukus ysbZ
lekt”kkL=h ifjizs{k rs Kku vfr t:jh u A fo”ksoLrq nk mn~ns”; tkus&iUNkus lekth ;FkkFkZ xh
vkykspukRed <axS dUuS rikf”k;S rs iqPNh&fxfPN;S fo|kfFkZ;sa nh tkx:drk xh eBsjus nk gksuk pkfgnk A
uesa ljksdkjsa rs vk;kesa xh “kkey djus fn;ka laHkkouka cfM+;ka u ] [kkl dfj;S bd fo|kFkhZ ns mlns vius
thou vuqHkosa xh fnz”Vh p j[kns gksbZ A bd vFkZiw.kZ ikB~;p;kZ p lexzh nk pquka· rs fu;kstu djuk ]
tsg~M+h fo|kfFkZ;sa xh lekt ljca/kh vkykspukRed manh le> eBsjus ns ;ksX; cukx] bd pukSrh vkg~yk
dEe ,s A
dh ts lekth foKkusa xh xSj mi;ksxh le>ns gksbZ izkd`frd foKkusa ns edkcys p ?kê EgŸko fnŸkk
tank ,s A bl ysbZ ,g~ tksj nsus nh yksM+ ,s ts nqfu;k p c/knh bd&nq, ij fuHkZjrk rs jktuhfrd rs
vkfFkZd lPpkbZ dUuS fucM+us ysbZ yksM+pns lekth] lkaLd`frd] rs fo”ys”kukRed gquj ,g~ miyC/k djkans
u A
,g~ eUusvk tank ,s ts lekth foKku flQZ tkudkjh xS fnans u rs ikB ij dsafnzr gksans u A bl
ysbZ banh fo”ks oLrq ersgkus ysbZ psrs djus ysbZ rRFk nsus ns ctk, vo/kkj.kkRed le> ij dsafnzr gksuh
pkfgnh A fctu cks> f”k{kk ¼1993½ nh lQkj”ksa xh nj~gkans gksbZ fctu le>s tkudkjh xh egt psrS
jD[kus ns ctk, lekth&jktuhfrd lPpkbZ;sa nk fo”ys”ku djus ysbZ vo/kkj.kk,a rs ;ksX;rk,a ij tksj fnŸkk
tkuk ,s A
87
,g~ ch bd [;ky ,s ts lekth foKku p fo”ks”kKrk vkg~ys fo|kfFkZ;sa ysbZ ukSdjh ns ekSds ch cM+s
usbZa u A blns mYV] cM+h rsth dUuS c/kk djns ukSdjh&[ksrjs p #txkjsa vkLrS rs fo”ys”ku rs jpukRedrk
ns gqujsa xh c/kkus vkLrS ch lekth foKku c/kh&pf<+;S izklafxd cuk djns u A
lk<+s tusg~ cgqykRed lekt p ,g~ t:jh ,s ts lCHkS izns”k rs lekth lewg~ ikB~;iqLrdsa dUuS
laca/k jD[kus tksx gksu A izklafxd LFkkuh fo”ks xh LFkkuh lalk/kusa ij R;kj xfrfof/k;sa jkgsa vkn”kZ :iS p
lk/ku cukb;S v/;kiu&f”k{k.k izfdz;k nk fgLlk cukuk pkfgnk A
,g~ iUNkuuk ch cM+k t:jh ,s ts lekth foKku foKkfud iqPN iM+rky xh bUuk fnans u ftUuk
izkd`frd rs HkkSfrd foKku fnans u] dUuS xS m*usa rjhdsa cd[kh ch “kkjk djns u ft*Uns p lekth foKku
vklsvk cjrs xsns <ax&rjhdsa cD[kjs u ¼ij dqlS pkYyh ch izkd`frd rs HkkSfrd foKku ns <ax&rjhdsa “kk
?kfV;k usbZa A½ A
lqrSarjrk] clkg~&Hkjkslk] vkilh vknjHkko rs culcUu ysbZ eku&lEeku uka· nh euqD[kh dnjsa nh
Bksl le> iSnk djuk lekth foKku nh fl)kard ftEesnkjh cunh ,s A lekth foKku&f”k{k.k nk mn~ns”;
fo|kfFkZ;sa xh m*usa lekth rkdrsa izfr prUu djns gksbZ] tsgfM+;ka b*usa dnjsa ysbZ [krjk u] fo|kfFkZ;sa p
vkykspukRed uSfrd rs ekufld “kfDr iSnk djuk gksuk pkfgnk A
88
vksg~ vuq”kklu tsg~M+s lekth foKku nh jpuk djns us ft*;ka bfrgkl] Hkwxksy jktuhfr foKku rs
vFkZ”kkL= bans p [kkl iz.kkfy;ka u tsg~fM+;ka vDlj lhek,a ns laj{k.k nk leFkZu djfn;ka u A blns dUuS
xS lHkusa fo”ksa ysbZ i)fr;ka] tsg~fM+;ka eqedu gksu] m*usaxh ch n”kkZuk pkfgnk A bd leFkZ cukus vkg~yh
ikB~;p;kZ vkLrS fo”ks&oLrq ,slh gksuh pkfgnh ,s tsg~M+h vkiwa psa ljcu/kr fo”ksa nh lka>h lksp xh lSg~y
cuk·A
3.4.1 izLrkor Kku “kkL=h :ijs[kk
izpfyr /kkj.kk,a ns mIijys fopkj&foe”kZ ij v/kkjr rs lekth foKku ns v/;;u p ySrs tkus
vkg~ys eqn~ns] lekth foKku ns f”k{k.k ij uS”kuy Qksdl xzqi izLrkor djnk ,s ts gsB fnŸks ns uqDrsa xh
nckjk R;kj dhrs ns lyscl p cqfu;kn ns rkSj ij ySrk tkuk pkfgnk A ¼ikB~; iqLrdsa xh gksj vXxsa
iqPN&iM+rky ysbZ ekSds [kksg~yus ns rkSj ij fnD[ksvk tkuk pkfgnk rs gksj vxM+h i<+kbZ rs y[kuk ysbZ
fo|kfFkZ;sa xh ikB~;iqLrdsa Fkeka vXxsa i<+us ysbZ izksRlkfgr djuk pkfgnk A
ft*;ka ds dksBkjh deh”ku vklsvk nLlsvk xsnk ,s] vtsa rxj lekth foKku ikB~;p;kZ
fodklkRed eqn~nsa ij tksj fnŸkk ,s A ,g~ t:jh u ij cjkscjh] U;ka· rs lekt rs jkT;”kklufof/k p
xkSjo tusg~ fl)kard vk;kesa nh le> ysbZ dkQh usbZa u A bl fodkl*p ;ksxnku nsus p gj bd O;fä;sa
nh Hkwfedk ij vDlj c/khd xS cy fnŸkk xsvk ,s A Hkkjrh jk”Vª nh dYiuk ns cD[k&cD[k rjhdsa xh bd
<axS nk djus ysbZ fof/k ns foKku ns erkcd lfjLrs nk lq>k· fnŸkk xsnk ,s A jk”Vªh ifjizs{; xh LFkkuh
lanHkZ p lkek gksus nh yksM+ ,s A dUuS xS Hkkjrh bfrgkl xh vyxko p usbZa i<+k;k tkuk pkfgnk rs nqfu;k
ns nq, fgLls ns fodklsa nk izlax gksuk pkfgnk A
,g~ lq>k;k xsnk ,s ts ukxfjd “kkL= ns ctk, jktuhfr “kkL= “kCn cjrsvk tk· A ukxfjd “kkL=
Hkkjrh Ldwyh ikB~;p;kZ p mifuos”kh dky p jkt ns izfr Hkkjfr;sa p c/knh jktnzksg nh Hkkouk nh iNkSdM+
ns [kykQ fnz”Vhxkspj gksvk A vkKkdkfjrk rs jktHkfä ukxfjd “kkL= ns izeq[k vax gs A jktuhfr “kkL=
tu lekt nk bd usg~ f[kŸks ns :i p o.kZu djnk ,s tsg~M+k laosnu”khy ] iqPNus vkg~ys] fopkj”khy rs
ifjorZu djus nh “kfä vkg~ys “kSg~jh iSnk djnk ,s A
89
efgyk,a ns ifjizs{;sa xh dqlS ch bfrgkfld rs ledkyh ljksdkjsa nh ifjppkZ nk fgLlk ysbZ
fyax&Hksn ljca/kh ljksdkjsa dUuS fuCcM+us nh yksM+ ,s A bl ns ysbZ fir`lŸkkRed iwoZdYiuk tsg~M+h etwnk
lekth v/;;u ckjS erk fd”k nlnh ,s] Fkeka fof/k&foKkukRed ifjorZu nh yksM+ ,s A
cPpsa nh lsg~r rs ifjorZu ns lekth iD[ksa dUuS ljca/kr rs fd”kksj cjslw nkSjku mans p gksus
vkg~ys fodkl ft*;ka ekrk&firk dUus ljca/ksa p rCnhyh] gemejsa nk lewg~] foijhr fyax rs cM~Ms nh
nqfu;k dUuS ljca/kr ljksdkjsa dUuS euklc <axk dUuS fuCcM+us nh t:jr ,s A cD[k&cD[k Lrjsa mIij
uhfr;sa rs izksxzkesa jkgsa cPpsa] fd”kksjsa@ ukStqvkusa fn;sa lsg~r ljca/kh t:jrsa ysbZ tokc b*usa ljksdkjsa ns cM+s
xSg~js ljca/kr rRo u A
euqD[kh vf/kdkjsa nh vo/kkj.kk nh bd fo”oO;kih :ijs[kk ,s A ,g~ t:jh ,s ts cPpsa xh manh
mejk ns erkcd <axS dUuS fo”oO;kih dnjsa dUuS okdQ djk;k tk· A jkstcjksth thou ns eqn~ns ns lanHkZ
p ] ft*;ka ds ikuh gkly djus nh leL;k] ifjppkZ dhrh tkbZ ldnh ,s rka ts ukStqvku fo|kFkhZ euqD[kh
xkSjo rs gDdsa dUuS ljca/kr eqn~nsa ckjS tkx:d gksu A
* fyax&Hksn ljca/kh ljksdkj efgyk,a ns ifjizs{; p dqlS ch bfrgkld rs ledkyh ifjppkZ nk t:jh
fgLlk gksus pkfgns u A O;fDr;sa ij jks”kuh ikus ns Fkkg~j efgyk,a ns bfrgkld rs jkst&cjksth ns la?k”kZ
ckanS djus vkLrS fiŸk`lŸkkRed jk”Vªoknh Qzse Fkeka f”k{kk “kkL=h Qsze p rCnhyh t:jh ,s A
euqD[kh vf/kdkjsa nh vo/kkj.kk nk bd “kk”or lanHkZ ,s A cPpsa xh ckyiqus p xS eqYyas ns bl
eksdys ?ksjs dUuS okdQ djkuk t:jh ,s A ,g~ cD[k&cD[k cjslw ns oxsZa ns yksdsa ns euksfoKku ns erkcd
xS gksuk pkfgnk ,s A lekth rs izd`fr foKkusa && nkSusa ysbZ tkudkjh O;ofLFkr djus ns lanHkZ p ekuo
vf/kdkj bd EgŸkoiw.kZ vo/kkj.kk ,s A jkstcjksth thou ns vksM+d eqn~ns ft*;ka ikuh] dEe] tqvku
fo|kfFkZ;sa ysbZ R;kj dhrh xsnh gksj lexzh ikB~;p;kZ p bl pkYyh dUuS “kkey dhrh tkuh pkfgnh ts vksg~
euqD[kh vku&cku rs vf/kdkjsa ysbZ bd @ vki&eqgkjk vknj fodlr djh ldS A ekuokf/kdkj f”k{kk ]
f”k{kk ns mÌs”;sa xh gkly djus ysbZ t:jh ,s] ftlns fd”k iD[ksa xh ikB~;p;kZ nh :ijs[kk rs cD[k&cD[k
fo”ksa nh fo”ks&oLrq p “kkey dhrk xsvk ,s A jk”Vªh ikB~;p;kZ nh :ijs[kk 1975 rs 1988 us fd”k mÌs”;sa
90
ij tksj ik;k ,s tsg~M+s ds Ldwysa nh ikB~kp;kZ p ekuokf/kdkj dk;Zdzesa ysbZ t:jh u A ,u0ih0bZ0 ¼1986½
dksj ikB~;p;kZ ns m*usa cqU;knh iD[ksa xh ifjHkk”kr djnh ,s A ft*Uns p f”k{kk ns lHkusa Lrjsa ij
ekuokf/kdkjsa ij cy fnŸks tkus nh xYy vk[kh xsnh ,s A lekth lkFk ¼Cohengion½ ] /keZfujiD[krk]
jk”Vªh ,drk] lektokn] cqfu;knh vf/kdkj ] jkT; ns uhfr funsZ”k ljca/kh rRosa rs i;kZoj.k tusg~
ekuokf/kdkj ljca/kh fopkjsa rs eqYysa&dnjsa xh Hkkjrh lafo/kku rs mlnh izLrkouk p izfr’Br dhrk xsnk
,s ( m*usaxh Ldwyh fo”ks rs [kkl dfj;S lekth foKku p euklc Fkkg~j Fgksuk yksM+pnk ,s A ;w0,u0 pkVZj
rs ekuokf/kdkjsa rs cqU;knh Lora=rk,a xh liwjh fo”ks & oLrq rs “kS{kd izfdz;k p cD[k&cD[k fo”ksa p
vkg~uus nh yksM+ ,s A
3.4.2 ikB~;p;kZ nk fu;kstu
izkbZejh voLFkk ns “kq: p izkd`frd rs lekth i;kZoj.k xh Hkk”kk tka Lgkc ns bd ykt+eh fgLls
¼vax½ ns rkSjk ij i<+kuk pkfgnk ,s A cPpsa xh HkkSfrd ] tSfod] lekth rs lkaLd`frd gYds ns fnz”Vkar jgksa
ifjos”k le>us ysbZ xfrfof/k;sa p #>kbZ jD[kuk pkfgnk A cjrh tkus vkg~yh Hkk”kk fyax&laosnu”khy gksuh
pkfgnh A f”k{k.k ns rjhds lgHkkfxrk rs ifjppkZ vkg~ys rjhds vkg~ys gksus yksM+pns A
rhljh tekrk Fkeka Ik¥eha tekrk rxj i;kZoj.k v/;;u fo”ks “kq: djh fnŸkk tkx A izkd`frd
i;kZoj.k ns v/;;u p cy blxh dk;e jD[kus rs blh gzkl Fkeka cpkus nh t:jr ij gksx A cPps ch
xjhch] cky etwjh] vui<+rk] nsgkrsa rs “kSg~jh [ksrjsa p tkfr rs oxZ nh uka cjkscjh tusg~ lekth eqn~ns
izfr laosnu”khy gksu yx³u A fo”ksoLrq pk cPpsa ns jkstejkZ ns vuqHko rs mans thou fn;ka nqfu;ka
>ydfu;ka pkfgfn;ka A
mPp izkbZejh voLFkk p lekth v/;;u nh fo”ks oLrq bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] jktuhfrfoKku rs vFkZ
“kkL= ij v/kkjr gksx A bfrgkl p fgUnksLrku ns cD[k&cD[k fgLlsa nk fodkl ntZ gksx ftl dUus
nqfu;k ns nq, fgLlsa nh ?kVuk,a rs fodkl ij v/kkjr [kaM gks³u A Hkwxksy nk fo”ks LFkkuh Fkeka ysb;S fo”o
rxj ns i;kZoj.k] lalk/ku rs cd[k&cD[k Lrjsa ns fodkl dUuS ljca/kr eqísa nk lkek ifjizs{k R;kj djus
p enn djh ldnk ,s A jktuhfrfoKku p fo|kfFkZ;sa xh LFkkuh] fj;klrh rs dsanzh Lrjsa ij ljdkj fuekZ.k
rs mlns dk;ZC;gkj rs “kewfy;r nh yksdrkaf=d izfdz;k,a dUuS ifjfpr djk;k tkx A vFkZ”kkL= vkg~yk
91
fgLlk fo|kfFkZ;sa xh ifjokj] ctkj rs fj;klr tusgh vFkZ ljca/kh laLFkk,a xh y[kus p leFkZ cukx A bd
[kaM vksg~ ch gksx tsg~M+k b*usa lHkusa fo”ksa ysbZ cgqvuq”kklukRed i)fr nLlx A
lSadMªh LVst mIij lekftd foKku p bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] lekt”kkL=] jktuhfr “kkL= rs vFkZ”kkL=
gksans u A eqD[k /;ku ledkyh Hkkjr mIij gksx rs fo|kFkhZ xh jk”Vª nh lekth rs vkfFkZd pukSfr;sa ckjS
Mwag~xh le> ikLlS yk;k tkx A Kku “kkL= ns izLrkor cnyko ns ifjizs{; p ledkyhu Hkkjr ns ckjs p
tks xYy ckr gks,s ma*nS p vkfnoklh nfyr rs gkf”k;s mIij vkSuss vkg~yh tula[;k nh xYy ch “kkey
gksx A ,g~ tru ftUuk eqedu gksbZ lds fo”ks oLrq xh cPps ns jkst&cjksth thouk dUuS tksM+us vkg~ys
gksus pkfgns u A bfrgkl p Hkkjr ns lqrSarjrk vanksyu rs vk/kqfud iD[ksa nk v/;;u dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s
rs dUuS xS nqfu;k ns nq, fgLlsa ns EgŸkoiw.kZ fodklsa nk ch A bfrgkl cPpsa xh manh viuh nqfu;ka rs manh
viuh iUNku ns cuus ft*;ka mans lXxkslkj rs cUulcUus vrhr us mlh lksvkjsvk ,s] xh csgrj rjhds
dUuS ns dkcy cukus ns mn~ns”; dUuS Ik<+k;k tkuk pkfgnk ,s A bfrgkl us gwu m*usaxh nqfu;ka p ifjorZu
nh izfdz;k rs mlnh fujUrjrk xh rik”kus rs rkdr ns fu;a=.k dh fd*;ka cjrsvk tank gk rs fd*;ka
cjrsvk tank ,s ns rjhdsa nh rqyuk djus p manh enn djuh pkfgnh ,s A Hkwxksy ljca/kh eqn~ns bl xYyk
xh /;kuk p jfD[k;S i<+k, tkbZ ldns u ts cPpsa ns vanj laj{k.k rs i;kZoj.k ljca/kh eqn~ns ns izfr
vkykspukRed le> nk fodkl gks,s A jktuhfr “kkL= p nk”kZud v/kkj tsg~M+s Hkkjrh lafo/kku ns <kaps xh
js[kkafdr djns u nh ppkZ gksuh pkfgnh ,s A vFkkZr~ cjkscjh] vtknh] U;ka·] HkkbZpkjk] /keZfujiD[krk]
xfjek] cgqyrk rs “kks”ku Fkeka eqfDr ij xaHkhj lksp& fopkjgksuk pkfgnk ,s A ft*;ka ds bl Lrj mIij
vFkZ”kkL= vuq”kklfud [ksrjk ns :ik p izos”k djnk ,s bl ysbZ ,g~ t:jh ,s ts m*usa fo”ksa ij
lksp&fopkj yksdsa ns ifjizs{k p gksuk pkfgnk ,s A
gk;j lSdsaMªh LVst bl ysbZ EgŸkoiw.kZ ,s dh ts ,g~ fo|kfFkZ;sa xh mUnh t:jr #fp rs mUns #>kusa
ns erkcd m*usaxh cD[k&cD[k fo”ksa [ksrjsa nk pquka djus nk ekSdk fnanh ,s A fd”k fo|kfFkZ;sa ysbZ ,g~ LVst
mUnh jLeh f”k{kk nk vUr gksbZ ldnh ,s] tsg~M+h m*usaxh dEe&dkt ns lalkjk p ysbZ tanh ,s] ckfd;sa ns ysbZ
,g~ mPpf”k{kk nk v/kkj iznku djnh ,s ] vksg~ tka rs [kkl “kS{kf.kd dkslZ tka jkstxkj ljca/kh O;olkf;d
dkslZ pquh ldns u A bl voLFkk p jD[kh xsnh uhag~ m*usaxh cqfu;knh Kku rs t:jh gqujas rs crkZ·&
92
C;kgjsa dUuS ySl djus vkg~yh gksuh pkfgnh ,s rka ts vksg~ vius pqus ns dqlS [ksrjk p vFkZiw.kZ ;ksxnku
nsbZ ldu A
lekth foKku rs cut “kkL= ns [ksrjk p fo|kfFkZ;sa ysbZ dsbZa pkfYy;sa fn;ka ikB~;p;kZ cukb;ka
tkbZ ldfn;ka u ft*usaxh vksg~ viuh bPNk erkcd pquh ldns u A fo”ksa rs dkslsZa xh cD[k /kkjk,a p
jD[kus nh t:jr usbZa ,s rs fo|kfFkZ;sa xh ,g~ vf/kdkj gksuk pkfgnk ,s ts vksg~ t:jrsa] #fp;sa ] #>kusa ns
vuqlkj dksbZ ch fo”ks tka dkslZ pquh ldu A lekth foKkusa p cD[k&cD[k vuq”kklu ft*;ka jktuhfr
foKku] Hkwxksy] bfrgkl ] vFkZ&“kkL=] lekt&“kkL= rs euksfoKku vkSans u A cut&“kkL= p cikj v/;;u
rs ys[kkfof/k vkbZ ldns u A
3.4.3 f”k{k.k “kkL= rs lk/kusa clhysa ns tqxkM+ ljca/kh i)fr;ka
lekth foKku nk f”k{k.k usgk gksuk pkfgnk ,s ftl p vkilh lksp fopkj ljca/kh okrkoj.k p
fo|kFkhZ xh Kku rs gqujsa xh xzSg~.k djus p enn djus ysbZ iquthZor dhrk tk· A lekth foKku f”k{k.k
p usg~ rkSj rjhdsa cjrs tkus pkfgns u tsg~M+s jpukRedrk ] “kySis ljca/kh vkykspukRed le> xh rs eBsjS
xS dUuS xS cPpsa xh vrhr rs orZeku e>kVS lEca/k cukus rs lekt p gksus vkg~fy;sa rCnhfy;sa xh le>us
p leFkZ cuk· A lEkL;ka lek/kku ] ukVdhdj.k rs Hkwfedk uHkkuk fd”k ,sfl;ka ?kV vtekbZ fn;ka fo/kka u
tsg~fM+;ka cjfr;ka tkbZ ldfn;ka u A i<+kus p fnD[kus&lquus tksx lexzh ¼Audio Visual Aids½ ftl p
QksVksxzkQ] pkVZ] uD”ks ] iqjkrRo rs HkkSfrd laLd`fr;sa fn;ka d`fr;ka “kkey u ] usg~ lalk/kusa nh cjrwu dhrh
tkuh pkfgnh ,s A
f”k{kk p jaxeap
jaxeap bd “kfDr”kkyh ij f”k{kk p lHkusa Fkeka ?kV~V cjrsvk xsnk dyk:Ik ,s A nq,a ns
ljca/kk p ^Lo* nh [kkst ] Lo nh le> nk fodkl] vkykspukRed gennhZ] flQZ euqD[kS ysbZ xS usbZa
cYds dqnjrh ] HkkSfrd rs lekth lalkjk vkLrS ch jaxeap loZJs’B lk/ku ,s A
ikB nk ukVdhdj.k djuk jaxeap nk bd ykSg~dk usgk fgLlk ,s ,g~ns dksyk ch cn~/k
EgŸkoiw.kZ vuqHko laHko gksbZ ldns u & Hkwfedk uHkkus jkgsa] jaxeaph vH;klsa jkgsa] vkafxd rs okfpd
xfr rs fu;a=.k jkgsa ] lkewfgd rs lSg~t izn”kZu jkgsa ,g~ vuqHko f”k{kdas ysbZ mans vius fodkl ysbZ
rs EgŸkoiw.kZ gSu xS lxqvka cPpsa xh nsus ysbZ ch mUus xS EgŸkoiw.kZ u A
93
fo|kfFkZ;sa xh vo/kkj.kk,a nk Li”Vhdj.k O;fDr;sa rs leqnk; ns thou ljca/kh vuqHkosa nh enn
dUuS dhrk tkuk pkfgnk ,s A ,g~ vDlj fnD[ksvk xsvk ,s ts lkaLd`frd] lekth rs oxsZa ljca/kh erHksn
Dyklk ns lanHkZ p vius vkiwa ns iD[kikr] iwokZxzg rs fnz”Vhdks.k iSnk djnk ,s A bl ysbZ f”k{k.k ns rkSj
rjhdsa p [k*qYykiu gksuk pkfgnk ,s A v/;kidsa xh Dyklk p lekth vlfy;rsa ns cD[k &cD[k vk;kesa ns
ckjS p xYyckr djuh pkfgnh rs vius p rs fo|kfFkZ;sa p viuh tkx:drk c/kkus ysbZ dEe djuk
pkfgnk ,s A
ikuh rs okrkoj.k
* ikuh dq*RFkqvka vkSank ,s\ ikuh ns dqnjrh lzksr
leqaanz] egklkxj] unh fd*;ka cunh ,s\ ufn;ka] >hyka] leqanz] /kjrh ns gsBk nk ikuh
* lk<+s ikuh ns LFkkuh lzksr dsg~M+s u \ ty lalk/ku ekufp=hdj.k
LFkkuh@ [ksrjh@jk”Vªh
* [kwg~ fd*;ka lqDdh tans u \ ekg~uw vklsvka cuk, xsns rs dqnjrh ty lzksrsa
gSaM iEi dEe fd*;ka djns u \ fcPp ljca/krk
* dsg~ Hkyk cM~Ms c*Uu ykSg~ds c*Uuas /kjrh nk tyLrj] gSaMiEi jkgsa flapkbZ] cM~Ms
nh cfuLcr ers Qk;nsean u \ c*Uusa ns okrkoj.k mIij gksus vkg~ys vlj xh
le>uk A
* jsfxLrkuh ykdsa p yksd ikuh fd*;ka ikuh ns culcUus ifjra=
gkly djns u A * jsfxLrkuh vykds p ikuh ns lzksr
* IgkM+h vykds p ikuh ns lzksr
* lksdk ikSus ns dkj.k\ lksds rs gkM+
ikuh ns lekth iSg~yw
* xzkbZa [kqgsa xh dq*u fn[knk&Hkkynk ,s\ tkfr rs oxZ
ikuh lzksrsa mIij “kq)rk rs iznw”ku ljca/kh
jksdFkke
* ikuh dq*u d<nk ,s \ etwjh nh ßfyaxÞ ljca/kh caM rs ikuh nh
lqyHkrk
* dsg~ Hkyk lk<+s dksy yksM+pnh ek=k ihus rs flatus vkg~ys ikuh xh ysb;S LFkkuh rs
p ikuh gS \ [ksrjh la?k”kZ
ikuh ctk: “kfDr;sa vkaxj
* lkQ ikuh dh t:jh ,s \ lsgr
“kjhj xh ikuh nh yksM+ ,s
lkQ ikuh nk vf/kdkj
ikuh Fkeka gksus vkg~fy;ka cekfj;ka
94
3.5 dyk&f”k{kk
ng~kdsa Fkeka f”k{kk O;oLFkk p dyk ns EgŸko nh ppkZ yxkrkj gksvk djnh ,s rs ckj&ckj ,g~nh
lQkj”k dhrh tanh ,s ij bl fn”kk p dksbZ [kkl rjDdh usbZa gksbZ A tsdj vl viuh uks[kh lkaLd`frd
iUNku xh mlnh le`f) rs pspfx;sa lesr cpkbZ jD[kuk pkg~Uus vka rka Ldwyh jLeh f”k{kk p dyk nh
f”k{kk rqjr “kq: dhrs tkus nh yksM+ ,s A IgkM+h f”k{kk O;oLFkk p dyk v/;;u vkg~yh cD[kh tqvku dyk
lk/kdsa xh izksRlkfgr dhrs tkus nh ctk, tka rs mUns dUuS bl ckjs p xYy xS uha dhrh tanh tka ¶gh mlh
mi;ksxh “kkSd tka euksjatd xfrfof/k ns rkSjk ij ySrk tank ,s A dyka Ldwyk p NM+s LFkkiuk fnu] lykuk
fnu] x.kra=rk fnol tka Ldwyk ns ujh{k.k nkSjs ns ekSds mIij n”kZuh pht ek= cfu;S jsgh xsbZ ,s A ,g~ns
iSg~ys tka fiPNqvka fo|kfFkZ;sa xh Ldwyk p dyk Fkeka ijsa xS jD[ksvk tank ,s rs m*usaxh flQZ m*,s fo”ks i<+us
cD[kh tksj fnRrk tank ,s ft*usaxh ersgkusa nh fnz”Vh dUuS i<+uk erk mi;ksxh gksank ,s A dyk ckjS vke
/kkj.kk tka le> cYysa&cYysa uka flQZ fo|kfFkZ;sa cYds mans ?kjSvkg~ysa] v/;kidsa rs bRFkwa rxj ts uhfr cukus
vkg~ysa rs f”k{kk iz”kkldsa p ch ?kVnh tk djnh ,s A
Ldwy rs Ldwyh iz”kklu Qwg~M+ rs yskd fiz; dyk xh izksRlkgu fnans u rs Q+[kj dUuS mank izn”kZu
djns u ft*Uns p euksjaatuh ukp xkus Hkjksps ns gksans u ij mans p “kySikcks/kd xq.k fcYdqy uha gksank A
gwu gksj erk fpj vlsaxh dyk ns EgŸko xh csxkSjk djuk ckjk usbZa [kank rs foLr`r rs culcUus lkaLd`frd
fcjls vkg~ys fo|kfFkZ;sa p dykRed ;ksX;rk,a xh eBsjus rs dykRed rs lkaLd`frd tkx:drk iSnk djus
cD[kh lHkusa laHkkor “kfDr;sa rs lalk/kusa xh dsanzr djuk gksx A dyk] /keZ&fujiD[krk rs lkaLd`frd
cUulcUu fn;ka thafn;ka tkxfn;ka elkyka u A bans p yksd rs “kkL=h; laxhr fn;ka dsbZa ckufx;ka] ukp]
jaxeap] iqrfy;sa nk [ks<] eqY[kk ns gj fgLls Fkeka feV~Vh dyka rs nLrdkfj;ka “kkey u A bans p dqlk ch
dyk nh f”k{kk lk<+s ;qok fo|kfFkZ;sa ns Kku xh flQZ le`) xS usbZa djx cYds i<+kbZ ns ckn ch thou Hkj
mans dEe vkSx A
95
fnz””k rs izn”kZu ljca/kh dyk,a xh ikB~;p;kZ p f”k{kk nk EgŸkoiw.kZ vax cuk, tkus nh yksM+ ,s A
cPpsa nh b*usa [ksrjsa p gquj rs ;ksX;rka fodlr djh ldns u uka ds flQZ euksjatu ns rkSjk ij le>u A
dyk ljca/kh ikB~;p;kZ jkgsa cPpsa xh Hkkjr nh le`) rs culcUuh lkaLd`frd ijEijk ckjS tkudkjh gksbZ
ldx A dyk&f”k{kk ykt+eh rkSjk ij bd lanj rs bd fo”ks ns rkSjk ij f”k{kk nk ykt+eh vax gks,s ¼nleha
tekrk rxj½ A rs gj Ldwyk p blns ysbZ yksM+pfn;ka lqfo/kka gksu A dyk ns vUrZxr &&laxhr ] ukp]
fnz””kdyk rs ukVd pkSusa eqD[k [ksrjsa xh “kkey dhrk tkuk pkfgnk ,s A dyk ns EgŸko ns ljca/kk p cPpsa
ns ?kjS&vkg~ys ] uxjkusa] Ldwyh vf/kdkfj;sa rs iz”kkldsa xh tkudkjh fnŸks tkus nh yksM+ ,s A bl p tksj
flD[kus ij gksuk pkfgnk ,s l[kkus ij usbZa rs rkSj&rjhdk lgHkkfxrk] xYy&ckr rs vuqHkoas&iz;skxas ij
v/kkjr gksuk pkfgnk ,s] vkns”kkRed tka fgnk;rh usbZa A
Ldwyk p c*jk Hkj] gj Lrj mIij dyk ns ek/;e rs :isa ns ckjs p fo|kfFkZ;sa xh [ks<k&[ks<k p
tka fo”ks&c) :ik p nLlsvk tkbZ ldnk ,s ] lefxz;ka dBjusa ns jkgsa vfHkO;fDr ns vksM+d :isa p mUns
vius vki ns fodkl rs lekth && nkSusa pkYyha ns fodkl p lgk;d gksans u A izkbZejh Fkeka iSg~ysa rs
izkbZejh Lrjsa ij bl cD[kh erk tksj usbZa fnŸkk tkuk pkfgnk A
Hkk”kk ] dyk ns dsbZa :isa nh ] ^Lo* nh Mwag~xh le> rs nq,a nh le> cxSjk fo|kFkhZ dyk ns ek/;e
jkgsa cM+s vuqHko”khy <axk dUuS le>h ldnk ,s A dyk nk lqvkre usgk gksank ,s ts dyk:i lCHkS cPps
maans p fgLlk ysbZ ldns u A
L;kyS nh bd H;kx
L;kyS nh bd H;kxk v/;kidk us cPpsa xh cMyS nk bd fnz””k cukus ysbZ vk[ksvk A bd cPps us
viuh MªkabZx cukbZ rs mlns iNkSdM+ xh xw<+k Ugsjk djh fnŸkk ] yxHkx lwjt xh yoS djns gksbZ A ßesa
cMys nk fnz””k cukus ysbZ xyk;k gk A lw;Z pVd gksuk pkfgnk AÞ v/;kidk djykbZ A m*UuS ,g~
/;ku usbZa fnŸkk ts cPps fn;ka vD[kha nqvkjh pk ckg~jS xh >kadS djfn;ka fg;ka A ßvTt blyS rxj
Ugsjk gk] lwjt ?kus dkys L;kyw cnysa fiPNsa gk A Þ
96
gj Ldwyk p dyk,a rs cjklrh nLrdkfj;sa xh f”k{kk dUuS tksM+us ns lalk/ku miyC/k gksus pkfgns
u A bl ysbZ ,g~ t:jh ,s ts ikB~;p;kZ p dyk ljca/kh xfrfof/k;sa ysbZ yksM+pnk leka gksuk pkfgnk ,s A
ukV~d tka ukp tka ¶gh feV~Vh ns dEe ljca/kh tekrS ysbZ Ms< ¼1½½ ?kSaVsa nk ihfj;M gksuk pkfgnk ,s A
tksj bl xYyk mIij usbZa gksuk pkfgnk ts ifjiDo Lrj nh dyk tka ^iw.kZ dyk * nk fodkl gks,s cYds
cPpsa xh lexzh] gquj rs rduhd dUuS ifjfpr djkans gksbZ viuh “kSyh p vius vki fodlr gksus nk
ekSdk fnRrk tk· A ij mUns mIij erk tksj usbZa ik;k tkuk pkfgnk A fd”k c*jsa p v/;kikd nh enn
dUuS cPps lqrSarj rkSjk ij yxu rs n`<+rk dUuS viuh dYiuk”khyrk] “kySik cks/kd xq.koŸkk rs Js’Brk
nk xq.k iSnk djns gksbZ dyk ljca/kh izkstSDV izLrqr djh ld³u A
lSdaMªh rs gk;j lSdaMªh Ldwy voLFkk,a p Ldwyh ikB~;p;kZ p fo|kfFkZ;sa xh viuh #fp nh dqlS
dyk p fo”ks”kKrk izkIr djus nh vkKk gksuh pkfgnh ,s A dyk nh f”k{kk xzSg~.k djns rs mlnk vH;kl
djns gksbZ fo|kFkhZ bl mejh rd dyk rs “kySik cks/k ns ljca/kk p fd”k fl)kUrd Kku ch gkly djh
ldnk ,s A tsg~M+k mans Kku nk foLrkj djh ldnk ,s rs dUuS xS Kku ns bl [ksrj nh EgŸkk le>us p
manh enn ch djnk ,s A laLd`fr ljca/kh dyk ns yksdfiz; :isa rs cu lcfUu;sa dyk&ijEijk,a
¼lkaLd`frd QdZ&Hksn½ rs jpukRedrk nh ppkZ Fkeka m*usaxh :isa ns culcUu ns ifjizs{; p #fp&fodkl
ckjS tkudkjh FgksbZ ldx A bl ysbZ ,g~ t:jh ,s ts ikB~;p;kZ p dyk ns c/khd tka ?kfV;k Lrj ns
:isa nk ft+dj usbZa gks,s rs ml p “kkL=h dyk,a rs yksddyk,a nk ch Hksn usbZa gks,s A ,g~ ikB~;p;kZ m*usa
fo|kfFkZ;sa xh ch R;kj djx tsg~M+s 10+2 tekrsa p dyk xh fo”ks”k isij ns rkSjk ij i<+uk pkag~ns u tka
viuh vxyh i<+kbZ dyk ns [ksrjk p xS djuk pkag~ns u A
dyk f”k{kk ns v/;kidsa xh ljca/kr fo”ksa mIij gksj erh v/kkj lexzh miyC/k djkbZ tkuh
pkfgnh A v/;kidsa nh f”k{kk rs vksfj;.Vs”ku xh bd EgŸkoiw.kZ vax cuk;k tkuk pkfgnk ,s ftl dUuS
vksg~ ekfgjkuk rs jpukRed <axk dUuS dyk nh f”k{kk nsbZ ldu A dUuS xS ers cky Hkousa] ft*usa “kSg~jsa p
EgŸkoiw.kZ Hkwfedk uHkkbZ nh ,s] xh ftyk Lrj mIij LFkkir dhrk tkuk pkfgnk ,s rs lHkusa Cykd Lrjsa
mIij ch A ,g~ns dUuS dyk rs nLrdkjh xfrfof/k;sa nh ckn~/kw f”k{kk gksx rs cPpsa xh fln~/ks flD[kus ns ekSds
ch Fgks³u A
97
IkjEijkxr gLrdyk ijEijka
nLrdkjh bd mRiknd izfdz;k ,s rs bd vn~Hkqr VSDukyksth ,s tsg~M+h vuvk/kqfudrk ¼Outmodit½ Fkeka ijs ,s A ,g~ns p cjrksus vkg~yk dPpk eky Hkkjr p miyC/k ,s rs i;kZoj.k nk fgr pkg~us vkg~yk
,s A bRFkS thaor nLrdkjh ns gquj] rduhdka] uewus rs mRiknusa ns le`) lalk/ku u tsg~M+s ikB~;p;kZ ns
dyk rs dEe &nkSusa [ksrjsa ysbZ le`) rs t:jh lalk/ku cuh ldns u rs cu³u A gRFksa dEe djuk]
lexzh dUuS dEe djuk rs rduhdh enn dUuS dEe djuk izfdz;k,a xh le>us] lk/ku lEiUu gksus]
mn~ne djus rs leL;k,a nk lek/kku djus p enn djnk ,s A b*;S tsg~ vuqHko lHkusa cPpsa ysbZ cM+s
dherh gksbZ ldns u ft*Unk Fkkg~j dksbZ usbZa ysbZ ldnk A ,g~ [ksrj esy vkg~yh f”k{kk ysbZ ch
EgŸkoiw.kZ Fkkg~j ,s A
nLrdkjh xh bd fljtukRed rs “kySik cks/kd xfrfof/k ns :ik p rs bd dEek vkg~yk ys[kk
nkSusa :isa p i<+k;k tkuk pkfgnk ,s A blh bfrgkl] lekth foKku rs i;kZoj.k v/;;u] Hkwxksy rs
vFkZ”kkL= dUuS tksM+svk tkbZ ldnk ,s A tS.Mj ¼fyax½ ] i;kZoj.k rs leqnk; ckjS bd fnz”Vhdks.k nk
fodkl djuk ^vykspukRed gLrf”kYi* v/;;u nk vax cuk;k tkuk pkfgnk ,s A
* fljtukRedrk rs “kySis ljca/kh iD[kas mIij cy dUuS gLrf”kYi ikB~;p;kZ p dyk ns fgLlsa ns
rkSjk mIij tksM+s tkbZ ldns u A
* f”kYidkj vkiwa xS bl f”kYi ns v/;kid rs izf”k{kd gksus pkfgns u rs m*usaxh Ldwyk p
¼ikVZ&VkbZe½ va”kdkfyd lsok nsus ysbZ leFkZ djus ns rjhds rik”kuk t:jh ,s A
* f”kYi xh thoar] vuqHko iznku vH;kl ns rkSjk ij i<+k;k tkuk pkfgnk ,s A
* f”kYisa xh izkStsDV ns :ik p i<+k;k tkuk pkfgnk ,s uka ds Dyklk p vH;klsa ns :ik p A
* cD[k&cD[k pkYyh ns f”kYisa ysbZa cD[k&cD[k pkYyh nh ikB~;p;kZ lefxz;sa nh ;sktuk cukbZ
tkuh pkfgnh ,s A uewuk iqLrdsa] lzksr iqLrdsa] midj.k ljca/kh funsZ”kdk,a rs gLrf”kYi
uD”ksa ns :ik p lalk/kus nk izca/k dhrk tkuk pkfgnk ,s A
• yksM+pfn;sa lefxz;sa rs lanjsa midj.ksa dUuS f”kYi ljca/kh ySckVªfj;sa xh fodlr djus nh t:jr
,s A
* cPpsa xh f”kYidkjsa rs f”kYi ijEijk,a rs vius fljtukRed tRkuas mn~nesa nh tkudkjh nsus ysbZ
f”kYi esysa nk lfjLrk dhrk tkuk pkfgnk ,s A
98
3.6 lsg~r rs “kjhjh f”k{kk
,g~ paxh pkYyh eUuh nh xYy ,s ts lsg~r tScd lekth vkfFkZd lkaLd`frd rs jktuSfrd rkdrsa
Fkeka izHkkor gksanh ,s cqfu;knh t:jrka ft*;ka ] #V~Vh] lkQ] ihus vkg~ys lqj{kr ikuh nh lIykbZ] ?kj]
lQkbZ rs lsg~r lsoka turk ns LokLFk xh izHkkor djfn;ka u rs ,g~ e`R;qnj rs iks”kd rRosa nh miyC/krk
d”kk >ydfn;ka u A lsg~r cPpsa ns loZiD[kh fodkl nh lwpd gksanh ,s rs ,g~ EgŸkoiw.kZ <axk dUuS cPpsa ns
ukekadu] Ldwyk p gktjh rs Ldwyh i<+kbZ iwjh djus nh nj xh izHkkor djnh ,s A bl ckjS ikB~;p;kZ
lsg~r xh ysb;S bd lEiw.kZ fnz”Vhdks.k viukanh ,s ftl p ;ksx rs “kjhjh f”k{kk cPpsa ns ftLekuh]
HkkoukRed rs ekufld fodkl p viuk ;ksxnku fnans u A
[kqjkd nh deh rs lapkjh jksx cfM+;ka&cfM~M;ka lsg~r leL;ka u ft*Unk Hkkjr ns ersa lkjs cPpsa xh
lkeuk djuk iok nk ,s & iwoZ izkbZejh Lrj nh f”k{kk Fkeka ysb;S gk;j lSdaMªh nh f”k{kk rxj A bl ysbZ
Ldwyk p gj Lrj mIij bl leL;ka dUuS fuCcM+us nh t:jr ,s [kkl dfj;S detksj oxZ ns cPpsa rs
dqfM+;sa ns ekeysa p A ,g~ izLrkor dhrk xsvk ,s ts ßfeM Ms ehy dzk;ZdzeÞ rs lsgr nss eqgk;us xh
ikB~;p;kZ nk fgLlk cuk;k tkuk pkfgnk ,s rs lsgr ljca/kh f”k{kk ch fnRrh tk tsg~M+h fodkl fn;sa
cD[k&cD[k iM+k,a mIij lsg~r ljca/kh ljksdkjsa ns ckjS nLlx Hkkyx A 1940 ,a p ßLdwysa ysbZ O;kid
lsgr izksxzke nh :i js[kk cukbZ xsbZ tsg~ns Nsa eqD[k vax gs & lsgr] lsok] Ldwysa nk LoPN i;kZoj.k]
lCgSjh] lsgr] rs “kjhjh f”k{kk A ,g~ cPpsa ns lEiw.kZ fodkl ysbZ t:jh u rs b*usaxh ikB~;p;kZ p “kkey
dhrs tkus nh t:jr ,s A ikB~;p;kZ p ;ksx ueka fo”ksa ,s A vTtdy Ldwysa p etwn vkaf”kd in~/kfr xh
cnyns gksbZ iwjs xzqi xh O;kid lsgr rs “kjhjh f”k{kk ikB~;p;kZ ns rkSj ij fdV~Bs ySrk tkuk pkfgnk ,s A
ikB~;p;kZ ns izeq[k vax ns :iS p [ks<sa rs ;skx vkLrS tsg~M+k leka jD[ksvk xsvk ,s mlh dqlS ch gkyrh
p uka rs ?kVk;k tk rs uka [kRe dhrk tk A ,g~ vglkl c/kk djnk ,s ts fd”kksjsa fn;ka lsgr ljca/kh
t:jrka [kkl dfj;S mans iztuu rs ;kSu lsgr fn;sa t:jrsa dUuS fl*Ttus nh yksM+ ,s A ft*;ka ds ,g~
t:jrka cM+h gí rxj ;kSu rs dkeqdrk dUuS ljca/kr u tsg~M+s lkaLd`rd rkSjk cM+s laosnu”khy [ksrj u
rs vksg~ bl ckjS euklc tkudkjh miyC/k gksus ns ekSdsa Fkeka oapr jkSag~ns u A bl ysbZ iztuu rs ;kSu
99
lsg~r ckjS manh le> rs bl fn”kk p mank C;gkj eqD[k rkSjk ij Hkzkafr;sa rs xyr /kkj.kk,a Fkeka funsZ”kr
gksans u] tsg~fM+;ka m*usaxh u”ks rs ,Ml tusfg;ka cekfj;ka yXxus nh [krjukd fLFkfr;sa nk “kdkj cukans u A
,p0vkbZ0 oh0@ ,M~l rs u”ks lesr fd”kksj iztuu rs ;kSu lsg~r ns ljksdkjsa ij dsUnzr mejk erkcd
izlax dsUnzr n[kyvankft;sa cPpsa xh Kku&fuekZ.k rs thou&gqujsa xh xzSg~.k djus ns ekSds iznku djus nh
yksM+ ,s] rka ts vksg~ c/kus eBksus nh izfdz;k dUuS ljca/kr ljksdkjsa dUuS fl*Tth ldu A
3.6.1 j.kuhfr;ka
lsg~rw ns fnŸks ns cgqvk;keh lqvkre p f”k{kk ns lcwjs ikB~;dze rs ,drk ns dsbZa ekSds u A
,u0,l0,l0] Hkkjr LdkmV rs xkbZM rs ,u0lh0lh0 tusfg;ka dsbZa xfrfof/k;ka bl pkYyh ns fd”k [ksrj
u A foKku ] “kjhj] lsg~r rs cekfj;sa ckjs flD[kus rs cD[k&cD[k pkYyh ns thcsa rs mans HkkSfrd vkoklsa
c”dkj vkilh fuHkZjrk,a ckjS flD[kus ns ekSds eqgS;k djkans u A lekth foKku] leqnk;d lsgr ckjS lksp
rs dUuS xS fo”olekth vkfFkZd fnz”Vh dUuS yXxus vkg~fy;sa cekfj;sa ns izlkj] fu;a=.k rs ykt ckjS le>
ch iznku djns u A ,g~ fo”ks O;ogkjd f”k{kk ysbZ mi;ksxh gksank ,s rs ikB~;dze i<+kus ysbZ ufe;ka in~/kfr;ka
viukb;ka tkbZ ldfn;ka u
lEiw.kZ fodkl ljca/kh t:jrsa ns lanHkZ p bl fo”ksa nk EgŸko uhfr ns Lrj mIij xS iz”kkldsa Ldwysa
p nq, fo”ks ns v/;kidsa] lsgr foHkkx] ekrk&firk rs cPpsa nh “kewfy;r dUuS ijfr;S Cgky dhrs tkus nh
yksM+ ,s A dsUnzh fo”ks ns rkSjk ij bl fo”ks xh ekU;rk fnans gksbZ lsgr rs “kjhjh foKku xh izkbZejh d”kk
lSdaMªh voLFkk rxj t:jh fo”ks rs gk;j lSdaMªh Lrj mIij vkI”kuy fo”ks ns rkSjk ij tkjh jD[ksvk tk A
tnds blh ckdh fo”ksa ns erkcd cjkcj #rck nsus nh yksM+ ,s vksg~ #rck tsg~M+k blyS usbZa fnŸkk xsnk A
ikB~;dze xh “kSy pkYyh dUuS pykus vkLrS ,g~ ;dhuh cukuk t:jh ,s ts ?kV~Vks&?kV~V yksM+pnh Fkkg~j rs
midj.k gj LdwyS p miyC/k u rs MkDVj rs MkDVjh veyk fu;er rkSjk ij Ldwyk nk nkSjk dju A bl
[ksrjS ysbZ v/;kid nh R;kjh lqfu;kstr rs laxBr iz;klsa nh yksM+ gksanh ,s A lsgrf”k{kk] “kjhjh f”k{kk rs
;ksx vkg~ys bl fo”ks [ksrj xh cqU;knh rs lSadMªh Lrjsa ns v/;kidsa nh ukSdjh dksyk iSg~ysa nh f”k{kk ns dkslsZa
p euklc rkSjk ij tksM+svk tk A “kjhjh f”k{kk ns etwnk izf”k{k.k laLFkkusa nh laHkkouk,a nk ijfr;S tk;t+k
ySrk tkuk pkfgnk rs manh LgsbZ cjrwu gksuh pkfgnh A b*;ka xS Ldwysa p ;ksx pkyus vkLrS mans euklc
100
lyscl rs v/;kid izf”k{k.k nk ch ijfr;S tk;t+k ySus rs ijfr;S R;kj djus nh yksM+ ,s A ,g~ ;dhuh
cukuk ch t:jh ,s ts ,g~ ljksdkj ,u0,l0,l0]LdkmV~l rs xkbZM rs ,u0lh0lh0 nh xfrfof/k;sa dUuS
bdtqV u A
yksM+ mIij v/kkjr fnz”Vhdks.k tsg~M+k “kjhjh ] eukslekth rs ekufld iSgyw;sa ns vk;kesa xh funsZ”kr
djh ldnk ,s mlxh Ldwyh f”k{kk ns cD[k&cD[k Lrjsa mIij “kkey dhrk tkuk pkfgnk ,s A ljksdkjsa nh
cqfu;knh le> ykt+eh ,s ij erh t:jh Dimension ,s lsgr] gquj rs “kjhjh fodkl ysbZ [ks<uk]
ctZ”k] [ks<ka] O;fDrxr rs leqnk;d lsgr&lQkbZ ns vH;klsa dUuS veyh j>sesa jkgsa fodkl A lsgr rs
leqnk;d thou ns lanHkZ p lkaf>;sa rs O;fDrxr ftEesnkfj;sa ij tksj fnrs tkus nh yksM+ ,s A jk”Vªh Lrj
ns dsbZ lsgr izksxzke ft*;ka iztUku rs cky lsgr] ,p0vkbZ0oh0/Aids] Vh0ch0¼T.B.½ rs ekufld lsg~r ns
ljca/kk p cPpsa xh /;kuk p jfD[k;S jksdus ns mik· djus p yXxs ns u A cPpsa fn;sa b*usa eaxsa xh etwnk
ikB~;p;kZ xfrfof/k;sa dUuS xS tksM+svk tkuk pfkgnk ,s A uka ds vksg~ns p ck)k djus nh fnz”Vh dUuS A
;ksx xh izkbZejh Fkeka ysb;S vxyh i<+kbZ p xSj jLeh rkSjk ij yk;k tkbZ ldnk ,s ij vklusa rs
/;ku ljca/kh jLeh i<+kbZ flQZ Nseha tekrk Fkeka gksuh pkfgnh A bRFkwa rxj ts lsg~r rs lQkbZ f”k{kk lesr
lCHksa n[kyvankft;ka ch cPpsa ns thou ns O;ogkjd rs vuqHko”khy iSg~yq,a ij v/kkjr gksfu;ka pkfgfn;ka
u A edkeh Lrj fn;sa [ks<sa xh “kkey dhrs tkus ij tksj gksbZ ldnk ,s LdwyS ns lesa Fkeka iSg~ys rs ckn
p rs NqfV~V;sa ns nkSjku [ks<sa nh [kkl izfrHkk vkg~ys cPpsa xh [kkl [ks<sa ns izksxzkesa fxŸkS [kkl izf”k{k.k ysbZ
vkSus tksx cukus vkLrS ?kêks&?kê Cykd Lrj ij LdwyS nh txg xh bLrseky djus nk lfjLrk laHko gksuk
pkfgnk ,s A b*Cch laHko ,s ts mRFkS [ks<sa ljca/kh lqfo/kk,sa nk fodkl gks,s rka ts [kkyh le; p gksj ers
cPpsa mRFkS ckLdsVcky] Fkzks&cky] ckyhcky rs eqdkeh [ks<sa nk vkuUn ysbZ ldu A
3.7 dEe rs f”k{kk
dEe] le>svk tank ,s ts ,g~ fd”k cukus tka fd”k djus nh fn”kk p bd xfrfof/k ,s A blnk
b*Cch eryc ,s viuk dEe tka ;ksX;rka cukuk tka nks,s] /kuS vkLrS tka nwb;sa gksj pkYyh ns Qk;ns vkLrS
dqlS nq, ns dEeS vkLrS miyC/k gksuk A bl pkYyh fn;ak dsbZ xfrfof/k;ka #V~Vh]jkstejkZ p cjrksus vkg~yh
101
phtsa rs yksdsa ns “kjhjh rs ekuld LokLFk dUuS tqM+h fn;ka u A ckdh fn;sa xfrfof/k;sa nk lEca/k lekt p
iz”kklu rs O;oLFkk dUuS ,s A dqlS ch lekt p bans ykok b*usa n*Åa cqfu;knh vk;ke¼phtsa nk mRiknu rs
lEeha lhyh dEe O;oLFkk xh LFkkir djuk½ gksj nwbZ;ka dsbZ xfrfof/k;ka ch euqD[kh lq[klkan ysbZ ;ksxnku
fnans u rs b*;ka dEeS ns :i eUus tans u A
bl fnz”Vh dUuS dEek nk eryc gksvk lekt ns nq, yksdsa ns izfr rs tka leqnk; ns izfr ftEesokjh
uHkkuk A ft*;ka bd tuk mafn;sa yksMsa+ xh iwjk djus vkLrS viuk dEe rs ;ksX;rka nsvk djnk ,s A nwvk
blnk bCch vFkZ ,s ts bd tus vklsvk dEeS jkgsa fnŸkk xsnk lSg;ksx dEeS ns lkoZtfud Lrjsa xh leiZr
gksx rs b*;ka nq,a vklsvk mlnk ewY;kadu dhrk tkx A f=vk] dEek nk eryc lekth thou p ;ksxnku
ch gksbZ ldnk ,s Hkkesa vksg~ lektk ysbZ fd”k iSnk djuk gks,s thou xh eqedu cukank ,s tka bl fn”kk
p lkekU; rkSjk ij dksbZ enn djnk gks,s A [khjk p dEe euqD[kh thou xh le`) cukank ,s ] dhts
vksg~ le> rs vkuUn ns uesa vk;ke [kksg~ynk ,s A
tnds vlsa ,g~ usbZa HkqYyuk pkfgnk ts cPpsa nk lekth dj.k vDlj csjos vkg~ys C;gkj rs eqYysa
p gksank ,s A rs cM~Msa cPpsa dUuS nck· vkg~ys lekth lkaLd`rd <kapsa p C;gkj djns u A ,g~ eUuuk
t:jh ,s ts cM~Ms rs cPps nkSusa nk bDdS rjhds dUuS lekthdj.k gks,s A vlsa b*Cch psrk jD[kus nh yksM+
,s ts ca/kqvk etwjh ns rkSjk ij dEe “kk;n lHkusa tksjk tcfj;sa pk lHkusa “kk ?kfV;k ,s A ,g~ ;dhuh
cukus vklrS yksM+pfn;ka lko/kkfu;ka cjrus nh yksM+ ,s ts ikB~kp;kZ ns bd vu=qV~V fgLls ns :iS p dEeS
nh “kq:vkr bl ikLlS ysbZ tkus usbZa gksuh pkfgnh ftRFkS cPpsa ij ceus dEe e<+svk tk tka ^dEe* cPps
nh f”k{kk mlns lHkkod cks/k rs fodkl #dkoV gks,s A mRiknu tka dEeS vkLrS dhrh xsnh #Vhu tka
?kM+h&eqM+h nh xfrfof/k tsg~M+h tkr tka fyax ij v/kkjr dEesa nh caMS dUuS ljca/kr ,s ] ml “kk l[rh
dUuS cpuk pkfgnk ,s A dUuS xS vkiwa “kkey gks, cxSj cPpsa xh dEeS p ykus dUuS v/;kid dEeS xh
ikB~;p;kZ dUuS tksM+us ns mís”; xh gkly usbZa djh ldns A LdwyS p dEeS nh “kewfy;r xh dnsa ch cPpsa
ns “kks”ku vkLrS nyhy ns rkSj ij usbZa cjrsvk tkuk pkfgnk A
102
,g~ bd f”k{kk ljca/kh cikj ,s tsgM+k dEe ikB~;p;kZ p viuh Hkwfedk uHkkbZ ldnk ,s A dEe
Hkkesa ?kjS p] LdwyS p] lekt tka dEeS vkg~ys Fkkg~jS ij] ,g~ cPpsa ysbZ f”k{kk nk [ksrj ch ,s A cPp rkSyS
“kk rkSyS n*Åa c*jsa nh mejh Fkeka dEeS nh vo/kkj.kk xh vkRelkr dju yxh ikSans u A cPps cM~Msa nh
udy djns u rs dEe djus nk lqvkax djuk ilan djns u A elky ns rkSjk ij cM+s ykSg~ds cPps ^Q”kZ
lksrus* tka ^ehfVax djus* tka ^edku cukus* tka ^#V~Vh idkus* nk lqvkax djns m*usaxh fnD[kuk dksbZ
vkspu xYy usbZa A ers lkjs f”k{k.k “kkL=sa vklsvk dEeS xh bd f”k{k.k midj.k ns rkSjk ij cjrsvk tank
,s A elky ns rkSjk ij ekSuVslqjh i)fr cM+s “kq: Fkek xS dEeSa nh vo/kkj.kk rs gqujsa xh bdtqV djnh
,s A lfCt;ka phjuk] tekr nk dejk lkQ djuk] ckxokuh rs diM+s /kksuk] ,g~ lCHkS f”k{kk pDdj ns vax
u A Qk;nsean dEe vksg~ ,s tsg~M+k cPps nh cjsl rs ;ksX;rk ns erkcd ,s rs cPps ns vki cks/k&fodkl p
;ksxnku fnank ,s ftlyS cPpsa ns thou p ykxw gksank ,s rka cPpsa xh dnjka] ewy foKkud vo/kkj.kka] gquj
rs jpukRed vfHkO;fDr ns ;ksX; cukus p enn djnk ,s A cPps dEeS jkgsa bd iUNku gkly djns u rs
mi;ksxh rs mRiknd elwl djns u] dh ts dEe m*usaxh vFkZ iznku djnk,s rs lekt p m*usaxh lnL;rk
nksvkank ,s rs Kku fuekZ.k djus ns ;ksX; cukank ,s A
dEeS jkgsa ekg~uw lekt p viuk Fkkg~j rqIiuk fl[knk ,s ,g~ “kewfy;r ysbZ lEHkkouk,a vkg~yh
f”k{kk ljca/kh bd xfrfof/k ,s bl ysbZ bd f”k{kkRed O;oLFkk p mRiknd dEesa p “kewfy;r ns bd vuqHko
us ekg~uw xh lekth thou rs lekt p ftlnh dnj rs iz”kalk ns eqYy xh le>us ;ksX; cukuk pkfgnk
,s A ft*;ka ds dEe gkly djus tksx fd”k y{;sa xh ifjHkk”kr djnk ,s rs vkiwa&fcPpsa nh fuHkZjrk nk
tky jpnk ,s blysbZ vkRela;e ysbZ lEHkkouk,a nh jpuk] ekufld “kfDr;sa nk dsUnzhdj.k rs Hkkouk,a ij
tCr jD[kus ysbZ bl p vuq”kklukRed <axS dUuS iz;kl t:jh u A dEeS nk eqYy [kkl rkSjk ij vksg~
gquj ft*Uns p “kSy lQkbZ “kkey ,s] xh mRd`”Vrk gkly djus rs vkRe vuq”kklu flD[kus ns ek/;esa ns
:isa p derj eUusvk tank ,s A feV~Vh] ydM+h tusgh lexzh p yXxus vkg~yk vuq”kklu erk izHkkoiw.kZ ,s
rs bd ekg~uw vklsvk gksj nq, dEesa p yXxus vkg~ys vuq”kklu Fkeka xq.kkRedrk ns rkSjk mIij cD[kjk A
dEeS p lefxzs;sa tka nq, yksdsa¼vD[kj nkSusa½ nk vkiwa psa esyC;gkj “kkey ,s ts b*;ka dqnjrh phtsa rs
103
lekth ljca/ksa ckjS Mwag~xh le> rs cn~/k O;ogkjd Kku nh jpuk gksanh ,s A ,g~ lc cut tsg~M+s jksth
#V~Vh dekus ns ek/;e p cnyh ldnk ,s flD[kus ysbZ yksM+pns vke HkkSrd gqujsa Fkeka ckQ+j u A
bRFkS of.kZr dEeS ns cD[k&cD[k iD[k dEeS xh vFkZiw.kZ cukus rs Kku&fuekZ.k vkg~ys vk;kesa
cD[kh /;ku f[kpns u A ,g~ f”k{k.k “kkL=h; dEe ,s tsg~M+k ikB~;p;kZ p dEe djh ldnk ,s A
dEeS Fkeka bl pkYyh ns Qk;ns rka xS ySrs tkbZ ldns u tsdj ,g~ Ldwyh ikB~;p;kZ nk vu=qV
fgLlk cunk ,s A vdknfed O;oLFkk p vuqlj.k dfj;S dEeS ns lqvkre xh cnyus nh laHkkouk xh
[kksg~yns gksbZ dEe jpukRedrk rs le> ns uesa :isa xh iSnk djus nh ekdkZjost lEHkkouk j[knk ,s A
Hkkjr p ers lkjs ifjokjsa p ?kjS nk dEe dkt rs ifjokjd cikj thou nk rkSj&rjhdk ,s A ,g~ thou
“kSyh cPpsa ns Ldwyh nck· rs jV~Vs&?kksV~Vs rs lwpuk,a nh ?kksV~Vk i)fr ns tksjnkj edkcys dkj.k cnynh tk
djnh ,s A vdknfed xfrfof/k vuq”kklukRed gn~nsa ns vanj jkSg~us cD[kh c/knh ,s ] ftlyS vdknfed
f”k{kk rs dEe fdV~Bs xS bDdS ekSds ij djus dUuS vdknfed f[kŸks ns dUuS&dUuS dEe djus ns
rkSj&rjhdsa rs midj.ksa p ch erh “kSy jpukRedrk nh laHkkouk gkasnh ,s A bd larqyr fodkl gksbZ ldnk
,s A bLlS pkYyh ;ksX; gSaMiEisa ns uewus R;kj gks, gs A ftUus rxj bd foKkfud lksp vkg~ys dEexkj us
,g~ lq>kk· usbZa gk fnŸks nk ts /kkxs p Fkksg~M+k tusgk dkcZu ikSMj ikbz ySus dUuS blh lwjtS pk /kqIi tT+c
dfj;S vius vkiS xh xeZ jD[kus p enn Fgksx rnwa rxj mPps mM~Mus vkg~ys ikWfyfFku ns Qywl vfr BaMs
lerki eaMy pk ya?kns gksbZ QVh tans gs A cs”kd lCHkS egku vkfndkjd BBsvkj vkfn gs tsg~M+s foKku ns
ckjs p cM+k ?kV~V tkuns gs A ,Mhlu] QksYM rs QSjsMs bLlS oxZ dUuS lEca/kr gs A rs b*;ka xS vksg~ ch
ft*usa utjh vkg~yh ,sudsa nk iSg~yk tksM+k tka nwjchu bZtkn dhrh gh A bl ckjS fd”k “kDd ,s ts lk<+s
desgkjsa dkjhfxjsa cqudjsa djlkusa ] MkDVjh yksdsa nk ijEijkxr Kku bl pkYyh ns /ka/ksa jkgsa vk, nk ,s
ftRFkS ,g~ yksd bDdS ekSds ij HkkSrd dEe rs vdknfed lksp p yXxs ns gs A vlsaxh viuh f”k{kk
O;oLFkk p uekadj.k] ftKklk rs O;ogkjd vuqHkosa nh laLd`fr iSnk djus nh yksM+ ,s A
104
tnds vtsa <kapkxr tka f”k{kk lexzh ns LgkcS dEeS xh ikB~;p;kZ ns vax ns rkSjk ij Ldwysa p usbZa
pyk;k xsvk ,s ( dEe t:jh rkSjk ij ,d liwjh vuq”kklukRed xfrfof/k ,s bl ysbZ Ldwyh ikB~;p;kZ
dUuS dEesa xh tksM+us ysbZ ts blh fd*;ka f”k{kk rs tk;t+k rs ewY;kadu nh izfdz;k dUuS tksM+svk tk·] ckjS
[kklh f”k{k.kkRed le>k nh yksM+ ,s A
Ldwyh ikB~;p;kZ p dEek nk laLFkkuhdj.k ysbZ jpukRed rs mn~neh fparu nh yksM+ ,s ftl dUuS
lekth rkSjk ij mi;ksxh rs jpukRed dEesa dUuS ljca/kr tM+rk =qVx ft*Uns ckjs p lkjs fo|kFkhZ rs
v/;kid nqfo/kk p jkSag~ns u A bl xYyk xh tkpus nh yksM+ ,s ts fdl pkYyh gkf”k;sa ns cPpsa ns le`)
Kku v/kkj rs mUns gRFksa dEek ns gqujsa xh mUns eku lEeku nk v/kkj rs nq, cPpsa ysbZ flD[kus nk lzksr
cuk;k tkbZ ldnk ,s A ,g~ bl lanHkZ p [kklrkSjk ij EgŸkoiw.kZ ,s ts mPp e>kVyS oxZ ns cPpsa p
viuh lkaLd``frd cjklr ns izfr mnklhurk c/knh tk djnh ,s rs blh c/kkus rs rst djus p Lkk<+h f”k{kk
O;oLFkk us cM+h Hkwfedk uHkkbZ ,s A bl xYyk nh cM+h laHkkouk ,s ts yEesa pkSM+s ¼ Vast½ mRiknd oxZ ns
foLr`r Kku v/kkjsa nh le> jkgsa f”k{kk O;oLFkk p rCnhfy;ka vkg~fUu;ka tkbZ ldfn;ka u A ßdEek xh
^tk;t* Kku ns :ik p fnD[ksvk tkbZ ldnk ,s tsg~M+k efgyk;sa cxSjk ns m*usa dEesa nk ijfr;S ewY;kadu
dju fnank ,s tsg~M+s lekt vkLrS dkjh ns le>s tans u A Ldwyh f”k{kk ns ^drkch* ] tkudkjh ij v/kkjr
rs vkerkSjk ij cxSj pukSfr vkg~ys pfj= xh /ksj*us vkLrS mRiknd dEeS xh ikB~;p;kZ p dsUnzh Fkkg~j
nsus nh yksM+ gksx tsg~M+h ckn p cPps xh thou fn;sa t:jrsa p enn djx A cpiu rs fd”kksj voLFkk,a
nh cD[k&cD[k voLFkk,a ij dEeS p Hkk”kk f”k{k.kkkRed vuqHkosa xh tksM+us dUuS izHkko”kkyh rs
vkykspukRed fodklijd midj.k cuh tkx A bl pkYyh dEek ij v/kkjr f”k{kk O;olk;d f”k{kk dksyk
cD[k ,s A
Kku&vtZu ysbZ f”k{k.kkRed ek/;e] eqYysa xh fodlr djus rs culcUus gqujsa nh jpuk djus ns
rkSj mIij dEesa fn;sa f”k{k.kkRed laHkkouk,a xh gkly djus ysbZ izkbZejh Fkeka iSg~ysa nh voLFkk Fkeka ysb;S
lhfu;j lSdaMªh voLFkk rxj nh Ldwyh ikB~;p;kZ xh ijfr;S cukuk pkfgnk ,s A ft*;ka cPpk L;kuk gksank
,s ikB~;p;kZ xh dEeS nh nqfu;k ysbZ cPps xh R;kj djus nh yksM+ xh iUNkuus nh t:jr ,s A cPpsa ns
fodkl ns dUuS dEek mIij v/kkjr f”k{kk Ik)fr nk fodkl dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s ftl p c/knh tfVyrk
105
nh le> gks,ss] dUuS xS yksM+pnk yphykiu rs lanHkZ ch gksu A f”k{kk ns lHkusa Lrjsa ij dUuS&dUuS ljca/kr
vke ;ksX;rk,a ¼ewy vUrjfcft rs O;oLFkkxr½ ns lewg nk ikyu dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s A dEek mIij
v/kkjr fo”ksa nh f”k{kk gj Lrj mIij fnRrh tkuh pkfgnh ,s A ,g~ns p vykspukRed fparu] f”k{kk nk
izlkj] jpukRedrk] lEizs”ku&gquj] “kySik cks/k] dEek ysbZ R;kj djuk] fdV~Bs jfy;S dEe djus nh jhfr
rs lekth nsunkjh “kkey u A ,g~ns ysbZ ewY;kadu ns ekunaM ch ijfr;S r; djus nh yksM+ ,s A dEek ij
v/kkjr f”k{kk ns izHkko”kkyh rs lkoZHkkSed dk;Zdze ns fctu ,g~ eqedu usbZa yHknk ts ;w0bZ0bZ0 dnsa lQy
gksbZ ldx A
3.8 “kkafr ysbZ f”k{kk
vl yksd fgalk ns vthc usg~ nkSj] ukcnZk”kr ]tuwu ] yM+kbZ&>xM+s rs vkilh cjks/ksa] er&Hksnsa
fn;sa yxkrkj pukSfr;sa ns nkSj p ft;S djus vka A uhfr ljca/kh xfrfof/k] “kkafr rs HkykbZ&csgrjh ueha
pukSfr;sa nk lkeuk djk ns u A ;q) rs fgalk vulqy>s >xM+sa ns dkj.k gksans u Hkkesa >xM+sa Egs”kka fgalk rs
;qn~/k usbZa djns A fgalk >xM+sa ns ers lkjs laHkkor urhtsa pk bd ,s A >xM+s lqy>kus ysbZ vfgalkRed gqujsa
xh eBsjsvk tkbZ ldnk ,s rs O;fDrxr] lewgsa rs jk”Vªsa e>kVs ns >xM+sa ysbZ jpukRed rjhdsa dUuS cjrsvk
tkbZ ldnk ,s A jk”Vªh Ldwyh ikB~;p;kZ ns nLrkost varZjk”Vªh] jk”Vªh rs LFkkuh Lrjsa mIij fgalk ns pyns
fQjns #>kusa rs #fp;sa ns lanHkZ fcPp etcwju Li”V u A f”k{kk “kkafr] lSg~u”kfDr] U;ka·]
varjlkaLd`frd le> rs lH; ftEesnkjh ns fuek.kZ nh yEeh izfdz;k ns rkSj ij EgŸkoiw.kZ ,s A tnds ftl
pkYyh nh f”k{kk Ldwysa p fnRrh tanh ,s vksg~ns dUuS ladsrd rs okLrfod :isa p fgalk xh c<+kok feynk
,s A b*usa ifjfLFkfr;sa p f”k{kk xh ijfr;S ifjHkk”kr djus nh t:jr ,s A bl ysbZ Ldwyh ikB~;p;kZ xh
iSg~y fnRrh tanh ,s && bd eq*Yy ¼Value½ ns :ik p ,g~ lHkusa ikB~;p;kZ ljca/kh [ksrjsa p ykxw gksank
,s A mans p cyiwoZd c[kkus xsns eq*Yysa ysbZ iwjd nk dEe djnk ,s A bl dfj;S ,g~ bd ,slk eqn~nk ,s
tsg~M+k ikB~;p;kZ ns dUuS&dUuS lHkusa v/;kidsa ysbZ lkspus nk fo”ks ,s A
106
“kkafr ysbZ f”k{kk izd`fr lesr vius vkiS rs nq,a dUuS jyh&feyh jkSg~us ysbZ yksM+pns uhfr ljca/kh
fodkl] eqYysa nk lapkj] fnz”Vhdks.k rs gqujsa xh cy fnanh ,s A ,g~ thus ns uan rs I;kj] vk”kk rs fgEer
vkg~ys O;fDrRo ns fodkl xh ewrZ :i fnanh ,s A ,g~ yksdra= ns izfr xwg~M+h cpuc)rk rs >xM+sa ns
vfgalkRed lq>k,a ns dUuS euqD[kh vf/kdkjsa] U;ka·] lSg~u”kfDr ] lSg;ksx] lekth ftEesnkjh rs lkaLd`frd
cUu&lcUu ysbZ vknjeku cD[kh fn”kkfunsZ”k fnanh ,s A lekth U;ka· “kkafr&f”k{kk nk bd EgŸkoiw.kZ
iD[k ,s A cjkscjh rs lekth U;ka· ckjS ljksdkj tsg~M+k fuXxkslkjsa] xjhcsa rs ?kV~V lqfo/kk vkg~ysa izfr
v”kks”kuh O;gkj nk c[kku djnk ,s rs vfgalkRed lekth O;oLFkk “kkafr ysbZ f”k{kk nk izek.k ,s A b*;ka xS
euqD[kh vf/kdkj “kkafr nh vo/kkj.kk nk dsUnz u A “kkafr Cgky usbZa gksbZ ldnh tsdj ekg~uq,a ns vf/kdkjsa
nk mYya?ku gks,s euqD[kh vf/kdkjsa ns ewy p cxSj csjos rs cjkscjh ns eqYy u tsg~M+s lekt p “kkafr nh
laLd`fr nk fuekZ.k djus p ;ksxnku fnans u A ,g~ eqn~ns vkiwa psa tqM+s ns u( b*;ka “kkafr f”k{kk dsbZa eqYysa
dnjsa nh estcku ,s A
107
“kkafr nh tkudkjh ysbZ xfrfof/k;ka
cjsl & 5 $ pkSdlh dUuS dEe ySans gksbZ % cPpsa xh drkjk p [kM+ksu nsvks A
m*usaxh Vhd tka dSuk tka dsys ns #D[kk nk bd iŸkj nsbZ nsvks A
bd&bd dfj;S m*usa cPpsa xh mUns vius fljk ns mIijk iŸkj Qsjns gksbZ tka ¶gh ft*;ka vksg~ pkg~u
fiNyh dkg~jk rxj iqTtu nsvks A ¶gh bd cPpk ml iŸkjk xh vXxS ysbZ vkSank ,s rs pDdj ijfr;S
“kq: djnk ,s A ,g~ns ijSar cPps xh vk[ksvk tk ts iŸkjS xh cD[k&cD[k pkYyh dUuS QM+us djh gksus
vkg~ys uqDlku xh fnD[ku A ,g~ xfrfof/k iŸkjsa ns ckjs p rs ,g~ dsg~M+s #D[kk nk ,s\ ljca/kh xYyk
ckrk xh c/kkbZ ldnh ,s A ml bd iŸkjk nk uqDlku iwjh izd`fr nk uqDlku ,s A iŸkj iwjs fljtu
nk izrhd ,s A
mez & 7 $ Hkkouk,a xh lka>k djuk % cPpsa xh bd xksy nk;jsa p ckSg~u nsvks rs bd&nq, xh iqPNu nsvks rs ß mUns thou nk lHkuas
Fkeka erh [kq”kh vkg~yk fnu dsg~M+k gk \
,g~ bl pkYyh [kq”kh vkg~yk dh gk\Þ gj cPpsa xh lqvkyk nk ijrk nsu nsvks] fd”k cPpsaa xh bd tka
ers vuqHkosa xh cqgkLlju nsvks A ft*;ka ds cPps viuh Hkkouk,a xh lka>k djus ns fopkj dUuS okdQ
gksbZ tku mUns d”kk ers vkS[ks lqvky iqPNks ft*;ka ds rql vly p dSg~ns dksyk erk Mjns vks \ rql
usgk dh elwl djns vks \ ftlyS rql dqlS xh yM+ns gksbZ fn[kns vks rka rql dsg~ elwl djns vks \
rqlsaxh usgk dh yxnk ,s \ rqlsaxh vlyk p nq[kh dsg~ djnk ,s \
cjsl & 10 $ vU;ka· ij U;ka· nh ftŸk %
le>kvks ts bl nqfu;ka p csU;kbZ ns cM+s dkj.k u nLlks lalkjk p “kkafr jpuk vkLrS U;ka bd
cqfu;knh ek/;e ,s A csU;kbZ fn;ka nks tka =S elkyka nsvks A cPpsa xh gksj elkyka nsus ysbZ vk[kks A
¶gh lqvky iqPNks ßcsU;kbZ nk dsg~ dkj.k gk \ b*;S tusgh fLFkfr p rql dusgk elwl djxsvks
fd”k cPpsa xh mUns mŸkj ckdh tekrk dUuS lka>s dju nsvks A
cjsl 12 $ “kkafr nk odhy cuks %
cPpsa xh vk[kks ts rql “kkafr ns cdhy vks rs bd eqY[kk vkLrS “kkafr ns duwu cukvks A mUns
vklsvk lq>k, xsns Ik*¥~tsa Egroiw.kZ duwusa nh fyLV cukvks A nq,a vklsvk lq>k, xsns duwusa pk dsg~M+s
duwu rql viuh fyLVk p tksM+us xh R;kj vks\ dsg~M+s duwuk xh Lohdkj djus xh R;kj usbZa \ dh
usbZa \
“kkafrf”k{kk bd ljksdkj gksuk pkfgnk ,s tsg~M+k liwjs Ldwyh thou && ikB~;p;kZ] lgikB~;p;kZ]
tekrh okrkoj.k] Ldwyh izca/ku] v/;kidas&f”k”; ljca/k] v/;kiu] f”k{k.k izfdz;k,a rs Ldwyh xfrfof/k;sa
ns liwjs [ksrj xh foLrkj fnank ,s A bl ysbZ bl fnz”Vh dUuS ts vksg~ cPpsa p deh] ruk·] ukcnkZ”r rs
vlqj{kk nh Hkkouk xh fd*;ka ;ksxnku fnans u \ ikB~;p;kZ rs ersgkus nh O;oLFkk nk ewY;kadu djuk t:jh
108
,s A rs dUuS xS mans vkys nqvkyS c/knh fgalk nh uqek;anxh ] cPpsa ns eusa ij blns c/kns udkjkRed izHkko
nk prUu gksb;S edkcyk djus rs blns Fkkg~j uhfr ljca/kh rs “kkafriw.kZ thou ns ers vFkZiw.kZ iD[ksa dUuS
lEizs”kukRed tqM+ko xh c<+kok nsus nh yksM+ ,s A f”k{kk us LgsbZ eSg~us p ekg~uq,a xh vius eqYysa dnjsa xh
Li”V djus( prUu rs lksph lef>;S fu.ksZa djus ns ;ksX; vius dEesa ns urhtsa ckjsa lksfp;S( fgalk ns ctk,
“kkafr nk jLrk pquus( NM+k “kkafr nk miHkksDrk gksus ns ctk, “kkafr cukus ns ;ksX; cukuk pkfgnk ,s A
3.8.1 j.kuhfr;ka
uSfrd fodkl nk eryc djuk tka usbZa djuk xh ykxw djuk usbZa] cYds O;fDrxr rs lekth eqYysa
ns eksdys izlkj xh utjh p j[kns gksbZ vksg~ jLrs tka ek/;e rik”kuk ,s tsg~ns dUuS cPps lekth rs eqYysa
ns lanHkZ fcPp LgsbZ dsg~ ,s] n;kHkkouk dsg~ ,s rs vke Hkys csgrjh ysbZ mfpr dsg~ ,s flD[kh ldu A
cPps ts fd”k lquns rs fn[kns u vksg~ yxHkx lc le>ns u ij dFkuh rs djuh ns e>kVS }U}
¼QdZ½ dUuS le>kSrk djus p leFkZ usbZa gksans A bRFkwa rxj ts ?kjk p bd fuDdk gkjk yM+kbZ&>xM+k cPpsa
mIij cM+k cqjk izHkko ikank ,s A cM~Msa ns yxkrkj gksans >xM+s rs mUns =qV~ns ljca/k Mj rs clksl nk dkj.k
cuns u tsg~M+s ;qok voLFkk p fgalk nk :Ik b[r;kj djh ySans u A bl ysbZ t:jr bl xYyk nh ,s ts
cPps ns ekrk&firk rs v/;kidsa xh flQZ vdknfed mn~ns”; ysbZ ch vXxsa vkg~uus nh yksM+ ,s A O;fDrxr
uSfrdrk rs fodkl nh ftEesokjh dYys ekÅ&&cCcS mIij tka Ldwysa mIij usbZa gksanh A cD[k&cD[k mejh ns
yksdsa ysbZ uSfrd fodkl ns cD[k&cD[k rjhdsa rqIih tkbZ ldns u A izkbZejh f”k{kk nh voLFkk p cPps
vius vkys nqvkys xh le>us rs mlns rs vius ljca/ksa p psruk ns fodkl p yXxS jkSag~ns u mUnk O;gkj
ltk dkSyk cpus rs ¼b½uke iqjLdkj gkly djus cD[kh gksank ,s vksg~ paxs rs ekM+s( Bhd rs xYr nk
vanktk ,g~ns Fkeka ykans u ts cM~Msa manh dsg~M+h xYy eatwj tka ukeatwj dhrh ,s A bl Lrj mIij vksg~
cM~Ms p ts fd”k fnD[kns u mLlS ns ekrcd uSfrd eqYysa ckjs viuh le> cukans u A
ft*;ka cPps cM~Ms gksans u manh rdZ forZd djus nh ;ksX;rk c/knh ,s ij ¶gh ch vksg~ bUus L;kus
usbZa gksbZ tans ts ekU;rk,a rs ekudsa mIij lqvky djh ldu A nq, xh izHkkor djus nh vknr rs vius
vkik xh etcwr lkcr djus nh izo`fr djh mUns p duwu rksM+us nh vknr gksanh ,s A bl voLFkk p
109
ekudsa] futesa] ikcafn;sa] f”k”Vkpkj] drZOc vkfn mIij cSgl&eokls rs xYyckr ns ek/;e dUuS le>k;k
tkbZ ldnk ,s A ,g~ns dUuS cPpsa xh paxs ekM+s nh iUNku gksx rs thou ns ufrd v/kkjsa nh le> eBksx A
fd”k ckn p ftlyS mUns p vewrZ fparu nk iwjh pkYyh fodkl gksbZ tank ,s rka vksg~ rkfdZZd
<axk dUuS ,g~ nLlh ldns u ts uSfrd O;gkj fd*;ka cunk ,s A ,g~ns dUuS uSfrd fl)karas nh Lohd`fr rs
mUns dUuS mUnk vanjksxfrdj.k gksbZ ldnk ,s rs tsg~M+k yEes nkSj p mUns dUuS jfD[k;S fnD[ksvk tkbZ
ldnk ,s A dqlS ckg~jh lŸkk ns usbZa gksus mIij ch L;kus ekg~uw uSfrdrk nh fnz”Vh dUuS iwjh pkYyh futesa
duwusa erkcd dEe djns u rs tkuns u ts lekt p lEiw.kZ “kkafr cukbZ jD[kus vkLrS ,g~ phtka dsg~
;ksxnku fnafn;ka u A
lk<+s ijkus rs Js’B v/;kid euns u ts Dgkfu;sa rs laLej.ksa jkgsa v/;kRed rs lekth eq*Yysa nk
lans”k fnŸkk tkbZ ldnk ,s A blns dUuS b*Cch lkoZHkkSed lPpkbZ ,s ts cPpk Hkkesa fdUuk xS ean cqf) dh
usbZa gks,s vksg~nk ?kjsyw thou fdUuk ch [kjkc dh usbZa gks,s fd”k uka fd”k vksg~ns d”k vk[kus xh gksank ,s]
Dyklk xh ;ksxnku nsus nh fd”k lksp gksanh ,s A v/;kidsa xh mlnh ml izfrHkk rs vkRe fo”okl xh
fodlr djus p ;ksxnku nsuk pkfgnk ,s rs /kedh Hkjksph Hkk”kk rs nq”euh ns jkSaa vkg~yh “kjhjh Hkk”kk nk
bLrseky usbZa djuk pkfgnk A
eqYysa dnjsa nh f”k{kk nk vDlj eryc ySrk tank ,s ethZ ns erkcd O;gkj ckjS mins”k A dUuS xS
blnk eryc b*Cch ySrk tank ,s usbZa pkgs tkus tka usbZa eatwj dhrs tkus tksx bPNk,a Hkkouk,a nh ukeatwjh
tka nckuk A b*;S ctg ts fo|kFkhZ viuh vlyh Hkkouk,a bPNk,a] fopkjsa] /kkj.kk,a xh NiSfy;S fctu
opuc)rk ns flQZ thg~ck jkgsa uSfrd eqYysa rs vkn”ksZa nh xYy djns u A bl ysbZ blh flQZ dFkuh rxj
usbZa jksg~u nsb;S vey rs C;gkj pk >ydus vkg~yk :i nsus nh yksM+ ,s rs ,g~ns ysbZ dksbZ fln~/kk lknk
rkSj&rjhdk usbZa cYds euqD[kh fgr dUuS tqM+h nh feJr izsj.kk rs uSfrd fodYi rik”kus rs le>us nh
yksM+ ,s A
v/;kid fo|kfFkZ;sa p “kkafr ljca/kh eqYysa xh lapkjr djus rs eBsjus vkLrS manh ikB~;lexzh rs
fodkl&voLFkk,a dUuS b*usa eqYysa xh tksM+ns gksbZ lksps&le>s ns iz;kl djh ldns u A elky ns rkSjk ij
v/;kid dqlS ikB p xqT>s rkSjk etwn rRosa xh euklc j.kuhfr viukb;S ldkjkRed Hkkosa ns :ik p
110
txkus /kkj.k djus tksx vuqHkosa xh iUNkuus “kkafr dUuS ljca/kh eqYysa xh [kkstus&rik”kus nh le> cukus
ysbZ euklc j.kuhfr;sa xh cjrns gksbZ ikB p ekStwn rRosa nk ykHk BqvkbZ ldns u A iz”u] dgkfu;ka ]
fdLlsa] [ks<ka] vuqHko ] cSg~l&eokls] okrkZyki ] eqYysa ns Li”Vhdj.k] elkyka] lknZ”;] :id] Hkwfedk
vnk;xh rs lqvkax tusfg;ka j.kuhfr;ka v/;kiu rs f”k{k.k jkgsa “kkafr ns fodkl&ckn~/ks ysbZ ennxkj gksbZ
ldfn;ka u A
uSfrdrk nh f”k{kk rs vH;kl O;fDrxr ?ksjs Fkeka lekth rs leqnk;d lksp rxj gksank ,s rs ¶gh
fo”o ifjizs{k dUuS tqM+nk ,s A bd v/;kid tsg~M+k “kkafr ns ifjizs{k dUuS tqM+s nk ,s vksg~ b*usa Lrjsa ij
b*usa xh izfrfcafcr djus rs bans vkiwa fcPpsa ns ljca/ksa xh iUNkuus vkLrS bl pkYyh ns ekSds “kq: djh
ldnk ,s A v/;kid&f”k{kk dk;Zdze p “kkafr nh f”k{kk xh fodYih fo”ks ns rkSjk ij “kq: djus ckjS lkspuk
pkfgnk ,s A
“kkafr ljca/kh xfrfof/k;sa ckjS lq>ko
* Ldwysa p [kkl Dyc rs jhfMax :e LFkkir djuk tsg~M+s “kkafr ljca/kh [kcjsa rs lekth U;ka rs
cjkscjh ns fu;esa nk mya?ku djus vkg~yh ?kVuk,a ij dsafnzr gksu A
* usgh fQYesa MkD;qeSaVjh rs Qhpj nh QSg~fjlr ladyr djuk tsg~fM+;ka U;ka· rs “kkafr ns eqYysa xh
cjksl fnan;ka u ] musa fQYesa xh lesa&lesa mIij Ldwysa p nLlsvk tk A
* “kkafr ns v/;;u p ehfM;k xh lSg~;ksxh cuk;k tk A izHkko”kkyh Ik=dkjsa xh cPpsa dUuS
xYy&ckr djus ysbZ ln~nsvk tk rs v[kckjsa rs if=dk,a p Eghusa p ?kV~Vks & ?kÍ bd ckjh
cPpsa ns cpkj xh Nkius ysbZ Fkkg~j nsus fxrS vk[ksvk tk A
* Ldwysa p Hkkjr nh laLd`fr rs /kkeZd cUulcUu xh euk;k tk A
* usg~ dk;Zdzesa nk vk;kstu gks,s ft*Uns Fkeka efgyk,a ns izfr eku&lEeku rs ftEesokjh nh Hkkouk
nk fodkl gks,s A
3.9 cLlksvka rs f”k{kk
cLlksvka vksg~ Fkkg~j ,s ftRFkS dqlS ch thoS xh usfg;ka ifjfLFkfr;ka feyfn;ka u tsg~fM+;ka mlh Qyu
QqYyu fn;ka u A flD[kuk lHkusa Ik'kq&thosa nh bd EgŸkoiw.kZ ladk; ,s A Ik'kq viuh cLlksvka fn;sa Vdksg~nsa
ckjS lqjkx pquns gksbZ ft*;ka ds vksg~ #V~Vh yCHkus nh esn d*qRFkS djh ldns u tka lekth lkFkh feyus tka
111
nq”eusa dUuS >Ÿk dq*RFkS gksbZ ldnh ,s ] ckjS fl[kns u A b*;ka lk<+s iwoZtsa ysbZ Kku nh “kq#vkr cLlksvka
nh rik”k dUuS “kq: gksanh ,s ij ft*;ka&ft*;ka okrkoj.k ij euqD[kS nk daVªksy c/ksvk ,s rs ft*;ka&ft*;ka
yksdsa cn~/k dksyk cn~/k viuh t:jrsa erkcd nqfu;k xh <kyuk “kq: dhrk ,s Kku nk ,g~ fgLlk bUuk
?kVh xsvk ,s ts vTtS nh jLeh f”k{kk fo|kfFkZ;sa nh cLlksvka Fkeka bdne cD[kjh gksbZ xsnh ,s A ij
ft*;ka&ft*;ka vulksph j¶rkj dUuS okrkoj.k nk gzkl c/ksvk ,s vl viuh cLlksvk,a nh “kSy pkYyh
fnD[kHkky djus ns EgŸko xh elwl djuk “kq: dju yxh is vka A euqD[krk bl ysbZ viuh t*M+sa xh
O;kid djus] cLlksvka dUuS] vius ljca/k eqM+h LFkkir djus rs blh le>us rs blnh “kSy fnD[kHkky
djus ysbZ t:j dks”k”k djx A vly p ßcLlksvka rs f”k{kkÞ fo”ks Ik;kZoj.kkRed f”k{kk nk Ik;kZ; ,s A
bl xYyk xh ;dhuh cukans gksbZ ts laxr xfrfof/k;sa ysbZ yksM+pnk leka jD[ksvk xsvk ,s
i;kZoj.kkRed f”k{kk ns rRosa xh cD[k&cD[k vuq”kklusa nk fgLlk cukb;S b*usa EgŸkoiw.kZ ljksdkjsa xh cM+h
“kSy pkYyh dUuS gkly dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s A bl i)fr xh HkkSfrdh] Lgkc] jlk;fud] thofoKku]
Hkwxksy] bfrgkl] jktuhfrfoKku] lsgr rs “kjhjh f”k{kk] dyk rs laxhr cxSjk p fo”ks&oLrq rs fuokZg p
cM+s vFkZiw.kZ <axk dUuS yk;k tkbZ ldnk ,s A thou ifjfLFkfr;sa ysbZ R;kj xfrfof/k;ka fo|kfFkZ;sa ns j>sesa
ysbZ lkFkZd ek/;e cuh ldfn;ka u A mnkgj.k ysbZ cj[kk nk c*juk Fkkg~j rs lesa nh tfVy cUulcUu
tkgj djnk ,s A bl cUulcUu ckjS lefxz;ka miyC/k u rs HkkSfrdh rs LgkcS p efr;ka lkfj;ka jkspd
xfrfof/k;ka eBsjus p cjfr;ka tkbZ ldfn;ka u A HkkSfrdh p fMCc&[kfM+Ccs Fkkg~jsa ij rjy phtsa ns cxus ns
rjhdsa xh fnD[kus vkLrS ljy rtjcs dhrs tkbZ ldns u A dUuS xS ,g~ nLlus vkLrS ts gok nk c/kk·
BaMk djus rs ijlk vkg~uus rs ?kVk· fcijhr izHkko iSnk djnk ,s A LgkcS p yEHks vjls nh lexzh nk
prUu fo”ys”ku ft*;ka vk[kks 50 c*jsa cj[kk p deh vkSus] lexzh ns izLrqfrdj.k] fnz””khdj.k rs O;k[;k
dUuS ljca/kr izkWtsDVsa ysbZ cfM+;ka cf/k;ka laHkkouka eqgS;k djnk ,s A b*;ka xS ey&ewŸkj ljca/kh IykaVsa Fkeka
fudyus vkg~yk ekn~nk jlk;fudh p dsbZa izkWtsDVsa ysbZ EgŸkoiw.kZ dPpk eky cuh ldnk ,s A blns bykok
Ldwy iapSrsa] E;qfufliSfyfV;sa rs “kSg~jh dkiksZjs”kusa dUuS jfy;S tSfod cUulcUu lalk/ku rs ljca/kr Kku xh
MkD;qeSaV djus vkLrS dEe djh ldns u A Ldwy #fp ns [kkl Vdksgns eqn~nsa dUuS ljca/kr tho foKku
ns izkWtsDV ch ysbZ ldns u A ft*;ka ds nok·&nk# ljca/kh cwg~Vsa nh gksan rs cjrwu tka dqlS iU;klS fn;sa
112
uk;kc rs [krjs p efPN;sa nk cpk· A i;kZoj.k rs blnh Vdksg~nsa ¼Ik'kq] taxy] njsvk] cwg~Vs cxSjk½ nh
dyk] laxhr] ukp rs f”kYi vkfn cD[k&cD[k :isa jkgsa yksdsa fn;ka izLrqfr;ka tSfod cUu&lcUu ckjS manh
le> n”kkaZfn;ka u A bl pkYyh nh le> iV~Vh ntZ tkfr;sa rs tutkfr leqnk;sa ns lnL;sa ns thou dUuS
ch ljca/kr ,s dh ts vksg~ vDlj vius thou xh pykus ysbZ dqnjrh tSfod cUu lcUu lalk/kusa ij
fuHkZj djns u A bl pkYyh ns tkudkjh nk fjdkMZ R;kj djuk yksdsa ns tSfod cUu lcUu jftLVj R;kj
djus nk t:jh fgLlk ,s rs fo|kfFkZ;sa xh usg~ jftLVj R;kj djus ns dEeS p ykuk ykHkdkjh gksbZ ldnk
,s A taxyh cwg~Vsa tsg~M+s tkutkfr leqnk;sa nh [kqjkdk p EgŸkoiw.kZ iks”kd eqgS;k djns u nh iks”kd Hkwfedk
nk tk;t+k ySus ns izkWtsDV lsgr&f”k{kk nk LgsbZ vax gksbZ ldns u A b*;ka xS vkys&nqvkys ns i;kZoj.k ns
uD”ks R;kj djuk] bfrgkfld okrkoj.k nk nLrkosthdj.k rs okrkoj.k ljca/kh jktuSrd eqísa nk fo”ys”ku
Hkwxksy] bfrgkl rs jktuhfrfoKku ns izkWtsDVsa nk fgLlk cuk, tkbZ ldns u A LFkkuh] fj;klrh] jk”Vªh rs
varjkZ”Vªh Lrj mIij ikuh mIij >xM+s tkudkjh ns b*usa C;ksjsa xh tksM+ns gksbZ cUulcUuh xfrfof/k;sa rs
izkWtsDVsa xh R;kj djus ysbZ [kkl lk/ku fnans u A
3.10 v/;;u rs tk;ts+ fn;ka ;kstuka
^Ldwy* “kCn yxHkx lkjs nslS p iSg~yh tekrk Fkeka nleha rxj rs fd”k fj;klrsa p ckg~jeh
rxj tsg~yS ds fd”k jkT;sa p 11eha rs 12eha xh izh&;qfuoflZVh tka twfu;j dkyst f”k{kk ns rkSjk ij ySrk
tank ,s A fd”k Ldwysa p eq<ys nkS&=S lky izh&Ldwy Dyklka ch yxfn;ka u A Ldwyh f”k{kk nh =kSa fgLlsa nh
c.M nk vFkZ iz”kklfud fnz”Vhdks.k ns bykok ch ,s A ikB~;p;kZ cukus rs f”k{kdsa nh R;kjh ns ySgktsa bl
pkYyh nh c.M fodklkRed rkSjk ij tk;t ,s A pj.kc) ifjizs{; p fnD[kus mIij ikB~;p;kZ fparu rs
Ldwy laxBu m*usa leL;k,a mIij dkcw ikbZ ldns u tsg~fM++;ka etwnk Pre-Occupation ikLlsvk ,dy
xszM Dykl :esa ns fl)kUr ¼Norm½ iklsvk iSnk dhfr;ka xsb;ka] ft*Uns p cPps nh mejh ij v/kkjr tka
Dyklk ij v/kkjr f”k{kk rs flD[kus ns mn~ns”; vkg~fy;ka l[r iz.kkfy;ka “kkey fg;ak A bd tka nks
v/;kidsa vkg~ys izkbZejh Ldwysa nh iquZdYiuk ,sls f”k{kk lewg ns :ik p dhrh tkbZ ldnh ,s] tsg~ns p
cD[k&cD[k ;ksX;rka rs f”k{kk ns rdkts gksu ctk, lesa c) <ax dUuS ers xzSMsa mIij v/kkjr Dyklk
113
pykus ns A cPpsa nk tk;tk & m*usa dsg~ fd”k flD[ksvk xzSg.k dhrk ,s && Ldwyk p [kklk leka xtkjus
ns ckn ySrk tkuk pkfgnk ,s uka ds c*jsa ijrh A ,g~ns dUuS cPpsa nh flD[kus nh j¶rkj xh erk vknj
Fgksx A ?kÍks&?kÍ f”k{kk izkIr djus tusfg;ka Ldheka fodflr djus dUuS uka flQZ lkyk ns [khjk p ersgkus
ns urhts nh n`<+rk mCHkjh vkSx cYds bl dUuS ,g~ lc fd”k gksj flefV;S ikBsa p xS jsgh tkx A
ikB~;p;kZ fn;sa fo”ks”krk,a rs ljksdkjsa nk c[kku djns gksbZ f”k{kk “kkL= rs voLFkk ns v/kkj mIij vkdyu
lyscl] ikB~;iqLrdsa] f”k{kk lalk/kusa rs v/;kidsa xh fo|kfFkZ;sa ns fodkl rs mfUn;sa ;ksX;rk,a] leFksZ rs
vo/kkjk.kk,a xh fujUrj c/kkus rs lafpr djus nk ekSdk fnank ,s A
3.10.1 eqa<yh cky cjslk nh f”k{kk
eqa<yh cky cjsl voLFkk [kklrkSjk ij Ns% Fkeka vV~Bsa c*jsa nh cjsl cM+k Egroiw.kZ leka gksank ,s
dh ts blys iwjs thou ns fodkl rs iwfj;sa “kfDr;sa rs fodkl nh cqfu;kn R;kj gksanh ,s A “kks/k nlnk ,s
ts nekdh “kfDr;sa ns iwjs fodkl ysbZ bl voLFkk p cM+s uktqd nkSj gksans u A ckn p fnz”Vhdks.k rs eqYysa
nh jpuk ns dUuSZZ&dUuS flD[kus nh bPNk ch bl voLFkk p izHkkor gksanh ,s] tsYyS ds Lgkjs nh FkksM+ tka
csxkSjh udkjkRed urhts cD[kh ysbZ tanh ,s ] dsbZa ckjh fiNM+k ijrksus nk eksdk xS usbZa Fgksank A eqa<ys
ckyiu nh fnD[k&fj[k rs f”k{kk ¼E.C.C.E. ½ n”kZu nk rdktk ,s ts yksg~dsa cPpsa xh fnD[kfj[k] ekSds rs
vuqHko fnRrs tku tsg~M+s mUns “kjhjh] nekxh lekth rs HkkoukRed peq[kh fodkl rs Ldwyh i<+kbZ ns dEe
vkSu A bd lEiw.kZ rs lexz ifjizs{k cPpsa nh lsgr rs [kqjkd ljca/kh t:jrsa xh mUns euks & lekth rs
“kS{kf.kd fodkl dUuS vu=qV~ rkSjk ij tqM+s ns :iS p fn[knk ,s A fodkl ns cD[k&cD[k f[kŸksa ] gj
voLFkk ij cPps fn;sa Vdksgnsa rs vuqHkosa ns lanHkZ p mUnh f”k{kk yksM+sa xh /;kuk p j[kns gkbZ ikB~;p;kZ
:ijs[kk rs bZ0lh0lh0bZ0 nh f”k{kk i)fr bLlS lokaZxh.k ifjizs{k ij v/kkjr gksuh pkfgnh ,s A
,g~ eUuh nh xYy ,s ts cPpsa p vius vkys nqvkys ns okrkoj.k xh cq>us & le>us nh lSg~t
rkag~x gksanh ,s A eqa<ys c*jsa p i<+kbZ y[kkbZ cPps ns #fp :>kusa rs iSg~ysa ns vk/kkj ij gksuh pkfgnh ,s rs
vksg~nk lanHkZ mUns vuqHkosa ij v/kkjr gksuk pkfgnk ,s uka ds jLeh rkSjk mIij /kM+s nk A cPpsa nk
vuqdwy ekgkSy vksg~ gksank ,s tsg~M+k vuqHko rs mn~nhiu p ennxkj gks,s musaxh fd”k djus crZusa rs lqrSarj
vfHkO;fDr ns ekSds iznku djS rs lekth ljca/k usg~ gksu tsg~M+s m*usaxh fuX/k] lqj{kk rs fo”okl nk Hkko
114
nsu A bl voLFkk p [ks<uk] laxhr] xhr ] dyk rs gksj nwb;S xfrfof/k;sa ns bykok cksyus lquus rs
vfHkO;Dr djuk rs xSjjLeh esy O;gkj bl cjslw nh f”k{kk ns EgRoiw.kZ vx u A ,g~ Egroiw.kZ ,s ts
eqa<yh f”k{kk nh Hkk”kk vksg~ gksuh pkfgnh ,s tsg~ns dUuS cPpk vius usMesa okrkoj.k p ifjfpr gks,s A
tsYyS ds bd xSj jLeh cgqHkk”kh tekr cPpsa xh nwbZ Hkk”kk ¼vaxzsth½ rs iSg~yh tekrk Fkeka ysb;S i<+kbZ ns
ek/;e ns :ik p rkSyS xS yXxus dUuS ml dUuS rkyesy Cgkyus p cPpsa nh enn djx A bZ0lh0lh0bZ0
ns rSg~r ykSg~ds cPpsa Fkeka izh Ldwy mejh ns cPpsa vkSUns u A bl dfj;S ,g~ t:jh ,s ts mUns vkLrS
tsg~M+h xfrfof/k;ka tka vuqHko gksu vksg~ bdne fodklewyd gksu A elky ns rkSjk ij ykSg~ds cPpsa nk
okrkoj.k usgk gks;S tsg~M+k mfUn;sa bfUnz;sa xh mrstd djs rs lqrSrj fdz;k”khyrk vkLrS musaxh izsfjr djS A
tsg~ys ds cM~Ms&cM~Ms cPpsa uPpusa xkusa rs gRFksa fn;sa xfrfof/k;sa p rs lqrSarj :ik p cqgkLljus p ers IMFk
jkSag~ns u A
vleFkZrk,a xh “kq: p xS fnD[kh Hkkyh ySuk rs euklc <axk dUuS mUns dUuS fuCcM+h ySus dUuS
yEes fpjk rxj mans Fkeka gksus vkg~ys vxM+s uqDlku Fkeka cpsvk tkbZ ldnk ,s A pkSdlh bl xYyk nh ,s
ts cPpsa xh mUnh bPNk ns c#) =*aÅa xYysa ¼fy[kus] i<+usa rs Lgkc½ ysbZ nck· ikus rs jLeh fgnk;rsa xh
rkSys ykxw djus] ft*;ka fiz&Ldwysa xh izkbZejh Ldwysa p nk[kyk ySus nk dsUnz cukus ns c#/k lko/kkuh cjruh
gksx A njvly ,g~ lq>k· fnŸkk tank ,s ts bZ0lh0lh0bZ0 ns rSg~r 0&8 c*jsa nh mejh ns cPpsa xh “kkey
dhrk tk ¼rka ts ,g~ns rSg~r izkbZejh Ldwysa ns c*jsa xh ch “kkey dhrk tkbZ ldS A½ ,g~ bl dfj;S ,s ts
bZ0lh0lh0bZ0 rs vksg~nh i)fr;sa ns lokZaxhu fnz”Vhdks.k ¼fodkl] xfrfof/k;sa ij v/kkjr f”k{kk fy[kus
Fkeka iSg~ys Hkk”kk xh lquuk rs cksyuk] lanHkZ &lw=rk ;kfu ?kj rs LdwyS ns e>kVS yxkrkj laidZ cusvk
jkSg~uka cxSjk ½ dUuS liwjs cPkiu ns njku mans “kS{kf.kd vuqHko xh le`) gksanss u ftl dUuS cqfu;knh
f”k{kk nh cŸk i)jh gksbZ ldnh ,s A
bZ0lh0lh0bZ0 izksxzke ljdkjh xSjljdkjh ¼Lo;alsoh½ rs izkbZosV Lrj mIij dsbZ pkYyh fn;ak lsoka
miyC/k djkans gksbZ cgqyrk nh rLohj is”k djns u A vtsa ds bl izksxzke nk [ksrj cM+k lhfer ,s rs ,g~ns
vklsvk fnRrh tkus vkg~fy;ka lsoka xq.koŸkk nh fnz”Vh dUuS cfM+;ka xjhc u A erh la[;k p cPps ft*Uns p
115
T;knkrj xjhc rcds ns u bl izksxzke Fkeka Qk;nk usbZa BqvkbZ ldns A fiz&Ldwy izksxzkesa p T;knkrj
fo|kfFkZ;sa xh bDdS tusg~ okrkoj.k vkg~yh vdkbZ nsus vkg~yh jkstejkZ p FkdkbZ fnRrk tank ,s m*usaxh
cT>h c>kbZ tkudkjh vDlj vaxzst+h p fnRrh tanh ,s A VSLV rs ?kjS vkLrS vH;kl fnRrk tank ,s rs
m*usaxh [ks<us nk gd ch usbZa fnŸkk tank A ,g~ vupkfg;ka rs uqDlkunsg~ fijrka u tsg~fM+;ka ekrk&firk fn;sa
xqejkgh vkg~fy;sa rkag~xsa&esnsa rs fiz&Ldwfyax ns c/kns cikjhdj.k nk urhtk u rs ft*Uns Fkeka cPpsa ns fodkl
rs mans vklsvk flD[kus nh izsj.kk xh tksg~ iqtnk ,s A bans pk efr;ka lkfj;ka leL;ka bZ0lh0lh0bZ0 xh
eqD[k /kkjk f”k{kk O;oLFkk p vtsa rxj fgLls ns rkSjk ij ßekU;rk usbZa FgksusÞ djh iSnk gksb;ka u A
/kqzohd`r lsoka lk<+s eqY[kk nh cgqrŸoh vkiwa psa bd&nq, [ksrjs p n[kyankth djus vkg~yh lekth caM xh
izfrfcEcr ch djfn;ka u rs dk;e ch j[kfn;ka u A Hkkjrh lekt fn;ka Mwag~fx;ka fyax iD[kh rs O;kid
fir`lŸkkRed dnjka dzspsa rs fnuHkj&fnD[kHkky ljca/kh lqfo/kk,a nh t:jr xh ekurk nsus nh ukdke;kch
ysbZ ftEesokj u] [kkldjh xjhc] nsgkrh rs “kSg~jh dEedkth efgyk,a ns cPpsa ysbZa( bl ykijokgh nk dqfM+;sa
nh f”k{kk ij ekM+k izHkko isvk ,s A
bZ0lh0lh0bZ0 nk bd paxk izksxzke cPpsa ns lokZaxhu fodkl mIij ldkjkRed izHkko ikbZ ldnk
,s A ,g~ vius vkik p dkQh Li”V dkj.k ,s ts gj cPpsa nh eqa<yh i<+kbZ nh eax dhrh tk rs ,g~ bl
ysbZ cnulhch vkg~yh xYy ,s 0-6 c*jsa nh mej ns cPpsa xh lafo/kku nh /kkjk 21 Fkeka ckg~j jD[ksvk
xsnk ,s rs dUuS xS Ldwy p mUns nk[kys rs flD[kus ns urhts e>kVS cM+k ladViw.kZ fj”rk jsgk ,s A lHkusa
cPps xh bd cjkscj xq.kkRedrk vkg~yh f”k{kk fnRrh tkbZ ldS bl mn~ns”; vkLrS flQZ [kklk /ku miyC/k
djksvk, tkus nh t:jr xS usbZa ,s cYds cD[k&cD[k j.kuhfr;sa jkgsa xq.kkRedrk ns i*¥~tsa cqU;knh vk;kesa
& fodklkRed utfj;s dUuS LgsbZ ikB~;pkZ] l[kykbZ ;k¶rk rs i;kZIr rjhds dUuS lEekur v/;kid]
v/;kid&fo|kFkhZ nh euklc vuqikr rs lewg nk vkdkj] cPpsa fn;sa t:jrsa p ennxkjh Ldwyh <kapk rs
fnD[kfjD[k nh mRlkgo/kZd “kSyh dUuS fuCcM+us nh t:jr ch gksanh ,s A tsYyS ds b*usa izkSxzkesa p
fodsUnzhdj.k ] yphysiu rs izkalfxdrk nh t:jr eglwl dhrh tk djnh ,s A bl ns dUuS xS ,g~ ch
t:jh ,s ts LgsbZ ekunaM rs fn”kkfunsZ”k cukb;S bd fu;er :Ik js[kk R;kj dhrh tk rka ts cPpsa ns
116
fodkl dUuS dksbZ f<Yy usbZa cjrh tk A Hkwfedk,a nh cgqyrk ns lanHkZ p gj Lrj mIij leFkZ fodkl nh
dks”k”k dhrh tk rs ,g~ns ysbZ euklc esgurkusa xh ch tdhuh cuk;k tk A
3.10. 2 cqfu;knh Ldwy
cqfu;knh f”k{kk % Dykl 1 Fkeka 8eha Dyklk rd nh Ik<+kbZ xh vTtdy ykt+eh f”k{kk nh mejh ns
rkSjk ij eUusvk tank ,s dh ts lafo/kkud la”kks/ku us f”k{kk xh cqfu;knh vf/kdkj p “kkey djh ySrk ,s A
bl nkSj nh “kq#vkr && cPpsa nh i<+kbZ y[kkbZ Lgkc & jLeh vuq”kklusa ft*;ka foKkusa rs lekth foKkusa
dUuS jLeh rkSjk ij iUNku dUuS gksank ,s A vV~Bsa lkysa nk ,g~ nkSj KkukRed fodkl]rdZ”kfDr ] cqf)erk
rs lekth gquj fxrS rs dEe dkth Fkkg~jsa ij izos”k ysbZ gksj nq, gqujsa ysbZ yksM+pns jkSa #a>ku nh fnz”Vh
dUuS cM+k EgŸkoiw.kZ gksank ,s A
ft*;ka ds cqfu;knh f”k{kk ns y{; xh gkly djus fn;ka dks”k”kka rst gksvk fn;ka u A cqfu;knh Ldwy
tekrka gwu cD[k&cD[k iNkSdM+sa Fkeka vkSus vkg~ys Ldwyh cjslk ns ers lkjs cPpsa fn;ka t:jrka iwfj;ka
dj³u A bl csYyS nh f”k{kk nh izeq[k iUNku mnkjrk rs cgqyrk gksuh pkfgnh ,s blnh [kkfrj f”k{kk dUuS
le>kSrk usbZa dhrk tkuk pkfgnk A bl nkSj nh f”k{kk lexz fdjnkj nh gks,s ¼loZKku lEiUu½ cPpsa xh
Hkk”kk flD[kus rs vfHkO;fDr rs Ldwyk ns vanj ch rs ckg~j ch & nkSusa Fkkg~jsa ij fo|kFkhz ns rkSj ij
vkRefo”okl xzSg~.k djus p ennxkj gks,s A
Ldwysa nk iSg~yk ljksdkj cPpsa nh Hkk”kk leFkZ ns fodkl xh ysb;S gks,ss % mPpkj.k rs lk{kjrk
ljca/kh Hkk”kk ns jpukRed iz;ksx nh ;ksX;rk Hkk”kk p lkspus rs nq,a dUuS fopkj cVkanjk djus vkLrS bl
xYyk ij [kkl tksj fnRrk tkuk pkfgnk ,s ts mUns ysbZ ekSds ers gksu tsg~M+s viuh ekr` Hkk”kk,a jkgsa i<+uk
pkag~ns gksu A vkfnokfl;sa rs ykSg~dsa Hkk”kk lewgsa p ch & Hkkesa fo|kfFkZ;sa nh la[;k ?kV~V gks,s rka ch A
O;oLFkk p b*usa fodYisa xh fodflr djus rs eBsjus nh leFkkZ gksuh pkfgnh ,s rs dUuS xS blns ra=
fodflr dhrs tku ftl dUuS HkfoD[k fn;ak laHkkouka ch [kq*fYy;ka jkSg~u rs ,g~ bd csgrj f”k{kk nh
elky cuS A bl y{; xh izkIr djus vkLrS Hkkjr nh ckgqHkk”kh izfrHkk xh cukbZ jD[kus ns Bksl iz;kl
dhrs tkus pkfgns u rs =S Hkk”kk QkewZyk ch ykxw dhrk tkuk pkfgnk A bl njku vaxzsth ch i<+kbZ tkbZ
ldnh ,s ij Hkkjrh Hkk”kk,a nh dherk ij usbZa A
117
xf.kr ljca/kh fparu nk fodkl fxurjh flD[kus Fkeka “kq: gksb;S vkuUniwoZd <axk vXxS pyS rs
gksj ers vewrZ fopkjsa dUuS tqM+S ,g~ns vkLrS Bksl vuqHkosa rs iz;ksxkRed leFkkZ lesr dEek ns leFkZu nh
yksM+ ,s A b*usa eqa<ys c*jsa p pkSFkh tekrk rxj i<+kbZ p vkSus vkg~fy;sa eq”dysa xh iaNkuh ySus rs Hkk”kk rs
Lgkc ns [ksrjsa p lq/kkjsa ckjS t:jh iz;kl ch gksus pkfgns A
bl pkYyh ns Bksl rtjcs lEiw.kZ i;kZoj.k v/;;u vkLrS ch t:jh u ft*Uns jkgsa cPpsa ns nqfu;k
ljca/kh Kku xh Ldwyh Kku dUuS bdfeDd dhrk tkbZ ldS A fd”k c*jsa p ,g~ v/;;u ers
vuq”kklukRed <aaxS dUuS vXxS c/kx ij vksg~ns fo”ks bdtqV gks³u ft*Uns vUnj xS vo/kkj.kk fodflr
djus ns ekSds gks³u A vuq”kklu ljca/kh “kCnkoyh i)fr;sa nk Kku ch “kkey gksx A
dyk rs f”kYi nk v/;;u cM+k ykteh mik; ,s A flQZ “kySikcks/k ns fodkl vkLrS xS usbZa cYds
flD[kus ysbZ lexzh nk iz;ksx fd*;ka dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s rs dEek ysbZ yksM+psns #[k rs gqujsa ns fodkl ysbZ
ch A ikB~;p;kZ cPpsa xh O;ogkjd thou nh f”k{kk rs cD[k&cD[k pkYyh ns dEesa ns vuqHko iznku djus
p leFkZ gksuh pkfgnh ,s A [ks<sa ljca/kh xfrfof/k;sa jkgsa cPps nk “kjhjh fodkl ch t:jh ,s A Ldwyh i<+kbZ
nh bl voLFkk ns njku cD[k&cD[k pkYyh fn;ka xfrfof/k;ka && ft*Uns p lkaLd`frd izksxzkesa p izfrHkkfxrk]
dk;Zdzesa nk vk;kstu] Ldwyk ns ckg~j ?kqEeuk fQjuk rs ,sls vuqHko tsg~M+s m*usaxh lekth rs HkkoukRed
rkSjk ij fodlr dfj;S jpukRed rs vkRefo”oklh O;fDr] tsg~M+s gksjusa ysbZ laosnu”kky cuus rs ftEesokjh
rs iSg~ys djus nk chM+k pqDdus fxrS leFkZ cuku&iznku djus ns ekSds eqgS;k gksus pkfgns u A fn”kk funsZ”k
rs lykg~&e”kojk nsus ns iNkSdM+ vkg~ys v/;kid cPpsa fn;sa fodklkRed t:jrsa dUuS fuCcM+us ysbZ
xfrfof/k;sa xh l:i nsus rs ykxw djus nk dEe djh ldns u A bl pkYyh vius rs dEek ns lalkjS izfr
yksM+pns #fp&#>kusa rs Kku&cks/k ysbZ uhag~ R;kj gksbZ ldnh ,s A vksg~ cqfu;knh Ldwyh c*jsa p lekt ns
cD[k&cD[k Lrjsa ns cPpsa xh mans iks”kdRo ¼xtkjs½ ysbZ yksM+pnk Lgkjk rs funsZ”ku ch nsbZ ldns u A liwjh
ikB~;p;kZ xh ykxw dhrs tkus nk rkSj&rjhdk izfdz;k mIij v/kkjr gks,s uka ds urhts mIij A fodkl ns ,g~
lkjs eksdS lHkusa fo|kfFkZ;sa xh fnRrs tkus pkfgns A bl xYyk nk [kkl /;ku jD[ksvk tkuk pkfgnk ,s ts
ikB~;p;kZ iSg~ysa] #fp;sa rs cD[k&cD[k leqnk; fn;sa leFksZa ns ckjs p ijkfu;sa :f<+;sa xh c<+kok nsus vkg~yh
118
usbZa gks,s A bl lanHkZ p cYysa&cYysa O;olk; mIij v/kkjr dkS”kyssa xh dEek ns bd fgLls ns rkSjk ij
“kkey dhrk tkuk pkfgnk ,s] tsg~M+k lekos”kh ikB~;p;kZ nk bd EgŸkoiw.kZ iSg~yw gksbZ ldnk ,s A
3.10.3 lSdaMªh Ldwy
lSdaMªh Ldwy Mwag~fx;sa “kjhjh rCnhfy;sa nk rs iaNku cukus nk nkSj gksank ,s A Hkkjh mtkZ rs thforrk
nk ch b*;S nkSj ,s A bl nkSj p vewZr ns dUuS rdZlaxfr nh ;ksX;rk rs rdZ”khy fparu nh leFkZ iSnk gksanh
,s ( tsg~ns dUuS fo|kfFkZ;sa p bRFkS rs gwu Fkeka ckg~j ch le>nkjh rs Kku ns fodkl nh Mwag~xh le>nkjh
vkSanh ,s A lekt ns ljca/ksa nh jks”kuh p vius vki ckjS vkykspukRed le> ch bLlS nkSj p mLljnh
eBksanh ,s A
bl nkSj p ikB~;p;kZ nk lk/kkj.k y{; fo|kfFkZ;sa p cD[k&cD[k vuq”kklusa izfr tkx:drk iSnk
djuk rs vksg~fn;sa laHkkouk,a rs leFksZ dUuS ifjfpr djkuk gksank ,s A bl pkYyh ns js>es dUuS vksg~ vius
#fp :>kusa ckjS [kkst djns u rs ckn p fdl pkYyh ns dkslZ gksu rs dEek dUuS ljca/kr gksu && ckjS
fopkjsa xh Lo:i nsu yxns u A bl pkYyh fn;ka t:jrka izf”k{kr v/;kidsa rs O;olk;h lykgdkjsa ns
lqfu;ksftr lqvkre ns ekxZn”kZu rs lykg~&lwrjh xfrfof/k;sa nh enn dUuS “kSy pkYyh iwfj;ka tkbZ ldfn;ka
u A cM+h cn~/k fxurjh p cPpsa ysbZ ,g~ fodYih nkSj gksank ,s ftlyS vksg~ Ldwy NksfM+;S mRiknd dEesa ns
gquj flD[kus cD[kh tans u A [kklh la[;k p vksg~ cPps] ft*usaxh lekth vkFkZd dkj.ksa djh i<+kbZ NksM+us
ikSanh ,s &&&xh bl nkSj p jpukRed dEesa nh l[kykbZ ns ekSdsa nh yksM+ gksanh ,s A tsYyS ds liwjh O;oLFkk
lSdaMªh f”k{kk ns Hkwe.Myhdj.k vkg~yh cD[kh #[k djnh ,s A ykbczsfj;sa rs ySckjsaVªfj;sa nh lqfo/kk nsuk
t:jh ,s rs bl xYyk nk Bksl tru gksuk pkfgnk ,s ts lHkusa fo|kfFkZ;sa xh usfg;ka lqfo/kka FgksbZ ldu A
,g~ nks c*jsa ßcksMZ ns ersgkusaÞ [kjs uacj ySus ns izsrh lk, gsB jkSag~ns u] dh ts b*usa ersgkusa p
ySrs ns uacj HkfoD[kh fodYisa xh fu/kkZjr djns u A Ldwysa iklsvk vDlj cM+s Q[kj dUuS vk[ksvk tank
,s ts nleha ns isg~ys VeZ nh lekIrh rxj lyscl iwjk djh fnRrk tank ,s rs mlns ckdh ns nkSa VesZa p
mlxh nksgjk;k tank ,s rka ts fo|kFkhZ ersgkusa vkLrS R;kj gksbZ ldu A bl voLFkk p ukSeh Dykl rs
ckn p 11eha Dykl xh dqckZu djh fnRrk tank ,s A ersgkusa ij v/kkjr bl f”k{kk xh cnyus rs pqukSrh
fnRrs tkus nh yksM+ ,s Adsg~ Hkyk cPpsa ns lHkusa Fkeka ers mRiknd lesa nk bd c*jk tka vksg~ns dksyk cn~/k
119
leka bl pkYyh ns xSj mitkÅ dEesa p cckZn dhrk tkuk pkfgnk ,s \ dsg~ Hkyk ,g~ eqedu usbZa ts iwjk
c*jk bd cjkscj <axk dUuS f”k{kk fnRrh tka tsg~ns dUuS gksbZ ldnk ,s ersgkusa nh R;kjh ch csg~rj <axk
dUuS gksbZ ldS A ersgkusa ns uka· mIij ikB~;p;kZ ns gksj fo”ksa] [kkl djh [ks<sa rs dyk nh dqckZuh dhrh
tanh ,ss A ,g~ cM+k t:jh ,s ts b*usa fo”ksa xh cpk;k tk rs bl ljca/kk p xaHkhj tru dhrs tku rka ts
bl vlsZa ns njku dEek dktk ns lkFkZd vuqHkosa xh tksM+svk tkbZ lds A
eqYdk ns ers lkjs f”k{kk cksMZ bl njku dqlS fodYih ikB~;p;kZ nk ekSdk usbZa fnans A nkSa Hkk”kka
¼ft*Uns p bd vaxzsth½ ] Lgkc] lkabZl rs lekt foKku [kkl ersgkuh fo”ksa u A bl lewg~ p Lgkc rs
vaxzsth nh ikB~;p;kZ tsg~M+h fo|kfFkZ;sa ns Qsy gksus nk cM~Mk dkj.k gksanh ,s ] xh ijfr;S cukus rs l:i
nsus nh t:jr ,s A ersgkusa p ikl&Qsy vo/kkj.kk xh ch cnyus nh t:jr ,s ikl uacj ns ek;us nh
ch leh{kk nh t:jr ,s A ,g~ns dUuS tqM+s ns eqn~nsa nh ppkZ i¥esa /;k· p ersgkuh lq/kkj vkg~ys fgLls p
dhrh xsnh ,s A
fd”k cksMZ fo|kfFkZ;sa xh vFkZ”kkL= laxhr rs ikd&”kL= pk fodYih fo”ks pquus nk ekSdk fnans u A
bl pkYyh ns fodYi c/kk, tkus pkfgns rs vkfFkZd jok;rh fo”ksa xh bUns p “kkey djh ySus ns ckjs p
lkspus nh yksM+ ,s A O;olk;d ikB~;p;kZ ch “kq: dhrh tkbZ ldnh ,s A LFkkuh oxsZa p dEe djus vkLrS
bl pkYyh ns dsbaZ dEe rqIis tkbZ ldns u A elky ns rkSjk ij xSjt p xfM~M;sa nh fnD[k&Hkky] nthZ nk
dEe rs ykt eqvktys dUuS tqM+h fn;sa lsok,a xh tksfM+;S lkFkZd fodYih fo”ks cuk, tkbZ ldns u A Ldwy
cksMZ ,sls Kku xh ekU;rk nsbZ ldnk ,s rs bLlS pkYyh ns vusd fo”ksa xh ekU;rk nsbZ ldnk ,s ft*Unh
f”k{kk Ldwyk ns ckg~j gks,s A lk<+s eqY[kk p dsb;sa O;olk;d ikB~;p;kZ,a p xq.koŸkk p deh vkbZ ,s rs
vksg~ fo|kfFkZ;sa xh dEek ljca/kh lkFkZd Kku rs gquj eqgS;k djus p ukdke;kc jsfg;ka u A dsb;sa ekeysa
p rs b*usa dkslsZa nh xq.koŸkk ?kfV;S bUus vke gksbZ xsns u ts irk xS usbZa yxnk ts f”k{kk ukSdjh gkly
djus vkLrS ySrh tk djnh ,s tka ukSdjh djus vkLrS A
120
3.10.4 gk;j lSdaMªh Ldwy
cksMZ ns ersgku rs nk[kys ljca/kh ersgkusa mIij erk tksj fnRrs tkus xh ysb;S rs ukefugkn
vdSMfed <kaps xh erh rjthg~ fnRrs tkus xh ysb;S O;olk;d f”k{kk nk Bhd rjhdsa dUuS fodkl usbZa
gksbZ ldk djnk A gk;j lSadMªh voLFkk p vdknfed rs O;olk;d ikB~;p;kZ xh fLFkfr nh leh{kk djus
nh t:jr ,s Ab*usa n*Åa c*jsa ns vjls p viuh #fp;sa rs ;ksX;rk,a ns v/kkj mIij HkfoD[k nh ;kstuk
cukans u A
Kku ns cD[k&cD[k [skrjsa nh rik”k rs mUnh le> vkLrS v/;;u p fodYih ikB~;p;kZ ns ekSds
fnRrs tkus pkfgns u A dhts bl nkSj p fo|kfFkZ;sa nh #fp rs mUnk HkfoD[kh thou nks,s u[ksM+s usbZa tkbZ
ldns A bl voLFkk p vuq”kklusa nh rik”k rs le`) vUrjvuq”kklfud <axk dUuS leL;k,a rs eqn~nsa xh
lqy>kuk laHko gksbZ ldnk ,s A usg~ fo”ys”kusa xh ekU;rk fnRrs tkus nh t:jr ,s tks fo”ksa ns e>kVS rs
fo”ksa ns ckg~j pyns jkSag~u A
ers lkjs cksMZ Hkk”kk ns ykteh dkslsZa ns dUuS dsbZa pkYyh ns fo”ksa nh i<+kbZ ns ekSds fnans u ml
jLeh rs xSj jLeh vM+pu ns ckjs p lksps tkus nh t:jr ,s tsg~M+h fo|kfFkZ;sa xh i<+kbZ&fo”ksa ns pquk·
ljca/kh bPNsvk [ksrj xh lkSaxM+k djnh ,s A dsbZa cksMZ lkabZl] vkV~Zl] dkeZl cxSjk ns :Ik p fo”ksa ns lewg~
cukb;S leL;ka [kMsjh fnans u A lh0ch0,l0bZ0 (CBSE) fo|kfFkZ;sa vklsvk ¼fo”ks lewg½ pquus mIij jksd
usbZa ykank ij fd”k lewgsa nh c/knh yksdfiz;rk rs bd nq, ns edkcys p fo”ksa ns vkilh ntsZ ns fnz”Vhdks.k
djh bUns pk dsbZa fodYi gwu Nk=sa ysbZ cUn djh fnRrs xsns u A ,g~ns dUuS xS ;qfuoflZfV;sa vklsvk ch
viuh nk[kys nh izfdz;k mIij utjlkuh djus nh yksM+ ,s dh ts ,g~ nk[kys 12eh ns Lrj mIij i<+k,
tkus vkg~ys fo”ksa ns v/kkj mIij dhrs tUns u A urhts ns rkSjk ij dsbZ EgŸkoiw.kZ fo”ks rs fo”ks lewg~
fo|kfFkZ;sa ysbZ can gksbZ ldns u elky ns rkSjk ij HkSfrdh] Lgkc rs QyklQh tka lkfgR;] tho foKku rs
bfrgkl fo|kfFkZ;sa ysbZa can djh fnŸks xsns u A
vTtdy Ldwysa p yksdfiz;rk rs VkbZe Vscy ns uka· ij bd ueka #>ku R;kj dhrs xsnk ,s
ftlns rSg~r vksg~ eSfMdy rs bathfu;fjax nh ikB~;p;kZ ns v/kkj mIij Dyklka i<+ns rs bl cukSVh ca/ku p
cT>h tans u A eqYdk ns dsbZa fgLlsa p tsg~M+s fo|kFkhZ dyk tka dksbZ mnkj ¼Liberal½ fo”ks Ik<+uk pkag~ns u
121
mUns dksy ersa fodYi usbZa jsgh tans A Ldwy vDlj fo|kfFkZ;sa xh ueha tka xSj jok;rh ikB~;p;kZ cukus p
ch mUnk gkSlyk usbZa c/kkank A vkerkSjk ij VkbZe&Vscy ns uka· ij lk<+s [;ky p fo|kfFkZ;sa ysbZ lCHkS ekSds
[kq*Yys jD[ks tkus pkfgns tsdj Ldwyssa p dqlS fo”ks ns ers fo|kFkhZ usbZa gksu rka ykxs nykxs ns Ldwyas dUuS
xYy dhrh tkbZ ldnh ,s rka ts vksg~ ml fo”ks ns v/;kid miyC/k djkbZ ldu A bl pkYyh ns
v/;kidsa nh O;oLFkk Cykd Lrj mIij ch dhrh tkbZ ldnh ,s tsg~M+s usgk fo”ks i<+kbZ ldu tsg~M+k
vkerkSjk ij Ldwyk p miyC/k usbZa gksank A Ldwyh cksMZ xh fo”ks tka fo”ksa lewgsa xh yksdfiz; cukus p
lafdz; Hkwfedk uHkkuh pkfgnh ,s A
12eha rxj nh i<+kbZ ns dkslZ vius vuq”kklu p fiPNsa tusgh ns ledkyh fodklsa dUuS tqM+s ns
gksus pkfgns u dh ts Kku ns uesa [ksrj fodlr gksvk djns u bl ysbZ vuq”kklusa e>kVS nh da/k ykSgdh
dfj;S vUrjvuq”kkluh; utfj;k fodflr djus nh yksM+ ,s A fo|kfFkZ;sa xh bl xYyk nh NwV nsuk ts vksg~
vuq”kklu ns rSg~r ml csYyS ns dqlS EgŸkoiw.kZ eqn~nsa nh i<+kbZ djh ldu] dkslZsa xh bl pkYyh l:i fnŸkk
tk ftl p fodYisa nh ;kstuk j*oS uka ds erh tknk lwpuk “kkey dfj;S m*usaxh rqUuh&rqfUu;S Hkjh fnŸkk
tk A elky ns rkSjk ij bfrgkl fo”ks p iqjkrRo tka lalkjh bfrgkl nk fodYi fnRrk tkbZ ldnk ,ss rs
bLlS pkYyh HkkSfrdh p [kxksy foKku] varfj{k foKku rs jkdsV foKku ns fodYi fnRrs tkbZ ldns u A
ikB~;p;kZ xh gj dqlS fo”ks dUuS Hkjus ns nck· ns dkj.k flD[kus ns dsbZa EgŸkoiw.kZ iSg~yw ft*;ka
iz;ksx rs [ksrjh tkŸkjk flD[kus ns rjhds] ft*;ka Reference work] izkStsDV odZ rs izLrqfrdj.k cxSjk
fiPNsa NqV~Vh tans u ft*Uns djh f”k{kk p fxjkoV vkok djnh ,s A iwjh pkYyh ySl ySokVªfj;ka rs yk;czsfj;ka
rs daI;wVj i)fr vTtk nh i<+kbZ ysbZ cM+s t:jh lk/ku u rs bl xYyk ns iwjs tru dhrs tkus pkfgns u
ts Ldwy rs twfu;j dkyst usg~ lalk/kusa dUuS Hkjs&Hkjksps rs lEiUu jkSg~u A
O;olkf;d f”k{kk cqfu;knh rkSjk ij m*usa yksdsa xh /;kuk p jfD[k;S “kq: dhrh xsbZ gh tsgM+s mans
dksyk iSg~yS dEe&”kfDr p yXxuk pkag~ns u tsg~M+s jLeh vdknfed /kkjk ns ckn dEe dktk p yxns u tka
tsg~M+s i<+kbZ djns jkSag~ns rs “kks/k djns u A vl $2 lesr f”k{kk fn;sa lHkusa voLFkk,a ij Kku&vtZu]
dnjsa ns fodkl rs cgqeq[kh gquj&lajpuk vkLrS “kS{kf.kd ek/;e ns rkSjk ij mRiknd dEek xh tksM+us nh
lQkj”k djus vka A
122
fodkl ns b*usa xq.ksa xh utjh p j[kns gksbZ bl Lrj mIij izf”k{kr is”ksojsa vklsvk ljca/kr
fo|kfFkZ;sa xh lykg~&e”ojk t:j nksvk;k tkuk pkfgnk ,s A jkstxkj&psruk ] jsktxkj rik”kus rs mlnh
;kstuk ns ckjs p fdz;k”khyrk ch cM+h EgŸkoiw.kZ ,s A blns vykok ,g~ voLFkk fd”kksjkoLFkk dUuS ch nks
pkj gksanh ,s ] tsg~M+k ds bd O;fDr ns thou p ijksvkj] ge&mezsa rs Ldwyh ifjos”k p #T>us&fl*Ttus
nh ryc dkj.k futh] lekth rs HkkoukRed ladVsa nk nkSj gksank ,s A rs Ldwysa p bl pkYyh fn;sa lsok,a
xh eqgS;k djkus dUuS vdknfed rs lekth [ksrjsa p c/kns nck,a dUuS fuCcM+us ysbZ yksM+pnh enn O;oLFkk
ns fuekZ.k p lgk;rk Fgksx A
3.10.5 [kq*Yyk Ldwy rs iqy&Ldwy
jk”Vªh vksiu Ldwy dUuS “kq: gksb;S fd”k jkT;sa p vksiu Ldwy cksMZ dEe djk djns u rs vksg~
fo|kfFkZ;sa xh ers fodYi nsvk djns u A vksg~ pquka· vkLrS tsg~M+s fo”ks fnans u] mank nk;jk eksdyk ,s A
ersgku nsus p erh ujeh] nq, cksMZ pk dzsfMV rcknys nh Lgwyr & vksiu Ldwy us lfVZfQdsV nsus ns
ekeys xh erk ekuoh cuk;k ,s A vksiu Ldwy ns ckjs p tkudkjh rs ml rxj ikSag~p xh bl xYr
/kkj.kk ts nq, cksMsZ ns ersgkusa dUuS blns ersgkusa nh cjkscjh gksx tka usbZa] nk ijrk nsus ns tru djns gksbZ
“kSy pkYyh izpkjr dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s A b*usa ersgkusa fn;sa rjhdsa xh nq,a cksMZ Lrj ns ersgkusa ns dUuS
fu/kkZjr djus dUuS b*Cch ;dhuh gksbZ tkx ts fo|kFkhZ nk lky [kjkc usbZa gks,s A
ewY;kadu nk ,g~ mn~ns”; usbZ ,s
• cPpsa ij nck· ikb;S v/;;u ysbZ izsjr djuk
• cPps xh uka· nsuk ft*;ka ßf<Yyk l[ksr:Þ] ß;ksX; fo|kFkhZÞ tka ßleL;kfo|kFkhZÞ usgh
tekrcanh xzSg~.k djus nh lkjh ftEesokjh fo|kFkhZ mIij ikbZ vksM+nh ,s rs f”k{k.k nh Hkwfedk
rs mís”; Fkeka xqejkg~ djnh ,s A
• m*usa cPpsa xh iUNkuuk ft*usaxh mipkjkRed f”k{k.k nh t:jr ,s ¼bl p jLeh ewY;kadu xh
cyxs cxSj v/;kid f”k{kk ns nkSjku xS f”k{kk ;kstuk rs O;fDrxr /;ku nsb;S ,g~ djh ldnk
,s A½
• flD[kus nh dBukb;sa rs leL;k& [ksrjk xh iUNkuuk && vo/kkj.ksa ljca/kh dBukb;sa ckjS
O;kid lkjrsa xh rs jLeh tkap&ij[k dUuS iUNkusvk tkbZ ldnk ,s A funku ¼Diagnosis½ vkLrS [kkl tkap&ij[k rs izf”k{k.k nh yksM+ ,s A ,g~ lk{kjrk rs la[;kx.ku ns cqfu;knh
[ksrjsa vkLrS ch Vdksg~nk ,s rs fo”ks [ksrjsa vkLrS blnk dksbZ EgŸko usbZa A
123
iqy&ikB~;p;kZ ¼fczt dkslZ½ eqY[kk ns dsb;sa fgLlsa p m*usa fo|kfFkZ;sa xh ;ksX; cukus vkLrS pyk,
tk djns u tsg~M+s Ldwyk Fkeka ckg~j dqlS izksxzke p Hksts xs rs ckn p ijrksus ij viuh mezh erkcd
Dyklk p ikbZ fnŸks xs A lS”ku ns e>kVS t:jh gksank ,s ts [kwc lkspsvk & le>svk dk;Zdze gks,s tsg~M+k
ikB~;p;kZ ns rdkt+s xh iwjk djus vkg~yk gks,s A ,g~ns “kk fd”k ?kV~V gksuk mLlS pkYyh nh deh xh gksj
c/kkx ftlh fo|kFkhZ iSg~ys xS Hkqxrh ,sBs u ] rs mans vf/kdkjsa ckjS ,g~ Li”V ykijokgh gksx A b*usa izksxzkesa
xh lQyrk dUuS ykxw djus ysbZ xaHkhj “kks/k] f”k{kk nk fodkl rs lexzh t:jh gksans u && m*usaxh ykxw
djuk rs cPpsa xh Ldwyk p jD[ks tkus ns ckn m*usaxh yxkrkj vdknfed rs lekth leFkZu nsuk cM+k
t:jh gksbZ tank ,s A
3.11 vkdyu rs ewY;kadu
Hkkjrh f”k{kk Ol;oLFkk p ewY;kadu “kCn ersgku] ruk· rs fpark dUuS tqM+s nk ,s A ikB~;p;kZ nh
ifjHkk”kk rs uohdj.k fn;ka lCHkS dksf”k”kka csvFkZ gksbZ tk³u tsdj vksg~ ewY;kadu rs ersgkusa dUuS cT>s ns
fua jsg~ A vl yksd bl xYyk xh ysb;S fQdjean vka ts f”k{kk rs i<+kus xh lkFkZd rs vkuannk;d cukus
ns trusa ij ersgkusa ns ekM+s vlj usbZa ikSu A etwnk fiz &Ldwy nkSj Fkeka xS “kq: dfj;S cksMZ ersgku
udkjkRed :ik p lHkusa ewY;kadusa rs ersgkusa xh izHkkor djns u A
dUuS xS paxk ewY;kadu rs ersgku & O;oLFkk Kku nh izfdz;k nk vu=qV fgLlk gksbZ ldnk ,s ftl
Fkeka l[ksr: rs f”k{kk O;oLFkk nks,s ch izekf.kd QhM cSd nsus dUuS vkiwa psa ykHk BksvkbZ ldns u A ,g~
Hkkx] Ldwy nh lkekU; i<+kbZ &y[kkbZ ns vkdyu ewY;kadu ] tsg~M+s ikB~;p;kZ nk fgLlk u dUuS fuCcM+nk
,s A ersgkuh O;oLFkk rs [kkl dfj;S cksMZ ns ersgkusa ljca/kh eqn~nsa nh ppkZ Ik¥esa /;k· p dhrh xsnh ,s A
3.11.1 vkdyu nk mÌs”;
f”k{kk nk ljca/k ukxfjd xh lkFkZd rs mRiknd thou thus tksx cukus dUuS ,s rs ewY;kadu nk
ljca/k usg~ fo”okltksx ewY;kadu dUuS gksuk pkfgnk ,s ts vl bl pkYyh nh f”k{kk xh nsus p dql gn~nk
rd lQy jsg~ vka A bl utfj;s dUuS vkdyu fn;ka ekStwnk izfdz;ka tsg~fM+;ka ladk;sa fn;sa cM+sa lher nk;js
124
p j[kfn;ka rs tk;t+k ySafn;ka u] cfM+;ka ukdkQ+h u] dh ts ,g~ dqlS O;fDr nh ;ksX;rk,a tka ¶gh f”k{kk ns
y{;saa xh iwjk djus nh fn”kk p rjDdh nh iwjh rLohj is”k usbZa djfn;ka A
ij ewY;kadu ns bl “kSf{kd rs vdknfed fodkl ljca/kh QhMcSd nsus ns lher mÌs”; xh iwjk
dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s tsdj dkslZ “kq: gksus Fkeka iSg~ys xS v/;kid R;kj gksbZ tk & flQZ ewY;kadu fn;sa
rduhdsa ns ckjs p xS usbZa cYds ewY;kadu ns v/kkjsa rs vksg~ns ysbZ cjrksus vkg~ys cD[k&cD[k midj.ksa ns
ckjs p ch A fo|kFkhZ nh miyfC/k nh tkap&ij[k ns bykok bd f”k{kd xh vius fo|kFkhZ nss izn”kZu nk
vkdyu ijd v/;;u ch djuk pkfgnk ts mlnk fo|kFkhZ dsg~M+s [ksrjk p dusgk izn”kZu djk djnk ,s A
vkdyu & ewY;kadu nk mÌs”; fu”pr :ik p f”k{kk nh izfdz;k rs lexzh xh csgrj cukuk ,s rs
cD[k&cD[k Ldwysa ns lanHkZ p mlns y{;sa nk tkpuk&ij[kuk ts dql lhek rxj fo|kfFkZ;sa nh ;ksX;rk nk
fodkl gksvk djnk ,s A vk[kus nh yksM+ usbZa ts ,g~nk ,g~ eryc usbZa ts VSLV rs ersgku cM+s rkSys&rkSys
gksvk dj³u cYds fo|kFkhZ nh jkstejkZ fn;sa vke xfrfof/k;sa rs vH;klsa xh vljnkj <axk dUuS f”k{kk nh
izfdz;k nh ij[k&iM+rky ns dEek p yk;k tkbZ ldnk ,s A
“kSy pkYyh fn;ka ij[k&iM+rkyka rs tk;ts rs fu;er jiksZVka fo|kfFkZ;sa xh manh R;kjh ns ckjs p
nlfn;ka u ftl dUuS vksg~ viuh xq.koŸkk p lq/kkj djh ldu A vksg~ mans ekrk&firk xh ch mans cPps nh
f”k{kk ljca/kh xq.kkRedrk rs mans fodkl rs rjDdh ns ckjs p ch nLlh ldfn;ka u A ,g~ dksbZ
jhl&eqdkcys xh mRlkgr djus nk tfj;k usbZa] tsdj f”k{kk nh xq.kkRedrk xh c/kkuk ,s rka fo|kfFkZ;as xh
;ksX;rka @ leFkkZa
f”k{k.k rs ljca/kr vkdyu ns dsanzfcUnq xh ikB~;iqLrd rs rRFksa vkg~yh fo”ksoLrq Fkeka nwj ysbZ tkus nk
bd tru ,s & leFkkZa A xzSg~.k ¼vf/kxe½ ns ?kV~Vks?kV~V Lrj mikxe p leFksZa nh foLr`r mileFksZa rs
midkS”kysa p =ksM+svk xsvk ,s] ,g~ tkuns gksbZ ts bank dqy ;ksx&leFkZ ,s ArkSys&rkSys C;gkj rs vuqikr
ij cy nsus ljca/kh vo/kkj.kka Hkkesa vkdyu nk vax usbZa gksu A
,g~ rdZlaxr ij e”khuh midkS”kysa nh fyLV rs manh fu’ifŸk nh etcwr VkbeVscy vf/kxe ns
ckjs p fpark izxV usbZa djnh ,s ts flD[kus rs ;ksX;krk,a nk bLrseky vius p yphyk gksuk pkfgnk ,s
rs uka xS vksg~ pDdj tsg~ns jkgsa ;ksX;rka gkly dhfr;ka tafn;ka u] mlh les lheka] fu/kkZjr xfr tka
lcwjk fgLlsa ns dqy Fkeka cM~Mk ,s A b*usa O;kid fyLVsa ysbZ f”k{k.k rs tkap&ij[k eqn~nsa xh l:i nsuk
rs bank f”k{k.k nsuk vO;ogkjd rs f”k{k.k “kkL= nh fnz”Vh dUuS Bhd usbZa A
125
cD[k dfj;S m*usaxh ntkZ nsus dUuS rs ckdh ns fo|kfFkZ;sa p ghu Hkkouk Hkfj;S vksg~ y{; gkly usbZa dhrk
tkbZ ldnk A
vk[kj] izek.kd tk;t+k bd jiksZV is”k djnk ,s tks nq, gksj Ldwysa tka f”k{kk laLFkkusa] leqnk;sa rs
vxkeh ekydsa xh xq.kkRedrk rs f”k{k.k lhek ckjS tkudkjh fnans gksbZ i<+kbZ ns dkslZ ns iwjk gksus ckjS
izek.kr djnk ,s A
ewY;kadu ns ckjs p e”gwj /kkj.kk ] ts ewY;kadu ßmipkjhdj.kÞ nh t:jrka tsg~fM;ka mipkjijd
f”k{k.k dUuS iwfj;ka gksbZ ldfn;ak u manh iUNku djh ldnk ,s & uss ikB~;p;kZ O;oLFkk p cfM+;ka leL;ka
iSnk dhfr;ka u A ^mipkjhdj.k* ns izdk”kr uka· nh cjrwu xh izfrca/kr djns gksbZ blxh flQZ ml [kkl
dk;Zdze ysbZ cjrsvk tkuk pkfgnk tsg~M+k m*usa cPpsa xh leFkZ cuku ft*usaxh vD[kj&Kku@i<+kbZ
la[;kRed ¼[kkl rkSjk ij xf.kr ljca/kh fxurjh ns ladsru iD[k rs b”kkfj;k i)fr ns uacjsa ns Fkkg~j
cxSjk½ ekkeysa p leL;k vkSanh ,s A f”k{kdsa ns mipkjkRed ijh{k.k vkLrS psps [kkl izf”k{k.k nh t:jr ,s
tsg~M+k mUns mipkjkRed dEesa p manh enn djh ldnk ,s A Bhd bLlS pkYyh mipkjkRed dEesa ysbZ psps
rkSj mIij fodlr lexzh rs ;kstuka gksfu;ka pkfgfn;ka u rka ts f”k{kd bl dEek ysbZ cPpsa xh bd&bd
dfj;S leka nsbZ ldu A “kq:vkr bl Fkeka gksbZ ldnh ,s ts vksg~ dsg~ tkunk@ tkunh ,s dUuS vXxsa
c/kns gksbZ tk;t+s nh bd fujarj izfdz;k rs pkSdl fnD[k&fjD[k jkgsa mRFkS rxj iqTtsvk tkbZ ldnk ,s ts
mlh dsg~ flD[kus nh yksM+ ,s A fHkUurk usbZa nLlus vkg~yk ikfjHkkf”kd “kCn f”k{k.k “kkL= nh izHkkfodrk
dUuS tqM+h nh vke leL;k,a ijk /;ku HkVdkank ,s rs vksg~ flD[kus p vlQy gksus ysbZ cPpsaa xh xS iwjh
pkYyh ftEesnkj Bgjkank ,s A
ewY;kadu nk ,g~ mn~ns”; ,s
* cPpsa ij nck· ikb;S v/;;u ysbZ izsjr djuk
* cPps xh uka· nsuk ft*;ka ßf<Yyh j¶rkj p fld[kus vkg~ykÞ] ßgq”;kjÞ] ßleL;kfo|kFkhZÞ
usgh caM xzSg.k djus nh lkjh ftEesokjh fo|kFkhZ mIij ikbZ vksM+ns u A
* m*usa cPpsa xh iUNkuuk ft*usaxh mipkjkRed f”k{k.k nh t:jr ,s ¼bl p jLeh ewY;kadu xh cYxs
cxSj v/;kid f”k{kk ns nkSjku xS f”k{kk ;kstuk rs O;fDrxr /;ku nsb;S ,g~ djh ldnk ,s A
* flD[kus nh dBukb;sa rs leL;k [ksrjk xh iUNkuuk cfM~M;ka vo/kkj.ka ljca/kh dBukb;ka
ewY;kadu Hkk”kk rs jLeh tkap&ij[k dUuS iUNkfu;ka tkbZ ldfn;ka u A funku ¼Diagnosis½ vkLrS [kkl tkap&ij[k rs izf”k{k.k nh yksM+ ,s A ,g~ lk{kjr rs Nanuracy ns cqfu;knh [ksrjsa vkLrS ch Specific ,s rs fo”ks [ksrjsa vkLrS usbZ A
126
3.11.2 fo|kfFkZ;sa nh tkap & ij[k
fo|kfFkZ;sa nh flD[kus nh xq.koŸkk rs ek=k xh ysb;S R;kj dhrh xsnh bd lkFkZd jiksVZ foLr`r gksuh
pkfgnh A vlsaxh bd ,slh ikB~;p;kZ nh t:jr ,s ftl p jpukRedrk] ueaasiu nh rik”k rs liwjs otwn
nk fodkl] paxh f”k{kk nk izek.k fp*Uu bDdS tusg~ VSLV djnk ,s tsg~M+s psrs dhrs ns rRFksa rs ikB~;lexzh
vk/kkjr f”k{kk nk tk;t+k ySans u A vlsaxh ewY;kadu ns rjhds rs urhts ysbZ uesa ekud rik”kus pkfgns u A
blns bykok dqlS [kkl fo”ks [ksrjk p fo|kFkhZ nh miyfC/k;ka] tsg~fM+;ka m*usaxh tkap&ij[k nh Lgwyr fnafn;ka
u]ml p mans flD[kus nh rkag~x] #[k] #fp&#>kusa rs flD[kus nh leFkkZ xh ch “kkey djus nh yksM+ ,s A
3.11.3 f”k{kk ns dze p vkdyu
fjiksVZdkMZ R;kj djus p v/;kid xh vius xS fo|kFkhZ ns ckjs p tkudkjh feynh ,s ts ml
lS”ku ns nkSjku m*UuS dsg~ flD[ksvk cYds dqlS [skrjk p mlh lq/kkj nh yksM+ ,s A bl pkYyh ns fjiksVZdkMZ
R;kj djus ysbZ v/;kid xh yksM+nk ,s ts vksg~ gj fo|kFkhZ xh jskt leka ns,s A fo|kFkhZ fo”ks”k xh ,g~ns ysbZ
psps VSLVsa nh t:jr usbZa cYds f”k{k.k xfrfof/k;ka vkiwa xS cPpsa ns bl pkYyh ns y[kus&ij[kus rs xq.kkRed
vkdyu ysbZ vk/kkj eqgS;k djfn;ka u A gj fo|kFkhZ nh bl pkYyh nh bd nSud Mk;jh ij v/kkjr
ij[k nk fjdkMZ R;kj djh ySus dUuS fujarj rs O;kid ewY;kadu p lSg~y gksbZ tanh ,s A v/;kid nh
Mk;jh pk bd g¶rs ysbZ bd m)j.k b*;ka nlnk ,s %&
fdj.k us vius dEek p uan ySrk] m*UuS m*usa fdrkcsa p cM+h #fp ySrh tsg~fM+;ka tkudkjh
Hkjksfp;ka rs laf{kIr fg;ka A vksg~ vk[knk ,s ts vksg~ lknh rs Li”V Hkk”kk ilan djnk ,s A rRFk uksV djus
vkLrS vksg~ ykSg~ds mŸkj nsus nh i)fr b[R;kj djnk ,s A vksg~ vk[knk ,s ts ,g~ns dUuS mlh phtsa xh
vklkuh dUuS le>us p enn feynh ,s A vksg~ bd veyh i)fr ilan djnk ,s A bLlS pkYyh
cD[k&cD[k LVstsa ij cPpsa ns dEes ns uewus rs uksV~l jD[kus dUuS v/;kid rs fo|kFkhZ nkSusa xh mans
flD[kus nh rjDdh nk O;oLFkkRed fjdkMZ miyC/k gksank ,s A
,g~ eUuuk ,s ts vkdyu flD[kus ljca/kh eq”dykrsa xh rqIius rs mank mipkj djus cD[kh vxzlj
djus vkg~yk gksuk pkfgnk A cM+h vO;ogkjd rs “kS{kf.kd vH;kl nh paxh le>&cw> ij iwjh usbZa mrjnh
vo/kkj.kkRed fodkl dUuS ljca/kr leL;k,a xh rqIih dM~<us nk dEe jLeh VSLVsaa@ ersgkusa ysbZ uka rs
127
cyxnk ,s rs uka xS cyxh ldnk ,s A bd v/;kid xh f”k{kk ns nkSjku cPpsa xh lqvky iqPNuk] tsg~M+k ds
m*usaxh lkspus p izo`Ÿk djnk ,s tka m*usaxh ykSg~ds&ykSg~ds dEe lkSafi;S b*usa leL;k,a nh tkudkjh gksbZ tanh
,s ] bl xYyk xh ;dhuh cukans gksbZ ts fo|kfFkZ;sa rs manh l[kykbZ fxrS mlnh ;kstuk yphyh ,s] tokcnsg~
,s A vksg~ viuh i<+kus ljca/kh izfdz;k p mans dUuS #&c# gksbZ ldnh ,s A
3.11.4 ikB~;p;kZ ns vksg~ [skrj tsg~M+s uacjsa ysbZ usbZa tkps tans
ikB~;p;kZ ns lCHkS fo”ks ersgkusa jkgsa tkaps ij[ks usbZa tkbZ ldns A ,g~ ikB~;dze ns [ksrjk p
flD[kus ns lqvkRke nh fojks/kh izfdz;k ch ,s ] ftl p dEe] lsg~r] ;ksx] “kjhjh f”k{kk] laxhr] dyk vkfn
vkSans u tsYyS ds “kjhjh f”k{kk rs ;ksx ns gqujsa ij v/kkjr rRo tkps&ij[ks tkbZ ldns u rs lsgr ljca/kh
iSg~yw xh yxkrkj rs xq.kkRed vkdyu nh yksM+ ,s A ekStwnk nkSj p b*usa fo”ksa rs xfrfof/k;sa xh ikB~;p;kZ
p ?kV~V Egro vkg~yk cuk, tkus nk pyu ,s A b*usaxh uka rs Bhd rjhds dUuS leka fnŸkk tank ,s uka
roTtv rs uka xS lk/ku eqgS;k dhrs tans u A blns bykok b*usa fo”ksa ysbZ fu/kkjZr leka ch fo”ks”k le>s
tkus vkg~ys fo”ksa ysbZ dqckZu djh fnŸkk tank ,s A ,g~ ikB~;p;kZ ns xw<+] vdknfed rs leFkZoku fgLlsa
dUuS xaHkhj le>kSrkckth ,s A
bUuka xS usbZa tsdj cPps xh dqlS fo”ks ns uacj usbZa fnŸks tkbZ ldns rka ch m*usa [ksrjsa p mans
fodkl nk vkdyu rs dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s A Hkkxhnkjh] #fp] fo”ks p layXurk] ;ksX;rka rs dkS”kysa nh
rjk”k&[kjk”k nh lhek tusg~ fd”k ladsr u tsg~M+s v/;kid xh ,g~ tkuus p enn djh ldns u ts b*usa
xfrfof/k;sa jkgsa cPpsa dsg~ flD[ksvk rs ykHk Bksvk;k ,s A tsdj cPpsa xh vius flD[kus ckjS vkiwa fjiksZV
R;kj ysbZ vk[ksvk tk ,g~ns dUuS ch v/;kidsa xh cPpsa nh vUrjfnz”Vh rs rjDdh ns ckjs p tkuus nk
ekSdk feyx rs vksg~ ikB~;dze rs f”k{k.k”kkL=h rjhdsa ns lq/kkj ysbZ izfrfdz;k gkly djh ld³u A
3.11.5 vkdyu nk :i&l:i rs rkSj&rjhdk
vkdyu rs ersgku fo”oLr gksus pkfgns u rs ukius&flD[kus ns tk;t rkSj rjhdsa ij v/kkjr
gksus pkfgns u A
128
lqvky iqPNuk
yksgs ljca/kh bd IykaV “kq: djus csYyS /;kuS p jD[kh tkus vkg~fy;sa p*Åa xYysa nk c[kku djks A
cuke
tsdj bd m|ksxifr efgyk yksgs nk bd IykaV ykuk pkag~nh ,s rka vksg~ vksg~ns vkLrS dsg~M+k Fkkg~j
pqux rs dh \
iSaNh nh pq¥~*t nk vkdkj vuqdwyu fd*;ka enn djnk ,s \
cuke
vius xqvka<k p yHkus vkg~ys lk/kkj.k iSaaNh nh pq¥~*t nh rLohj cukvks A mlnh pq¥*~t nh “kdy ns
v/kkj mIij nLlks ts ml iSaNh ns Hkkstu fn;ka vknrka dsg~ gks³u rs Fkqvk<+s xqvka< mlh Hkkstu dq*RFkS
feyh ldnk ,s A
tsYyS rxj ersgkusa p ikB~;lexzh Kku ns lanHkZ p cPpsa nh ;knk”rh leFkkZ nh ij[k dhrh tkx
rka rxj ikB~;p;kZ xh flD[kus nh fn”kk p eksM+us ns lCHkS tru cseSg~us gksbZ tk³u A iSg~yk ]
Kku&v/kkjr fo”ks [ksrjk p VSLV ,g~ ij[k djus p leFkZ gksuk pkfgnk ,s ts cPpsa dsg~ flD[ksvk ,s rs
ml Kku xh leL;k lqy>kus rs vlyh nqfu;k p ykxw djus ysbZ cjrus p vksg~ fdUus leFkZ u A dUuS xS
vksg~ns p ewY;kadu djns gksbZ fo|kFkhZ nh fpUru izfdz;k nk ch v/;;u gks,s ts mlh lwpuk d*qRFkS gkly
gksbZ ldnh ,s] vksg~nk bLrseky dhrk tkuk ,s rs mUnk fo”ys”ku rs ewY;kadu fdl pkYyh djuk ,s A
vkdyu vkLrS tsg~M+s lqvky fnŸks tku vksg~ drkch gn~nk Fkeka vXxsa xh tkus vkg~ys gksu A
vDlj fnD[kus p vkSank ,s ts cPpsa nh f”k{kk lher gksanh ,s dh ts tsdj vksg~ ikB~;lexzh rs xkbMsa Fkeka
cD[kjs tokc fnans u rka v/;kid m*usaxh udkjh vksM+ns u A
lqvky [kq*Yys fnz”Vhdks.k vkg~ys rs puksfriw.kZ gksus pkfgns A paxs lvky r”dhy nsuk ch bd dyk
,s rs v/;kidsa xh b*;S tusg~ lqvky cukus ysbZ leka· nsuk pkfgnk ,s A ft+yk rs jkT; Lrjsa ij
izfr;skfxrk djokb;S v/;kidsa vklsvk paxs lqvky cukus nh #fp rs ;ksx;rk xh c<+kok fnŸkk tkuk pkfgnk
,s A lCHkS iz”ui= dfBukbZ ns Lrj mIij bl pkYyh ns gksu ts vksg~ cPpsa xh dke;kch nh lrg nk
vuqHko gksu nsu rs leL;k,a us fuCcM+us rs mank gy djus ljca/kh viuh ;ksX;rk ckjS vkRe fo”okl nk
fodkl djh ldu A
129
paxs rs izHkko”kkyh [kq*fYy;sa drkcsa vkg~ys ersgkuk nk lfjLrk djuk bd pukSfr ,s rs vlsaxh gj
Lrj mIij Ldwyh ikB~;dze ns iz;klsa p bl pukSfr xh dcwyus nh dks”k”k djuh gksx A ,g~ns vkLrS
v/;kidsa rs ijh{kk ySus vkg~ysa xh m*usa rRFksa & tsg~M+s ikB~; iqLrdsa p fnŸks xsns gksu & ns f”k{kk vuqiz;ksx
rs fo”ys”ku mIij fo”ks”k cy nsus nh yksM+ ,s A bl pkYyh ns fd”k lQy izn”kZu u] ftRFkS bl pkYyh ns
ersgku cM~Ms Lrj ij djksvk, xs rs v/;kidsa ij b*usa ersgkusa ns urhts dM~<us nk dEe lkSaisvk xsvk A
bl pkYyh dUuS izkStsDV rs yckVªhZ ns vkdyu xh ch izek.kd rs etcwr cuk;k tkbZ ldnk ,s A
,g~ EgŸkoiw.kZ ,s ts tkps&ij[ks xsns isijsa xh izkIr djus ijSUr cPps vius tokc ijfr;S fy[ku rs
v/;kid m*usaxh ijfr;S fnD[ku rs ,g~ tkapus vkLrS ts cPpsa bl vfXuifj{kk p fd”k flD[kvk ,s \
fd”k ik;k ,s \ izfr;ksfxrk vfHkizsj.kk fnUnh ,s ij ,g~ vfHkizsj.kk nk vkarfjd ns Fkkg~j ckg~jh :i ,s A
dh ts ,g~ lSg~y rjhdk ,s bl djh v/;kid rs Ldwy mRd`”Vrk nh izsj.kk nsus ysbZ b*;S rkSj rjhdk
vDlj viukans u A Ldwy ] izkbZejh Lrj Fkeka iSg~ys xS cPpsa xh ch Js.khc) ¼Ranking½ djuk “kq: djh
vksM+ns u ] rka ts mUns fcPp izfr;ksfxrk nh Hkkouk fodflr gks,s A bl pkYyh nh izfr;ksfxrk nh Hkkouk
flD[kus mIij udkjkRed vlj ikanh ,s rs lesa ns dUuS fo|kFkhZ iSg~y djus nh ;ksX;rk rs viuh
#fp&#>kusa ewtc dEe djus nh o`fŸk eqgkbZ vksM+ns u A Dyklk ljca/k laLd`fr mIij ch ,g~nk ekM+k izHkko
ikSank ,s ftl dUuS cPpsa cD[k&cD[k jkSg~u yxns u rs lewgsa p dEe djus ns dkcy usbZa jkSag~ns A ^ersgku*
“kCn xh cscudnk rs xSj t:jh EgŸko fnRrk tank ,s rs vDlj bl dEek p cM+h erh pkSdlh rs
xksiuh;rk nh l[r O;oLFkk gksanh ,s A bl xYyk ns “kjhjh rs euksfoKkud vlj feMy Ldwy nh i<+kbZ
rxj usbZa yHkns ij cfM~M;sa Dyklsa p ,g~ m*usaxh [kklk ruk· fnUns u ftl djh Ldwysa rs v/;kidsa xh
njvly iqPNsvk tkuk pkfgnk ,s ts ds lPps eqPpsa b*usa vH;klsa Fkeka fd”k Qk;nk gksank ,s rs f”k{kk dql
gn~nk rxj uacj nsus rs cPpsa nh ntkZcanh vkg~yh O;oLFkk nk rdktk djnh ,s A
3.11.6 vkiwa viuh ij[k ¼vkdyu½ rs izfrfdz;k
ij[k ¼vkdyu½ nh Hkwfedk ml izfdz;k xh c/kkuk ,s tsg~M+h fo|kfFkZ;sa rs v/;kidsa nkSusa vklsvk
fu/kkZjr y{; xh izkIr djus vkLrS dhrh xsnh rjDdh nk tk;tk yS A ,g~ y{; bl xYyk xh /;kuk p
jfD[k;S cuk;k xsvk gk ts ,g~ O;oLFkk csgrj Hkwfedk fd*;ka uHkkbZ ldnh ,s A izfrfdz;k ¼Feedback½
130
i)fr tsg~M+h fo|kfFkZ;sa p Kku rs iznZ”ku p lq/kkj djus rs ekSds iznku djnh ,s ersgkusa rs ewY;kadu nh
pukSfr ns cxSj fujarj jkSg~uh pkfgnh ,s A
xzsfMax rs tkap cPpsa ns lkeuS gksuh pkfgnh ,s rka ts m*usaxh irk yXxh ldS rs mUns tokc LgsbZ u
tka xYr rs dh \ cPpsa xh mans tokcsa ns ckjs p iqPNus dUuS ts m*usa ,g~ tokc dh fnRrk rs m*usa dsg~
dhrk] v/;kid xh cPpsa nh lksp dUuS tqM+us p fy[ks ns tokcsa d”kk vXxS tkus p enn djh ldnk ,s A
,g~ izfdz;k ersgkusa p uacj ySus ljca/kh fu.kZ; ns Mj xh [kRe djh ldnh ,s rs cPpsa xh viuh xfYr;sa
xh le>us rs bans jkgsa flD[kus p leFkZ cukbZ ldnh ,s A dsbZa ckjh eqD[k v/;kid ,g~ vk[kns gksbZ
,rjkt djns u ts cPpsa ns lkeuS xYrh Bhd djuk oLrqfu’Brk ¼Objectivity½ xh tksg~ itkank ,s A
oLrqfu’Brk ysbZ ,g~ HkVdh nh /kkj.kk ,s tsg~M+h izfr;ksfxrk nh O;oLFkk p vkbZ nh ,s ] ftRFkS cPpsa ns
fu.kZ;u ¼Judging½ p fo”okl dhrk tank ,s A oLrqfu’Brk nk ,g~ eqn~nk ewY;kadu p xYr Fkkg~jk ij ,s
tsg~M+k f”k{kk ns y{; dUuS tqM+s nk ,s A
NM+s flD[kus ns urhts xS usbZa cYds f”k{kk ns vuqHkosa nk ewY;kadu ch dhrk tkuk pkfgnk ,s A
flD[kus vkg~ys vius vuqHkosa nh iw.kZrk ij [kq”kh dUuS rcljk djns u A O;fDr rs lkewfgd nkSusa pkYyh
ns vH;kl m*usaxh vius f”k{kk&vuqHkosa xh izxV djus rs mank vkdyu djus nh ;ksX;rk iznku djns u A
bl pkYyh ns vuqHko m*usaxh viuk fu;a=.k djus fn;ka ;ksX;rka iznku djns u tsg~fM+;ka ^flD[kus ysbZ
flD[kuka* vkLrS t:jh u A usgh lwpuk v/;kid vkLrS ch eqYyoku izfrfdz;k¼QhMcSd½ ,s rs yxHkx
liwjh f”k{k.k O;oLFkk xh lq/kkjus ysbZ ch cjrh tkbZ ldnh ,s A
CkPpaas vklsvk mans vius dEek ns vkiwa ewY;kadu ysbZ gj bd Dykl ljca/kh vUrjfdz;k rs mans
dUuS bl ckjS ifjppkZ ts dSg~nh tkap&ij[k gksuh pkfgnh rs irk ykus ns rjhds ts mafn;ka ;ksX;rka fodlr
gksvk djfn;ka u tka usbZa] cfM+;ka t:jh u A bRFkwa rxj ts ers ykSg~ds cPps ch vius ckjs p ts vksg~ dsg~
“kSy pkYyh djh ldns u rs dsg~ usbZa] LgsbZ vkdyu djh ldns u A
v/;kid nh Hkwfedk gj cPpsa xh ekSds rs vuqHko miyC/k djkus nh ,s rka ts vksg~ viuh leFkkZ
erkcd lHkusa Fkeka paxk flD[kh ldu rs ftl dUuS mUns p ckS/kd xq.ksa] “kjhjh ran#Lrh] [ks<us& [kqq<us
nh leFkkZ] HkkoukRed rs “kySis ljca/kh xq.ksa nk fodkl gksbZ ldS A
131
fjiksVZ dkMZ ,sls gksus pkfgns u tsg~M+s cPpsa rs cPpsa ns ekrk&firk lkeuS gj [ksrjk p cPps ns
fodkl mIij lEiw.kZ ys[kk tks[kk nsu A v/;kid gj cPps ns ckjs p fd”k vk[kus p leFkZ gksuk pkfgnk
,s ftl dUuS gj cPpsa nh cD[kh ml ns O;fDrxr /;ku xh eglwl dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s rs mlnh viuh
ldkjkRed Nfo ijfr;S iDdh gksanh rs mans ysbZ dEe djus ns mlns futh y{; lEizs”kr gksans u A Hkkesa
uEcj gksu tka xszM] vkdyu izfdz;k xh cy nsus ysbZ v/;kid vklsvk xq.kkRed C;ku t:jh ,s A gj&bd
cPps dUuS flQZ bLlS ljca/k jkgsa dksbZ ch v/;kid mlh izHkkor djus rs vksg~nh f”k{kk p ;ksxnku nsus p
dke;kc gksbZ ldnk ,s A v/;kidsa vklsvk gj cPps ns vkdyu ns dUuS&dUuS gj fo|kFkhZ viuh tkap
ij[k djh ldnk ,s rs bl vkiwa viuh tkap ij[k xh fjiksVZ dkMZ p ntZ djh ldnk ,s A
etwnk nkSj p ers lkjs fjiksVZ dkMZ fo”ksa [ksrjsa nh lwpuk fnans u ij cPpsa ns fodkl ns gksjusa
iD[ksa ckjs fd”k usbZa nlns ftl p mUnh lsgr] “kjhjh ran:Lrh] [ks<s fn;ka ;ksX;rk lekth gquj rs
dyk&f”kYi fn;ak ;ksX;rka vkSafn;ka u A cPpsa nh f”k{kk ns fodkl ns b*usa iD[ksa ns ckjs p xq.kkRed C;ku
f”k{kk ljca/kh ljksdkjsa nk erk liwjk tk;tk is”k dj³u A
3.11.7 vksg~ [ksrj ft*Uns ckjs p ueasa fljsvk lkspus nh yksM+ ,s
ikB~;p;kZ p usg~ dsbZ fo”ksa u ft*Unh tkap ij[k dhrh tkbZ ldnh ,s ij mUns ysbZ vtsa lk<+s
dksy ;dhuh rs dkjh ns lk/ku midj.k usbZa A ,g~ns p vksg~ f”k{kk “kkey ,s tks lewgsa xh fnRrh tUnh ,s
ft*;ka jaxeap ] dEe rs f”kYi tusfg~;ka f”k{kka ft*Uns p dkS”ky rs leFksZ nk fodkl dkQh fpjsa gksank ,s rs
ft*usaxh bd lksg~xs izs{k.k nh ryc gksanh ,s A
yxkrkj rs foLr`r ewY;kadu xS bd ekŸkj lkFkZd ewY;kadu i)fr ,s A ,g~ns mIij ch /;ku fnŸks
tkus nh yksM+ ,s ts bl nk izHkko”kkyh <axk dUuS fdl pkYyh bLrseky dhrk tk A tsdj bl xh lkFkZd
<axk dUuS fu’iUu djuk ,s rka tka blns vkdyu p viuk ;dhuh Fkkg~j djuk ,s rka bl p f”k{kd
iklsvk lesa rs leFkkZ nk dkQh rdkt+k gksank ,s A tsdj fo|kfFkZ;sa nh lHkusa xfrfof/k;sa xh ?kV~V dfj;S flQZ
vkdyu cD[kh /;ku nsus dUuS tka m*usaxh v/;kid nh ^”kfDr* nk vuqHko djkus dUuS mans p ruk·
c/knk ,s rka ,g~ns p f”k{kk ns mís”; nh gkj ,s A tsYyS rxj ewY;akdu nh bd fo”oLr laLFkk nk xBu usbZa
132
gksbZ tank vksYyS rxj v/;kid ysbZ b*;S csgrj gksx ts vksg~ ewY;kadu xS lhfer :isa p viuku ij
vkdyu xh f”k{kk nk vFkZiw.kZ fjdkMZ cukus ysbZ ewY;kadu p fd”k gksj iD[ksa xh “kkey djuk gksx A
vk[kjdkj vkdyu p fo”oluh;rk nk xq.k iSnk djus rs mlxh cukbZ jD[kus nh t:jr ,s rka ts
vksg~ izfrfdz;k nsus ns vius dEek xh lkFkZd rjhdsa dUuS lEiUu djh ldu A
3.11.8 cD[k&cD[k Lrjsa mIij vkdyu
bZ0lh0lh0bZ0 rs cqfu;knh Lrj nh Dykl 1 rs 2 % bl Lrj mIij cD[k&cD[k vk;kesa p cPpsa
fn;sa xfrfof/k;sa nh tkap ij[k “kq) xq.kkRed fu.kZ;u mIij v/kkjr gks,s rs mlns “kjhjh rs lsgr ljca/kh
fodkl nk vkdyu tsg~M+k jkstejkZ ns vkilh esy C;gkj mIij v/kkjr gks,s A dqlS ch :ik p tqckuh
tka fy[kr ersgku usbZa gks,s A
Dykl =S Fkeka Dykl vV~B rxj nk cqu;knh Lrj % bl Lrj mIij tckuh tka fy[kr ersgkusa rs
izs{k.ksa xh “kkey dfj;S cu&lcfUu;ka i)fr;ka cjfr;ka tku A cPpsa xh bl xYyk nk irk gksuk pkfgnk ,s
ts mUnk ewY;kadu gksvk nk ,s ij ,g~ izfdz;k m*usaxh f”k{k.k&izfdz;k nk bd fgLlk yCHkuh pkfgnh MjkSuh
pqukSfr usbZa A/;ku ryc djus vkg~ys fo”ksa rs xfrfof/k;sa ns xq.kkRed fu.kZ; ns dUuS ntkZ tka uacj nLluk
bl LVstk mIij t:jh ,s A
Ik¥eha tekrk Fkeka vXxsa cPpsa vklsvk vkiwa dhrk xsnk viuk ewY;kadu ch fjiksVZ dkMZ nk fgLlk
cuuk pkfgnk ,s A ersgkusa ns Fkkg~j Fkksg~M+s&Fkksg~M+s fpjsa ckn ykSg~ds & ykSg~ds VSLV tsg~M+s Criteria mIij
v/kkjr gksu gksus pkfgns u A l= ijrh ersgku lreha tekrk Fkeka vXxsa ysbZ “kq: djh fnRrh tkus pkfgns
ftlyS cPps ersgkus vklrS erh lexzh i<+us ysbZ rs fd”k ?kSaVs ersgkuh gky p ckSg~us ysbZ ekuld rkSjk
ij R;kj gksu A
bd ckjh ijfr;S rjDdh fjiksVZ p lsg~r rs ikyu iks”k.k ljca/kh l/kkj.k lwpuk,a ns vykok
fo|kfFkZ;sa nh liwjh rjDdh ns ckjs p mUns ekrk firk nh lykg rs lwpuk ysbZ fy[ksvk tk A
lSdaMªh rs gk;j lSdaMªh Lrjsa nh ukSeha Fkeka ckg~jeha tekr % vkdyu ikB~;p;kZ ns Kku v/kkjr
[ksrjsa vkLrS vkiwa viuh tkap ij[k ns dUuS erh gn~nk rxj VSLVsa] ersgkusa rs izkstsDV fjiksVZ ij v/kkjr
gksuk pkfgnk A gksjusa xYysa nk vkdyu ] izs{k.k rs vkReewY;kadu jkgsa gksuk pkfgnk A
133
fjiksVZ dkMZ p fo|kfFkZ;sa ns ckjs p mans cD[k&cD[k dkS”kysa] Kku&[ksrjsa rs izfr”krrk vkfn nh
tkudkjh erh gksuh pkfgnh A
,g~ mans v/;;u [ksrjsa] ft*Uns p m*usaxh /;ku nsus nh yksM+ ,s] xh js[kkadr djns gksbZ manh enn
djx rs m*usaxh vius vxys v/;;u ns ckjs p pquka· djus ljca/kh vk/kkj eqgS;k dfj;S ch manh enn
djx A
******
134
/;k & 4
Ldwy rs tekrk nk okrkoj.k
4.1 HkkSfrd okrkoj.k
4.2 leFkZ okrkoj.k nk fodkl
4.3 lHkusa fo|kfFkZ;sa nh “kewfy;r
4.4 vuq”kklu rs “kewfy;rh izca/ku
4.5 Ekkrk&firk rs leqnk; ysbZ Fkkg~j
4.6 IkkB~;p;kZ LFky rs flD[kus ns lalk/ku
4.7 leka
4.8 v/;kidsa nh Lok;Rrk rs O;olk;d lqrSarjrk
f”k{kk nk eqa< lekth ljca/ksa ns rkus&ckus p gksank ,s ftl p v/;kid rs fo|kFkhZ jLeh rs
xSj&jLeh :iS p vkiwa psa O;gkj & crZu djns u A Ldwy flD[kus vkg~ysa leqnk; ysbZ laLFkkxr Fkkg~j gksans
u ft*Uns p fo|kFkhZ rs v/;kid nks,s vkbZ tans u A vius nksLrsa&fe=sa dUuS Ldwysa ns enkuS p [ks<uk]
csg~YyS ekSds cSap mIij xYyka djuk] cMyS nh izkFkZuk vkLrS fdV~Bs gksuk rs nq, ioZ&/;kjsa rs [kkl&[kkl
ekSdsa ij fdV~Bs gksuk] tekrsa nh i<+kbZ] tekrk ns VSLV Fkeka iSg~ys gM+cM+h p iŸkjsa Qjksyuk ] v/;kidsa rs
tekfr;sa dUuS LdwyS Fkeka ckg~jS&Fkkg~jS nh lSj] ,g~ lc xfrfof/k;ka leqnk; xh fdV~Bk djfn;ka u rs
flD[kus vkg~ys leqnk; nk fp= cukafn;ka u A vizrD[k ij LdwyS xh mlnk pfj= nsus p v/;kidsa rs
gSMekLVj nh Hkwfedk vTt ch EgŸkoiw.kZ ,s ] [kkl dfj;S Ldwyk nh ersgkus rs gksj ekSdsa nh fnup;kZ nh
;kstuk cukuk rs ykxw djkuk LdwyS ns dyaMj cD[kh /;ku nksvkank ,s A vl Ldwy rs tekrk ns okrkoj.k
xh fd*;ka O;ofLFkr djpS ts bl pkYyh esy&crZu i<+kbZ rs flD[kus nh izfdz;k] nkSusa nh enn rs fodkl
djS \ Ldwysa xh fdl pkYyh dUuS eBsjsvk tk ftRFkS cPps vius vkiS xh lqjf{kr ] [kq”k rs lSg~t elwl
135
dju rs v/;kid ch lkFkZd rkSjk ij is”kkxr larqf’V lsgh dju A okrkoj.k ns HkkSfrd euksoSKkfud
iSg~yw cM+s EgŸkoiw.kZ rs vkaiw psa ljca/kr gksans u A bl /;k· p vl b*usa okrkoj.ksa nk v/;;u ,g~
tkuus ysbZ djxs ts vksg~ fdl pkYyh cPpsa nh f”k{kk ij izHkko ikans u
4.1 HkkSfrd okrkoj.k
psru rs vpsru rkSjk ij cPps jLeh tka xSj&jLeh rkSjk ij vius LdwyS ns HkkSfrd okrkoj.k ns
laidZ p yxkrkj jkSag~ns u A rka ch f”k{kk ysbZ HkkSfrd okrkoj.k ns EgŸko mIij [kkl /;ku fnRrk tank ,s A
vDlj flD[kus ysbZ dksbZ gksj Fkkg~j usbZa gksus ns fodYi ewtc tekrka [kpk&[kp Hkjksph fn;ka gksafn;ka u ]
uka rs vksg~ vkdZ”kd rs uka xS cPpsa nh yksM+sa&FkksM+sa erkcd laosnu”khy gksafn;ka u A LdwyS nh xSj&euklc
lajpuk v/;kidsa ns dEe djus nh leFkZ rs tekrk ns lkaHk&lEgkyk xh izHkkor djnh ,s A njvly bl
?ksjs&canh vkg~ys HkkSfrd okrkoj.k nh Hkwfedk flQZ i<+kbZ nh xfrfof/k xh “kj.k nsus rxj xS lhfer ,s A
ftlyS cPpsa “kk mans eu ilan Fkkg~jS ckjS iqPNsvk tank ,s rka vksg~ vDlj ml Fkkg~j ij jkSg~uk
ilan djns u tsg~M+k jkSud vkg~yk] nksLrkuk] “kkar gksx A vksg~ tkuojsa] iD[k#,a dUuS ers [kq*Yys Fkkg~j]
QqYysa&cwg~Vsa vkg~ys rs [kMkSus vkg~ys Fkkg~jk [kM+ksuk ilan djns u A bl ysbZ cPpsa xh vkdZ”kr djus vkLrS
LdwyS p rs vksg~ns vXxsa&fiPNsa ,g~ phtka gksfu;ka cfM+;ka t:jh u A
tekrsa xh “kks[k rs mTty cukus ysbZ lkjsa “kk iSg~ys mans vanj [kklh dqnjrh jks”kuh gksuh pkfgnh
rs ¶gh m*usaxh thoar cukuS ysbZ cPpsa vklsvk cukbZ xsfn;sa phtsa xh manh tekrs nh da/ks mIij rs LdwyS ns
cD[k&cD[k Fkkg~jsa ij yk;k tkbZ ldnk ,s A da/ks rs “ksYQsa mIij ltkbZ xsfn;ka fp=dkfj;ka] dyk rs f”kYi
ns uewus cPpsa xh rs mans ekrk&firk xh bd tksjnkj lusgk fnans u ts mans dEeS ysbZ ljkg~uk gksanh ,s A
b*usaxh ,slh txg mIij jD[kuk tka ykuk pkfgnk ftRFkS gj bd mej ns cPps vlkuh dUuS fnD[kh rs Nwgh
ldu A
lk<+s T;knkrj Ldwy [kLrk bekjrsa p pyns vkok ns u] tsg~M+s csjax] Ugsjs rs vuvkdZ”kr ekgkSy
is”k djns u A blh Ldwy ns v/;kidsa ] vf/kdkfj;sa] ckLrwdkjsa ns lka>s iz;klsa dUuS fufDd;ka&eqfV~V;ka
rfCnfy;ka dfj;S cnysvk tkbZ ldnk ,s A
136
bekjrka LdwyS nh lHkusa “kk dherh HkkSfrd iwath gksafn;ka u A mans “kk cn~/k &”kk&cn~/k f”k{kk ljca/kh
ykHk ySuk pkfgnk A f”k{kk ljca/kh eqYyS xh cn~/k dksyk cn~/k gkly djus usbZ ufe;ka bekjrka cukans tka
ejEer vkfn djkans csYyS jpukRed rs O;ogkfjd lek/kkusa xh cjrsvk tkbZ ldnk ,s A bl pkYyh HkkSfrd
okrkoj.k p ckn~/kk uka flQZ “kySis p rCnhyh vkg~unk ,s cYds bd pkYyh dUuS ifjorZu ,s ftl p
HkkSfrd Fkkg~j f”k{kk “kkL= rs cPps dUuS tqM+nk ,s A nslS ns cD[k&cD[k fgLlsa p Ldwysa rs tekrsa p iDds
rkSjk ij fp=dkjh dhrh xsnh gksanh ,s A bl pkYyh ns nD[k ers laosnu”khy gksans u ij] fd”k fpjS ckn
uhjl yXxu yxns u rs ml Fkkg~jS nk vkd”kZ.k ?kV~V djh fnans u A blns ctk, fuDds vkdkj ns
euklc Hkhfr&fp= LdwyS nh jkSud c/kkus nk csg~rj ek/;e gksbZ ldns u A LdwyS nh da/ks nk iz;ksx cPpasa
vklsvk cukbZ xsnh dyk d`fr;sa rs v/;kidsa vklsvk cuk, xsns pkVsZa vkLrS gksuk pkfgnk rs m*usaxh yxHkx
gj Eghus cnyns jkSg~uk pkfgnk ,s A bl pkYyh da/ks nk ltkoVh leku R;kj djus rs m*usaxh ykus p
lSg;ksx djuk ch cPpsa ysbZ bd eqYyoku f”k{kk izfdz;k gksbZ ldnh ,s A
ersa lkjs Ldwysa p [ks< tka ckg~jh xfrfof/k;sa ysbZ yksM+pns enku usbZa feyns A ,g~ ikB~;p;kZ jkgsa
fnRkh xsnh f”k{kk nh xq.koRrk dUuS le>kSrk ,s A
Ldwysa p gSMekLVjsa] dyLVj rs Cykd Lrj mIij dEe djus vkg~ysa v/;kidsa xh leFkZu nsus ns
fo”ks ij /;ku nsuk pkfgnk ts LdwyS p ewy <kapk rs lexzh miyC/k gSu tka usbZa gSu rs yphyh O;oLFkk nk
leFkZu djuk pkfgnk tsg~M+s ikB~;p;kZ ns mn~ns”;sa xh gkly djus p ennxkj gks³u A ers lkjs f”k{kk
“kkL= ft*usaxh Mh0ih0 bZ0ih0 tusgh dksf”k”ksa dUuS eBsjsvk xsvk ,s] fta*ns lq>ko u ts tekrk nk HkkSfrd
<kapk usgk cuk;k tk ftl p cPps fufDd;sa&fufDd;s >qaMfy;sa p tka cM~Ms&cM~Msa xksy ?ksjs p fdV~Bs csfg;S
Dgkfu;ka lquh ldu] tka vkiwa b*;ka csfg;S fy[kus tka i<+us nk dEe djh ldu tka jsfM;ks lquus tka
Vh0oh0 fnD[kus ysbZ mans dksy dV~Bs gksbZ ldu A blns ysbZ MSLdsa] dqflZ;sa cSapsa rs nfj;sa nh O;oLFkk xh
cnysvk tkbZ ldnk ,s A ers lkjsa Ldwysa lkn~ns Qjuhpj jD[kus “kq: djh fnRrs ns u tsg~M+s bl pkYyh
nh O;oLFkk ysbZ euklc u A dYys cPps tka n*Åa &nÅa cPpsa ysbZ fufDd;ka pkSfd;ka tka MSLd tka dqflZ;ka
rs nfj;ka bl pkYyh nh tekrs ysbZ efr;ka euklc u rs “kjhjh rkSj mIij vleFkZ cPpsa nh t:jrk
erkcd mans p Qsj cny ch dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s A ij vtsa ch ers lkjs Ldwy Hkkjs&Hkkjs yksgs ns cSapsa rs
137
cM~Ms&cM~Ms MSLdsa ij iSlk [kpZ djns u ] ft*usaxh iaxrkysa p xS jD[ksvk tkbZ ldnk ,s rs ftl dUuS
v/;kid rs CySd&cksMZ dsanzr iz.kkyh xh c<+kok feynk ,s A bl Fkeka ch cn~/k bans p ers lkjs p cPpsaa
fn;ka drkcka rs gksj nwvk leku jD[kus ysbZ yksM+pnh Fkkg~j rxj usbZa gksanh rs uka xS ,g~ bUus pkSM+s gksans u
rs uka xS bans p <kluk ykus vkLrS dksbZ Lgkjk gksank ,s ftl dUuS cPps vjke dUuS csgh ldu A bl
pkYyh nk QuhZpj Ldwysa p can djh nsuk pkfgnk A
Ldwy rss tekrS ns Fkkg~jS nk cn~/k&”kk cn~/k mi;ksx] f”k{kk ljca/kh lalk/kusa nk mi;ksx dhrk tkuk
pkfgnk fd”k bd [ksrjsa p izkbZejh Ldwysa nh tekrS fn;sa da/ks ij yxHkx pkj QqV~V mpkbZ rxj dkyk jax
dhrk xsnk gksank ,s rka ts cPps mlnh cjrwu fp=dkjh ysbZ tka LysV ns :ik p djh ldu A fd”k Ldwysa p
teSVjh fn;ak vkd`fr;ka Q”kZ ij cuh fn;ak gksafn;ka u] ftlnk mi;skx cPps gksj nwbZ xfrfof/k;sa yssbZ djns
u A dejs nh bd uqDdj i<+us nh lexzh Dgkfu;sa nh drkcka] QykSfu;sa ns dkMZ rs gksj vkiwa flD[kus ysbZ
lexzh jD[kus ysbZ cjrh tkbZ ldnh ,s A ftlyS fd”k fo|kFkhZ fnRrs xsns lesa Fkeka iSg~ys viuk lcd
edkbZ ySu rka m*usaxh vius vki xh el:Q jD[kus ysbZ bl uqDdjS p tkb;S viuh ilank nh lexzh
pquus nh [kq*Yy gksuh pkfgnh ,s A
138
HkkSfrd Fkkg~jssa jkgsa flD[kuk
cPps viuh nqfu;ka xh erh bafnz;sa dUuS elwl djns u] [kkl dfj;S Li”kZ nh leFkZ rs ut+j A
=*Åa vk;kesa vkg~yk Fkkg~j cPpsa xh flD[kus ysbZ bd [kkl O;oLFkk nsbZ ldnk ,s dh ts ,g~ ikB~;
iqLrdsa tka drkcsa rs CySdcksMZ nk lkFk fnans gksbZ cPpsa nk cgq banzh vuqHko dUuS iaNku djkbZ ldnk
,s A Fkkg~jsa ns cD[k&cD[k iD[ksa] cqurjsa] vkdkjsa] dksusa] gjdr rs Fkkg~jh Vdksg~nsa ft*;ka vanj&ckg~j]
lfefr] gsB&mIIkj vkfn xh Hkk”kk] foKku] Lgkc rs i;kZoj.k fn;ak ewy /kkj.kka lEizs”kr djus ysbZ
cjrsvk tkbZ ldnk ,s A ,g~ vo/kkj.kka ekStwnk rs cuk, tkus vkg~ys uesa Fkkg~jsa mIij ykxw dhfr;ka
tkbZ ldfn;ka u A
tekrk ns dejs nk Fkkg~j %
nqvkfj;sa fn;sa lh[ksa xh bl pkYyh cuk;k tkbZ ldnk ,s ftl ij cPps fy[kus Fkeka iSg~ys ns
gquj nk rs cD[k&cD[k [kaMs xh le>us nk vH;kl djh ldu % dksus nh /kkj.k xh le>kus ysbZ dksus
ns izlkj xh njksvkts ns gsB fp*Uur dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s tka tekrk vkg~yh vyekjh xh ykbczsjh nk
:Ik fnRrk tkbZ ldnk ,s tka NRrs ns iD[ks xh cD[k&cD[k jax fnRrs tkbZ ldns u rka ts cPps
cD[k&cD[k jaxs ns cnyksans pDdjS nk etk ysbZ ldu A
vn~/k [kq*Yyh tka ckg~jyh Fkkg~j %
>aMs vkg~ys [kEcs a ns ?kVns&cn/ks NkSjs dUuS lesa ukius ns cD[k&cD[k rjhds ns :isa xh le>us
ysbZ lwjt ?kM+h ns rkSjk ij cjrksvk tkbZ ldnk ,s % okrkoj.k xh vkjkensg~ cukus ysbZ lsvkys ns fnusa
iRrj >kM+us vkg~yh rs lksgas gjs Hkjs jkSg~us vkg~ys cwg~Vs ykuk csdkj isns Vk;jsa xh cjfr;S bd jksekapd
[ks< nk eSnku cuk;k tkbZ ldnk ,s % bd usgk Fkkg~j cl @ Vªsu @ iksLV vkfQl @ nqdkuk nk Fk<+k
gks,s % bd usgk Fkkg~j ftRFksa cPps feV~Vh &ysrjs dUuS [ks<h ldu rs Hkkjr ns [kkds p vius IgkM+]
njsvk rs ckfn;ka cuku % Fkkg~jS nh Nkuchu rs [kkst % tka #D[k cwg~Vs vkg~yk ckg~jS vkg~yk dqnjrh
okrkoj.k ftl dUuS cPps rik”k dfj;S viuh f”k{kk ljca/kh lexzh ] jax R;kj dju rs gj bd
uqDdj ] [kqa> rik”ku] tM+h&cwfV;sa vkg~yh cxhph R;kj dju rs cj[kk ns ikuh xh dBsjus xh fnD[ku
rs ,g~nk vH;kl dju A
cPpsa xh b*usa xfrfof/k;sa p fgLlk ySus ysbZ izksRlkfgr djuk pkfgnk ft*Uns dUuS Ldwy rs tekr
i<+kb]Z dEe rs [ks<sa ysbZ vkd”kZr cuu A T;knkrj ljdkjh Ldwysa p cPpsa xh lQkbZ nk dEe nsus nh bd
ujksbZ izFkk ,s tsg~M+h m*usaxh LdwyS nh fnup;kZ p dEeS xh “kkey djus xh c<+kok fnanh ,s A ij ,g~ xYy
cM+h fujk”kktud ,s ts usg~ Ldwy ch gSu ftRFkS dqfM+;sa dksyk rs fiNM+h nh tkfr;sa ns cPpsa Fkeka bl pkYyh
ns dEe nh ryc dhrh tanh ,s A cM~Ms Ldwysa p cPps bl pkYyh nh ftEesnkjh usbZa ySans rs lQkbZ nk
dEe vDlj ßltk& ns rkSj ij fnRrk tank ,s A bl pkYyh nk O;ogkj dEe nh caM ns lkaLd`r fl)kUr
rs [kkl dfj;S dEeS xh fiNM+h nh tkfr leqnk; ns [kkunkuh dEeS dUuS tksM+uk vkfn Fkeka mRiUu gksank ,s
139
rs dUuS xS m*usaxh c<+kok fnank ,s A Ldwy lekth Fkkg~j gksans u bl ysbZ bRFkS lekurk ns eqYysa ns
dUuS&dUuS lHkusa dEeas ns izfr bTtreku ns fo”ks p LgsbZ Kku gksuk pkfgnk A ,g~ t:jh ,s ts v/;kid
lkaLd`rd ekudsa ns ekrcd dqUuS dsg~ djuk ,s bl v/kkj ij dEeS nh caM tkuh cqfT>;S usbZa djS A
blns mYV tekrk xh lkQ jD[kuk rs leku LgsbZ txg ij jD[kuk vkfn ikB~;p;kZ ns fd”k usg~ vuqHko
u fta*ns dUuS cPps viuh O;fDrxr rs lekth ftEesnkfj;sa dUuS ckdQ gksans u rs viuh tekr rs LdwyS
xh cn~/kks&cn~/k eufpr yXxuk cukbZ ldns u A cM~Ms lewg~ nk fgLlk gksus nh le> rs jfy;S dEe djus
nh leFkZ cPpsa p dsbZa pkYyh dUuS iSnk dhrh tkbZ ldnh ,s] ft*;ka tekrk p rs Ldwyk p lewgsa p
esy&C;gkj djns u A
tekrk nk vkdkj bd EgŸkoiw.kZ dkj.k ,s tsg~M+k v/;kid nh ikB~;p;kZ i<+kus nh izfdz;k ns
rkSj&rjhds xh izHkkor djnk ,s A jk”Vªh varjk”Vªh vuqHkosa Fkeka Li”V ,s ts bd 1:30 Fkeka erk
vuqikr Ldwyh f”k[kk nh dqlS ch voLFkk ysbZ eatwj usbZa ,s A 1966 p dksBkjh deh”ku nh fjiksZV p
,g~ psrkouh fnRrh gh ts cfM~M;ka tekrka ^i<+kbZ nh xq.koŸkk xh l[r uqDlku itk³u* rs HkhM+k
vkg~yh tekrS p fljtukRed i<+kbZ fn;ak lCHkS xYyka cseSg~us gksbZ tafn;ka u A
¼ 1966:413, 415½
vly p l[ksr# nksLrkuk rs xfrfof/k dsafnzd lanHkZ&fljtus nh cŸk i)jh djus ysbZ <kapkxr
lqfo/kk,a nh lajpuk djuk cM+k EgŸkoiw.kZ ,s A [kkl dfj;S Fkkg~j] Hkou rs QuhZpj ns lanHkZ p ekud rs
e;~;kj fu/kkZjr djus dUuS cjkscjh nh Hkkouk xh cjksl nsus rs le>us p enn djx A
Fkkg~j
Ekkud] cjsl ] leqnkl ns vkdkj] v/;kid] fo|kFkhZ vuqikr rs dhrh tkus vkg~fy;sa xfrfof/k;sa
ljca/kr gksans u A
Hkou
Hkou lexzh] Hkou fuekZ.k “kSyh] gqujeanh] vkcksgok] ifjfLFkfrfoKku rs miyC/krk nh fnz”Vh dUuS
[kkl Fkkg~j rs [kkl laLd`fr ij ljca/kr gksans u tsYyS ds lqj{kk rs lQkbZ ns eqn~ns ij lkSnk usbZa gksbZ
140
ldnk A ey&ewŸkj [kkusa ns lLrs mtSu cs”kekj gksans u rs bl Lrj nh Ldwy bekjr Hkkjr ns ckg~j rqIius
nh yksM+ usbZa A
QuhZpj
yckfVª;ka rs gksj [kkl Fkkg~jsa xh NksfM+;S QuhZpj ljca/kh ekud xfrfof/k;sa nh cjsl rs lqvkre
dUuS ljca/kr gksus pkfgns u rs vlkuh dUuS ijfr;S rqIih dM~<us xh EgŸkk fnŸkh tkuh pkfgnh A
midj.k
t:jh rd yksM+pns midj.ksa ¼drkcsa lesr½ nh fyLV [kkl Li”V gksuh pkfgnh] ftl p izkns”kd
lexzh rs mRikn u mIij cy gksuk pkfgnk] tsg~M+k laLd`fr xh n”kkZank gks,s rs dUuS lLrk rs vlkuh dUuS
miyC/k gksbZ ldS A
leka
Fkkg~j rs cjsl fo”k;d ekudsa nh t:jr lesa&lkjf.k;sa rs ekSleh dyaMjsa ij ch ykxw gksuh
pkfgnh A
4.2 leFkZ okrkoj.k nk fodkl
ft*;ka lkoZtud Fkkg~jsa ns :isa p Ldwysa p lekurk] lekth U;ka· rs cUu&lcUu nk leku rs gksuk
xS pkfgnk ij dUuS xS cPpsa ns eku&lEeku rs mans gDds&gdwdsa xh ch lEeku fnRrk tkuk pkfgnk A b*usa
eqYysa xh ltxrdrk iwoZd Ldwyk ns ifjfnz”; nk vax cuk;k tkuk pkfgnk ,s rs dUuS xS Ldwyh O;ogkj nk
vk/kkj A flD[kus ysbZ f”k{kk ljca/kh leFkZ okrkoj.k vksg~ gksank ,s ftRFkS fo|kFkhZ lqj{kr elwl djns gksu]
ftRFkS Mj =kg~ nk dksbZ Fkkg~j usbZa gks,S rs tsg~M+s cjkscjh ns v/kkj ij dEe djns gksu rs cjkcjh nk ftl
p Fkkg~j gks, A vke rkSjk ij blns ysbZ v/;kid xh fd”k [kkl tru usbZa djuk ikSank ] cl NM+k
cjkscjh nk Hkko eBsjuk ikSank ,s ftl p fo|kfFkZ;sa dUuS csjok usbZa dhrk tk A v/;kidsa xh pkfgnk ,s
ts vksg~ tekrk p usg~ okrkoj.k xh cjksl nsu ftl p cPps ikB&f”k{kk ns nkSjku vius gemezzsa rs
v/;kidsa dUuS laokn p #>ns gksbZ u>Dd gksb;S lqvky iqPNh ldu A ftUus rxj vksg~ vius vuqHko
lka>s usbZ djnss] vius “kd&”kqg~cs nwj usbZ djns ] lqvky usbZa djns ] vksg~ flD[kus nh izfdz;k nk vax
141
usbZ cuh ik³u A tsdj fo|kfFkZ;sa nh fVIif.k;sa xh vulqusvk djus ns ctk, tka tekrk p pqIih ns fu;e
xh l[rh dUuS ykxw dfj;s manh thg~c can djus ns ctk, v/;kid fo|kfFkZ;sa xh ppkZ ysbZ iszjr dju rka
vksg~ elwl dj³u ts tekrk nk okrkoj.k erk thoar ,s A rs i<+kbZ uhjl usbZa cYds ekufld esy crZu
nk jksekap cuh tkx rs bl pkYyh nk okrkoj.k gj mejh ns fo|kfFkZ;sa p vkReclkg~ rs vkRe lEeku nk
fodkl djx A bl dUuS ckn p flD[kus Lrj ch csgrj gksx A
v/;kid rs fo|kFkhZ bd cM~Ms lekt nk fgLlk gksans u ftRFkS tkfr] fyax] Hkk”kk] /keZ rs vkfFkZd
gSfl;r ij v/kkjr iaNku lekth esy crZu nk irk fnanh ,s Hkkesa ,g~ lekth] lkaLd`frd rs /kkfeZd lanHkZ
p cD[k&cD[k ,s A vkfnoklh rs nfyr leqnk; vYila[;d leqnk;] rs efgyk,a xh vDlj viuh bl
iaNku ns dkj.k egRroiow.kZ lalk/kusa p cjkcjh ns ekSds usbZa feyns rs erh lkfj;sa laLFkk,a p nk[kyk ch
usbZ feynk A Ldwysa nh izfdz;k,a ij gks, ns “kks/k Fkeka irk pynk ,s ts Ldwysa ns fo|kFkhZ nh iaNku Ldwysa
vanj ml dUuS dhrs tkus vkg~ys O;ogkj ij xSg~jk izHkko ikanh ,s rs bl dUuS m*usaxh flD[kus ns
vFkZiw.kZ rs cjkcj ekSds usbZa feyns A Ldwy ns v/;;u ns vuqHko ns fgLls ns rkSj ij cPps xSj t:jh
lusgsa ns ek/;e dUuS ] v/;kidsa ns O;ogkj rs Ldwysa nh laLd`fr ns ekudsa rs eqYys ns ek/;e dUuS ch
[kklk fd”k xzSg~.k djns u A ,g~ vDlj lekth lajpuk xh ysb;S ^lqPp * rs ^nwlu* ns Hkkosa xh c<+kok
fnans u] ^iq#’kRo* rs ^L=hRo* ns t:jh xq.ksa nk Hkko mans p gksbZ ldnk ,s ] [kkl dfj;S ml p bd
pkYyh nh thou “kSyh ij ijfr;S tksj ikbZ ldnk ,s fo”ks”k rkSjk ij “kSg~jh e/; oxZ ns bykok ckdh lHkusa
xh ml p utjvankt dhrs nk gksank ,s A nfyr rs fiNM+h tkfr ns yksd tka gksj nq, HksnHkko nk “kdkj oxZ
ft*;ka oS”;hdj.kh ns cPpsa tka ft*usa cPpsa ns ekrk&firk ,sMl ihM+r gksu mans dUuS vDlj tekrk p osjos
vkg~yk C;gkj gksank ,s ,slk uka flQZ v/;kidsa ¼vDlj mPp tkfr rs oxZ ½ vklsvk cYds vius lkfFk;sa
vklsvk ch ,slk dhrk tank ,s A dqfM+;sa Fkeka vDlj :f<+oknh <axS dUuS HkfoD[k p eka tka iRuh ns :iS p
manh Hkwfedk ns erkcd esnka gksafn;ka u ctk, blns ts m*usaxh viuh leFkkZ,a xh eBsjus ns ;ksX; cuk;k
tk rka ts vksg~ vius gDd&gdwwdsa nk nkok djh ldu A “kjhjh rkSjk ij vleFkZ cPpsa xh vDlj
vlaosnu”khy okrkoj.k nk lkeuk djuk ikSank ,s ftRFkS mfan;sa yksM+sa xh iwjh pkYyh dUuS utjvankt djh
fnRrk tank ,s A Ldwysa xh mlns izfr prUu gksuk pkfgnk ts Ldwyh okrkoj.k p fo|kfFkZ;sa dUuS tkfr]
142
/keZ tka dqlS gksj vk/kkj ij ukeuklc O;ogkj nk Hkko usbZa j*oS A nq, ikLlS LdwyS nh laLd`fr usgh gks,s
ts ml p paxk fo|kFkhZ cuus ij tksj gks,s rs usgk okrkoj.k fljtS ftRFkS fo|kFkhZ nh leFkZ rs #fp
#>kusa nk ch fodkl gks,s A
vkSlru v/;kid rs fo|kFkhZ gj jkst Ns ?kSaVs rs bd c*js p 1000 ?kSaVs LdwyS p xtkjns u A vksg~
HkkSfrd lanHkZ ] ftl p vksg~ dEe djns u ] ekQd ] vjkensg~ rs lqgkuk gksuk pkfgnk ,s A blns ysbZ
Ldwysa p ?kÍ dksyk ?kÍ QuhZpj ] ewy lqfo/kka ¼ “kkSpky; rs ihus ns ikuh nh ½ vkfn fn;ak Lgwyrka gksfu;ka
pkfgfn;ka A xzk,a rs “kSg~jsa p [kklh fxurjh p usg~ Ldwy u [kkl dfj;S nfyr rs vulwpr tkfr ns
fjgk;”kh Fkkg~jsa ij rs ftRFkS gkf”k;s mIij jkSg~us vkg~ysa nh fxurjh [kklh ,s fta*ns p ljdkjh eki&naM ns
gksus ns ckotwn ch ,g~ ewy lqfo/kka miyC/k usbZa gSu A
gSMekLVj lesr v/;kid rs xzke f”k{kk lfefr;ka tka Ldwyh fodkl rs eksuhfVfjax lfefr;ka jkT; ns
HkkSfrd <kapkxr lqfo/kk ns ljdkjh ekudsa izfr tkx:d gksus pkfgns u A mRFkS ftRFkS ,g~ lqfo/kka dkQh usbZa
gSu] miyC/k djkus ns iz;kl dhrs tkus pkfgns rka ts Ldwysa nk dEe ?kV~V vlqfo/kk,a dUuS vXxsa c/kS A
tsdj ljdkjh lSg;ksx usbZa Fgksvk*jnk tka vksg~ns p fpj yXxk nk ,s rka LFkkuh leqnk,a nk lSg;ksx ySrk
tkbZ ldnk ,s rka mUnh “kewfy;r rs bPNk “kfDr dUuS bl iz;kl xh lQy cukans gksbZ Ldwy v/;kidsa xh
f”k{kk ljca/kh dEeS ij erk /;ku nsus p lSg;ksx djh ldnk ,s A
4.3 lHkusa cPpsa nh “kewfy;r
“kewfy;r ¼izfrHkkfxrk½ nk vius vkiS p cM+k ykSg~dk lkjk vFkZ ,s A ,g~ “kewfy;r xh e<+us
vkg~yk bd oSpkfjd pkS[kVk ,s tsg~M+k blh ifjHkk”kr djnk ,s rs jktuSrd r”kdhy fnank ,s A elky ns
rkSjk ij bd izHkqrkoknh <kaps p dEeS p “kewfy;r nk :i yksdrkaf=d <kaps d”kk cD[k pkYyh nk gksx A
vTt fodklkRed nk;jsa p ^lH; lekt * nh “kewfy;r vyadkfjd iz;ksxsa nk bd vax cuh pqdh nh ,s]
ij ml lH; lekt nk lqvkre rs ml “kewfy;r nk mís”; && ßukxfjd gksus nk dsg~ eryc ,sÞ\ bl
[kkl O;k[;k vklsvk eksM+h&Qsjh fnŸkk xsnk ,s A vTt lH; lekt nh “kewfy;r nk eryc xSj ljdkjh
laLFkk,a nh “kewfy;r gksbZ xsnk ,s rs dYys&dYys ukxfjdsa nh “kewfy;r xh ;ksX; cukus ysbZ dks”k”k djnk
143
,s A elky ns rkSjk ij eqdkeh iz”kklu vXxsa cM+h cÏh pukSfr [kMsjk djnk ,s A Hkkjr lalkj ns cM~Ms rs
izkphu yksdra=sa pk bd ,s A ,g~ ikB~;p;kZ :i &js[kk bl cqfu;kn nh le> mIij R;kj dhrh xsbZ ,s A
f”k{kk jk”Vª ns l:Ik xh ifjHkk”kr djnh ,s rs ,g~ns p gj cPps xh yksdrkaf=d&dEedkt ns ldkjkRed
vuqHko djkus nh leFkkZ ,s A ft*;ka ds ViSLVh p cqus tkus vkg~ys gj /kkxs nh cukoV] jax] rkdr rs
lqvkre( gj Hkkjrh cPpk flQZ yksdra= p “kewfy;r djus p xS ;ksX; usbZa gksbZ ldnk ,s cYds bCch
flD[kus p ts yksdra= xh cukbZ jD[kus rs blxh c<+kok nsus vkLrS nq,a dUuS esycrZu rs lSg~Hkkfxrk fd*;ka
dhrh tanh ,s A cjkscjh rs cD[k&cD[k O;fDr;sa p vUrj ljca/krk nk ,g~ lqvkre ,s tsg~M+k lk<+s jk”Vª
nh lekth&fl;klh lajpuk xh fu/kkZjr djnk ,s A ¶gh ch cPps vDlj Hksnewyd vH;klsa p lekthd`r
gksans u A cPps rs ckyx ts fd”k ?kjk p] leqnk; p rs vius vkys&nqvkys nh nqfu;k p vuqHko djns u
mLlS Fkeka fl[kns u A ,g~ rLyhe djuk t:jh ,s ts cM~Ms cPpsa xh lqn`<+ lekt&lkaLd`frd :i &rkfydk
¼ifjos”k½ p lekthd`r djns u A bl :i&rkfydk p jksy ekWMy “kkey gksasns u ft*usaxh cPps Vsyhfot+u
lesr tu&ek/;esa p fn[kns u A ,g~ vuqHko tkfr rs oxZ] fyax] yksdra= rs U;ka· ckjS mans ijrD[k Kku
xh vuqdwyr djnk ,s A b*;S ijrD[k Kku tsdj rs tnwa bDdS pkYyh ns vuqHkosa dUuS lqn`<+ gksbZ tans u
rka vksg~ eqYysa p cnyh tans u A leqnk; nh lrg mIij tnwa yksdsa ns bd lewg xh bDdS tusg~ vuqHko
gksans u rs ¶gh bDdS tusgh dnjsa xh xS lka>k djns u rka ,g~ dnjka laLd`fr rs bRFkwa rxj ts dsbZa ckjh
fopkj/kkjk nk :i b[R;kj djh ySafn;ka u A ,g~ dqaMyhnkj ,s rs gj ckjh pDdj nksgjk;k tank ,s rs tsdj
vuqHkosa p dksbZ QdZ&Hksn usbZa vkoS rka ,g~ dnjka rs laLd`fr gksj lqn`<+ cufn;ka tafn;ka u A iSg~y ns
ijrD[k Kku xh :ikarjr djus ysbZ cjks/kh vuqHko Bksl rs [kkls ;FkkFkZ gksus pkfgns A cPps tsYyS 18,a
c*jsa ns u rs bd lUgkdM+h H;kxk mV~Bh usbZa ldns rs gwu m*usa yksdra= xh lqj{kr jD[kus rs mlh c<+kok
nsus p “kewfy;r fd*;ka djuh ,s] [kkl dfj;S ftlyS mans dksy bl ckjS uka dksbZ tkrh vuqHko tka nq, ns
jkgsa dksbZ vuqHko ,s rs uka xS dksbZ jksy ekWMy tsg~ns “kk m*usa flD[kuk ,s A
cPpsa nh “kewfy;r lk<+h lerkoknh] yksdrkaf=d] /keZfujiD[krk rs cjkscjh vkg~yh laLd`fr xh
lqj{kr jD[kus rs ml p ueha tku Hkjus vkLrS cM+s&cM~Ms fljs nh lEifŸk ,s A ,g~ djnka bd laxBr rs
“kSy pkYyh l:i fnŸkh xsnh ikB~;p;kZ] tsg~M+h cPpsa nh “kewfy;r p leFkZ gks,s] ns jkgsa “kSy pkYyh Li”V
144
dhfr;ka tkbZ ldfn;ka u A Ldwysa p ekanh izfr;ksfxrk nk etwnk ifjos”k m*usa dnjsa xh c<+kok fnank ,s
tsg~fM+;ka lk<+s lafo/kku p c[kkuh xsfn;sa dnjsa fn;ka cjks/kh u A LdwyS ns vanj rs LdwyS ns ckg~j yksdra=
nk bd ldkjkRed vuqHko rs yksdrkaf=d “kewfy;r t:j eqgS;k gksuh pkfgnh A iDd xS ,g~ vuqHko cPpsa
xh rs tqvkusa xh m*usa cŸksa ij lfdz; rkSjk ikank ,s tsg~fM+;ka lekos”k rs “kewfy;rh yksdra= nh fnz”Vh xh
elwl djus ljca/kh dnjsa xh izksRlkgr djfn;ka u A
yksdrka=d “kewfy;r xh leFkZ cukuk ch detksj rs gkf”k;s ij ns yksdsa xh l”kDr cukus nk bd
mik· ,s A tsdj Hkkjr us lerkokn] yksdra= rs /keZfujiD[krk ij v/kkjr bd jk”Vª nk lq[kuk lkdkj
djuk ,s] ftRFkS mlns lHkusa “kSg~fj;sa xh U;ka·] lqrSajrk] cjkscjh rs Hkzkr`Hkko nk lq[k gks,s] cPpsa nh
“kewfy;r xh ;dhuh cukuk bl izfdz;k p bd cqfu;knh xSa gksx A lewps rkSjk ij] leqnk; rs jk”Vª ns
thou p “kewfy;r jkgsa f”k{kk xh ;ksX; cukuk Ldwyh i<+kbZ&y[kkbZ nh lQyrk vkLrS cM+h gn~nk rxj
fu.kkZ;d ,s A bl pkYyh nk ekgkSy eqgS;k djus p vlQyrk nk urhtk O;oLFkk nh vlQyrk gksx bl
djh blh lkjsa “kk erh iSg~y nsus nh t:jr ,s A ,g~ Lgkc rs lkbZal nh i<+kbZ vkg~yk ys[kk NM+k
EgŸkoiw.kZ ubZa ,s] cYds lHkusa vuq”kklusa ns bd ykt+eh vax ns rkSjk ij erk EgŸko j[knk ,s A ,g~ bd
“kk”or fo”ks ,s lHkusa “kSf{kd izfdz;k,a rs dEe [ksrjsa dUuS vfHkUu rkSjk ij tqM+s nk gksuk pkfgnk ,s rs
blh gj dqlS ikB~;dze rs lyscl ns fodkl p lkjsa “kk erh iSg~y fnŸkh tkuh pkfgnh A
4.3.1 cPpsa ns vf/kdkj
Hkkjr us cPpsa ns vf/kdkjsa ljca/kh le>kSrs ij nLr[kr dhrs u ¼lh0vkj0lh0½ A bl le>kSrs ns
=S cM+s EgŸkoiw.kZ fl)kUr u && “kewfy;r nk vf/dkj laLFkk nk tka laxBu nk vf/kdkj rs lwpuk nk
vf/kdkj A tsdj cPpsa tka ;qodsa vius lHkusa nq, vf/kdkjsa xh iwjk djuk ,s rka ,g~ EgŸkoiw.kZ vf/kdkj
u A lh0vkj0lh0 vkiwa cPpsa nh lqj{kk rs lsok,a rs dzk;dzesa ns forj.k tka izko/kku ckjS flQZ ljksdkj
usbZa j[knh cYds b*Cch ;dhuh cukanh ,s ts cPpsa xh b*usa lsok,a nh xq.kkRedrk rs lqvkre fu/kkZjr djus
rs cPpsa ns Js’B fgrsa&Qk;nsa lEgkyus rs lqj{kr jD[kus nk vf/kdkj ,s A
145
* lekos”kd f”k{kk lHkusa xh xys ykus cjkscj ,s A
* “kjhjh vlFkZrk bd lekth ftEesokjh & blh Lohdkj djks A
* [kkl f”k{kk ljca/kh yksM+sa vkg~ys fo|kfFkZ;sa ns nk[kys xh udkjus ysbZ dqlS ch pkYyh nh pquk·
izfdz;k usbZa gks,s A
* cPps Qsy usbZa gksans u vksg~ flQZ Ldwysa nh vlQyrk nlns u A
* QdZ Hksnsa xh Lohdkj djks ---rs cUu lcUu nk ioZ eukvks A
* lekos”ku flQZ vleZFksa rxj xS lher usbZa gS cYds blnk b*Cch vFkZ ,s dqlS ch cPps xh
u[ksM+uk usbZa A
* euqD[kh vf/kdkj flD[kks rs euqD[kh dfe;sa mIij ftŸk gkly djks A
* viaxrk lekt nh nsu ,s viaxrk xh =ksM+ks A
* lqfo/kk nsvks( ca/k”kk nwj djks( cPpsa dUuS rky&esy c/kkvks A
* HkkSfrd] lekftd rs lksp fnz”Vhdks.kkRed #dkoVka nwj djks A
* HkkbZokyh lk<+h rkdr ,s ft*;ka Ldwy&leqnk;( Ldwy&v/;kid( v/;kid&v/;kid (
v/;kid&fo|kFkhZ ( fo|kFkhZ&fo|kFkhZ ] v/;kid&ekrk&firk ( Ldwyh O;oLFkk rs ckg~jh
O;oLFkk A
* f”k{kk ljca/kh lCHkS paxs vH;kl lekos”ku ns vH;kl u A
* dV~Bs jfy;S i<+uk gj bd cPps ysbZ Qk;nsean ,s A
* enknh lsoka t:jh lsoka u A
* tsdj i<+kuk pkag~nsvks rka cPpsa dksyk flD[kks A
* “kfDr;sa xh iUNkuks dfe;sa xh usbZa A
* vkiwa ps vknj&Hkko rs bd&nq, mIij fujHkZjrk c/kkvks A
vtsa ds lh0vkj0lh0 cPpsa xh mans dUuS tqM+s ns lHkusa ekeysa p lqrSajrk dUuS fopkj izdV djus
rs vfHkO;fDr nh lqrSajrk nk vH;kl djusa nk ;dhu nksvkanh ,s ¶gh ch vDlj m*usaxh QSlyk ySus vkg~yh
izfdz;ka rs xfrfof/k;sa tsg~fM+;ka mans thou rs HkfoD[k dUuS ljca/kr gksafn;ka u] mans p fgLlk ySus ns ekSdsa
nsus Fkeka ukag~ djh fnŸkh tanh ,s A
“kewfy;r nk vf/kdkj gksj nq, eqD[k vf/kdkjsa nh izkfIr mIij ch fuHkZj gksank ,s] ft*;ka lwpuk
rxj ikSag~p] laLFkk ljca/kh lqrSarjrk rs izHkko rs tksjtcjnLrh d”kk eqDr fnz”Vhdks.k cukuk A “kewfy;r ns
fl)kUr f”k{kk fxrS ljksdkjsa ns lHkusa f[kŸksa dUuS vfHkUu rkSjk tqM+s ns gksus pkfgns A
146
vly p lekth] jktuSfrd rs vkfFkZd lajpuka vtsa ch cfM+;ka efr;ka /keZra=h tka caMksbZ fn;ka
gksafn;k u A cPps rs tqvku lekt ns lHkusa Fkeka c) gkf”k;s ij ns oxZ gksans u( manh izHkko”kkyh “kewfy;r
cÏs rkSj ij bl xYyk ij fuHkZj djnh ,s ts m*usaxh vius&vki xh la;kstr djus nk ekSdk dql gn~nk
rxj fnŸkk tank ,s A ßlaxBr gksus p gksukÞ m*usaxh fnD[kus nh ;ksX;rk] cy rs lkewfgd ok.kh Fgksanh ,s A
bDdys O;fDr] rfy;sa ij pqDds ns cPps rs ;qok,a nh “kewfy;r Hksn&Hkkosa iw.kZ gksanh ,s rs cs&vlj gksanh
,s rs usg~ izfrfuf/k dqlS gksj xh usbZa cYds vius vki nh uqek;anxh djns u( ,g~ ?kV~V eq[kjr rs ?kV~V
yCHkus vkg~ysa xh u[ksM+h vksM+ns u rs NydiV xh erk Fkkg~j fnans u A
nwbZ cD[kh cPpsa rs ;qok,a nh vk;kstr “kewfy;r [kkl dfj;S ers lqfo/kk foghu cPpsa nh “kewfy;r
cPpsa xh cy] erh tkudkjh nh izkfIr] fo”okl] bd iUNku rs LokfeRo iznku djnh ,s O;fDrxr :ik p
cPps rs ;qok usg~ lewgsa nk izfrfuf/kRo djns gksbZ leqnk;d rkag~xsa&esnsa rs fopkjsa xh ok.kh fnans u A mank
laxBr gksuk m*usaxh leL;k,a xh gy djus ns lkewfgd rjhds rik”kus p ch leFkZ cukank ,s A ¶gh ch ,g~
;dhuh cukus nh t:jr ,s ts lHkusa cPpsa rs ;qok,a xh bl lkewfgd ok.kh ns fodkl p “kkey gksus nk
cjkscj gd gksuk pkfgnk ,s A
4.3.2 lekos”k nh uhfr
lekos”k nh uhfr lHkusa Ldwysa rs lk<+h iwjh f”k{kk O;oLFkk Hkj p ykxw dhrs tkus nh yksM+ ,s A
cPpsa nh “kewfy;r mans thou ns lHkusa iSg~yq,a rs LdwyS ns vUnj rs ckg~j ;dhuh cuk, tkus nh yksM+ ,s A
Ldwysa xh usg~ dsUnz cukus nh yksM+ ,s tsg~M+s cPpsa xh thou vkLrS R;kj dju rs [kkl dfj;S cD[k pkYyh
nh leFkZ vkg~ys] gkf”k, ij ns oxsZa ns cPps] eq”dy ifjfLFkfr;s p jkSg~usa vkg~ys cPpsa xh f”k{kk ns bl
xaHkhj [ksrj nk cn~/kks&cn~/k ykHk Fgksuk pkfgnk ,s A dkcfy;r xh tkg~j djus rs blh gemezsa dUuS lka>k
djus ns ekSds cPpsa p izsj.kk rs “kewfy;r xh cjksl nsus ysbZ “kfDr”kkyh midj.k u A lk<+s Ldwysa p vl
ijrh&ijfr;S fd”k xS cPps rkyus nk jkSa· jD[kus vka rs bl dUuS bl ykSg~ds lewg~ xh xS b*usa ekSdsa Fkeka
ykHk iqtnk ,s rs ,g~ ers vkRefo”oklh gksb;S LdwyS p vXxsa&vXxsa yHkns u A ckdh ns cPps ckj&ckj
fujk”kk nk ewag~ fn[kns u rs viuh iUNku rs gemezsa nh eatwjh ysbZ vRFkM+ dYins gksbZ Ldwy jkgsa rjDdh
djns u A xq.k&nks”k foospu vkLrS mRd`”Vrk rs ;ksX;rka Vdksg~fn;ka dhfr;ka tkbZ ldfn;ka u] ij dUuS xS
147
lHkusa cPpsa xh ekSds fnŸks tkus pkfgns u rs mafn;sa [kkl ;ksX;rk,a xh vaxhdkj dhrk tkuk pkfgnk rs
m*usaxh ljkgsvk tkuk pkfgnk A
bl p “kjhjd vleFkZrk,a vkg~ys cPps “kkey gksans u] ft*usaxh viuk fnŸkk xsnk dEe iwjk djus
ysbZ lgk;rk rs erk leka njdkj gks,s A bl lanHkZ p ,g~ csg~Ÿkj gksx tsdj b*usa xfrfof/k;sa nh ;kstuk
cukans csYyS v/;kid tekrk p lHkusa cPpsa dUuS banh ppkZ djS rs ,g~ ;dhu nksvk· ts gj cPps xh
;ksxnku nsus vkLrS ekSdk fnŸkk tkx A bl ysbZ ;kstuk cukans csYyS v/;kidsa xh lHkusa nh “kewfy;r xh
;dhuh cukus cD[kh ykt+eh rkSjk ij [kkl /;ku nsuk pkfgnk ,s A
izfr;ksfxrkokn rs O;fDrxr miyfC/k ij cn~/kkscn~/k tksj ikuk lk<+s ers gkjs Ldwysa rs [kkl dfj;S
“kSg~jh bykdsa ns e/;oxsZa ns Ldwysa xh js[kkadr djus nh “kq#vkr djnk ,s A vDlj ft*;ka xS cPpk Ldwy
nk[ky gksank ,s mlxh ^gkÅlsa* p jD[kh fnŸkk tank ,s rs ¶gh mlns ckn LdwyS p gj xfrfof/k ns uacj
fnŸks tans u tsg~M+s gkÅl ns iksvka;V p tek gksans u rs lkYyS ns [khjk rxj m*usaxh buke ysbZ tek dhrk
tank ,s A b*;S tusfg;ka ßgkÅl oQ+knkfj;kaÞ lHkusa cPpsa nh lyaXurk rs vius gkÅl ysbZ iksvka;V ftŸkus
ckjS csrkch nk bd mijkyk&mijkyk vlj nlfn;ka u] ij “kSf{kd y{;sa xh uqDlku ch itkafn;ka u ]
ftRFkS c)ks&c) izfr;ksfxrkckn viuk y{; izkIr djus ysbZ dqlS nq, d”kk csg~rj dkjdnZxh nh Hkkouk
xh cjksl fnank ,s uka mlxh viuh lhek,a xh c/kkus rs fd”k lzs”B djus nh larq”Vh vkLrS rjDdh djus
nh Hkkouk xh A vDlj nq, cPpsa nh rkd vkg~yh utj gksus djh ,g~ O;oLFkk LdwyS ns vUnj vius
gemezh fj”rsa xh cqjh pkYyh izHkkor djns gksbZ ] nq,a dUuS lSg;ksx rs laosnu”khy gksus fn;sa dnjsa xh
rSg~l&uSg~l djns gksbZ lekth fj”rsa xh cxkM+h /kjnh ,s A v/;kidsa xh yksM+nk ,s ts vksg~ ,g~ xYy Li”V
djh nsu ts Ldwyh thou ns gj iSg~yw p layXurk rs jpus cLlus vkLrS dql gn~nk rxj izfr;ksfxrk nh
Hkkouk ¼spirit½ pkag~ns u A rs f”k{k.k rs fnYpLih xh iks’kr djus d”kk fu;er rs vuq”kkluc) djus p
erk lfdz; ;ksxnku nsu A
lk<+s Ldwy cPpsa xh cM+s rkSys xS lkSaxM+h lxks=h dlkSVh ns v/kkj ij caMns gksbZ mafn;sa culcfUu;S
leFksZa rs ;ksX;rk,a nk lewy uk”k djk djns u A ctk, blns ts gj cPps xh bd O;fDrxr rkSjk
fnD[ksvk tk ] mans thou ns “kq: p xS cPpsa xh tekrk p lxks=h [kkUusa p caMh fnŸkk tank,s &&& ßLVkj
148
fo|kFkhZ ] vkSlru] vkSlr “kk [k*Yy leFkkZ vkg~yk rs ßvlQyÞ rs ers ckjh vDlj m*usaxh vkiwa ,g~
ekSdk xS usbZa feynk ts vksg~ vkiwa viuk Fkkg~j cuku rs b*;S tusg~ BIisa ns izsrh lk,a nk vlj cPpsa ns
thou xh rckg~ djh Vdkank ,s A Ldwy m*usaxh ^[kj nekd* cqn~/k rxj HkSM+s uk,a dUuS dqvkyns gksbZ]
ckSg~us nh O;oLFkk p ch m*usaxh cD[k j[kns u A bRFkwa rxj ts yk;d rs uyk;d nh caM dfj;s e>kVS
dkg~j f[kpns gksbZ cPpsa nh ekufldrk xh tksg~ itkus p dqlS gn~nk rxj ch mBh tans u A xYr tokcS ns
MjS djh ers cPps tekrS p pqIi jkSag~ns u ] ftl djh m*usaxh “kewfy;r nk rs flD[kus nk cjkscj ekSdk
usbZa fnŸkk tank A Qsy gksus nk Mj uke fugkn ;ksX; fo|kfFkZ;sa xh ch cjkscj erklj djnk ,s ] tsg~M+s Qsy
gksus ns Mj dkj.k dsb;sa xYysa xh djus nk gkSlyk usbZa j[kns rs ersgkusa p [kjh dkjdnZxh usbZa djh ldus
djh viuk ntkZ eqgkbZ vksM+ns u A f”k{kk&izfdz;k nk vu=qV fgLlk gksus djh xfYr;sa rs [kqa>sa xh Lohdkj
dhrk tkuk pkfgnk rs iwjs uEcj usbZa vkSus ns MjS xh nwj djuk t:jh ,s A Ldwysa xh yksM+nk ,s ts vksg~
m*usa leqnk;sa rs cPpsa ns ekrk&firk xh l[r psrkouh nsu tsg~M+s cPpsa xh tens xS loZlzs”B cuus ysbZ
nck· ikans u A V~;w”kuka i<+us tka ?kjS p LgsbZ tokc jVksvkus p leka ykus ns ctk, ekrk&firk xh pkfgnk
,s ts vksg~ cPpsa xh Dgkfu;ka fn;sa drkcka i<+us] [ks<us ] ?kjS nk dEe djus rs Fkksg~M+k erk vH;kl djus
p oDr xtkjus ysbZ mRlkg c/kku A ctk, blns ts cPpsa ij nck· nk izca/ku djus ckjS dkslZ pyk,
tku A Ldwysa ns eqf[k;sa rs Ldwysa ns izca/kd <kapsa xh mank lyscl ruk· eqDr djuk pkfgnk ,s rs dUuS mans
ekrk&firk xh flD[ker nsuh pkfgnh ,s ts vksg~ ldwyS ns ckg~j cPpsa nk thou ruk·&eqDr cuku A
vksg~ Ldwy tsg~M+s NM+h izfr;ksfxrk ij tksj fnans u m*usaxh mnkgj.k ns rkSj ij izLrqr usbZ djuk
pkfgnk ft*Uns p jkT; vklsvk pyk, tkus vkg~ys Ldwy ch “kkey u ^leku Ldwyh izfdz;k nk vkn”kZ
ftlnh odkyr pkj n~gkds iSg~ys dksBkjh deh”ku us dhrh gh] vksg~ vTt ch EgŸkoiw.kZ ,s dh ts ,g~
vius lafo/kku ns eqYysa&dnjsa ns erkcd ,s A Ldwy b*usa eqYysa xh vkRelkr djus p rka xS lQy gksbZ
ldns u tsdj vksg~ ,slk ekgkSy cukbZ ldu ftRFkS gj bd cPpk [kq”k gks,s rs rukoeqDr elwl djS A
,g~ vknZ”k gwu gksj ch erk izkaflaxd ,s dh ts f”k{kk blyS cqfu;knh vf/kdkj gksbZ xsnk ,s tsg~M+k Ldwysa
p nk[ky gksvk djns iSg~yh ih<+h ns djksM+sa fo|kfFkZ;sa ij ykxw gksank ,s A m*usaxh Ldwyas p cukbZ jD[kus ysbZ
O;oLFkk] ftl p izkbZosV [ksrj ch “kkey ,s] xh ,g~ eUuuk gksx ts cPpsa nh rnkn [kklh ,s rs leFkkZ]
149
O;fDrRo tka vkls&esnsa nk dksbZ bd ekud usbZa gksbZ ldnk ftl dUuS vl bl mCHkjns fnz””k nh t:jrsa
xh iwjk djh ldpS A Ldwy iz”kkldsa rs v/;kidsa xh ,g~ elwl djuk pkfgnk ts ftlyS tkxr rs dqfM+;ka
cD[k&cD[k lekth] vkfFkZd] lkaLd`frd iNksdM+sa Fkeka gksans u rs dUuS &dUuS i<+us nh manh ;ksX;rk nk
Lrj ch cD[kjk&cD[kjk gksank ,s rka tekrh okrkoj.k erk le`) rs izsj.kk nsus vkg~yk gksank ,s A
4.4 vuq”kklu rs “kewfy;r izca/ku
fo|kFkhZ Ldwy xh mUuk xS vaxhdkj djns u ftUuk v/;kid rs gSMekLVj] [kkl djh ljdkjh
Ldwysa p A fo|kFkhZ rs v/;kid e>kVS ljca/ksa nh vurjfuHkZjrk gksanh ,s [kkl djh bl ;qxk p ftRFkS
flD[kus nk O;kikj tkudkjh xzSg.k ij v/kkjr ,s rs Kku fljtuk lalk/kusa nh cqfu;kn mIij v/kkjr ,s
ftlnk dsUnzfcanq v/;kid ,s A bd ns cxSj nwvk dEe usbZa djh ldnk A f”k{kk ljca/kh O;kikj midkjd
¼v/;kid½ rs ykHkHkksxh ¼fo|kFkhZ½ e>kVS Fkeka rCnhy gksb;S izsjd rs lqfo/kk nsus vkg~ys rs f”k{kkFkhZ fcPp
djuk gksx rs f”k{kkRed O;kikj nk gksuk bank lHkusa nk vf/kdkj rs ftEesokjh ,s A
ekStwnk nkSj p Ldwysa ns fu;e] fl)kUr rs fijrka & O;fDrxr fo|kFkhZ rs fo|kFkhZ & lewgsa ysbZ
Lohd`r ^paxs* rs ^euklc* O;gkj xh ifjHkkf”kr djns u A LdwyS p vuq”kklu cukbZ jD[kuk vke rkSjk
ij v/;kidsa rs lHkusa cM~Ms vf/kdkfj;sa nh ¼vDlj [ks<sa vkg~ys v/;kidsa] iz”kkldsa nh ½ ftEesnkjh le>h
tanh ,s A Ldwyk p O;oLFkk rs fu;a=.k cukbZ jD[kus ysbZ vDlj cPpsa xh ^euhVj* tka ^fizQsDV* cukb;S
m*usaxh ftEesnkjh lkSaih tanh ,s rs bl dEek p ^ltk* rs ^buke* nh Hkwfedk ch cM+h EgŸkoiw.kZ gksanh ,s A
tsg~M+s ykxw djus vkg~ys gksans u vksg~ “kk;n xS b*usa fu;esa mIij lqvky pqdns u ts ikyu xh ;dhuh
cukuk cPpsa nss lcwjs fodkl] vkRelEeku] rs flD[kus p mUnh #fp vkLrS LgsbZ gksbZ ldnk ,s A dsb;sa
Ldwysa p “kjhjh rs ekSf[kd ltk vuq”kklu ns :isa p ekStwn ,s rs ftl dUuS fo|kfFkZ;sa xh mans vius
tekfr;sa lkeuS <hB dhrk tank ,s A dsbZa v/;kid rs ekrk&firk ltk ns rqjr ckn p gksus vkg~ys
nq”kizHkkosa Fkeka vutku vtsa ch bl pkYyh nh ltk xh t:jh euns u A
150
v/;kidsa ysbZ ,g~ t:jh ,s ts vksg~ Ldwyssa xh pykus vkg~ys fu;esa rs dk;nsa xh le>u rs bl rdZ
ns ckjs p lkspu ts f”k{kk ns mn~ns”; dUuS manh dksbZ laxfr gS tka usbZa A ft*;ka ds tjkck nh yEckbZ tka
[ks<us vkg~ys cwVS nh lQsnh nk f”k{kkk ljca/kh fnz”Vhdks.k dUuS dksbZ EgŸko usbZa gksank A tekrk p “kkafr
cukbZ jD[kus nk fu;e tka bd csYyS bd ns cksyus nk fu;e rs LgsbZ tokc irk gksus ij xS cksyus nk
fu;e cjkscjh ns ekSds nsus ns fl)kar ns [kykQ ,s A ,g~ fu;e m*usa izfdz;k,a xh tsg~fM+;ka cPpsa nh i<+kbZ]
gemezsa p leqnk; nh Hkkouk ns fodkl nk vu=qV fgLlk u] xh tksg~ itkafn;ka u] Hkkesa vksg~ v/;kid xh
Dyklk xh LgsbZ <axk dUuS pykus rs lyscl iwjk djus p ennxkj gksafn;ka u A
Kku nh vkdka{kk rs cPpsa nh #fp;sa rs laHkkouk,a xh eBsjus ysbZ cPpsa p vkRe&vuq”kklu nh
Hkkouk nk fodkl cM+k t:jh ,s A vuq”kklu cPpsa xh viuk dEe eu fpr ykb;S djus tksx cukus
vkg~yk gksuk pkfgnk ,s rs dUuS xs ,g~ v/;kid rs fo|kfFkZ;sa p Lora=rk] pquka· rs Lok;rrk nh Hkkouk
nk fodkl djus vkg~yk gksuk pkfgnk ,s A cPpsa xh vius ysbZ fu;e R;kj djus p “kkey djuk t:jh ,s
rka ts vksg~ ml fu;e nh iNkSdM+ ns rdZ xh le>u rs ,g~ ;dhuh cukus p ts blnk ikyu gksvk ,s]
ysbZ ftEesnkjh nh Hkkouk elwl dju A bl pkYyh vksg~ Lo&“kklu nh lafgrk rSg~ djus nh izfdz;k rs
fu.kZ; djus rs yksdrkaf=d iz.kkyh p fgLlk ySus ysbZ yksM+pns gqujsa xh ch fl[k³u A bLlS pkYyh
v/;kidsa dUuS tka fo|kfFkZ;sa ns vkiwa fcPpsa ns >xM+s xh ucsM+us nk rjhdkdkj ch vkiwa xS R;kj dhrk tkbZ
ldnk ,s A v/;kidsa ,g~ tdhuh cukuk pkfgnk ,s ts fu;e ?kV~V dksyk ?kV~V gksu rs m*,s fu;e R;kj
dhrs tku ft*Unk ikyu lSg~trk dUuS gksbZ ldS A fu;e =ksM+us ij fo|kfFkZ;sa xh ltk nsus dUuS fd”k Hkyk
usbZa gksbZ ldnk ] [kkl dfj;S mlyS ftlyS fu;e =ksM+us ns dkj.k ekStwn gksu A elky ns rkSjk ij ^jkSys
vkg~fy;sa tekrsa* ij v/;kidsa ns dUuS&dUuS eqD[k v/;kid ch jksgsa gksans u ij b*Cch eqedu ts jkSyk
tekrk p v/;kid nk fu;a=.k usbZa gksus ns lcwr ns ctk, thoar rs izfrHkkfxrk vkg~yh tekrk nk lcwr
ch gksbZ ldnk ,s A
bLlS pkYyh lesa nh ikcanh ckjsS Ldwysa ns gSMekLVj fcuk otg~ l[r gksbZ ldns u A tsdj dksbZ
cPpk VªSfQd tke nh otg~ dUuS ersgkus ysbZ fpjsa iqtnk ,s rka mlh ltk usbZa feyuh pkfgnh ( tsYyS ds
fnD[kus p vkSank ,s ts bl pkYyh ns fu;e mPprj eqYysa ns uka· ij ykxw dhrs tans u A bl pkYyh ns
151
eqn~nsa p vf/kdkfj;sa ns Lrj ij csQkSankiu cPpsa] mans ekrk&firk rs v/;kidsa ns ch gkSlys iLr djh ldnk
,s A iSg~ys cPps dksyk ,g~ iqPNuk ts vksg~ns dksyk ,g~ fu;e fd*;ka =qV~Vk] cPpk tks vk[knk ,s vksg~
lquuk rs mlns erkcd vey djuk ,g~ lc psrS jD[kuk enn nsbZ ldnk ,s A LdwyS ns eqf[k;k tka
v/;kid ysbZ lŸkk ns Fkkg~j vf/kdkj nk bLrseky djuk euklc ,s A euekukiu rs csQkSankiu lŸkk fn;ka
u”kkfu;ka u rs ft*Unk Mj gksank ,s lEeku usbZa A
cPpsa rs Ldwy v/;kidsa rs iz”kkldsa nh “kewfy;r vkg~ys Ldwyh izca/ku vkg~fy;ka O;oLFkka R;kj
djus nh yksM+ ,s A cPpsa nh dkSaly cPpsa xh mans izfrfuf/k pquus ysbZ izksRlkfgr djuk pkfgnk rs b*;ka xS
dqlS LdwyS ns v/;kidsa rs iz”kkldsa xh ch vius vkiS xh fu;kstr djus nh yksM+ gksanh ,s rs bLlS pkYyh
ekrk&firk xh ch A
4.5 Ekkrk&firk rs leqnk; ysbZ Fkkg~j
b*;ka rs Ldwy funssf”kr f”k{kk ns Fkkg~j gksank ,s ij Kku&fuekZ.k nk dEe yxkrkj pynk jkSagnk ,s rs
Ldwysa ns ckg~j ch gksank ,s A tsdj f”k{kk fujarj ,s rs ,g~ LdwyS ns vykok nq, Fkkg~jsa ij ch gksanh ,s ft*;ka
?kj] dEeS&dktS vkg~ys Fkkg~j] leqnk; oxSjk rka LdwyS nk dEe cD[k pkYyh dUuS fu;ksftr dhrk tkuk
pkfgnk A tsg~M+k iSg~ysa xS LdwyS p djk;k tkbZ pqds nk ,s ml ysbZ ekrk&firk mIij fuHkZj gksus nh t:jr
usbZa ,s A ,g~ cPpsa ysbZ vkiwa tka vius ekrk&firk dUuS jfy;S djus ysbZ cD[k pkYyh fn;ka xfrfof/k;ka ch
rSg~ djh ldnh ,s A ,g~ ekrk&firk xh ,g~ tkuus ts LdwyS p mank cPpk dsg~ flD[kk djnk ,s] ckjS cn~/k
le> ns ekSds ch eqgS;k djh ldnh ,s A rs cPpsa xh LdwyS Fkeka ckg~j f”k{kk ns [ksrj rik”kus rs iUNkuus
ysbZ “kq#vkrh izksRlkgu nsbZ ldnk ,s A
Ldwy ikB~;p;kZ fuekZ.k p leqnk,a xh ch vius Fkkg~jsa ij ln~nh ldnk rs m*usaxh ch ikB~;dze
izfdz;k xh izHkkfor djus ysbZ eksdyk txr nsbZ ldnk ,s A ekrk&firk rs leqnk; ns yksd v/;;u ns dqlS
[kkl fo”ks ns ljca/kS p vius Kku rs vuqHkosa xh lka>k djus ysbZ lalk/ku O;fDr ns :iS p Ldwy vkbZ
ldns u A ft*;ka e”khusa ns /;k· p LFkkuh edSfud ejEer ns ckjs p vius vuqHko lka>s djh ldnk ,s
152
rs dUuS xS ,g~ ch nLlh ldnk ,s ts mUu xfM~M;ka Bhd djuk fd*;ka flD[ksvk A cPpsa nh f”k{kk rs
flD[kus nh nqfu;k p leqnk; nh “kewfy;r us leqnk; xh gsB fnŸks xsns dEe dju nsus pkfgns %
v½ ftlyS Ldwy ekSdk ns,s rs ftRFkS blnh t:jr gks,s cPpsa xh tckuh bfrgkl ¼yksdokrkZ]
foLFkkiu]i;kZoj.k ljca/kh gzkl] lnkxj] laLFkkid oxSjk½ rs ijEijkxr Kku ¼jkgh rs ckM~<h]
ekulwu] ijEijkxr nLrdkfj;sa fn;ka izfdz;ka½ nk rcknyk A
vk½ fo”ksa rs dF; xh izHkkor djuk rs LFkkuh O;ogkjd rs euklc mnkgj.ksa xh tksM+uk A
b½ cPpsa xh manh rik”k rs Kku rs tkudkjh nh jpuk p enn djuk A
bZ½ cPpsa xh tkudkjh iSnk djus] ;kstuk cukus] fnD[kfjD[k djus rs LFkkuh ljdkj rs Ldwysa nk
ewY;kadu djus p manh ”kewfy;r jkgsa yksdra= ns vH;kl p enn djuk A
m½ cPpsa ns gDdsa ns dUuS&dUuS mans gDdsa nh vogsyuk ij utj jD[kuk A
Ž cPps xh njis”k etcwfj;sa dUuS fuCcM+us p “kkey gksuk A
,½ O;olk;d izf”k{k.k ysbZ /kzqosa rSg~ djus p “kkey gksuk A
,s½ ßxzka· ft*;ka bd LdwyÞ nh /kkj.kk xh veyh “kdy nsus vkLrS xzka· xh cPpsa ysbZ f”k{kkRed
okrkoj.k cukus tksx cukuk A
b*;ka xS cPpssa xh vius ?kjS p Hkk”kk cjrus rs Ldwyh Hkk”kk cD[kh tkus p cPpsa nh nn djns gksbZ
v/;kid ekr`Hkk”kk p lEizs”ku Hkk”kk f”k{k.k rs lexzh iSnk djus xh lSg~y cukus ysbZ LFkkuh Hkkf”k;sa dksyk
ykxr lexzh ysbZ ldnk ,s A bPNk viukbZ xsnh [kkl ikB~;dze ;kstuk rs miyC/k rs iagqp vkg~yh Egkjr
nh fdLesa ij fuHkZj djx A LdwyS xh usg~ ekSds iSnk djus pkfgns ts flD[kus nh izfdz;k p ekrk&firk rs
leqnk; xh lfdz; rkSj ij “kkey dhrk tkbZ ldS A bl ljca/kS dUuS dF; rs laLFkkuhd`r f”k{k.k ns
f”k{kk”kkL= xh lka>k djus p enn feyx A
lHkusa Ldwysa xh usg~ rjhds rqIius nh yksM+ ,s ftl dUuS ekrk&firk nh izfrHkkfxrk rs “kewfy;r xh
izksRlkgu feyS rs dUuS mlh dk;e jD[ksvk tkbZ ldS A ers lkjs Ldwy Ldwysa nh xfrfof/k;sa dUuS ljca/kr
ekrk&firk ns lqvkysa rs ljksdkjsa xh tk;t+ lqvky xS usbZa euns A vDlj izkbosV Ldwy ekrk&firk xh flQZ
miHkksDrk cukbZ fnans u rs tks fd”k Ldwy djk djnk ,s rs tsdj fd”k m*usaxh ilan usbZa vkSank vksg~ m*usaxh
153
vius cPpsa xh Ldwyk ysbZ tkus ysbZ vk[kns u A nq, xjhc ekrk&firk ftlyS vius cPpsa ns ckjs p fd”k
iqPNu vkSans u rka nq, b*;ka O;gkj djns u ft*;ka mank dksbZ tk;t+ er usbZa ,s A nkSusa pkYyh nk fnz”Vhdks.k
ekrk&firk rs mans cPps ns tk;t+ ljksdkjsa izfr vuknjiw.kZ u A
dqy eykb;S Ldwysa ns okrkoj.k xh cPpsa ysbZ ennxkj cukus rs ekrk&firk rss LFkkuh lekt dUuS
LdwyS ns ljca/ksa xh etcwr djus ysbZ fd”k Ldwysa p ekrk&firk rs v/;kid lax rs LFkkuh desfV;ka rs iwoZ
fo|kfFkZ;sa nk etcwr lax tusg~ laLFkkuhd`r gSu A jk”Vªh iosZa xh eukus rs nq, ekSdsa ft*;ka lkaLd`frd fnol
rs [ks< fnol ns ekSds ij ers lkg~js Ldwy ekrk&firk xh fgLlk ySus ysbZ cykans u A LFkkuh fuokfl;sa rs
iwoZ fo|kfFkZ;sa xh ln~nus dUuS leqnk; LFky ns :iS p LdwyS nk EgŸko ch c/kh ldnk ,s A Ldwy rs
blnh lqfo/kk,a ns j[k&j[kkc p ch leqnk; xh “kkey dhrk tkbZ ldnk,s A LdwyS nh pkjnksvkjh cukus]
lqfo/kka c/kkus vkfn p LFkkuh ;ksxnku ns mnkgj.k u A cjgky leqnk; nh Hkkxhnkjh nk eryc ,g~ usbZ
gksuk pfkgnk ts xjhc ijksvkjsa ij vkFkZd Hkkj ik;k tk A nq, ikLlS LFkkuh Lrj ij ,g~ le> ch eBsjh
tkbZ ldnh ,s ts leqnk; Ldwysa nh Fkkg~j leqnk; LFkkuh xfrfof/k;sa ysbZ bLrseky djh ldnk ,s rs bl
dUuS LdwyS ns Fkkg~jS nh lkaHk&lEgkyS nh ftEesnkjh ch lka>h cuh tkx A
4.6 IkkB~;p;kZ LFky rs flD[kusa ns lalk/ku
4.6.1 IkkB rs iqLrd
ikB~;iqLrdsa ns ckjs p yksdsa nh /kkj.kka ,g~ jsgh ,s ts ikB~;p;kZ fuekZ.k ns izeq[k LFky gksans u A
tsYyS ds ikB~;p;kZ fuekZ.k bd erh eksdyh izfdz;k ,s ] rs ikB~;p;kZ lq/kkj vDlj ikB~;iqLrdka cnyus nh
pht gksank ,s A csg~rj ikB~;iqLrdka tsg~fM+;ka /;kuS dUuS fy[kh fn;ka rs R;kj dhrh xsfn;ka] is”ksoj <axS
dUuS laiknr rs ij[kh xsfn;ka flQZ rRFkkRed tkudkfj;ka usbZa fnafn;ka cYds mans p cPpsa ysbZ esy crZu xh
Fkkg~j nsuk ch EgŸkoiw.kZ gksank ,s A ij ikB~;p;kZ lq/kkj gksj ch cn~/k gksbZ ldnk ,s tsdj ikB~; iqLrdsa
dUuS gksj ch lexzh jykbZ tk A ft*;ka ds fo”ks ns “kCndks”kssa dUuS eqD[k ikB~;iqLrd nh iqLrdsa xh rduhdh
“kCnkoyh nh ifjHkk”kk,a rs cD[k&cD[k pkYyh nh tkudkjh ns HkkjS dUuS ,ulkbZdyksihfM;k cuus Fkeka
cpk;k tk;k ldnk ,s A rs v/;kid xh vo/kkj.kk,a nh le> ij /;ku nsu fnRrk tkbZ ldnk ,s A
154
tekrk p rst xfr nh i<+kbZ ] erk gkseodZ rs izkbZosV V;w”kusa ns vkiwa fcPpsa nk f=dks.kh ljca/k tsg~M+k
ruko nk izeq[k lzksr ,s] ml xh ?kV~V dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s tsdj ikB~;iqLrdka fy[kus vkg~ys vo/kkj.kk,a
nh O;k[;k] xfrfof/k;ka] leL;k,a ckjS lkspus nk leka] fuDds&fuDds lewgsa p dEe djus rs lkspus xh
izksRlkgu rduhdh “kCnsa nh ifjHkk”kk,a xh fo”ks “kCndks”ksa ysbZ NksM+h nsus ij /;ku nsu A
lgk;d iqLrdka ] dEe iqLrdka rs gksj ckn~/kw v/;;u blns ckn vkSans u fd”k&d fo”ks u ft*;ka
Hkk”kk vkLrS bl pkYyh nh lexzh nh t:jrk Fkeka badkj usbZ dhrk tkbZ ldnk] ij bl pkYyh nh lexzh
nh vo/kkj.kk ij eqfM+;S fopkj djus nh yksM+ ,s A ekStwnk drkcsa p ft*Uns p cD[k&cD[k fo/kk,a p
vjkspd ikB u rs dEe iqLrdk,a p m*usa vH;klsa xh nksgjk;k tank ,s tsg~M+s iSg~ys Fkeka xS ikB~;iqLrdsa p
ekStwn gksans u A Lgkc ] dqnjrh foKku] lekth foKku ns fo”ks p vtsa ch bl pkYyh lgk;d lexzh R;kj
dhrs tkus nh yksM+ ,s A bl pkYyh fn;ka drkcka cPpas nk /;ku ikB~; Fkeka ijsa mlns vkys&nqvkys nh
nqfu;ka cD[kh f[kPph ldfn;ka u A lPps&eqPpsa dyk tusg~ fo”ksa vkLrS dEe&iqLrdka tekrk nh eqD[k
lexzh ns :iS p dEe djfn;ka u A Ik;kZoj.k ns v/;u ysbZ R;kj dhrh xsfn;ka lefxz;ka bl xYyk nk cM+k
“kSy mnkgj.k u ft*Uns p cPpsa nh fnz”Vh #D[ksa iD[k:,a rs izkd`frd thou mIij iksvkbZ tanh ,s A bl
pkYyh ns lalk/ku v/;kidsa xh tekrk p crZus ysbZ feyus pkfgns u A
i`Foh ns ckjs p cPps nh le> c/kkus p ,sVyl nh ch cM+h Hkwfedk gksanh ,s Hkkesa dqnjrh i;kZoj.k
gks, tka euqD[kh i;kZoj.k A tyrSj&lyrSj] yksd rs manh thou i)fr;sa ] bfrgkl rs laLd`fr vkfn fn;ka
,sVylka Hkwxksy] bfrgkl rs vFkZ”kkL= nh cD[k&cD[k Lrjsa ij foLrkj djh ldfn;ka u A Kku ns b*usa
[ksrjsa dUuS ljca/kr iksLVj] dUuS xS gksj lexzh ftl dUuS lkekU; tkx:drk c/knh gks,s] xh c<+kok nsus
dUuS ch flD[kus nk foLrkj gksbZ ldnk ,s A bans p fd”k fo”ks u fyax Hksn] [kkl yksM+sa vkg~ysa cPpsa nh
“kewfy;r laoS/kkfud eqYysa dUuS ljca/kr fp= A bl pkYyh nh lexzh LdwyS nh ykbczsjh p miyC/k djkbZ
tkbZ ldnh ,s tka v/;kidsa vkLrS cukbZ tkbZ ldnh ,s A
funsZf”kdka rs v/;kidsa ysbZ lexzh ch ikB~;iqLrdsa vkg~yk ys[kk t:jh ,s A ikB~;iqLrdsa ns uesa lsV
xh ykxw djus tk ueha pkYyh nh ikB~;iqLrdsa xh ykxw djus o v/;kidsa ysbZ Hand iqLrdka R;kj djuk
ch “kkey gksuk pkfgnk ,s A ,g~ iqLrdka ufe;ka ikB~; iqLrdka iqTtus Fkeka iSg~ys xS gSMekLVjs rs v/;kidsa
155
dksy iqTth tkfu;ka pkfgfn;ka u A v/;kidsa ysbZ iqLrdk dsbZa pkYyh dUuS cukb;ka tkbZ ldfn;ka u A ,g~
t:jh usbZ ,s ts vksg~ ikB~;iqLrdsa ns lHkusa /;k,a ij v/kkjr gksu Hkkesa ,g~ ch bd i)fr gksbZ ldnh
,s A gksj pkYyh fn;ka :ijs[kk ch b;ka xS bLlS pkYyh LgsbZ u ] ftans p cus&cuk, rjhdsa nh vkykspuk
gks,s rs uesa lq>k· gksu A dUuS xS mans p vk/kkj lefxz;s nh lwpuk gks,s] fnz””k rs JO; lexzh gks,s] fo”ks
dUuS ljca/kr bUVjuSV lkbZV nh tkudkjh vkfn A bans dUuS v/;kidsa xh viuh ikB~ ;kstuk R;kj djus
ysbZ enn Fgksx bl pkYyh fn;ka iqLrdka v/;kidsa xh viuh ukSdjh ns nkSjku Vªsfuax rs fefVaxsa p miyC/k
gksfu;ka pkfgfn;ka u ftlyS vksg~ viuh ikB ;kstuk djns u A
fln~/ks rjhds dUuS fu;ksftr tekrka ¼cgqoxhZ½ bdoxhZ tekrsa vkLrS R;kj “kqnk ikB~;iqLrdsa Fkeka
gVus nh yksM+ gksanh ,s ftlnk eryc ,s ts lCHkS cPps v/;kid vklsvk fdÎs xS lacksf/kr dhrs tk djns u
rs ,g~ ts lCHkS bDdS voLFkk p u rs mans lHkusa Fkeka esn dhrh tanh ,s ts vkg~ bDdS tusgh xYy dju
blns ctk; v/;kidsa xh ikB rs bdkb;sa nh ;kstuk cukus vkLrS cD[kjh pkYyh nh lexzh tqVkus nh yksM+
,s %
• ers vH;klsa vkg~yk dF;kRed ikB rs cD[k&cD[k Lrjsa ij cD[k&cD[k lewgsa ysbZ xfrfof/k;ka A
• viuh ikSag~p p oxhZd`r lexzh ftl p cPps vkiwa psa tka nq, cPpsa dUuS jfy;S v/;kid nh ?kV~V
“kk ?kV~V enkn dUuS vkiwa xs #T>h tku A
• iwjs lewg~ ysbZ xfrfof/k ;kstuk ft*;ka ds Dgkuh lukuk tka fuDdk tusgk Mªkek djuk ftlns
v/kkj mIij cPps gksj xfrfof/k;ka djh ldns u A elky ns rkSjk ij iSg~yh Fkeka Ik¥eha tekrk
rxj ns cPps fdV~Bs gksb;S [kjxks”k rs “ksj vkg~yh yksddRFkS ij vfHku; djh ldns u rs blns
ckn xzqi I rs II cD[k&cD[k tkuojsa ns uk,a vkg~ys dkMsZa ij dEe djh ldns u ( xzqi III rs
IV fuDds&fuDds lewgsa p dEe djns gksbZ MªkbZax fn;ka yfM+;ka ysbZ ldns u rs ¶gh gj bd MªkbZax
ckjS Dgkuh fy[kh ldns u( rs xqzi V Dgkuh xh nckjk fyf[k;S mlnk dksbZ gksj var lq>kbZ ldns
u A euklc lexzh nh enkn ns cxSj ers lkjs v/;kid vius vkiS p ,g~ elwl djns u ts
156
vksg~ bdoxhZ Dykl lewgsa dUuS rek”kk djus nh dks”k”k djk djns u rs urhtk ,g~ gksank ,s ts
ers lkjs cPpsa ysbZ dEeS vkLrS leka cM+k ?kV~V gksbZ tank ,s A
4.6.2 ykbczsfj;ka
Ldwy ykbczsfj;ka ers fpjS Fkeka uhfrxr lq>k,a nk fgLlk jsfg;ka u ij LdwyS p pkyw gkyr p
ykbczsjh ?kV~V xS utjh vkSaanh ,s A ,g~ cM+k t:jh ,s ts HkfoD[k nh ;kstuk,a p ykbczsjh xh LdwyS ns
lHkusa Lrjsa ij t:jh vax ns rkSjk ij eUusvk tk A v/;kid rs cPps] b*usa nkSusa xh bl pkYyh dUuS
izzsfjr rs f”k{kr djus nh yksM+ ,s ts vksg~ flD[kus] vkuan rs ,dkxzrk ysbZ ykbczsfj;sa xh bd lalk/ku ns
:iS p crZu A Ldwyh ykbczsjh xh bd usg~ cksf/kd LFky ns :IkS p le>svk tkuk pkfgnk ftRFkqvka
v/;kid] fo|kFkhZ rs leqnk; ns lnL; vius Kku rs dYiuk xh ek/;e Fgksus nh esn djh ldu A drkcsa
ns lwphdj.k rs ykbczsjh p miyC/k gksj lexzh bl pkYyh c/kkus nh yksM+ ,s ts fo|kFkhZ ykbczsjh xh vkiwa xS
bLrseky djus p leFkZ cuh ldu A drkcsa rs if=dk,a ns bykok ykbczsjh p lwpuk rduhd ns uesa
ek/;esa nh lqfo/kk gksuh pkfgnh ,s rka ts fo|kFkhZ fo”kky fo”o dUuS tqM+h ldu A “kq:&”kq: p Cykd Lrj
tka dyLVj Lrj ij ykbczsfj;ka LFkkir dhfr;ka tkbZ ldfn;ka u A HkfoD[k p gj Lrj ns Ldwysa xh
fctu mlnk Lrj fnD[ks ns ykbczsfj;sa dUuS ySl dhrk tkuk pkfgnk ,s A nsls ns cD[k&cD[k fgLlsa p xzkbZ
bykds p leqnk; fn;ka ykbczsfj;ka pyk fn;ka u rs ftyk Lrj ij ftyk eq[;ky; p ljdkjh ykbczsfj;sa nh
O;oLFkk ,s A jktk jke eksgu jk; ykbczsjh QkaÅMs”ku xh ckn~/ks lalk/ku miyC/k djk, tkbZ ldns u A
jkstejkZ ns Ldwyh thou p ykbczsfj;ka dsbZ pkYyh ns mn~ns”; iwjs djh ldfn;ka u A iwjs g¶rs p
flQZ bd ?kSaVh ykbczsjh ns bLrseky vkLrS gksuk cPpsa p i<+us nh vknr eq”dysa xS iSnk djh ldnh ,s A
fo|kfFkZ;sa xh iqLrd ySus nh lqfo/kk fnrh tkuh pkfgnh A bl fLFkfr dUuS fucM+us ysbZ v/;kidsa xh ykbczsjh
izca/ku rs crZus nh Vªsfuax nsus nh yksM+ ,s A ft*usa Ldwysa nh bekjrk p ykbczsjh ysbZ cD[kjk dejk gksbZ
ldnk ,s ] mRFkS ckSg~us rs jks”kuh nh “kSy O;oLFkk dfj;S vPNk okrkoj.k jpus ckjS /;ku nsus nh yksM+ ,s A
,g~ ch laHko gksbZ ldnk ,s ts v/;kid ykbczsfj;sa ns lalk/kusa nh cjrwu dUuS ykbczsjh p dykl yku] ,g~
dqlS ifjppkZ nk vk;kstu djus ns Fkkg~jk nk dEe ch nsbZ ldnk ,s A leqnk; p izn”kZu djns gksbZ dqlS
f”kYidkj xh fnD[kus tka dRFk lquus ysbZ ch ykbczsjh nh cjrwu dhrh tkbZ ldnh ,s A Cykd rs dyLVj
157
Lrj ij bl pkYyh nh ykbczsfj;sa ns ek/;e dUuS v/;kidsa nh enn djus dUuS ikB~;p;kZ ns ijrh
uehadj.k xh cy fnŸkk tkbZ ldnk ,s A gj Cykd xh dqlS bd fo”ks nk ekfgj cuk;k tk rka ts ftys p
dkQh lalk/ku gksbZ ldu A
ykbczsfj;ka
g¶rs p bd ihfj;M ykbczsjh v/;;u xh fnŸkk tkbZ ldnk ,s bl nkSjku cPps ykbczsfj;sa p ckSg~u
rs “kkafr dUuS i<+u A vksg~ fiNys g¶rs ySrh fn;sa drkcsa xh ijrku rs ufe;ka ysbZ tku A
tsdj ykbczsjh nk dejk usbZa ,s rka v/;kid fo|kfFkZ;sa nh cjslk ns erkcd mRFkqvka drkcka
ysbZ tkbZ ldns u rs m*usa drkcsa p cPps xh vius vkLrS drkc pquus ysbZ vk[kh ldns u A ,g~
csg~rj ,s ts cPps drkcka vkiwa pquu uka ds v/;kid drkcka caMu A
Hkk”kk nh tekrk p drkcka vkag~fn;ka tkbZ ldfn;ka u A
tekrk ns izktSDV ysbZ ykbczsjh p lanhkZ fnd[kus ysbZ vk[ksvk tkbZ ldnk ,s A
cPps xh vk[ksvk tkbZ ldnk ,s ts Hkk”kk nh tekrk p fiNys g¶rs i<+h nh drkcS ckjs
fy[ku A
cPpsa xh Dgkuh lukus ysbZ vk[ksvk tkbZ ldnk tsg~M+h m*usa gksjusa cPpsa dUus i<+h gh A
NqfV~V;sa ns nkSjku ldwyh ykbczsjh [kq*Yyh jD[kh tkuh pkfgnh A
4.6.3 f”k{kk rduhd
ikB~;p;kZ nh ;kstuk p f”k{kk rduhd nk EgŸko loZO;kid ,s ij “kS{kf.kd :ik dUuS blnh
c)ksc) cjrwu vkLrS foLr`r funsZ”k ns j.kuhfr vtsa R;kj usbZa gksbZ ldh nh ,s A vke rkSjk ij
rduhd nh cjrwu lwpuk izlkj ysbZ dhrh tk nh ,s tka paxs v/;kidsa nh FkksM+ iwjus ysbZ ] vke rkSjk ij
HkjFkh nh [kjkc uhfr;sa ns urhts ns rkSjk ij A f”k{kk ljca/kh rRosa xh tsdj f”k{kk nh xq.koŸkk p deh xh
iwjk djus ysbZ cjrsvk tk rka ,g~ns dkj.k i<+kus Fkeka v/;kidsa nk eu mpkV gksbZ ldnk ,s A tsdj
f”k[kk ljca/kh rduhd ikB~;p;kZ ns lq/kkj nk lk/ku cuh tk, rka bl dUus v/;kid rs fo|kFkhZ flQZ
158
miHkksxrk xS usbZa cus ns gks³u cYds mans p djus nk Hkko ch tkxx A blns ykxw djus rs fodkl ns nkSjku
cM~Ms Lrj ij fopkj foe”kZ nh yksM+ ,s A f”k{kk rduhd ns iz;ksx p vuqHkoh Kku eqgS;k djus ysbZ Ldwysa
ns lHkusa Lrjsa ij DyLVj] Cykd lalk/ku dsUnz] ft+yk] fj;klr rs jk”Vªh Lrj ij rduhdh f”k{kk Lgwyrsa
xh cjrs tkus nh t:jr ,s A bl pkYyh ns vuqHko tsg~M+s fo|kfFkZ;sa] v/;kidsa rs v/;kidsa xh i<+kus
vkg~ys xh miyC/k djk, tkbZ ldns u mUns p dqlS xzkbZa nh xYy ckr] ohfM;ks fQYe tka fofM;ks xse
gksbZ ldnh ,s A tsdj cPpsa xh eYVh ehfM;k midj.ksa ns iz;ksx dUuS viuh pht is”k djus nk ekSdk
fnRrk tka rka bl dUuS manh viuh jpukRed dYiuk,a xh rik”kus ns ekSds FgksbZ ldns u A
f”k{kk rduhd]xh fuf’dz; rjhds dUuS fnD[kus rs lquus Fkeka cn~/k tsdj f”k{kk rduhd ns [skrjk
p mRiknu nk vuqHko le>svk tk rka nslS ns rduhdh lk/kusa nk cM+k csgrj mi;skx dhrk tkbZ ldnk
,s A lh0Mh0 v/kkjr dEI;wVj ns ctk, usV v/kkjr dEI;wVj xh c<+kok nsb;S dEI;wVjsa nh lkFkZd la?kVu
nh lqfo/kk gksx rs dUuS xzk,a rs nwj&njkt bykdsa p uesa fopkjsa rs lwpuk,a rxj ikSag~p c/kkans gksbZ Ldwyh
ikB~;p;kZ xh c<+kok fnŸkk tkbZ ldx A ,g~ bd nks iklh xfrfof/k ,s ] uka ds bd rjQk Jksrk Hkko]
tsg~M+h xh rduhd xh “kSf{k.kd cukanh ,s A
dyklS p dqlS phtk xh ijfr;S is”k djus tka drkck nh fo”ks oLrq i<+kus tka yckVªh ns vuqHkosa
xh thoar djus ns ctk, tsdj fo”ksa xh xSj mins”kkRed <axS dUuS fodlr dhrk tk ftl p flD[kus
vkg~ys xh ¼oSc½ ns Kku dUuS tqM+us ysbZ eqDr dhrk tk rka f”k{kk rduhd cM+h csg~rj leFkZ gkly djh
ldx rs Hkkjr nh izknsf”kd Hkk”kk,a p bl pkYyh nk Kku cM+k ?kV~V miyC/k ,s rs b*;S cM~Mk dkj.k ,s ts
“kSg~jh rs xzkbZa Ldwysa ns fo|kfFkZ;sa ns c”dkj vVy rs c/knh caMjs[kk nk rs vaxzsth ek/;e ns fo|kfFkZ;sa rs
izknsf”kd Hkk”kk,a ns fo|kfFkZ;sa p gksj Mwag~xh gksanh [kkbZ nk A cPpsas ysbZ bl pkYyh ns Kkudks”k rs
MkD;wesaVfj;sa nh laHkkouk vtsa ch iwjh pkYyh dUuS fodlr usbZa gksbZ A lesa dUuS bl pkYyh fn;ka drkcka
vkfn R;kj dhrh tkbZ ldfn;ka u ft*Uns p “kSy vkfM;ks&ohfM;ks lexzh] baVjuSV lkbZV paxh gks,s ftRFkS
“kSy lexzh miyC/k gks,s A vej flyes fn;sa vej jpuk,a xh blns ek/;e dUuS miyC/k djk;k tkbZ
ldnk ,s A ft*;ka xzkbZ thou ns v/;;u ns nkSjku tka rs lh0Mh0 tka jk”Vªh Lrj ij dqlS oSclkbV
vklsvk lR;thr js nh dykfld fQYe ^iknsj iapkyh * nLlh tkbZ ldnh ,s A HkfoD[k nh ikB~;iqLrdsa nh
159
dYiuk bl pkYyh dhrh tkbZ ldnh ,s ftl p cD[k&cD[k fo”ksa ns Kku rs fta*ns p mans vuqHko dBsjs
xsns gksu ft*;ka feMy nh ikB~;iqLrd ftl p jktLFkku ns bfrgkl nh ppkZ gks,s] ehjk nk ft+dj gks,s ml
p ehjk nk bd Hktu ch “kkey dhrk tkuk pkfgnk ,s ml lzksr nk ch ft+dj gks,s ts vksg~ Hktu dq*RFkS
laxzghr ,s rka ts cPps ,e0,l0 lqcwy”eh xh mlh xkans gksbZ lquh ldu A
Kku rs vuqHko ns bl pkYyh ns ,dhdj.k dUuS i<+kbZ ml cks> rs cksfj;r Fkeka cph ldnh ,s
ftl Fkeka vksg~ vTtdy xqtjk nh ,s A Lgkc rs foKku p rs “kjhjh rkSjk vleFkZ cPps xh i<+kus ysbZ
vkbZ0Vh0 lesr f”k{kk rduhd xh [kklh iz”kalk FgksbZ ,s A EgŸkoiw.kZ ,g~ ,s ts ikB~;p;kZ ns mn~ns”;sa xh
gkly djus ns flylys p blnh laHkouk,a nk bLrseky dhrk tk rs blns mi;ksx rs blns miHkksx xh
ysb;S mej v/kkjr ;kstuk R;kj dhrh tk A ljdkj rs vFkZ izca/ku nh gksj nwb;sa laLFkk,a xh f”k{k.k
rduhd nh yksM+sa rs mlns Qk;ns ij /;ku nsus nh t:jr ,s A
izkbZejh Ldwysa ns cPpsa ysbZ fnz””k udyka rs iznZ”ku xh gRFksa djh flD[ks ns vuqHkosa nk cny usbZa gksbZ
ldnk A
4.6.4 midj.k rs yckVªfj;ka
LdwyS xh f”kYidkjh rs gksj nwbZ dyk,a nh fnz”Vh dUuS t:jh midj.ksa dUuS ySl dhrs tkus nh
t:jr ,s tsdj vl flQZ b*usa lalk/kusa dUuS /;kuS dUuS ;kstuk cukbZ ldpS rka ,g~ ikB~;dze ns [ksrj
Ldwysa xh jpukRed Fkkg~j cukus ns mís”; xh gkly djus p ;ksxnku nsbZ ldns u A ijEijkxr
nLrdkfj;sa ysbZ nLrdkjh ns erkcd yksM+pns dj?kk] dSaph rs d<kbZ&Qzse tusg~ lanjsa&midj.ksa nh g¶rkokj
tka iUnjsa jkstsa ns xsM+S p yksM+ ikSanh ,s A ,g~ EgŸkoiw.kZ ,s ts ikB~;dze ;kstuk ns fgLls xh fyax tka tkfr
ns v/kkj ij [kjkc usbZa dhrk tk usbZa rka bans pk bd ewy edln NqM+dh tkx ft*;ka ds HkkSfrd rs dYiuk
rs lg;ksx vkg~ys euqD[kh okrkoj.k dUuS lfdz; crZu&C;gkj vkg~yh laLd`fr ns fodkl nk edln A
dyk,a ns ekeys p ch ,g~ xYy b*;ka xS LgsbZ ,s] tsg~M+k ikB~;dze ns nq, [ksrjsa dUuS vu=qV rkSjk ij tqM+s
ns gksus ns bykok ,s rs ,g~ns ysbZ fo”ks”k d`r lexzh rs midj.ksa nh ch yksM+ gksx A lanjsa xh bLrseyk djus
rs m*usaxh crZusa p Egkjr gkly djus nk ekSdk rs manh fnD[kHkky rs lkaHklEgky djus ckjS flD[kuk lHkusa
160
cPpsa ysbZ ueqYys vuqHko gksans u A dyk,a nh enn dUuS cPpsa fn;as bafnz;sa rs ladk;ssa xh izf”k{kr djuk
lk{kjrk xh cy nsus rs “kkafr nh laLd`fr ns fodkl p EgŸkoiw.kZ Hkwfedk uHkkank ,s A
Ldwysa] [kkl dfj;S vksg~ tsg~M+s xzkbZa ykds ns u] lkbZal yckfVª;sa tka Lgkc ljca/kh xfrfof/k;sa
ljca/kh midj.ksa nh fLFkfr cM+h ekM+h ,s A bl pkYyh nh lqfo/kk,a nh FkskM+ fo|kfFkZ;sa vkLrS fo”ks pquka· rs
HkfoD[k ns thou nh laHkkouk,a ns eksds xh lkSaxM+k djnh ,s A bl ysbZ ,g~ t:jh ,s ts iwjh lqfo/kk,a
vkg~fy;ka yckfVª;ka Ldwysa p miyC/k gksu tsYyS ds cqfu;knh Ldwysa p foKku rs xf.kr ns dkuZj d”kk
[ksrjsa nk ykg~ ySrk tkbZ ldnk ,s ij lSdaMªh rs gk;j ldSaMjh Lrj rd iwjh pkYyh fodlr yckfVª;sa
nh yksM+ gksanh ,s A
4.6.5 gksj nq, pkYyh ns LFky rs Fkkg~j
ikB~;p;kZ ns LFky tsg~M+s HkkSrd rkSjk ij LdwwyS ns ckg~j gksans u vksg~ ch bUus xS EgŸkoiw.kZ gksans u
ftUus ft*Uns ckjs p blyS rxj xYy ckr dhrh xsbZ ,s A ,g~ LFky u LFkkuh LekdZ rs E;wft+;e] njsvk,a
rs IgkM+sa tusg~ dqnjrh HkkSfrd rRo] ctkj rs Mkd[kkus tusg~ jkstejkZ ns Fkkg~j A b*usa lalk/kusa nh “kSy
pkYyh ;kstuk djus nh v/;kid nh ;ksX;rk f”k{kk nh xq.kkRedrk xh izHkkor djnh ,s tsg~M+h cPps LdwyS p
xSg.k djh ldns u A tekrk nh xfrfof/k;sa xh ikB~;iqLrdsa rxj lhfer djh nsus dUuS cPpsa ns #fp
#>kusa rs leFkZ ns fodkl p l[r vM+pu vkSanh ,s A Ldwysa nh jkst ejkZ tka c*js nh fnup;kZ ns v/;;u
Fkeka bl pkYyh nh dsbZ vM+pusa nk irk yk;k tkbZ ldnk ,s A rkjsa ns v/;;u ysbZ jkrha nk xkl bl ysbZ
miyC/k usbZa gksbZ ldnk dh ts uka rs jkrh Ldwy vius njksvkts [kksg~ynk ,s rs uka xS LdwyS ns NRrS
mIij tkus nh btkt+r gksanh ,s A <yns lwjtS nk v/;;u tka twu Eghus ekulwu nh vken LdwyS ns
VkbeVscy ns ckg~jS nh xYy ,s A nslS ns cD[k&cD[k fgLls p Ldwyh cPpsa nk vknku&iznku] bUus rxj ts
lkdZ nsslS dUuS ch bl pkYyh ns vknku&iznku vkilh le> xh c<+kok nsus p ennxkj gksbZ ldns u A
v/;kidsa rs f”k{kk ljca/kh iz”kkldsa bl ra= xh bl pkYyh nh ca/k”ksa dksyk eqDr djkus vkLrS
bdtqV gksuk gksx A dUuS xS lyscl cukus vkg~ys ] v/;kidsa ikB~; iqLrdsa ns ys[kdsa ch bl pkYyh fn;sa
xfrfof/k;sa nh ;kstuk ns foLrkj p yXxuk gksx ftl dUuS ikB~;p;kZ ns [ksrj xh foLrkj Fgksx A bl
161
pkYyh nh ekufldrk Fkeka eqDr gksus nh t:jr ,s ts lSj likVs dyk f”kYi dUuS ljca/kr fo”ks ^ckn~/kw
ikB~;dze* nk fgLlk gksans u A
4.6.6 cgqyrk rs oSfdYir lefxz;sa nh yksM+
Hkkjrh lekt nh ekufldrk rs mlnk LkHkk· ,g~ eax djnk ,s ts uka flQZ cD[k&cD[k pkYyh
fn;ak ikB~;iqLrdka Nkfi;ka tku cYds gksj nwbZ lexzh ch R;kj dhrh tk rka ts cPpsa nh jpukRedrk
“kewfy;r rs “kkSd nk bl pkYyh fodkl gksbZ ldS ts mans flD[kus nh leFkZ eBksbZ lds A dksbZ bDdS drkc
fo|kfFkZ;sa ns cD[k&cD[k lewgsa nh t:jrsa xh usbZa iwjk djh ldnh A dUuS xS bDdS pkYyh nh fo”ks oLrq @
vo/kkj.kka cD[k&cD[k rjhdsa dUuS i<+kbZ tkbZ ldnh ,s A Ldwy ] Hkkesa ljdkjh gksu tka izkbZosV
cD[k&cD[k fo”ksa ysbZ ikB~;iqLrdsa nh bPNk gksbZ ldx A ikB~;iqLrd C;wjks bd Fkeka cn~/k dfM+;ka R;kj
djh ldns u tka gksj nq, izdk”kdsa fn;sa drkcsa xh pquh ldns u rs Ldwys xh pquk· ns dsbZa fodYi fnRrs
tkbZ ldns u A [kklk fpj iSg~ys 1953 p lSdaMªh ,stqds”ku deh”ku nh fjiksZV us ikB~;iqLrdsa fn;sa dfe;sa
xh nwj djus ljca/kh dsbaZ lq>k· fnŸks gss] ft*Uns p bl cD[kh lkjr djkbZ xsbZ gh ts ßdqlS fo”ks ns
v/;;u ysbZ flQZ bDdS iqLrd usbZa ykbZ tkuh pkfgnh A lxqvka fnRrs xsns ekudsa ns vuqlkj dsbZa drkcka
izLrkor gksfu;ka pkfgfn;ka u rs pquk· djus nh [kq*Yy ljca/kr Ldwysa xh fnRrh tkuh pkfgnh ,s AÞ A
ikB~;p;kZ fodkl nh yksM+sa vkg~ys fgLls p dksBkjh deh”ku nh jiksVZ us bl xYyk ij tksj fnRrk gk ts
ikB~;p;kZ nk ijfr;S ujh{k.k dEe pykÅ jsgk ,s rs ,g~ jkT;Lrj ij R;kj dhrk xsank ,s rs lHkusa Ldwysa
p bDdS pkYyh dUuS yk;k tank ,s A bl pkYyh fn;ka izfdz;ka v/;kidsa rs eqD[k v/;kidsa nh ,tSaalh xh
?kV~V djfn;ka u rs rik”k nh Hkkouk rs uesa fopkjsa nh laHkkouk,a xh vlEHko cukafn;ka u A ,g~ fjiksZV
Vdksg~ns rkSjk ij nlnh ,s ts ikB~;dze lq/kkj nk vk/kkj euklc ikB~;iqLrdsa nk fuekZ.k ] v/;kid ]
funsZ”kd rs gksj nw, pkYyh ns f”k{kk ljca/kh lalk/ku gksans u A
usgk dksbZ ch vuqHko tsg~M+k v/;kidsa xh cPpsa ns fodkl ysbZ t:jh c>ksank ,s ] m*,s
ikB~;dze ,s A bl xYyk nh ijokg~ ns cxSj ts vksg~ fd*;ka rs dq*RFkS O;ofLFkr ,s A
ikB~;p;kZ nh nksckjk lajpuk rkab;S ykxw gksbZ ldnh ,s tsdj mlh vf/kdkfj;sa nh le>
rs lg;ksx rs Lohd`fr gkly gks,s A
162
4.6.7 lalk/kusa xh dBsjuk rs O;oLFkk
i<+kbZ p enknh lexzh rs gksj nwbZ pkYyh nh lexzh ft*;ka drkcka] [kMkSus rs [ks<k LdwyS xh cPpsa
ysbZ fnypLi cukus p enn fnans u A nslS ns fd”k jkT;sa p Mh0ih0bZ0ih0 vklsvk FgksbZ nh ekyh enkn
nk lnqi;ksx dhrk xsvk ,s rs f”k{kk ljca/kh lexzh nk fuekZ.k ch gksvk ,s ] cuh cukbZ lexzh ch [kklh
ekStwn ,s rs v/;kidsa rs dyLVj rs Cykds yScy ns ßfjlkslZ ilZUt+Þ xh b*usa miyC/k lefxz;sa ns HkaMkj rs
m*usaxh cjrus ns rjhdsa dUuS “kSy pkYyh ifjpr gksus nh yksM+ ,s A cPpsa rs v/;kidsa xh utjh p jfD[k;S
cD[k&cD[k xSj ljdkjh laxBusa rs nwb;sa laLFkk,a vklsvk dsb;sa pkYyha nh izdk”kr lexzh R;kj dhrh tk
djnh ,s A blns bykok LFkkuh Lrj ij ch lexzh miyC/k gksanh ,s ftlnh dher rs ?kV~V gksanh ,s ij
tekrk p jD[kus vkLrS cM+h mi;ksxh gksanh ,s][kkl dfj;S izkbZejh LdwyS nh dyklsa p A v/;kidsa xh
cD[k&cD[k pkYyh nh lefxz;sa nh rik”k djus nh yksM+ gksanh ,s ] ftl xh i<+kus p lgk;d lexzh ns rkSj
ij cjrsvk tkbZ ldS rs tsg~M+h dsbZa lky pyh ldS rka ts m*usa phtsa xh cukus p mans yXxs ns eqYyoku
lesa nk lnqi;ksx gksbZ ldS A bl edln ysbZ LVks;jksQkse tka dkMZcksMZ uka rs fuXxj gksans u rs uka xS eu
fpr yxns u A nwb;ka lefxz;ka ft*;ka jSdthu] jcj rs diM+k “kSy fodYi u A
gksj nwbZa pkYyh nh lalk/ku lefxz;ka ft*;ka ds uD”ks] fp=kofy;ka rs [kkl midj.ksa xh Ldwy vkiwa
pas feyh &cafM;S cjrh ldns u rs tsdj m*usaxh dyLVj lSaVjsa p jD[ksvk tk A tsg~M+s lalk/ku ykbczssjh ns
rkSjk ij cjrksbZ ldns u rka ts v/;kid i<+kus ns nkSjku lexzh xh dyLVj Fkeka ysbZ yS rs ckdh
v/;kid ch blnk mi;ksx dj ldu bl ysbZ dyLVj xh ijrkbZ ns,s A bl pkYyh bd v/;kid tsg~M+s
lalk/ku dBsjS mlnk mi;ksx nw, ch djh ldns u rs bl pkYyh dsb;sa pkfYy;sa ns jys&feys fodYi R;kj
dhrs tkbZ ldns u A bl pkYyh ns lk/kusa nk feyuk ekyh lalk/kusa rs Ldwysa nh la[;k ft*usaxh enkn nh
yksM+ ,s ij fuHkZj djnk ,s A Ldwy fd*;ka bl pkYyh ns lalk/ku cukbZ ldnk ,s \ fd”k rs ljdkjh
dk;Zdze u ft*;ka ^vksizs”ku CySdcksMZ * ?kV~Vks?kÍ lefxz;ka miyC/k djkus ns dk;ns LFkkir dhrs u tsg~fM+;ka
gj bd izkbZejh rs mIijys izkbZejh LdwyS p miyC/k gksfu;ka pkfgfn;ka u A b*;ka xS fd”k gksj ufe;ka
;kstuka u tsg~fM+;ka Ldwysa ns lewgsa xh lkbdy rs [kM+kSus [kjhnus nh vuqefr fnafn;ka u A Ldwy b*usa ekSdas
Fkeka Qk;nk ysbZ ldns u rs LFkkuh Lrj ij v/;kiu&f”k{k.k rs [ks< ljca/kh lexzh nk tqxkM+ djus nh
163
fn”kk p lEHkkouka rik”kh ldns u A izHkkoiw.kZ f”k{kk ysbZ f”k{kk ljca/kh rduhd ij tskj c/kk djnk ,s A
fd”k Ldwy gwu dEI;wVj dUuS ySl u rs fd”k bykdsa p jsfM;ks rs Vh0oh0 ij v/kkjr i<+kbZ “kkey dhrh
tk djnh ,s A
vk[kjdkj “kewfy;r rs le> xh c<+kok nsus vkLrS bl pkYyh nh lexzh xh tsdj izHkkoiw.kZ rs
lewyph ;kstuk nk fgLlk cukuk ,s rka fu;kstu nh t:jr ,s A v/;kidsa xh iSg~ys Fkeka xS blns ysbZ
R;kjh djus rs ;kstuk nh yksM+ gksx tsdj vksg~ izn”kZu ns mn~ns”; ysbZ ml lexzh nh cjrwu tekrk p
djnk ,s A tsdj tekrk p dqlS xfrfof/k nh ;kstuk cukbZ tk rka [kklh lexzh gksuh pkfgnh ,s rka ts ts
tekrk nk gj fo|kFkhZ O;fDrxr rkSjk ij tka fuDds&fuDds lewgsa p mlh cjrh ldS A tsdj flQZ bd
cPpk lefxz;sa xh cjrus ns tksx ,s] tsYyS ds ckdh lc fn[kns jkSag~ns u] ,g~ flD[kus vkg~ys lesa nh
cjcknh ,s A
feMy rs gkbZ Ldwysa p foKku&f”k{kk ns vax ns :iS p yckVªkfj;ka gksus nh xYy lnk dhrh tanh ,s
ij vksg~ vtsa ch yksM+pnh ek=k p miyC/k usbZa gSu A cPpsa xh rtcsZ rs midj.ksa nk vuqHko nsus ysbZ
ft*;ka ds manh foKku nh ikB~;p;kZ p fnŸkk xsnk ,s ] ?kV~Vks&?kV~V dyLVj Lrj ij bd dyLVj yckVªjh
cukbZ tkbZ ldnh ,s A dyLVj nss Ldwy viuk Vkbe&Vscy bl pkYyh cuku ts g¶rs p bd vn~/kk fnu
manh tekr dyLVj Lrj ij foKku yckVªjh p yXxS A dyLVj tka Cykd Lrj ij f”kYi ljca/kh
yckVªfj;sa nk ch fodkl dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s rka ts csg~rj midj.k eqgS;k djk, tkbZ ldu A
flD[kus nh bd ,slh laLd`fr ns fodkl dUuS ] uka flQZ tekrk ns Lrj ij cYds LdwyS p rs
LdwyS ns ckg~j ch] Ldwy usgk fnz””k cuh ldnk ,s ftl p dsbZa pkfy;sa fn;sa xfrfof/k;sa nk lfjLrk dhrk
tank ,s A cPpsa xh Kku rik”kus ij[kus rs fuekZ.k djus ysbZ izksRlkgr djus vkLrS v/;kid xfrfof/k;ka ]
izkWtsDV rs v/;;u drkcsa pk ch rs mans bykok ch R;kj djh ldns u A
164
4.7 leka
bl Fkeka iSg~yss ns nLrkostsa ns bd [kaM p fgnk;rh lesa ckjS lQkj”kka “kkey dhfr;ka xsfn;ka u A
fd”k t:jh ljskdkj tsg~M+s vlsa iSg~ys ns nLrkostsa Fkeka gkly dhrs u mans p ,g~ ch “kkey ,s ts O;oLFkk
bl xYyk xh tdhuh cuk· ts i<+kbZ ns fnusa nh dqy lesa&lhek dUuS le>kSrk usbZa dhrk tk A rs
,u0lh0,Q0 1988 nh lQkj”ksa ns erkcd ikB~;p;kZ nh lesa&lhek 200 fnusa nh gksuh pkfgnh ,s A ,g~ns
p xS vl vksg~ jLrs lq>kUus vka ft*Uns p Ldwys p cPps vklsvk xtkjsvk xsnk dqy leka cPpsa nh i<+kbZ
ns Lgkcsa mi;ksxh gks,s A
LdwyS nk lykuk dyaMj jkT; Lrj ij gwu xS rSg~ gksvk ,s bl dUuS ljca/kr lq>k· iSg~ys ch
vkSans jsg~ u ts lkykuk dyaMj xh Fkksg~M+k cn~/k fodsafnzr dhrk tk rka ts vksg~ LFkkuh xfrfof/k;sa rs ekSle
ns erkcd gksbZ ldS A bl pkYyh ns dyaMj xh fodsafnzr dfj;S ftyk Lrj ij ykxw dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s rs
blnk QSlyk ftyk iapk;rsa dUuS lykg e”ojk dfj;S dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s A
DqlS ch pkYyh nh yksM+pnh rCnhfy;ka djus ns ckjs p fopkj LFkkuh tyok;q ljca/kh ifjfLFkfr;sa
ij v/kkjr gksbZ ldns u ft*;ka ds ft*usa Fkkg~jsa ij ekulwu [kklk Hkkjk gksank ,s rs tsg~M+s gkM+ vkg~ys
bykds gksu mRFkS bl nkSjku Ldwysa nk can jkSg~uk csg~rj ,s rs mRFkS bl ekSds ij NqfV~V;ka dhfr;ka tku A
fd”k bykdsa p ekrk&firk xfeZ;sa p ch Ldwy ykbZ jD[kus ysbZ vk[kns u dh ts [ks<us ns ySgktS dUuS xehZ
erh gksanh ,s fd”k ,sls bykds ch gSu ftRFkS ekrk&firk bl xYyk xh rjthg~ ns³u ts ckM~<h ns ekSds ij
NqfV~V;ka gksu rka ts cPps ?kjS ns is”ks p gRFk caMkbZ ldu A bl pkYyh fn;ka O;oLFkka cPpsa xh ml nqfu;k
p ftl p vksg~ jkSag~ns u dsbZ gquj rs fnz”Vhdks.k xzSg.k djus ns ekSds fnafn;ka u A ctk, blns ts LFkkuh
thou xh NksfM+;S Ldwy gktj jkSg~us ysbZ vius LFkkuh thou Fkeka dVksbZ tku A LFkkuh NqfV~V;sa nk QSlyk
Cykd Lrj mIij dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s A LdwyS fn;sa cD[k&cD[k xfrfof/k;sa nh ;kstuk LdwyS ns v/;kidsa ns
dUuS&dUuS xzka@ Ldwyh f”k{kk desVh ns lHkusa lnL;sa vklsvk cuk, tkus nh yksM+ gksx A LdwyS ns iwjs oxsZa
nh fo”ksijd f”k{kk rs ,Dld”kZusa nh ch isg~ysa xS ;kstuk cukus nh yksM+ gksx A
165
,g~ vk[kus nh yksM+ usbZ ts bl pkYyh ns yphysiu ns nq#Ik;ksx xh jksdus nh yksM+ ,s A lCHkS
leqnk; cPpsa ysbZ “kSy Fkkg~js usbZa A ,g~ Ldwy ns mÌs”;sa [kykQ ch gksbZ ldnk ,s tsdj bl pkYyh ns
yphysiu nk Qk;nk ysb;S LFkkuh leqnk; fyax /keZ tka tkfr ns vk/kkj ij viuh Hksn&Hkko vkg~yh laLd`fr
nk izlkj djnk ,s A ,g~ bd pkYyh dUuS cPpsa xh ca/kqvk etnwjh cD[kh ykuk ch gksbZ ldnk ,s A
cPpsa xh vjke djus] [ks<us rs vius ysbZ leka cpkus nk gd gksank ,s A fd”k LFkkuh ijEijka rs laLd`fr;ka
bl pkYyh ns cpiu fn;ka leFkZd gksafn;ka u rs fd”k ?kV~V A vDlj dqfM+;sa ij fuDdh cjslk Fkeka xS
?kjS ns dEesa nk Hkkj ikbZ fnRrk tank ,s A cPpas mIij i<+kbZ nk nck· c/knk tk nk ,s rs Ldwysa Fkeka iSg~ys
rs ckn p m*usaxh V~;w”ku&tekrsa p ikbZ fnrk tank ,s rs bl ysbZ m*usaxh [ks<us nk cM+k ?kV~V leka feynk
,s A Ldwysa xh cPpsa ns b*usa vf/kdkjsa nh j{kk ysbZ cPpsa ns ?kjsa vkg~ys rs mans leqnk; dUuS yxkrkj
xYyckr cukbZ jD[kuh pkfgnh ,s A gj bd Lrj ns Ldwysa ns lesa nk QSlyk xzkbZa iapk;r nh lykg~ dUuS
dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s rs Ldwysa ns lesa nk QSlyk djns ekSds fd”k xYyka /;kuS p jD[kfu;ka t:jh u ft*;ka
cPps xh Ldwy iqTtus vkLrS fdUuk pyuk ikSank ,s A bl pkYyh ns yphysiu nk lq>k· flQZ bl ysbZ ,s
ts Ldwysa p cPpsa nh “kewfy;r “kSy gksbZ ldS A ,g~ vk[kns gksbZ vl iwjh pkYyh dUuS bl xYyk ij
dk;e vka ts LdwyS p rs LdwyS p i<+kbZ ij crk, tkus vkg~ys lesa ij dqlS ch pkYyh nk le>kSrk usbZa
dhrk tkbZ ldnk tka 6 ?kSaVsa dksyk ?kV~V djh fnŸkk tk ¼rs bZ0lh0lh0bZ0 ihfj;M vkLrS 3 ?kaSVs ½ A ftRFkS
v/;kid rs fo|kfFkZ;sa xh nwjk nk vkSuk gksank ,s mRFkS cPpsa ckjS lk<+s lekth ljksdkjsa ysbZ paxk jkSg~x ts
cLlS nk leka cnysvk tk rka ts v/;kid rs fo|kFkhZ fpjsa iqTtus rs lcsYyk tkus ns ctk, Ldwy lesa ij
iqTth ldu rs lesa ij tkbZ ldu A
LdwyS nk fnu] g¶rk] Eghuk] l= xh fnup;kZ ns feJ.k rs cUulcUu ns rkSj mIij fu;sktr djus
nh yksM+ ,s] dh ts cPpsa xh nkSusa nh Fkksg~M+h&Fkksg~M+h t:jr gksanh ,s rs ts fd”k vl m*usaxh l[kkuk pkgU~us
vka mlfn;ka vifu;ka cD[kfj;ka&cD[kfj;ka yksM+k&FkksM+ka u A vl mans dUuS O;oLFkk ljca/kh fd”k fopkj
lka>s djpS tsg~M+k cPpsa vklsvk Ldwy p cuk, ns lesa nh ;sktuk nk vk/kkj cuh ldnk ,s rs Ldwyh
fnup;kZ ysbZ laLFkkukRed cankscLrs nss fd”k iD[ksa ckjS ch xYy&ckr dhrh tkbZ ldnh ,s A
166
T;knkrj Ldwysa p fnuS nh ”kq:vkr ^cMys nh izkFkZuk* dUuS gksanh ,s A tsYyS liwjk Ldwy fdÎs dEe
djus vkLrS fdV~Bk gksank ,s A ,g~ leka losjs ns v[kckjsa fn;ka lqf[kZ;ka i<+us] fd”k dljrka djus rs jk”Vªh
xku vkfn ysbZ bLrseky dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s A A gksj xfrfof/k;ka ch tksfM+;k tkbZ ldfn;ka u] ft*;ka
fdV~Bs xkuk tka Dgkuh lquuk] tka LFkkuh leqnk; pk dqlS O;fDr xh cykuk tka cPpsa lkeus cksyus ysbZ
ckg~jk nk dqlS xh ln~nuk] tka dqlS LFkkuh tka jk”Vªh; EgŸko nh ?kVuk ij dksbZ fuDdk&eqV~Vk dk;Zdze
djuk vkfn A vksg~ tekrka ft*Uns dksy fd”k jkspd izktSDV u vius dEeS xh iwjs Ldwysa dUuS lka>ka djus
ysbZ bl lesa nk mi;ksx djh ldfn;ka u A jskt rs usbZa ij bl pkYyh yfEe;ak cMys fn;ka izkFkZuka g¶rs
p bd tka nkSa ckjh dhfr;ka tkbZ ldfn;ka u A la;qDr Ldwysa p fo”ks ns erkcd [k*yds Ldwysa rs mIijys
Ldwysa fn;ka ,g~ izkFkZuk&lHkka cD[k&cD[k dhfr;ka tkbZ ldfn;ka u A dksbZ bd EgŸkoiw.kZ lq[khZ ft*;ka
eqTtQjkckn cl ;k=k xh bd [kkl l= ns fo”ks ns :i p ySrk tkbZ ldnk ,s rs blxh ikB~;p;kZ p
“kkey dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s A
T;knkrj nLrkostsa p flD[kus&l[kkus ysbZ 45,a feaVs nh vof/k xh bd ihfj;M nh ewy bdkbZ ns
rkSjS ij is”k dhrk xsnk ,s A vDlj blh 30-35 feaV nk cukbZ fnŸkk tank ,s ftl dUuS i<+kbZ ysbZ ,g~
cM+k ?kV~V leka gksank ,s A lkekU; rkSjk ij bd ihfj;M efr;sa lkfj;sa ikB~;iqLrdsa ij v/kkjr ikBsa ysbZ
bd cqfu;knh bdkbZ nk dEe djnk ,s A
Ikj nq, pkYyh ns fo”ks ft*;ka f”kYi dyk] xfrfof/k;sa ] izktSDV] yckVªh nk dEe vkfn ysbZ Ldwysa ns
VkbZe Vscy p ?kaSVs Ms< ?kaSVs ns ihfj;M nh ch yksM+ gksanh ,s A bUuk yEek leka cD[k&cD[k fo”ks nh
,dhd`r f”k{kk ysbZ ch t:jh gksank ,s rs lewg~ dEeS xh izHkkoiw.kZ cukus ysbZ ch A ,g~ vk[kus nh yksM+ usbZ
ts cgq Js.kh tekrk p v/;kidsa xh fo|kfFkZ;sa xh Ik<+kus ns lesa ns izfr erk ;kstukcn~/k gksus nh yksM+ ,s A
Hkk”kk rs Lgkc tusg~ fo”ks xh jkst i<+us nh yksM+ ,s rs ckdh vkg~ys nh usbZa A g¶rs ns VkbZe Vscy p
lkekiu gksuk pfkgnk A ,g~ t:jh ,s ts cD[k&cD[k fo”ks xh flD[kus p yXxus vkg~ys lesa nk Lgkc
jD[ksvk tk rs yksM+ ikSus ij mans p lq/kkj dhrs tku A
167
cMys nh izkFkZuk lHkk
fnuS nh “kq#vkr v/;kid rs cPps Ldwy rs tekrk xh ml fnuS vkLrS R;kj djus dUuS djns u A
“kkSpky;sa lesr Dykl :esa nh lQkbZ tekrk p CySd&cksMZ ykuk] lekuS xh ltkuk rs midj.k gkly
djuk],g~ lc xfrfof/k;ka fo|kfFkZ;saa rs v/;kidsa p LokfeRo nh Hkkouk nk cks/k djkafn;ka u rs ft*usa
xh vksg~ bLrseky djns u mUns izfr drZO; nh Hkkouk iSnk djfn;ka u A bl dUuS m*usaxh vkiwa psa
fiNys fnu gksbZ chrh nh rs gksj fo”ksa mIij xYy djus nk ekSdk feyh tank ,s ftl dUuS tekrk ns
nkSjku bl pkYyh fn;ka xYyka djus nh yksM+ ?kVh tanh ,s A
vke lHkk ns nkSjku gj dksbZ dV~Bs ckSg~nk ,s manh tekrass tka iaxrkys erkcd usbZa] cYds A fuDds
cPpsa vXxsa rs cM~Ms cPpsa fiPNsa A g¶rs p bd fnu vksg~ bd izsj.kk nk;d Dgkuh lquns u A gksj
dqlS fnu laxhr] ijkSg~us nh xYy lquns u ] tka dqlS ekfeZd vuqHko xh lak>k djns u] v[kckjk p
dksbZ jkspd fjiksVZ i<+ns rs ml ij ifjppkZ djns u rs mlns ckn gj dksbZ viuh & viuh
tekrk p mBh tank ,s A
dEeS ns lesa nh vo/kkj.kk
cPps vklsvk flD[kus p lfdz;rk dUuS cjrs xsns dqy les nk Lgkc&drkc ykus nk t:jh
rjhdk ,s A bl ns rSg~r lquus] i<+us] fy[kus] xfrfof/k djus] fopkj foe”kZ djus p yXxs nk leka
vkSx A bl p viuh ckjh xh cyxuk] CySdcksMZ ijk rqvkjuk tka nksgjkuk usbZa vkSx A [kkl dfj;S
cgq Jsf.k;sa vkg~fy;sa tekrsa p cPpsa nh t:jrsa ysbZ flD[kus vkg~yh xfrfof/k;s anh ;kstuk rs :ijs[kk
cukans ekSds bl xYyS xh tdhuh cuus nh yksM+ ,s ts cPpsa xh dEeS vkLrS erk leka feyS A
fo|kfFkZ;sa vkLrS [kkl dfj;S ftlyS vksg~ cfM~M;sa tekras p tans u ] ikB~;p;kZ ns v/;;u nh
;kstuk cukans csYyS :g~&c:g~ rs vkiwa i<+us tka gkseodZ djus vkLrS yksM+pns lesa nk iwjk Lgkc&drkc
jD[ksvk tkuk pfkgnk A
gkseodZ vkLrS dqy leka & izkbZejh % nwljh tekrk rxj dksbZ gkseodZ usbZ rs rhljh tekrk
Fkeka g¶rs p nks ?kSaVs A
feMy Ldwy % jkstS nk bd fnu ¼g¶rs p yxHkx Ik¥~t Fkeka Ns ?kSaVs½
lSdaMªh rs gk;j lSdaMªh % nks ?kSaVs jkst ¼bd g¶rs p yxHkx nl Fkeka ckjka ?kSaVs ½ A
v/;kidsa xh pkfgnk ts vksg~ dV~Bs gkssb;S cPpsa xh fnRrs tkus vkg~ys gkseodZ nh ek=k nh euklc
;kstuk cuku A
168
4.8 v/;kidsa nh Lok;rŸkk rs O;olk;d Lora=rk
cPpas nh bfUu;sa lkfj;sa yksM+s xh iwjk djus vkg~yk f”k{kk ljca/kh ekgkSy ;dhuh cukus ysbZ
v/;kid nh Lok;rŸkk cM+h t:jh ,s A ftUuh Fkkg~j ] Lora=rk ] yphykiu rs vknj fo|kFkhZ xh pkfgnk
gksank ,s mUuk xS v/;kid xh pkfgnk ,s A fQygky iz”kklud O;oLFkk xr :f<+;ka] eRskgku] ikB~;p;kZ
lq/kkj nh dsUnzhd`r ;sktuk vkfn eqD[k v/;kid rs v/;kid nh Lok;rŸkk p jdkoVka u A tsdj ikB~;dze
ljca/kh Lora=rk gksanh ch gS rka v/;kid [kq*fYy;S mlnh cjrwu usbZa djh ldns dh ts iz”kkldsa nk vkns”k
mans dksy usbZa gksaank A bl ysbZ m*usaxh bPNk cjrus tksx cukuk rs manh enn djuk t:jh ,s A ftl
pkYyh tekrk ns EkkgkSy xh yksdrkaf=d ] yphyk rs Lohdkj djus vkg~yh laLd`fr nh yksM+ ,s] Ldwyh
laLFkku rs iz”kklud <kaps xh ch mLlS pkYyh nh yksM+ ,s A v/;kid uka flQZ vkns”k rs lwpuka xS gkly
djnk j*oS cYds mlnh ckt ch mIijS rxj lquh tkuh pkfgnh A v/;kid nh vkokt+ m*usa mIijysa rxj
ch lquh tkuh pkfgnh tsg~M+s vDlj QSlys djns u] tsg~M+s LdwyS p tekrh ftanxh rs laLd`fr xh QkSjh rkSjk
ij izHkkor djns u A v/;kidsa rs mans eqf[k;sa ns vkiwa fcPpsa ns ljca/k cjkscjh rs vkilh vknjHkko
vkg~ys gksus pkfgns rs QSlyk djus nh izfdz;k ] xYyk ckrk rs lykg~&e”ojsa ij v/kkjr gksuh pkfgnh A
xfrfof/k;sa ns lykuk] ekld rs g¶rs ns dyaMjS p leh{kk rs ;kstuk ysbZ f”k{kdsa ns vkiwa psa lEidZ ysbZ
leka gksuk pfkgnk ,s usgh pkYyh nk okrkoj.k eBsjus nh yksM+ ,s ftl p v/;kidsa p jyh & feyh dEe
djus nh lqfo/kk gks,s rs fooknsa ns fuiVkjs ysbZ ch dksbZ ra= gksuk pkfgnk ,s A
vDlj jsfM;ks rs Vh0oh0 tusgh rduhdsa xh v/;kidsa xh iqPNs cxSj xS mafn;sa tekrsa p ykbZ fnRrk
tank ,s Hkkesa vksg~ ykuk pkag~ns tka usbZa rs tka ¶gh dsg~ djuk ,s ,g~ ch tkuns u tka usbZa A bd ckjh ,g~
tekrk p yXxh tku ¶gh esn dhrh tanh ,s ts v/;kid b*usaxh cjru] tsYyS ds mank bl mIij dksbZ cl
usbZa gksank ts mans ijk dsg~ izlkjr gksx tka manh viuh f”k{kk ljca/kh ;sktuk,a dUuS vksg~ fdl pkYyh tqM+h
ldx A
169
4.8.1 fparu rs ;sktuk fuekZ.k ysbZ lek
d½ jkst ¼?kV~Vks&?kV~V½ 45 feUV nk leka fnuk HkjS ns dEeS&dktS nh leh{kk] cPps ckjs fVIi.kh cukus
ysbZ ] vxys fnu nh R;kjh rs vxys jkstS ns ikB nh lexzh fu;kstr djus]¼,g~ leka gkseodZ
fnD[kus ns lesa Fkeka ckn~/kk ,s A
[k½ g¶rs ns v/kkj ij ¼?kV~Vks&?kV~V 2-3 ?kSaVs ½ i<+kbZ nk tk;tk ySus ]xfrfof/k;sa xh izLrkor djus rs
vxys g¶rs ysbZ ikB~; nh ;kstuk cukus ysbZ gksuk pkfgnk A
x½ ekfld@ l= v/kkj ij ¼?kV~Vks&?kV~V bd fnu½ dEeS nh leh{kk] cPpsa ns flD[kus rs i<+kbZ ljca/kh
xfrfof/k;sa nh :ijs[kk R;kj djus ysbZ A
?k½ c*js ns “kq: rs [khj p gj bd ysbZ LdwyS ysbZ lkykuk ;kstuk R;kj djus vkLrS nks tka =S fnu
jD[kus nh yksM+ ,s] ftl p LFkkuh NqfV~V;sa] lykuk fnu ¼jk”Vªh fnu] [ks< fnol rs lkaLd`frd
?kVuk,a½ rs ekrk&firk rs f”k{kd ehfVaxk] ftl p iwjk Ldwy “kkey gks,s] vkLrS fnu gksus pkfgns A
vksg~ vifu;sa tekrsa ns lewg ysbZ lSj likVs rs QhYM fVªisa nh ch ;kstuk cuk³u rs dqlS ch
izktsDV ysbZ nks tka cn~/k Dyklka fdfV~B;ka dEe dj³u A m*usaxh Ldwy rs tekrsa ns i;kZoj.k xh
R;kj djus nh xfrfof/k;sa p ch R;kj djus ysbZ “kkey dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s] ft*;ka iksLVj ykuk rs
cnyuk] cPpsa ns dEeS xh O;ofLFkr djuk vkfn A leqnk; dUuS LdwyS ns ljca/ks nh leh{kk ysbZ ch
;kstuk p leka gksuk pfkgnk ,s ftl p fd”k eqn~ns ft*Unh fu”kkunsgh gksbZ pqdh nh gks,s rSg~ dhrs
tku] ft*;ka ukekadu] tekrk p gktjh rs Ldwysa fn;ka miyfC/k;ka vkfn A
ukSdjh ns nkSjku Vªsfuax ljca/kh ledkyh lesa ¼20 fnu izfr lky t:jh½ nh caM] bl
pkYyh nh leh{kk fparu rs ;kstuk,a vkLrS leka miyC/k djus cD[kh vka”kd rkSj ij dhrh tkbZ
ldnh ,s A
dyLVj Lrj ij bd fo”ks ns v/;kidsa nh ekld cSBd nk lfjLrk ftl p vksg~ vius
fopkjsa xh lka>k djh ldu rs vkSus vkg~ys Eghus p Ik<+kus nh R;kjh ch dUuS&dUuS djh
ldu A
170
bd g¶rs nh fo”ks ;kstuk % e”khuka ¼feMy Ldwy ] 5-6 tekrsa ysbZ ½
Dykl & I
[ksy & ftlyS esa dksbZ “kCn vk[kka rka nekxS p ts fd”k ch vkoS vksg~ lc fd”k vk[kh nsvks A
¶gh ¼tksM+s tk lewg~½ ml panh ij ppkZ djks A lka>sa ns v/kkj ij busa e”khusa nk oxhZ dj.k djks A
b*usaxh oxhZd`r djus nk dksbZ gksj rjhdk lkspks rs manh ijfr;S tekr canh djks A
cPps cD[k&cD[k pkYyh ns e”khusa ns uewus dV~Bs djus ysbZ cD[k&cD[k uewus R;kj dju
tka mans fp= cukb;S fpidkus nh ftEesnkjh vkiw ySu A
Dykl & II % e”khus ns ckjs p rql ts fd”k ch tkuuk pkagns vks mans ckjS rql ftUus ch lqvky
iqPNuk pkag~ns vks fy[kh ySvks A ¶gh fnD[kks ts fdUus ns tokc rqlsaxh iSg~ysa irk u rs fdUus ns
usbZa A
v/;kid gj bd cPps dksy tk rs mlh m*usa drkcsa ckjS nLlS fta*ns ckjS tokc rqIih
ldns u tka gksj nq, ek/;esa Fkeka ft*;ka yksdsa dUuS xYy ckr dfj;S A
cPpsa xh gkseodZ vkLrS tsg~M+s lqvky lksph ldns u % ßtsg~fM+;ka e”khuk vksg~ tkuns u mans
pk Js’B dsg~M+h ,s blns dkj.k nLlks ts mlxh rql Js’B dh euns vks aÞ A bl lqvky mIij ?kjS
p vius ekrk&firk] HkSusa &Hkzk,a rs nksLrsa dUuS ch ppkZ djus nh yksM+ ,s A
Dykl & III % cPps vius gkjseodZ vkg~ys lqvkysa ij ppkZ djns u A vksg~ rhljh tekrk vkg~ys
lqvkysa ns tokc rqIius nh dksf”k”k tkjh j[kns u rs viuk dEe v/;kid xh nlns u A v/;kid
,g~ ch iqNnk ,s ts dqlSxh e”khuk ckjS dfork vkSanh ,s rs tsdj usbZa rka vkiwa m*usaxh l[kkank
,s A ¼m*UuS R;kj gksb;S vkSuk pkfgnk½
Dykl & IV % gwu ikB~;iqLrd p e”khusa ij /;k· xh i<+ks A fnD[kks ts bl Fkeka e”khusa ckjS
gksj cn~/k dsg~ fnD[ksvk tkbZ ldnk ,s A lqvkysa ns tokc nsvks A
Dykl & V % lanHkZ iqLrd p xS fnŸks xsns funsZ”ksa nk ikyu djns gksbZ cPps bd ^fVIij Vªd*
[kMkSuk cukans u A lefxz;ka vXxsa xS dBsjh ysrh xsfn;ka u rs tekrk p miyC/k u A tka pkSFkh
tekr ns eqDdus ij bd panh nsbZ ldnk ,s rs cPpsa xh R;kj gksb;S vkSus vkLrS vk[kh ldnk ,s A
Dykl & VI % dEe iwjk djus nk leka @ fo”ks nk lekiu] v/;kid vklsvk m*usa ckn~/kw lqvkysa
xh ft*usaxh cPps tekrk ns ckn rqIiuk pkag~ns u ] m*usaxh fy[kus ysbZ vk[kus dUuS gksank ,s A
171
7-8 tekrsa ns cPpsa nk foLrkj djuk
foKku % D;k dksbZ tuk blnh O;k[;k djh ldnk ,s ts e”khu dsg~ ,s mnkgj.k usbZ nsvks] O;k[;k
djks A vkvks gwu “kCndks”k fn[kpS rs CySdcksMZ mIij vFkZ fy[kpS A gwu vXxs foKku nh ikB~;iqLrd tka
foKku ns “kCndks”k fn[kpS A nks,s vFkZ esypS A dsg~M+h ifjHkk”kk le>us p lkS[kh tka dsg~M+h xh rql erk
LgsbZ le>ns vks \ D;k gwu vl bd lanj] bd midj.k rs bd e”khuk p QdZ&Hksn djh ldus vka \
lekth foKku % dq*u ,g~ tkuuk pkg~x ts iSg~yh fizafVx izSl] VsyhQksu] cYc] vkVkseksckby] jsfM;ks @
Vh0oh ] iSfg;sa vkg~yh dqlhZ] lquus vkg~yh e”khu] #V~Vh idkus vkg~yh xSl rs LVkso ] diM+s lhus
vkg~yh e”khu] fQzt] dEI;wVj vkfn dqlus cuk, rs dsg~M+s nslS us cuk, A vkvks lkspus nh dksf”k”k
djpS rs ckn p irk ykpS ts b*usa vfo’dkjsa Fkeka iSg~ys yksd fd*;ka jkSag~ns gs A lk<+h jkstejkZ nh ftanxh
p A dqlS e”khuk nk usbZa gksus nk dsg~ vFkZ ,s \ blns Fkkg~j dsg~ cjrsvk tkbZ ldnk ,s \
ifjppkZ ns fo”ks % D;k 1. lEiUu oxZ tka ?kV~V lEiUu 2. efgyk tka 3. ensZ vklsvk dhrs tkus vkg~ys
dEesa ysbZ efr;sa e”khusa nk vfo’dkj gks, nk ,s \ nLlks dh \ dq*u e”khusa nh cjrwu T;knk djns u enZ
tk efgyka A
vaxzsth% fuca/k ns fo”ks % bd e”khu ftUu esjk thou cnyh fnRrk ¼lquus vkg~yh e”khu] isfg;sa vkg~yh
dqlhZ tka dksbZ gksj½ tka vksg~ e”khu tsg~M+h esa [kjhnuk pkg~³ rs dha \
izkWtsDV % e”khuka ft*ussa lk<+k thou cnyh fnŸkk & ldkjkRed & udkjkRed A e”khuka tsg~fM+;ka lk<s
dksy gSu & usbZa gSu ] lesa] lkS[k] vkjke rs dherk ns lanHkZ p fdl pkYyh lk<s thou ij izHkko
ikafn;ka u \ tka D;k rql ,g~ lksph ldns vks ts bd e”khuk xh ¼dqlS ch½ HkfoD[k p gksj lq/kkjsvk tkbZ
ldnk ,s \ rql HkfoD[k ysbZ bd e”khuk nk [kkdk f[kPph ldns vks vksg~nk MtSu R;kj djh ldns vks \
vksg~ns ckjS fy[kh ldns vks tka mlnk uewuk R;kj djh ldns vks A tka bd dkj] eksVj lkbZdy]
cSyxM~Mh ] isfg;as vkg~yh dqlhZ nk uewuk cukus p dq*usa xYysa xh /;kuk p jD[kuk ikSank ,s A blnh
leFkZ rs “kySis xh fd*;ka c/kk;k tkbZ ldnk ,s A
172
iteka /;k·
O;oLFkkxr lq/kkj
5.1 xq.koRrk nh fpark
5.2 ikB~;p;kZ ns izfr uekdj.k vkLrS v/;kidsa nh f”k{kk
5.3 ijh{kk lq/kkj
5.4 dEe dsUnzr f”k{kk
5.5 fopkj rs C;gkj p uekpkj
5.6 ufe;ka lka>snkfj;ka Ldwyh ikB~;p;kZ ns jk”Vªh iD[ksa nk tsg~M+k [kkdk fiNys /;k,a p vk;k ,s] vksg~ lekth psruk dUuS
tqM+s ns f”k{kk ns y{; ewtc m*usa fo|kfFkZ;sa xh utjh p jfD[k;S R;kj dhrk xsnk ,s tsg~M+s O;fDrxr rs
lkewfgd mn~nesasa jkgsa flQZ Kku ySus ns ctk, lfdz;rk dUuS fuekZ.k djus p yXxs ns u A bl pkYyh ns
ikB~;dze fnz”Vhdks.k xh leFkZu rs <kaps rs laLFkkusa ns O;oLFkkxr lq/kkjsa jkgsa cy nsus nh yksM+ ,s ft*Uns
dUuS Ldwysa p cPpsa nh “kewfy;r rs lgk;d vH;klsa xh cjksl Fgksanh ,s A bans p EgŸkoiw.kZ us] v/;kidsa
xh rS;kj djus nh ujh{k.k rs vdSMfed rs usr`Ro jkgsa mans is”ksoj O;ogkj p enn djus nh O;oLFkk ]
ikB~;iqLrdka] f”k{kk ljca/kh lexzh R;kj djus nh O;oLFkk ( fodsanzhdj.k rs iapk;rh jkt laLFkk( dEe
dsUnzr f”k{kk rs O;olk;d f”k{kk rs Vªsfuax ¼VET½ rs lHkusa Fkeka EgŸkoiw.kZ lajpukRed rRo ,s & ersgkusa
nh O;oLFkk@ikB~;p;kZ v/;kidsa vklsvk R;kj xfrfof/k;sa rs cPps ns vuqHkosa dUuS pfjrkFkZ gksanh ,s A Ldwysa
nk O;ogkj rs v/;kidsa nk vH;kl O;oLFkk ns f”kYi ij vkykspukRed <axS dUuS fuHkZj djns u A vksg~
xEHkhj [ksrj ft*Uans cD[kh /;ku nsus nh yksM+ ,s] manh fu”kkunsgh rs mans ij ppkZ vXxsa dhrh nh ,s A
173
5.1 xq.koRrk nh fpark
cD[k cD[k Lrjsa ij f”k{kk izko/kkusa nh xq.kork c/kkus ljca/kh iz;klsa p ikB~;p;kZ p lq/kkj
vkg~uuk lkjsa “kk eqD[k xYy ,s mlh ekStwn ikB~;dze fLFkfr;sa dUuS b*usa lanHksZa p fuCcM+us nh yksM+ ,s %
• tkudkjh xh Kku dUuS Hky[ksjus nh izo`fŸk ij dkcw dhrk tk A bl izo`fŸk dUuS fo”ks nk âkl gksus
p c<+kok feynk ,s A
• cPpsa nh i<+kbZ xh u[ksfM+;S fnD[kus nh izo`fŸk ns Fkkg~j fodklkRed ekudsa xh cjruk pkfgnk ,s
tsg~M+k izsj.kk rs leFkZ xh eBksjus p bd laiw.kZ rjhdk gksbZZ ldnk ,s A
• mRiknd dEek xh fiz&Ldwy Fkeka gk;j lSdaMªh Lrjsa rxj Kku xzkg~;rk] eqYysa ns fodkl rs
cgq&dkS”ky lajpuk ysbZ “kS{kf.kd ek/;e ns rkSjk ij fnD[ksvk tkuk pkfgnk ,s A
• jk”Vªh f”k{kk uhfr 1986 rs ih0vks0,0 1992 p tksj fnŸks xsns mikxesa ns yphysiu cUulcUusiu
xh ;dhuh cukans gksbZ ikB~;dze ljca/kh fodYi cPpsa ns lanHkZ p gksus pkfgns u A
• 1984 ns pV~Vksik/;k; deh”ku p flQkj”k dhrk xsnk v/;kiu ljca/kh is”ksojkukdj.k v/;kidsa nh
fu;qfDr ] ukSdjh Fkeka iSg~ys nk izf”k{k.k ] ukSdjh ns njku izf”k{k.k rs dEe dkth ifjfLFkfr;as dUuS
ljca/kr uhfr;sa p >yduk pfkgnk ,s A
• f”k{kk ljca/kh VSDukyksth xh Dykl Ik<+kus rs v/;kid izf”k{kk p lgk;d lexzh ns rkSjk ij
fnD[ksvk tkuk pkfgnk ,s uka ds bd fodYi ns rkSjk ij A
,g~ lQkj”kka bl xYyka nh lkjr djkfn;ak u ts lk<+h eqD[k fpark ,g~ ,s ts xq.koŸkk bd
O;oLFkkxr xq.k ,s uka ds dqlS gkly tka phtk nk tka fgnk;r&y{k.k A eksdys vFksZ p xq.koŸkk ml
O;oLFkk nh bl leFkkZ nh lwpd gksanh ,s tsg~M+h viuh dfe;sa xh nwj djus rs ufe;sa ;ksX;rk,a nk fodkl
djus ysbZ vius p lq/kkj vkg~unh ,s A vTt lk<+h O;oLFkk p ft*usa eqD[k lq/kkjsa nh yksM+ ,s vksg~ u
tsg~M+s van:uh tM+rk rs cnyksans gkykrsa dUuS blns erHksnsa mIij dkcw iku A ,g~ pukSfr;ka m*,s u ft*Uns
ij 1992 nh dEe ;kstuk ij cy fnŸkk xsvk ts ft*usaxh vk/kqfud cukus ysbZ cM~Ms iSekus mIij yphysiu
cjrus nh yksM+ ,s A ikB;dze rs izf”k{k.k ljca/kh dEe&dkt uesa fodsUnzh <kaps dUuS tqM+s ns jkSg~u bl ysbZ
174
t:jr ,s ts lq/kkj ns y{; rs i)fr;ka cM+h Li”Vrk rs LgsbZ <axk dUuS c[kkfu;ka tku A gsB fnrs nas xh
iSg~y fnrh tkuh pkfgnh ,s %
• Ldwyk xh vius Lrj ij lexzh [kjhnus LFkkuh laLFkk,a dUuS lSg~;ksx djus rs izkbZosV Ldwysa lesr
vius ykds ns gksjusa Ldwysa dUuS dEesa p “kkey gksus ysbZ QSlyk ySus nh [kq*Yy gksuh pkfgnh ,s A
• lyscl cukus rs ikB~;&iqLrdka R;kj djus ljca/kh izfdz;k,a p izkbZejh] mPp izkbejh rs gk;j
lSdaMªh Lrjsa rxj vkilh J`a[kyrk gksuh pkfgnh A
• bl pkYyh fn;ka lajpuka fodlr gksu ft*Uns p Ldwyh v/;kid rs mPp f”k{kk laLFkkusa Fkeka fo”ksa
ns ekfgj lyscl cukus rs ikB~;iqLrd R;kj djus p fdV~Bs dEe dju A
• ,sls latksx iSnk dhrs tku ftUns p LFkkuh Lrj mIij izfrfuf/k laLFkkuh v/;kidsa nh dk;Z”khyrk
xh c/kkbZ ldu A
• xSj ljdkjh laxBusa rs fu.kkZ· ySus vkg~yh laLFkk,a e>kVS lSg~;ksx A
• cD[k&cD[k lajpuk,a rs fu.ksZ ns cD[k&cD[k Lrjsa e>kVS xYyckr rs ikjnf”kZrk ns fodkl nk
mRlkg c/kkuk tkuk pkfgnk A
xq.koŸkk flQZ dEedkth xq.k nh dlkSVh usbZa gksanh A blnk eqYy ljca/kh vk;ke ch gksank ,s A
f”k{kk nh xq.kork p lq/kkj ljca/kh tru rka xS lQy gksbZ ldns u tsdj cjkscjh rs lekth U;ka· xh
c<+kok nsus ljca/kh xSbZa ch blns “kkuk&c&”kkuk gksu A miO;oLFkk,a nh cgqyrk rs Ldwysa fn;ka fdLeka f”k{kk
O;oLFkk nh lewyph xq.koŸkk ij ekM+k izHkko ikus vkg~fy;ka gksafn;ka u A dh ts lekt ns ers eq[kjr rcdsa
nh roTtk fo|kFkhZ tula[;k ns bd ykSg~ds lkjs fgLls rxj iqTth tanh ,s A eqY[kk ns cD[k&cD[k fgLlsa p
rqyukRed xq.koŸkk xh ;dhuh cukus ysbZ bd loZlkekU; Ldwy&O;oLFkk fodlr djus t:jr ,s] tsg~M+k ds
bl jk”Vªh ikB~;p;kZ :ijs[kk nk y{; ,s rs bC*ch ;dhuh cukus nh yksM+ ,s ts tsYyS cD[k&cD[k
iNkSdM+sa Fkeka vk, ns cPps fdV~Bs i<+u rka ,g~ f”k{kk nh lewyph xq.koŸkk xh lq/kkjS rs LdwyS ns
vkpkj&”kkL= xh le`) djS A tsdj bl nLrkost p c[kkusvk xsnk ikB~;dze fnz”Vhdks.k ¼yphykiu]
lanHkZrk rs cgqyrk½ loZlkekU; Ldwy O;oLFkk xh fodlr djus nk v/kkj ,s rk f”k{kk nh bd jk”Vªh
175
O;oLFkk] ftRFkS dksbZ nks Ldwy bDdS tusg~ usbZa gks³u] lkdkj gksx A ikB~;p;kZ nh ;kstuk ns bd mís”; ns
rkSjk ij lekth U;ka· ns dsbZ Li”V vFkZ etwn u ij fd”k xkS.k edln ch gSu A bd vfHkizk; rs ,g~ ,s
ts ,g~ns ysbZ [kkl iz;kl dhrs tkus nh yksM+ ,s ts f”k{kk lekos”kh iUNku nk fodkl djs A
Hkk”kk rs /keZ nh cukg ij ?kV~V fxurjh vkg~ys cPpsa ysbZ lafo/kku p fnrs xsns fnz”Vhdks.k erkcd
[kkl&[kkl izko/kkusa rs fnD[kfjD[k nh yksM+ ,s A vkfnoklh Hkk”kk ns ljca/kk p fd”k jkT;sa ,g~ EgŸkoiw.kZ
O;oLFkk dhrh nh ,s ts cPpsa nh eqa<yh f”k{kk mUnh viuh Hkk”kk p xS gks,s A cgqHkk”kh lqfo/kk eqgS;k
djus vkLrS v/;kid vklsvk [kjs&[kkls mik; djus nh t:jr ,s enjlk f”k{kk ns ikB~;dze&[ksrj xh
eksdyk djus vkLrS ch bLlS pkYyh nh uhfr xh etcwr cukus nh yksM+ ,s A
IkkB~;p;kZ uhfr ns mn~ns”; ns :ik p lekth U;ka· xh lqxerk dUuS “kkey dhrk tkuk erk
pukSfr Hkjkspk ,s A ,g~ tkx:drk rs leFkZ] yphykiu rs ikB~;dze cukus vkg~ys] ikB~;iqLrdka fy[kus
vkg~ysa rs v/;kidsa e>kVS dYiuk”khy rkyesy dUuS ljca/k j[knk ,s A f”k{kk lHkusa fo|kfFkZ;sa ysbZ fodkl
nk vuqHko gks,ss Hkkesa vksg~ dqlS ch lekth vkfFkZd rs lkaLd`frd iNkSdM+ Fkeka dh usbZa gksu A ,g~ns ysbZ
v/;kidsa nk izf”k{k.k] ikB~;p;kZ rs ikB~;iqLrd cukus fn;ka Bksl izfdz;k viukb;ka tkfu;ka pkfgfn;ka u A
v/;kidsa ns izf”k{k.k dk;Zdze ch0,M] ,e0,M vTt ftl fLFkfr p u] ml p v/;kid xh bl
ftEesnkjh vkg~yh cD[kh ts vksg~ dyklk p usgk okrkoj.k cuku ftRFkS gkf”k;s ns lekt ns yksd rs
[kkl dfj;S dqfM+;sa ysbZ ch euklc okrkoj.k gks,s] [kkl /;ku nsus nh yksM+ ,s A ikB~;dze cukus tka
ikB~;iqLrd fy[kus ns flyflys p lkaLd`frd fHkUurk nh xYy ckn p ySrh tUnh ,s tsYyS ds mlh vksg~nk
van:uh fgLlk gksuk pkfgnk ,s A fyax Gender rs [kkl t:jrsa ns ekeys bDdS tusg~ u A jk”Vªh
ikB~;p;kZ :ijs[kk mIij gksvk djns cpkj&cVkanjs p ,u0lh0bZZ0vkj0Vh0 xh vk, ns ers lkjs lq>k,a pk
bd lq>k· bd vn~/k dpjh cjslw nh dqM+h iklsvk vk;k ftl p ,g~ xyk;k xsvk gk ts bl xYyk ns
[kkl mik· dhrs tkus pkfgns u ts tkxrsa p bl xYyk nh psruk txS ts m*usa dqfM+;sa dUuS fd*;ka O;gkj
djuk ,s A bl fopkj xh Dykl rs Ldwy nh laLd`fr ljca/kh lHkusa iSg~yq,a dUuS tksM+svk tkuk pfkgnk A
176
5.1.1 vdknfed ;kstuk rs xq.koŸkk nk fujh{k.k
Ldwyh f”k{kk nh blyS nh vdknfed ;kstuk eqD[k rkSjk ij lykuk ¼Top Down½ ijh{kk ij
v/kkjr ,s A bl ;kstuk nh fuxkg bl xYyk ij gksanh ,s ts c*js Hkj ns f”k{kk le; xh] fo”ksa i<+kus rs
Ldwyk fn;sa nwb;S xfrfof/k;sa p fdl pkYyh c.Msvk tk A ,g~ ,l0lh0vkj0Vh0 rs cD[k&cD[k f”k{kk
foHkkxsa tk Mk;jsDVksjsVsa vklsvk dhrk tUnk ,s rs jkT; ns lHkusa Ldwysa mIij bd cjkscj ykxw gksank ,s A
Ldwyh Lrj mIij ;kstuk ns EgŸko mIij dksBkjh deh”ku us tksj fnRrk gk tsg~ns p m*usa gj Ldwyk xh bd
ßlaLFkkuxr ;kstukÞ R;kj djus ysbZ vk[ksvk gk rka ts fodkl ljca/kh izkSxzkesa xh lesa c) dhrk tkbZ
lds A
v/;{ksa rs v/;kidsa nh lgHkkfxdrk dUuS bd lkFkZd vdknfed ;kstuk R;kj dhrh tkuh gksx A
;kstuk ljca/kh bd vax Ldwyk ns HkkSrd lk/kusa p lq/kkj ns tru gksuk gksx A nwvk] fo|kfFkZ;sa
fn;sa cD[k&cD[k t:jrsa xh iwjk djus vkLrS njdkj Ldwyk xh fnŸkh tkus vkg~yh vdknfed enn nh
u”kkunsgh djhuk gksx A ;kstuk nh izfdz;k bd EgŸkoiw.kZ izfdz;k ,s tsg~ns jkgsa Ldwy cM~Ms rcds xh cPpsa
nh f”k{kk dUuS tksfM+;S mUns Fkeka enn gkly djh ldnk ,s A ,g~ns p xzka f”k{kk desfV;ka rs nwb;ka fo/kkud
laLFkka “kkey u A lw{e ;sktuk ftl p xzk,a ns Lrj mIij Ldwysa nh fgLlsnkjh [kkdkd”kh ¼;kstuk cukus rs
ykxw djus nh voLFkk,a p ^usbZa nk[ky gks, ns cPpsa] gktjh ns uewus] [kkl t:jrsa vkg~ys cPpsa* cxSjk½
rs euqD[kh lalk/kusa nh u”kkunsgh Ldwyh Lrj mIij erh lqrSarjrk ns mís”; dUuS LdwyS xh gj cPps ns
lanHkZ p ers ;FkkFkZoknh v/kkj mIij ;kstuk cukus xh vk[knh ,s A dUuS xS b*Cch t:jh ,s tsg~M+k /ku
nqvk;k tk vksg~nh cjrwu xh ysb;S iwjk yphykiu j*oS rs m*usa [kpZas p ftEesnkjh nh Hkkouk rs ikjnf”kZrk
j*oS A
bd ,slh O;oLFkk ns fodlr dhrs tkus nh yksM+ ,s tsg~ns p erh foLr`r rs vly ;kstuk gsBys
Lrj mIij cusa uka ds jk”Vªh tka izkarh Lrjsa mIij cuh fn;sa ;kstuk,a xh ykxw ekŸkj djh fnRrk tk A flQZ
rka xS Ldwy rs v/;kidsa nk ^pquka·*] ^[kqn eq[R;kjh* rs cPpsa nh t:jrsa ns izfr Ldwyk nh ftEesnkjh
lkFkZd gksbZ ldx A ftyk Lrj mIij fodsUnzhdj.k xh ykxw djus ysbZ DyLVj rs Cykd Lrjsa ij bd
177
cM~Mh ;kstuk nh :ijs[kk R;kj dhrs tkus nh yksM+ ,s A rka xS b*usa lHkusa Lrjsa ij y{;sa nk fu/kkZj.k mUns
ysbZ ;kstuk fuekZ.k rs manh ftEesnkjh fuHkkuk laHko gksbZ ldx A
5.1.2 Ldwyk p rs Ldwyk ns fujh{k.k ysbZ vdknfed usr`Ro
Ldwysa p gSMekLVj nh vdknfed vxqokbZ nh Hkwfedk vtsa yksM+pns <axk dUuS fuHknh usbZa yHknh A
vTtk ns nkSj p m*usaxh Ldwyk p dqy eykb;S bd iz”kklfud vf/kdkjh ns :ik p ySrk tank ,s A vtsa
ds ml vf/kdkj ns iz;skx vkLrS mUns p yksM+pns fu;a=.k nh deh gksanh ,s tka Ldwyk fn;sa xfrfof/k;sa xh
fu;er <aaxk dUuS pykus ljca/kh iwjs vf/kdkj ch mUns dksy usbZa gksans A mUns dksy vDlj uka rs leFkkZ
gksanh ,s uka xS Ldwyh ikB~;p;kZ ljca/kh ekkeysa xh ucsM+us ysbZ fodYi pquus rs fu.kZsa ySus ljca/kh
b[r;kj A gSMekLVjsa rs v/;kidsa xh bl ;ksX; gksuk pkfgnk ,s ts vksg~ bl xYyk nh u”kkunsgh djh
ldu ts vksg~ vius Ldwysa ns ckjs p fdl fdLek nk [kkl lSg;ksx pkag~ns u A m*usaxh izf”k{k.k ljca/kh rs
DyLVj rs Cykd veys iklsvk LdwyS ns nkSjsa ns ckjs p xYy pqDduh pkfgnh rs fnD[kfjD[k rs fujh{k.k
p mUns dUuS lkFk djuk pkfgnk ,s A orZeku p m*usaxh v/;kidsa Fkeka cD[k usbZa le>svk tUnk ?kV~Vks?kV~V
vdknfed ekkeysa p A gSMekLVj rs gSMekLVjsa nk lewg~ Ldwysa ns lanHkZ fcPp tsg~M+h Hkwfedk uHkkbZ ldns
u mlh izeq[krk dUuS jD[ks tkus nh t:jr ,s rs bl ljca/kk p lalk/ku fuekZ.k mIij /;ku fnRrs tkus
nh yksM+ ,s A
Ldwysa p vTtdy xq.koŸkk c/kkus] i;kZoj.k psruk ns izpkj&izlkn rs lsgr vkfn tusg~ jk”Vªh
ljksdkjsa xh /;kuk p jD[kus ns mís”; dUuS dsbZa pkYyh ns izksxzke pykus mIij tksj ,s A gSMekLVjsa xh
vDlj dsbZa pkYyh ns izksxkzesa p fgLlk ySus ysbZ vk[ksvk tUnk ,s A b*usa izksxzkesa p vDlj vius mn~ns”;
rs i)fr ns ckjs p Li”Vhdj.k nh deh gksanh ,s rs mfUn;ka xfrfof/k;ka vDlj bd&nq, dUuS tkbZ
Vdjksfn;ak u A ,g~ t:jh ,s ts Ldwyh Lrj nh ;kstuk izfdz;k ns vax gksus ns ukrs vksg~ izksxzkesa ckjS
fu.kkZ· ySus p vksg~ Hkkxhnkj cuu ftl dUuS ,g~ irk yXxh ldS ts vksg~ fdl pkYyh b*usa izksxzkesa xh
viuh fu;er Ldwyp;kZ nk fgLlk cukbZ ldns u A ckn p ,g~ izksxzke DyLVj rs Cykd Lrj mIij pyk,
tkbZ ldns u A
178
ijEijkxr rkSjk ij Ldwyk ns fujh{k.k nk dEe baLiSDVj O;oLFkk jkgsa gksank vk;k ,s A bl
O;oLFkk us vkerkSjk mIij lRrk ns fu;a=.k cD[kh erh Hkwfedk uHkkbZ ,s A v/;kidsa xh bl Fkeka dqlS
pkYyh nk vdknfed leFkZu usbZa Fgksvk A Ldwy baLiSDVj dsbZa dEe ljvatke fnans u ft*Uns p bd
dEe Ldwyk nk nkSjk djuk ch “kkey ,s A mUns nkSjs dnsa dnk,a xS gksans u rs ft*Uns njku fo|kFkhZ rs
v/;kid Ldwyk nh ldkjkRed rLohj izLrqr djns u rs lt+k ns Mj dUuS gdhdr lkeuS usbZa vkSanh A
bl pkYyh ns C;gkj dUuS fujh{k.k nh dkjokbZ rqPN gkbZ tanh ,s rs iqylh dkjokbZ cuh tanh ,s A
Dykl fo”ks”k nh i<+kbZ ns lanHkZ p xq.koŸkk vkLrS fujh{k.k bd izfdz;k ns rkSjk ij le>svk tkuk
pkfgnk ,s tsg~M+k i<+kbZ rs flD[kus nh izfdz;k,a ns ckjs p jpukRed izfrfdz;k eqgS;k djnk ,s A fujh{k.k
nh O;oLFkk xh y{;] ekudsa rs O;ogkjd vFksZa p dkQh lksp&fopkj dUuS ykxw dhrk tkuk pkfgnk ,s rka
ts yksM+pns urhts gkly gksbZ ldu A ,g~ tekrh lanHkZ p v/;kid&f”k{k.k ns vFksZa p O;fDrxr Ldwysa
dUuS leoU;kRed esy&C;gkj nh lqfo/kk nsus vkg~yk gksuk pkfgnk ,s A
5.1.3 iapk;r rs f”k{kk
lafo/kku ns 73 esa la”kks/ku ewtc eqY[kk p puks, ns esEcjsa dUuS xzka] rkyqd rs ftyk =*Åa Lrjsa
mIij iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk ykxw dhrh xsbZ tsg~M+h yksdsa xh mans lkewfgd fgrsa vkLrS lkspus] QSlyk ySus rs
vey djus tksx cukanh ,s] fodkl dEesa p manh cn/kkscn~/k “kewfy;r ;dhuh cukanh ,s] fj;klrk p xzka
fodkl izksxzkesa xh izHkko”kkyh <axk dUuS ykxw djus rs vkfFkZd fodkl rs lekth U;ka· ysbZ izksxzke fu;kstr
rs ykxw djus xh ;dhuh cukanh ,s A 73 esa la”kks/ku p usg~ 29,a fo”ksa nh u”kkunsgh dhrh xsbZ ,s ft*usaxh
iapk;rsa nh fuxjkuh p Hkstsvk tkuk ,s A bans p izkbZejh rs lSdaMªh f”k{kk] izkS<+ rs xSjjLeh f”k{kk]
ykbcszfj;ka] rduhdh izf”k{kk rs O;olk;d f”k{kk “kkey u A lHkusa jkT; ljdkjsa jkT; iapk;rh jkt ,DV
cuk, rka ts fodsanzhdj.k ns lafo/kkud izko/kkusa ns v/kkj mIij yksdra= rs fodkl nh cŸk in~/kjh gks,s A
dEes dktsa p vusdkFkZdrk ¼ Overlap½ rs lafnX/krk
eqY[kk p dsb;sa jkT;sa iapk;r jkt O;oLFkk ns cD[k&cD[k Lrjsa p ykxw dhrs tkus tksx dEe&dkt
rs xfrfof/k;sa nh u”kkunsgh dhrh ,s A dsbZ jkT;s ap ,g~ns dUuS ljca/kr dEe ih0vkj0bZ0 xh gj Lrj
mIij lkSaih fnŸks xs u A vtsa ds veyh rkSjk ij Hkk,a rkyqd rs xzka iapk;r tusfg;ka laLFkka fd”k xS dEe
179
ljvatke fnafn;k u A fd”k jkT;sa p rU[kkg~ caMus xh NksfM+;S rkyqd rs xzka iapk;rka f”k{kk] lsgr] efgyk rs
cky fodkl ns [ksrjk p dksbZ mYys[kustksx dEe usbZa djfn;ka A bUuk xS usbZa blns cD[k&cD[k Lrjsa
mIij] ,g~ns C;gkj rs dEesa dktsa p vksM+d Lrjsa mIij vusdkFkZrk rs vkiwa psa lafnX/krk ch fnD[kus p
vkSaanh ,s A b*usa lafnX/krk,a nk urhtk vDlj yM+kbZ&>xM+k gksank ,s tsg~M+k =kSusa Lrjsa xh izHkkor djnk ,s]
[kkl dfj;S dq*u ;kstuk cukank ,s \ dq*u fu.kkZ ySank ,s ] pquka dqu djnk] eatwjh dq*u fnank ,s \ ykxw
dq*u djnk ,s] jisvk iSlk dq*u fnank ,s\ /ku dq*u fnank ,s ] fuxjkuh dq*u djnk ,s \ Li”V ,s ts
cD[k&cD[k Lrjsa mIij Hkwfedk fu/kkZj.ksa p Li”Vrk nh deh ,s A
iwjdrk nk fl)kar
iwjdrk nk fl)kar iapk;rh jkt nk eqD[k v/kkj ,s bl fl)kar ns erkcd ßtks dEe ftl Lrj
mIij laHko ,s mlh mLlS Lrj mIij dhrk tkuk pkfgnk mPp&Lrj mIij usbZa A tsg~M+k dEe [k*yds lrj
mIij Bhd pkYyh dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s mlh mLlS Lrj mIij dhrk tkuk pkfgnk ,s AÞ ,g~ fl)kar bd
rdZ rs ;FkkFkZ fo”ys”ku nh eax djnk ,s ftl dUuS iapk;rh jkt ns cD[k&cD[k Lrjsa ij Bhd <axk dUuS
dEe gksbZ ldu A bl fl)kar ns erkcd iapk;rh jkt ns cD[k bnkjsa xh dEe lkSains gksbZ b*Cch ;dhuh
cukuk t:jh gksank ,s ts mans dEesa xh veyh “kdy nsus ysbZ yksM+pnk iSlk ch dUuS xS eqgS;k dhrk tk A
iapk;r jkt xh etcwrh iznku djuk
[kqneq[R;kj jftLVMZ laLFkk,a nh “kdyh p cjkscjh vkg~fy;ka laLFkk dk;e djuk elky ns rkSjk]
ftyk lk{kjrk lfefr;ka] Mh0ih0bZ0ih0 lfefr;ka] fj;kLrh lrg ij ,l0,l0,0 lfefr;ka bLlS pkYyh
rkyqd rs xzk,a nh lrg ij lfefr;sa ns xBu us iapk;rh jkt laLFkk,a ns vf/kdkjsa nk ekStw Mksvk;k ,s A A
cjkscjh p pyus vkg~fy;ka ,g~ laLFkka cD[k&cD[k Lrjsa mIij cD[k&cD[k lSDVjsa p cM~Ms iSekus ij lkeuS
vkbZ xsfn;ka u A
gj xzka p xzke f”k{kk lfefr] tykxe lfefr] jS;rfe= lfefr] taxy lfefr oxSjk gksafn;ka u A
ft*Uns pk dksbZ ch iapk;r rs izfr nsunkjh usbZa le>nh A b*usa lfefr;sa xh ckg~jk fn;sa vkFkZd enn nsus
vkg~fy;sa ,tSfl;sa Fkeka [kklk eq[rk /ku izkIr gksank ,s rs vkerkSjk ij b*usa lfefr;sa p xzka ns ekynkj yksd
gksans u A eq[rlj ,g~ ts iapk;rh jkt ns dEes&dktsa fn;s aleL;k,a nk laf{kIr C;kSjk b*;k ,s %
180
1. iapk;r jkt ns cD[k&cD[k Lrjsa mIij lkSais xsns dEesa dkts rs mUns ysbZ eqgS;k dhrs xsns jis· iSls
e>kVS dksbZ rkyesy usbZa A
2. xzka Lrj mIij cjkscjh vkg~fy;sa desfV;sa ns xBu us yksdrkaf=d rjhds dUuS puksbZ fn;sa desfV;sa xh
bd cD[kh ykbZ fnRrk ,s A ,g~ bd pkYyh uS LFkkuh ;sktuk p turk nh fgLlsnkjh nk ekStw
Mqvkuk ,s A
fiNys fd”k c*js p Cykd rs ftyk Lrj mIij ,sls vkadM+s jD[kus nk tksj c/ksvk ,s tsg~ns p
Ldwyk p nk[kyk ySus vkg~ysa nh nj] Ldwy NksM+us vkg~ysa rs xfrfof/k;sa ns vkadM+s jD[ks tku A
,g~ vkadM+s cM~Ms Lrj mIij Ldwy izca/ku ns ysgktk dUuS ch Ldwysa nk fujh{k.k djus ysbZ ekunaMs
ns rkSjk ij cjrs tUns u A ljdkjh n¶rjsa vklsvk bl nck· dUuS ts vkadM+sa ljca/kh fjdkMZ xh
foLrkj p rs fu;er rkSjk ij Bhd Bkd jD[ksvk tk Ldwysa mIij [kklk nck· c/kh xsvk ,s A ,g~ns dUuS
usbZa pkag~ns gksbZ ch Ldwyk nh dkjdnZxh ns izn”kZu p la[;k nk EgŸko c/kh xsvk ,s tsYyS ds vdknfed
;kstuk rs ikB~;p;kZ xh tksM+us nh fn”kk p dksbZ [kkl dEe usbZa gksvk A
Cykd lalk/ku dsanz rs ladqy ¼Cluster½ lalk/ku dsanz vxM+h iSjoh ¼follow up½ jkgsa Ldwysa rs
v/;kidsa mIij utj jD[kus ysbZ gj ftys p dEe djk djns u A izf”k{k.k nsus ysbZ ftyk f”k{kk rs
izf”k{k.k laLFkku gj ftys p cuk, xsns u A vkiwa psa jynh&feynh xfrfof/k;sa rs Li”Vrk nh deh ns dkj.k
b*usa laLFkk,a nk dEe izHkkor gksvk djnk ,s A vdlj b*usa lal/kku dsanzs ns vf/kdkjh NM+s iz”kklfud rs
vkadM+s fdV~Bs djus ns dEesa ysbZ xS jkSag~ns u A Ldwyh Lrj nh vdknfed ;kstuk nk fodsUnzhdj.k rs
v/;kidsa nk lfdz; rs jpukRed ;ksxnku ikB~;p;kZ izlkj ns lanHkZ p cPpsa fn;sa t:jrsa dUuS fucM+h
ldnk ,s A ,g~ t:jh ,s ts Cykd lalk/ku dsanzs rs Ldwy lalk/ku dsanzzs xh lafdz; cuk;k tk rka ts vksg~
Lgwyrh Hkwfedk uHkkbZ ldu A b*Cch t:jh ,s ts b*usa dsansza p tkudkj O;fDr,a nh Hkwfedk fu”pr dhrh
tk fo”ksa ljca/kh mUnh tkukdjh rs izf”k{k.k ns v/kkj mIij mUnh leFkZ nk fodkl dhrk tk rs m*usaxh
Fkkg~j fnRrk tk ftRFkS vksg~ [kqn eq[r;kjh dUuS dEe djh ldu A ctk, blns ts :Vhu vkg~yk ys[kk
ckg~j dqrS gksj dk;Z”kky cxSjk dju ,g~ dsanz viuh LFkkuh t:jrsa ns erkcd dk;Z “kkyk,a nk vk;sktu rs
mUnh iSjoh ¼follow-up½ ljca/kh xfrfof/k;ka djh ldns u A Ldwy nkSSjs ns fu;e] O;ofLFkr fujh{k.k ns
181
funsZ”k] QhMcSd rs vdknfed enn cxSjk ns rjhds ch rik”ks tkus nh yksM+ ,s A laLFkk ljca/kh bd usg~
ra= nh ch t:jr ,s tsg~M+k cD[kjs&cD[kjs Lrjsa mIij lalk/ku dsanzs vklsvk fodflr dhrs xsns dEesa dUuS
rkyesy jD[kS A
v/;kidsa vkLrS Ldwy v/kkfjr vdknfed lgk;rk xh lqn`<+ cuk,s tkus nh fnz”Vh dUuS ,g~ t:jh
,s ts xzka] DyLVj rs Cykd Lrj mIij rs bLlS pkYyh “kSg~jh vykds p ch usg~ tkudkj yksdsa nh fyLV
R;kj dhrh tk ft*Uns d”kk lesa&lesa ij v/;kidsa nh yksM+k erkcd lq>ko ySrs tkbZ ldu tsg~ns dUuS uesa
fopkjsa rs vuqHkosa rs dEek ns lanHkZ p enn feyh ldS A ,g~ rka xS laHko gksbZ ldnk ,s ts bl pkYyh nh
lgk;rk Cykd rs Ldwy Lrj ij R;kj dhrh tk rs ¶gh m*usaxh fu;er f”k{kk lgk;rk dk;Zdze dUuS
tksfM+;S ,g~ns ysbZ vkFkZd enn miyC/k djkbZ tkbZ ldnh ,s A
5.2 ikB~;p;kZ ns uekdj.k vkLrS v/;kidsa nh f”k{kk
vtsa ds 1960 ns ng~kds Fkeka xS v/;kidsa nh is”ksoj R;kjh xh cM+k ykteh eUusvk tank jsgk ,s ij
,g~nh tehuh lPpkbZ fpark tksx ,s A dksBkjh deh”ku ¼1964/1966½ us bl xYyk mIij tksj fnRrk ,s ts
v/;kidsa nh f”k{kk xh vdknfed thou nh eqD[k /kkjk dUuS tksM+svk tkuk pkfgnk ,s] ij v/;kid f”k{kk
laLFkk Insular organizations vkg~yk ys[kk pyfn;ka vkok fn;ka u A pÍksik/;k; desVh nh ,g~ lQkj”k
gh ts 12eha ns ckn lSdaMªh Lrj ns v/;kid ns izf”k{k.k nk leka iat c*jsa gksuk pkfgnk ,s % ,g~ns p bCch
lq>k· gk ts lkbZal rs dyk ljca/kh dkytas p bd f”k{kk foHkkx nh LFkkiuk ch gksuh pkfgnh ,s rka ts
fo|kFkhZ v/;kid f”k{kk ns fo”ks xh viukbZ ldu A 1993 nh ;”kiky desVh nh fjiksVZ ßfctu cks> f”k{kkÞ
p vk[ksvk xsvk ,s ßb*usa izksxzkesa p tksj bl xYyk mIij gks,ss ts l[kykbZ ySus vkg~ysa vkiwa flD[kus rs
lqrSarj fparu nh ;ksX;rk xzSg~.k djus p leFkZ gksbZ ldu A
5.2.1 f”k{kk fn;ka orZeku fparka Hkkesa v/;kid f”k{kk izksxzke ,slh O;oLFkk xh cudkus vkLrS v/;kidsa xh izf”k{k.k fnans u ] ftl
p f”k{kk xh flQZ lwpuk nk lapkju ekŸkj le>svk tank ,s A
182
ikB~;dze lq/kkjsa ns iz;klsa xh Bhd <axk dUuS v/;kid f”k{kk jkgsa dksbZ enn usbZ feyh ldh A
cM~Ms iSekus mIij iSjk· v/;kidsa nh fu;qfDr us is”ksoj f”k{kdsa ns rkSjk ij v/;kikdsa ns vknjeku xh tksg~
itk;k ,s A 1990 ns ng~kds ns ers lkjs iz;kl v/;kidsa nh ukSdjh ns njku izf”k{k.k eqn~ns mIij gs A ,g~ns
djh ukSdjh Fkeka iSg~ys rs uksdjh njku v/;kid f”k{kk e>kVS nk fNaMk [kklk c/ksvk A fiz&izkbZejh] izkbZejh
rs lSdaMªh v/;kidsa xh mPp Kku ns dsUnsza Fkeka ijs jD[kuk tkjh ,s rs mfUn;sa O;olk;d fodkl ljca/kh
t:jrsa cD[kh dqlS nk /;ku usbZa xsvk A ekStwnk v/;kid&f”k{kk dk;Zdze uka rs lanHkZ rs f”k{k.k ljc/kh
mCHkjns fopkjsa xh Fkkg~j fnans u rs uka xS Ldwy rs lekt c”dkj ljca/ksa ns eqn~ns dUuS fuCcM+ns u A ,g~ns
p uekpkjh f”k{kkRed iz;kssxsa dUuS ckg~&ckLrS ysbZ ch ?kV~V xS Fkkg~j ,s A
v/;kid f”k{kk nbs [ksrjk p vuqHko bl xYyk nh lkjr djkans u ts ikB~;p;kZ p Kku ikB~;p;kZ
p ^iznŸk* ns rkSjk ij ySrk tank ,s rs cxSj dqlS uqDrkphuh ns vaxhdkj dhrk tank ,s A ikB~;p;kZ lyscl
rs ikB~;iqLrdsa xh fo|kFkhZ&v/;kidsa tka fu;er v/;kidsa iklsvk dnsa ch vkykspukRed tkpsvk&ij[ksvk
usbZa xsvk A bd v/;kid nh Hkk”kkbZ fuiq.krk xh c/kkus nh t:jr ,s rs ekStwnk v/;kid&f”k{kk dk;Zdze
ikB~;p;kZ p Hkk”kk nh dsUnzh;rk xh ekU;rk usbZa fnans A ,g~ le>svk tank ,s ts fgnk;rh ekMysa rs lkbzalh
fo”ksa nh i<+kbZ e>kVS ljca/k izksxzke ns njku vius&vki eBksbZ ikSans u A ers lkjs v/;kid f”k{kk izksxzke
fo|kFkhZ &v/;kidsa xh vius vuqHko tkg~j djus nh cM+h Fkksg~M+h xatS”k j[kns u rs bl pkYyh v/;kid xh
ßifjorZu nk drkZÞ ns :ik p l”kDr djus p vlQy jkSag~ns u A
5.2.2 v/;kid&f”k{kk vkLrS fnz”Vhdks.k
Ldwy&O;oLFkk Fkeka mCHkjfn;sa eaxsa ns lanHkZ p v/;kid&f”k{kk xh erk laosnu”khy gksuk gksx A
blns ysbZ blh v/;kiu xh b*usa Hkwfedk,a ysbZ R;kj djuk gksx %
• fo|kfFkZ;sa xh vifu;ka ;ksX;rka rik”kus] vifu;sa “kjhjh&ckS)d laHkkouk,a xh iwjh pkYyh O;Dr
djus rs bd ftEesnkj ukxfjd nh Hkwfedk uHkkus vius fdjnkj rs yksM+pfn;sa lekth rs euqD[kh
dnjsa nk fodkl djus ysbZ v/;kiu&f”k{k.k fLFkfr;sa p mRlkg~ o/kZd] fgek;rh rs euqD[kh lgk;d
gksu A
183
• euqD[ksa ns lewg~ nk lfdz; lnL; tsg~M+k ikB~;dze ns uekdj.k vkLrS lpsr iz;kl djS] dhts ,g~
cnyksafn;sa lekth t:jrsa rs fo|kfFkZ;sa fn;sa futh t:jrsa dUuS izklafxdrk j[knk ,s A
bl fnz”Vhdks.k xh ijrD[k djus p leFkZ gksus rs fo|kFkhZ & v/;kidsa xh bl tksx
cukus ysbZ v/;kid f”k{kk p ,g~ phtka gksfu;ka ykteh u %
• ftl pkYyh f”k{kk ?kfVr gksanh ,s mlxh le>uk rs f”k{kk ysbZ lkSgknZiw.kZ ifjfLFkfr;ka iSnk djuk A
• Kku xh ikB~; iqLrdsa ns ckg~jh ;FkkFkZ p tM+ks, ns rkSjk ij fnD[kus ns ctk, v/;kiu&f”k{k.k ns
lkaps lanHkZ p fueZr O;fDrxr vuqHkosa ns :iS p fnD[kuk A
• Lkekftd O;olkf;d rs iz”kklfud lanHkZ ft*Uns p m*usaxh dEe djus nh yksM+ gksanh ,s ] ckjS
laosnu”khy gksuk A
• vlyh ifjfLFkfr;sa p mIij c[kkus xsns] le> gkly djus ns dkcy gksus ysbZ euklc ;ksX;rk,a
xh eBsjuk xS usbZa lxqvkaa m*usaxh iSnk djus ns dkcy gksuk ch A
• Bksl Kku&vk/kkj rs Hkk”kk p fuiq.krk gkly djuk A
• viuh O;fDrxr esnssa] Lo ckjS /kkj.kk] ;ksX;rk,a rs >qdkosa nh u”kkunsgh djuk A
• fLFkfr fo”ks”k ns lanHkZ p v/;kid ns rkSj ij viuk vkiwa O;olkf;d vksfj;aVs”ku djus ysbZ
psrukiw.kZ iz;kl A
• ewY;kadu xh bd fujarj f”k{kkRed izfdz;k le>uk dyk&f”k{kk jkgsa cPpsa p dykRed rs lksan;kZRed
Hkkouk eBsjuk A
• gkf”k;s ij djh fnŸks xsns rs v;ksX; cPpsa lesr lHkusa cPpsa fn;sa f”k{kk ljca/kh t:jrsa dUuS
fuCcM+uk A
• ifjorZu ns ifjizs{k ns lanHkZ p v/;kidsa ns O;olk;hdj.k xh lqn`<+ djus vkLrS v/;kid f”k{kk ns
bd lqxBr ekWMy nk vuqlj.k djuk t:jh ,s A
184
• f”k{kkRed] O;fDrxr rs lekth ifjfLFkfr;sa dUuS ljca/kr jkst&cjksth leL;k,a ysbZ lek/kku rqIius
p cPpsa xh yksM+pnh [kkl fdLek nh enn ysbZ lgk;d rs ennxkj rs yksM+pnh lykg~&e”kojk
ljca/kh dkS”kyssa rs ;ksX;rk,a xh eBsjuk A
v/;kidsa vkLrS yksM+pnh R;kjh
√ cPpsa nk /;ku jD[kuk rs mUns dUuS jkSg~uk ilan djuk pkfgnk A
√ lekth lkaLd`frd rs jktuhfrd lanHksZ p cPpsa xh le>uk A
√ xzSg.~k djus vkg~yk rs yxkrkj flD[kus vkg~yk gksuk A
√ f”k{kk xh vius O;fDrxr vuqHkosa nh lkFkZdrk ns :ik p rs euu”khy fparu nh yxkrkj
izfdz;k ns fgLls ns rkSjk ij fnD[kuk A
√ Kku xh ikB~;iqLrdsa p tM+r ckg~jh ;FkkFkZ ns :iS p usbZa cYds v/;kiu f”k{k.k rs
O;fDrxr vuqHkosa ns lka>s lanHkZ p jfpr ns :ik p fnD[kuk A
√ lekt izfr ftEesnkfj;sa xh vius rs csg~rj nqfu;k ns fuekZ.k ysbZ dEe djuk A
tekrsa ns vanj rs ckg~j “kS{kf.kd ek/;e ns :ik p mRiknd dEe rs ijrD[k vuqHkosa nh
izfrHkk xh le>uk A
√ ikB~;dze :ijs[kk] uhfr ljca/kh vfHkizk; rs ikBsa nk fo”ys”ku djuk A
5.2.3 v/;kid f”k{kk dk;Zdze p izeq[k cnyk·
• ,g~ le>uk ts fo|kfFkZ;sa fn;sa t:jrsa xh iSg~y fnŸkh tk A fo|kFkhZ xh f”k{kk nh izfdz;k p
bd&ikLlS&xzSg.kdrkZ ns ctk; lfdz; izfrHkkxh ns :ik p fnD[ksvk tk rs mlnh leFksZa rs izfrHkk
xh fLFkj usbZa le>svk tk cYds ifjorZu”khy rs vius ijrD[k vuqHkosa jkgsa fodkl djus p
leFkZ A ikB~;dze bl pkYyh dUuS R;kj dhrk tkx ts fo|kfFkZ;sa xh [ks<ns rs dEe djns fln~/kk
y[kus ns eksds % dqnjrh rs lekth vey ns ckjs p fo|kfFkZ;sa rs lqvkysa rs izs{k.k xh le>us p
v/;kid nh enn djus vkLrS dEeHkkj cPpsa nh lksp rs f”k{kk ckjS lw>( rs cPpsa xh /;ku
gkls&etkd rs leHkkouk dUuS lquus ns eksds miyC/k gksu A
185
• f”k{kk xh “kewfy;rh&izfdz;k ns rkSjk ij le>uk pkfgnk ,s tsg~M+h fo|kFkhZ ns usM+esa lkfFk;sa ns
dUuS&dUuS eksdys lekth leqnk; tka jk”Vª bd liwjh bdkbZ ns lka>s lekth lanHkZ p ?kVr gksanh
,s A xk¡/kh]VSxksj] Jh vjfoanks] fxtq HkkbZ] ts d`’.kkewfrZ rs nq,a b*;S tusg~ f”k{kkfonsa vklsvk
vfHkO;Dr fopkjsa nk v/;;u vDlj VksVsa p dhrk tank ,s A fctu t:jh lanHksZa rs fctu bl
ljksdkj ns ts ,g~ fopkj dqRFkqvka iSnk gks, gs A dksbZ j~gkuxh usbZa ts bank v/;;u ch dhrk tank
,s rs psrS ch ij mLlS v/;kid f”k{kkfon us ] tsg~M+k f”k{k.kkFkhZ v/;kidsa xh ,dM+s fopkj fnank ,s
“kk;n xS cjrsvk gks,s A “kewfy;rh izfdz;k bd vius vuqHkosa ij v/kkjr izfdz;k ,s] ftl p
fo|kFkhZ #pus] esyC;gkj] izs{k.k rs vfHkO;fDr ns vius rjhdsa dUuS Kku nk fuekZ.k djnk ,s A
• izeq[k cnyk· v/;kid nh Hkwfedk p ,s ftl p Kku ns lzksr] laj{kd rs v/;kiu&f”k{k.k nh
lHkusa izfdz;k,a nk izca/kd rs ikB~;p;kZ jkgsa fnŸks xsns f”k{kk ljca/kh rs iz”kkfud yqvkt+ekr xh ykxw
drkZ ns rkSj ij dsUnzh fLFkfr xzSg~.k djnk ,s A gwu mlnh Hkwfedk xh Kku ns lzksr Fkeka lgk;d]
tkudkjh xh Kku p cnyus ] cgqeq[kh izn”kZusa jkgsa f”k{kk xh cMsjus p ennxkj ns :iS p] f”k{kk
ljca/kh y{;sa xh gkly djus p fo|kfFkZ;sa xh yxkrkj izksRlkgr djus cD[kh cnyk· nh yksM+ ,s
• nwvk EgŸkoiw.kZ cnyk· Kku nh vo/kkj.kk p ,s] ftRFkS Kku xh ;FkkFkZ [ksrjk p izs{k.k] Li”Vhdj.k
vkfn jkgsa vuqHkosa Fkeka mRiUu vu=qV flylys ns :ik p ySrk tk A v/;kidsa nh f”k{kk p Kku
nk rRo f”k{kk&vuq”kklu ns eksdys [ksrj Fkeka ySrk xsnk ,s rs blh b*;ka nk b*;ka xS uqek;anxh nsus
nh yksM+ ,s A blnk eryc ,s ts flQZ ljca/kr vuq”kklu Fkeka ßf”k{kk ns vfHkizk;Þ Fkeka
fl)kUrd fopkjsa xh Li”V djus ns ctk, f”k{kk ns ifjizs{k p bd O;k[;k xh izLrqr djus ysbZ
psrukiw.kZ iz;kl djus nh yksM+ ,s A
• f”k{kk ns lanHkZ ns vUrxZr v/;kid f”k{kk p Kku nk lqvkre cgqvuq”kkluh; ,s A nq, “kCnsa p
v/;kid f”k{kk p vo/kkj.kkRed ykxrka bl pkYyh dUuS C;ku djus nh yksM+ ,s ts vksg~ f”k{kk
ljca/kh veysa] iz;klsa] izfdz;k,a] vo/kkj.kk,a rs ?kVuk,a nk o.kZu rs O;k[;k djns u A
186
• bl pkYyh nk v/;kiu&f”k{kk dk;Zdze nks cD[k&cD[k rRosa ns :iS ns ctk, blh bd fl)kUrd
le> rs blns O;ogkjd iD[ksa xh ers laxBr rjhds dUuS fnD[kus nk [kklk [ksrj eqgS;k
djksvkx A ,g~ fo|kFkhZ &v/;kid rs tekrk p [ksrjh i)fr;sa izfr vkykspukRed laosnuk c/kkus
p v/;kid xh leFkZ cukank ,s A b*;ka vkiwa rs nq,a vklsvk bd ckjh vtek, tkus ij bl f”k{kk
ysbZ bd vknZ”k ekgkSy ckjS fuft fnz”Vhdks.k iSnk gksx A bl pkYyh ns v/;kid f”k{kkRed
okrkoj.k iSnk djus ysbZ csg~rj leFkZoku gksu ] etwnk fLFkfr;sa xh mans dUuS t:jh rduhdh
Kku rs fo”okl dUuS flQZ fuckZg djus ns ctk, m*usaxh lq/kkjus ysbZ dks”k”k dju A
• bd gksj izeq[k cnyk· f”k{kk&izfdz;k,a p lekth lanHksZa ns izHkko nh le> p ,s A f”k{kk lekth
ifjos”k@lanHkZ ftl fo|kFkhZ rs v/;kid fudyns u ] d”kk [kklk izHkkor gksank ,s A bd Ldwy tka
tekrk nk lekth okrkoj.k f”k{k.k rs f”k{kk izfdz;k ij liwjs rkSjk ij Mwag~xk izHkko ikank ,s A
Qyl:i O;fDrxr fo|kFkhZ fn;sa euksfoKkud Vdksg~nsa ij cM+s rst izHkko Fkeka mlns lekth ]
lkaLd`frd] vkFkZd lanHkZ cD[kh izeq[k cnyk· djus nh yksM+ ,s A
• cD[k&cD[k fdLek ns lanHkZ f”k{kk p QdZ&Hksnsa xh tUe fnans u A Ldwyk nh f”k{kk LdwyS ns ckg~j ns
O;kid lekth lanHksaZ djh izHkkor rs fodlr gksanh ,s A
• v/;kid f”k{kk izksxzkesa xh ledkyhu Hkkjrh lekt ns eqn~nsa rs ljksdkjsa] blns cgqyrkoknh lqvkre]
rs iUNku ] fyax] U;ka· jksth&#V~Vh rs xjhch ns eqn~nsa dUuS fuCcM+us nh xatS”k jD[kus nh yksM+
,s A ,g~ v/;kidsa xh f”k{kk xh lanHkZ nsus rs f”k{kk ns mís”; rs lekt dUuS blns ljca/ksa nh Mwag~xh
le> iSnk djus p enn djh ldnk ,s A
• v/;kid f”k{kk izksxzke p dkjdnZxh ns ewY;kadu xh lykuk xfrfof/k Fkeka fujarj xfrfof/k ns :ik
p laxBr djus nh yksM+ ,s A
• v/;kid&f”k{kkfon fo|kFkhZ&f”k{kd nh lSg~;ksx] iM+rky rs laxBr djus nh ;ksX;rk nk ewY;kadu
djnk ,s rs fy[kr rs tokuh gqujsa] i)fr nh ekSydrk rs izLrqrhdj.k vkfn nk tk;t+k ySank ,s A
187
• dsb;sa pkYyh ns tk;t+ vkRe&ewY;kadu] lkfFk;sa nk ewY;kadu] v/;kid nh izfrfdz;k rs c*js ns [khjk
p jLeh ewY;kadu ns :ik p ?kVr gksans u A lHkusa tk;t+sa nk y{; lq/kkj] vifu;sa “kfDr;sa rs
detksfj;sa nh le>] f”k{kk izfdz;k p uesa y{;sa nh u”kkunsgh gksans u A
• tk;t+k vDlj la[;kRed :iS p usbZ ySrk tkx cYds xq.kkRedrk ij gksx ftRFkS fo|kFkhZ nh
miyfC/k xh fujUrj izfdz;k ns :ik p ij[ksvk tank ,s rs cD[k&cD[k xfrfof/k;sa p mlh
dkjdnZxh ns erkcd jD[ksvk tank ,s A
• la{ksi p v/;kid f”k{kk nk ueka fnz”Vhdks.k Ldwyh O;oLFkk p rCnhfy;sa izfr erk dkjh nk gksx dh
ts ,g~ bd EgŸkoiw.kZ mnkgj.k l:i cnyk· nh dYiuk djnk ,s A
Ikzeq[k cnyk
Fkeka xh
* v/;kid dsafnzr] fLFkj uewus * fo|kFkhZ dsafnzr] yphyh izfdz;k
* v/;kid ns funsZ”k rs fu.ksZ * fo|kFkhZ nh Lok;rŸkk
* v/;kid nk ekxZ&n”kZu rs fnD[kfjD[k * lqfo/kk fnank ,s] enn djnk ,s rs
f”k{kk xh izksRlkgr djnk ,s A
* f”k{kk p fuf”dz; xzSg.k * f”k{kk p lfdz; “kewfy;r
* tekrk nh pkjnokjh p f”k{kk * eksdys lekth lanHkZ p f”k{kk
* Kku iznŸk ns :iS p rs fLFkj * Kku ft*;ka iSnk gksank ,s rs jpsvk
tank ,s A
* vuq”kklukRed fnz”Vh * cgqvuq”kkluh;] f”k{kkRed fnz”Vh
* lkSaxM+h vuko`fr * cgqfn”kkRed vuko`fr
* tk;t+k] fuDdk] Fkksg~M+k * cgqeq[kh] fujarj
188
5.2.4 ukSdjh njku v/;kidsa nh f”k{kk rs izf”k{k.k
v/;kidsa nk izf”k{k.k mUns is”ksoj fodkl vkLrS EgŸkoiw.kZ Hkwfedk uHkkbZ ldnk ,s rs Ldwy ljca/kh
vuqHkosa&vH;klsa p cnyk· nk lcCc cuh ldnk ,s A ,g~ns dUuS v/;kid vius vuqHko xh iDdk dfj;S
vius vkRefo”okl xh xzSg.k djns u A ,g~ m*usaxh nq, v/;kidsa dUuS is”ksoj ljc/k cukus rs vius Kku
xh ueka djus ns ekSds iznku djnk ,s A f”k{kk lfefr ¼1964-66½ us lq>ko fnRrk gk ts ukSdjh ns njku
v/;kidsa ns izf”k{k.k nk vk;sktu ;wfuoflZfV;sa rs v/;kid laxBusa vklsvk dhrk tkuk pkfgnk ,s rs gj
Ik*¥~tsa c*jsa p bl pkYyh ns izksxkzesa p gj v/;kid xh nks&=S Eghusa ykus pkfgns u % bl pkYyh ns izksxzke
“kks/k ns vkdM+s ns v/kkj mIij rSg~ gksus pkfgns u rs izf”k{k.k laLFkkusa xh c*jk Hkj lsfeukj] odZ”kki]
fjQzS”kj dkslZ A lej baLVhV~;wV cxSjk djus pkfgns A uS”kuy deh”ku vku Vhpt+Z ¼ 1983-85½ us
f”k{kd dsUnz nk fopkj lkeuS jD[ksvk gk tsg~M+s ehfVax vkg~yh Fkkg~jsa ns :ik p dEe vkSu rs ftRFkS
lHkusa fn;ka ;ksX;rka bd Fkkg~j dBjksu rs lCHkS v/;kid vius&vius vuqHko lkaa>s dju A bl nk
lq>k· gk ts v/;kid f”k{kk NqV~Vh ¼Study leave½ ns njku Kkudsanzs nh ;k=k ij tkbZ ldns u A
jk”Vªh f”k{kk uhfr ¼1986½ us ukSdjh Fkeka iSg~ys rs ckn nh f”k{kk xh tksM+h fnRrk A m*usa gj ft+ys
p MkbZV ¼DIET½ nh dYiuk dhrh A 250 f”k{kk dkystsa nk ntkZ c/kkb;S m*usaxh dkyst vkQ Vhpj
,tqds”ku ¼CTEs ½ djh nsus xh vk[ksvk rs mlus iatkg~ mPp f”k{kk v/;;u laLFkku ¼IASEs ½ LFkkir
djus ysbZ ch lq>k· fnŸkk rs ,l0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0 xh etcwr dhrs tkus nh xYy dhrh A vkpk;Z jkeewfrZ
leh{kklfefr 1990 us lQkj”k dhrh ts ukSdjh njku rs fjQzS”kj dkslZ v/;kidsa fn;sa [kkl t:jrsa dUuS
tksM+h fnRrs tku rs ewY;kadu rs iSjoh ,g~nk fgLlk gksu A
vksg~ Fkkg~j ftRFkS izkbZejh f”k{kk fn;ka Lgwyrka itkus ysbZ ers xzsMsa vkg~ys Ldwy [kksg~ys xsns u]
v/;kidsa xh usg~ Dykl:esa ns izca/ku vkLrS [kkl Vªsfuax fnŸks tkus nh yksM+ ,s rs ,g~ Vªsfuax mans vklsvk
fnŸkh tkuh pkfgnh ft*usaxh Dykl:e izca/ku rs b*usa Dyklsa ns vk;kstu nk vuqHko gks,s A mi;qDr lexzh
nh enn ns cxSj tka bdkb;sa rs fo”ksa xh fu;kstr djus ljca/kh funsZ”ku ns cxSj izca/k djus ljca/kh
fu/kkjZr dkjokbZ ¼Prescripton ½ m*usa v/;kidsa nh fd”k enn djnh ,s ft*Uns vuqHko rs dYiuk iwjh
pkYyh dUuS bDdS ns ifjos”k p iys&eBks, u A ctk, blns ts flQZ ,g~ nLlsvk tk ts dsg~ dhrk tk]
189
m*usa Fkkg~jsa ns ijrD[k veyh vuqHkosa] ftRFkS ers xzsM+sa vkg~ys Dykl v/;kiu vH;kl LFkkir gks, ns gksu]
ns dUuS] foLr`r ;wfuV fu;kstu&vH;kl rs b*;S tusfg;sa fLFkfr;sa ns fp=.k vkg~fy;sa fQYesa nk bLrseky
dhrk tkuk yksM+pnk ,s rka ts v/;kidsa xh Vªsfuax nsus ns dUuS&dUuS m*usaxh vkRefo”okl nh deh ns vkye
p mHkkjus p enn FgksbZ ldS A
5.2.5 lsokjr v/;kidsa nh f”k{kk ns iz;kl rs fufr;ka
ueha f”k{kk uhfr 1986 xh fnz”Vh p j[kns gksbZ izkbZejh rs lSdaMªh Ldwysa ns v/;kidsa nh f”k{kk ysbZ
MkbZV] vkbZ0,0,l0bZ0] lh0Vh0bZ0 cxSjk ns xBu mIij cy fnRrk xsvk A 500 MkbZV] 87 lh0Vh0bZ0 38
vkbZ0,0,l0bZ0 rs 30 ,l0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0] nk xBu gksbZ pqdsvk ,s ij bUns pk dsb;sa nk lalk/ku dsUnz
ns :ik p dEe “kq: djuk vtsa ckdh ,s A Mh0ih0bZ0ih0 us Cykd rs Ldwy llka/ku dsanz cuk, rs
lsokjr v/;kidsa nh f”k{kk nk izlkj dhrk rs Ldwy Lrj ns Ldwysa p f”k{kk rduhd p izeq[k rCnhfy;ka
vkag~fn;ka xsb;ka A b*usa foLr`r iz;klsa ns ckotwn lsokjr v/;kdsa nh f”k{kk ns f”k{k.k mIij dksbZ [kkl izHkko
isvk gks,s ,slk ut+jh usbZ vk;k] flok, blns ts fd”k vykdsa p ,g~ns dUuS lq/kkj gksvk A
izf”k{k.k nh xq.koŸkk nk bd cM~Mk ekud ,g~ ,s ts v/;kid vkLrS izklafxd dsg~ ,s ij bl
pkYyh ns ers izksxzke vlyh t:jr xh /;kuk p jfD[k;S usbZa cuk,s tUns fnz”Vhdks.k vkerkSjk ij Hkk”kusa
ij xS v/kkjr gksank ,s ml p fl[kykbZ ySus vkg~ysa xh fgLlk ySus nk ekSdk usbZa feynk A cnulhch dUuS
dEek ij v/kkjr f”k{kk] cfM~M;sa tekrsa nk izca/ku] lewg f”k{kk rs cgqxzsM f”k{kk] lSgdkjh rs lSg;ksxh f”k{kk
tsug~ fo”ksa tsg~M+s lfdz; izn”kZu nh eax djns u tekrk p Hkk”kusa jkgsa i<+k, tUns u A Ldwysa p iSjoh
izfdz;k ch “kq: usbZ gksbZ ldh rs DyLVj Lrj fn;ka ehfVxka v/;kidsa p is”ksoj t:jr iSnk djus ts vksg~
mUns dUuS cksyu&cqgkLlju rs fdV~Bs jfy;S ;kstuk cuku ] p leFkZ usbZa gksbZ ldh A
ikB~;p;kZ p rCnhyh ns dqlS ch iz;kl ns ysbZ “kSy pkYyh ns lkspsa fopkjsa nk rs lqO;oLFkr
lsokdky f”k{kk dk;Zdze rs Ldwy mIij v/kkjr f”k{kd lSg~;ksx njdkj gksank ,s A lsokdky f”k{kk dksbZ ?kVuk
usbZa gksbZ ldnh cYds vksg~ bd izfdz;k ,s ftl p Kku] fodkl rs O;gkj p cnyko] f”k{kk] fpŸk o`fr]
vH;kl “kkey gksank ,s tsg~M+k Ldwyk rs dk;Z”kkyk p vkilh fopkjfoe”kZ jkgsa gkly dhrk xsnk gksank ,s A
,g~ns p flQZ fo”ksa ns ekfgjsa Fkeka Kku gkly djus mIij tksj usbZa gksuk pfkgnk A v/;kidsa xh lfdz;
190
f”k{kkfFkZ;sa ns rkSjk ij “kkey djns gksbZ O;ogkjd f”k{kk xh c<+kok nsuk rs gemez lkFkh lewgsa ij v/kkjr
vH;kl nh leh{kk lewyph j.kuhfr nk bd fgLlk gksbZ ldnh ,s A vkre fparu xh b*usa izksxzkesa nk
EgŸkoiw.kZ vax eUusvk tkbZ ldnk ,s A bd izf”k{k.k ljca/kh uhfr R;kj dhrh tkuh pkfgnh] ftl p
mlnh lesa vo/kh] lanHkZ rs izksxkze nh Ik)fr;sa nh ppkZ gks,s ij xq.koŸkk xh etcwr rs thoar cukus xh
;dhuh cukus vkLrS erh fodsanzhd`r O;oLFkk nh t:jr ,s] ftl p izf”k{k.k rs rcknys nh i)fr rs
y{; Li”V rkSjk ij fu/kkZjr gksu A izf”k{k.k ns fd”k iSg~yq,a ns fd”k rduhdsa ij v/kkjr ^lewg f”k{k.k*
¼Mass training ½ nk iz;ksx ch dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s ij ,g~ns ysbZ lsokjr v/;kid xh njis”k leL;k,a
dUuS fln~/ks&fln~/ks fuCcM+us vkLrS bZekunkjh rs lkg~liw.kZ jpukRedrk nh yksM+ ,s ftl p xSjO;kid
fLFkfr;ka “kkey gksafn;ka u] ft*Uns p vksg~ dEe djns u] mans dEe&dkth Fkkg~jS nh deh rs mank
foeq[khdj.k gksank ,s A
izlkj fn;sa rduhdssa nh cjrwu dUuS ikB~;p;kZ lq/kkj ysbZ lkdkjkRed EkkgkSy cuk;k tkbZ ldnk,s
tsdj m*usa Fkkg~jsa nh cjrwu cSg~l&eoklsa rs ifjppkZ,a ysbZ dhrh tk ft*Uns p izf”k{kd] fl[kykbZ ySus
vkg~ys rs leqnk; rs yksd ch fgLlk ySu A ueha rdfud p #fp c/kkus ysbZ v/;kidsa xh vkiwa izksxzke
R;kj djus ns izrD[k vuqHkosa nh t:jr ,s A izf”k{k.k laLFkkusa p daI;wVj rs nwb;sa rduhdh Lgwyrsa nh
lqfo/kk ukdkQh ,s A b*Cch bd dkj.k ,s ts ueha lEizs”k.k VSDukyksth nh leFkZ Ldwysa rs izf”k{k.k laLFkkusa nk
utfj;k cnyh ldus p ukdkQh jsgh ,s A
ukSdjh Fkeka iSg~ys nh f”k{kk rs ukSdjh nkSjku izf”k{k.k xh v/;kidsa p yksM+pnk laxBu rs leFkkZa
isnk djfu;ka pkfgfn;ka u rka ts vksg~ ikB~;p;kZ :ijs[kk xh le>h ldu rs mlfn;sa pukSfr;sa dUuS fuCcM+h
ldu A ukSdjh nkSjku izf”k{k.k [kkl rkSjk ij v/;kikdsa ns Dyklk ns vuqHkosa ns lanHkZ p gksuk pkfgnk
,s A MkbZV ft*Unh bl pkYyh ns izf”k{k.ksa nk vk;kstu djksvkus nh ftEesnkjh ,s] xh pkfgnk ,s ts vksg~
izksxzkesa xh bl pkYyh dUuS dju ft*Uns p v/;kid rs mans fo|kFkhZ nkSusa xh bl pkYyh ns izf”k{k.k Fkeka
ykHk iqqTth ldS A elky ns rkSjk ij ukSdjh ns nkSjku izf”k{k.k xh iz”kklu vklsvk dEe pykÅ <axk dUuS
ucsM+us ns ctk, ,g~ csg~rj jkSg~x ts Ldwy lewgsa nh u”kkunsgh dhrh tk rs ukSdjh nkSjku bd izf”k{k.k
dk;Zdze p gj Ldwyk Fkeka ?kÍks ?kÍ izf”k{kkFkhZ ¼?kV~Vks&?kV~V nks½ izf”k{k.k vkLrS ln~ns tku A MkbZV ch0
191
vkj0 lh0 ns lsSg~;ksx dUuS bl edln ysbZ Ldwysa nh u”kkunsgh djh ldns u A rka ts f”k{kk le;
mIij vlj usbZa ioS] rs v/;kid f”k{kkFkhZ fl)kar rs O;gkj ns fcPp ljca/ksa xh LFkkir djh ldu A
izf”k{k.k ysbZ yksM+pns lesa xh c*jsa Hkj p c.Msvk tkbZ ldnk ,s rka ts v/;kid tekrk p mlnk vuqHko
gkly djh ldu A
izf”k{k.k ns rSgr dsbZa pkYyh fn;ka xfrfof/k;ka ,g~ns vykok ch vkSafn;ka u ts izf”k{k.k laLFkkusa p
O;k[;kus ns vk;kstu djskvk, tku A Ldwy tka leqnk; p odZ”kkisa nk vk;sktu rs v/;kidsa xh izkstsDV
cxSjk nsuk A ukSdjh Fkeka isg~ys rs ukSdjh njku ch izf”k{k.k xh tksM+us ysbZ m*,s Ldwy ukSdjh Fkeka iSg~ys ns
izf”k{k.k ysbZ Fkkg~j cuhldns u rs fo|kFkhZ v/;kidsa xh vk[ksvk tkbZ ldnk ,s ts vksg~ b*usa Ldwysa p
Dyklk ns dkj O;gkj xh y[ku bl dUuS uka NM+s v/;kid izf”k{kdsa xh izf”k{k.k izksxzke etcwr cukus p
enn Fgksx cYds ,g~ izf”k{k.k dk;Zdze ns nkSjku v/;kidsa ns fparu nk v/kkj ch gkssbZ ldnk ,s A bl
izfdz;k xh vXxsa c/kkans gksbZ ljca/kr Ldwysa ns gSMekLVjsa dUuS xYykckrk ns lS”kus ank lfjLrk dhrk tk rka
ts vksg~ Dyklk ns dejsa p gksus vkg~yh i<+kbZ ns <axk p fd”k rCnhyh vkg~uus p enn djh ldu
tsg~M+h izf”k{kkFkhZ pkag~ns gksu A fnD[k&fjD[k rs tk;tk ySus ns dEek p
,l0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0@MkbZV@ch0vkj0lh rs lh0vkj0lh0 xh ch “kkey dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s rka ts iSjoh
¼Follow up ½ nLrkossthdj.k rs “kks/k ns :ik p vdknfed lSg;ksx gksbZ ldS A
5.3 ijh{kk lq/kkj
ßcks> eqDr f”k{kkÞ jiksVZ p vk[ksvk xsvk ,s ts nleha rs ckg~jeha ns [khjk p gksus vkg~ys
ersgkus anh bl fnz”Vh dUuS leh{kk dhrh tkuh pkfgnh ,s ts ekStwnk ikB ij v/kkjr rs fDot+ ersgkus ns
rjhds xh cnyh fnŸkk tk tsg~M+k ruk· ns Lrj xh dkQh c/kkbZ vksM+nk ,s rs jV~Vk f”k{kk xh c<+kok fnank
,s A tsYyS ds njE;kus oxZ ns “kSgjh cPps “kSy izn”kZu djus ns ruk· p jksag~ns us rka xzkbZa cPps bl djh
ruk· p jkSag~ns u ts irk usbZa manh R;kjh bUuh ch gS tka usbZa ts vksg~ ikl gksbZ ldu A Qsy gksus nh erh
vkSlr [kkl djh xzkb;sa] xjhcsa] lekth rkSjk ij fiNM+s ns cPpsa p ftl pkYyh fnD[kus p vkSanh ,s ml
192
Fkeka yxnk ,s ts ewY;kadu rs ersgkuh Ik)fr ij xaHkhjrk dUuS fopkj djus nh yksM+ ,s A tsdj ,g~
O;oLFkk dkjxj gksanh rka dksbZ otg usbZa gh ts cPps flD[kh usbZa gs ldns rs fodkl ussbZa gs djh ldns A
nleha rs ckg~jeha ns ersgkusa p ruk· ?kV djus rs lQyrk c/kkus ns mik·
ikB ij v/kkjr ij[k Fkeka leL;k lqy>kus rs ;ksX;rk ij v/kkjr ij[k cD[kh cnyk· %
ikB mIij v/kkjr ij[k cqjh f”k{k.k “kkL= rs jV~Vk f”k{kk vkg~unh ,s rs nkSusa djh ersgkusa ns
ekSds ruk· iSnk gksank ,s A ;knk”r rs fo”ys”ku ewY;kadu ns O;ogkfjd iD[kS ij dsafnzr tksj xh
?kVkus vkLrS cqfu;knh rkfydk rs QkewZys eqgS;k djk, tkbZ ldns u A yphys lesa vkg~ys ?kV~V
vof/k ns ersgkusa cD[kh cnyk· ftl p 25 d”kk 40 Qhlnh ykSg~ds tokcsa vkg~yh fdLek ns
lqvky rs ckdh “kSy pkYyh dUuS R;kj cgqfodYih lqvky gksans u A 90 Qhlnh ijh{kkFkhZ isij xh iwjk djus rs mlnh leh{kk djus ns ;ksX; gksus pkfgns u A
√ fo|kFkhZ ns vius Ldwy tka usM+esa LdwyS p ersgku djuk csg~rj ,s A xYr fijrsa xh] nq,
Ldwysa ns v/;kidsa d”kk ersgku djksvkusa nk dEe djkb;S ?kV~V dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s A
√ gj gkyr p ersgkusa xh eqyroh djus Fkeka cpuk pkfgnk A
√ fo|kFkhZ xh mUus xS isij nsu fnRrs tku ftUus nh m*usa “kSy R;kjh dhrh nh ,s rs =*Åa
c*jsa ns vjls p cksMZ ns lfVZfQdsV ysbZ t:jh yqvkt+ekr xh iwjk djus nh btkt+r gksuh
pkfgnh A cksMZ ^eax ij* ersgkusa ysbZ dEe djh ldns u] ft*Uns p fo|kFkhZ ftlyS elwl dju ts
vksg~ vksg~ns ysbZ R;kj u A
√ Ikkl&Qsy “kCnkoyh yksM+pnh ;ksX;rk nh deh l>kanh ,s bl ysbZ bl “kCnkoyh xh edkus
vkLrS ^ijfr;S ersgku* lq>k;k tank ,s A
√ CkksMZ us Ikjfr;S ersgku urhts ns rqjr ckn djuk pkfgnk rka ts bl pkYyh ns fo|kfFk;saZ
nk vxyh tekrk p tkus vkLrS lky cjckn usbZa gks,s A
xf.kr rs vaxsth tussg~ fo”ks nh ij[k n*Åa Lrjsaa ij dhrh tkbZ ldnh ,s ( ntkZ rs mpsjk
Lrj A yEes nkSj p gj fo”ks xh n*Åa Lrjs aij i<+k;k tkbZ ldnk ,s A ftl p fo|kFkhZ vke rkSjk
ij Nsa pk =S @ nks fo”ks ntsZ ns Lrj ij djS rs ckdh ns =Sa tka pkj mpsjs Lrj ij A
√ yphyh leka vof/k vkg~yk ersgku cPpsa p nck· xh ?kVkus vkLrS bd izHkkoiw.kZ rjhdk
gksbZ ldnk ,s A
√ nck· dUuS ljca/kr leL;k,a dUuS fuCcM+us rs fo|kfFkZ;sa ns nck· xh ?kV~V djus ysbZ
fo|kfFkZ;sa ekrk&firk rs v/;kidsa nk ekxZn”kZu djus ysbZ Ldwysa p funsZ”ku rs lykg~&e”ojk miyC/k
djksvk;k tk A cksMZsa p gsYi&ykbZuka ch fo|kfFkZ;sa rs ekrk&firk nh enn djh ldfn;ka u A
193
5.3.1 isij ikuk]ersgku rs jiksZV
orZeku ersgkusa nh oS|rk xh lq/kkjus ysbZ isij lSV djus nh lkjh izfdz;k xh cnyus nh yksM+ ,s A
/;ku flQZ isij lSV djus ns ctk, “kSy lqvkysa nh jpuk cD[kh cnyuk pkfgnk A bl pkYyh ns lqvky
flQZ fo”ks ns ekfgjsa vklsvk xS usbZa R;kj dhrs xsns gksu “kSy lqvky O;kid izpkj jkgsa v/;kidsa] ljca/kr
fo”ks ns dkyst v/;kidsa] nq, jkT;sa ns f”k{kdsa rs bUus rxj ts fo|kfFkZ;sa Fkeka c*js Hkjk p dBsjs tkbZ ldns
u A b*usa lqvkysa xh ekfgj cD[kjs&cD[kjs ekudsa ns v/kkj mIij oxhZd`r djh ldns u A oxhZdj.k p
dfBukbZ nh lrg fo”ks [ksrj] vo/kkj.kk] ewY;kadu dhrh tkjnh leFkkZ] isij gy djus ysbZ laHkkor leka
vkfn xh /;kuk p jD[ksvk tkuk pkfgnk ,s A ,g~ iz;ksx fjdkMZ rs ersgkuh fjdkMZ ns dUuS Bhd pkYyh
cukbZ jD[ksvk tkbZ ldnk ,s tsg~M+k isij cukans csYyS dM~<svk tank ,s A
v/;kidsa xh euklc eqvkot+k fnŸks fctu csgrj rs yxkrkj rjhds dUuS isij fnD[kus ysbZ
m*usaxh R;kj djuk cM+k dBu ,s A ,g~ /;kuk p j[kns gksbZ ts ers lkjs cksMZas nh ekyh gkyr paxh ,s
bl ysbZ ewY;kadu xq.kkRedrk xh lq/kkjus ns jLrs p jis· iSls xh #dkoV usbZa cuu nsuk pkfgnk A
dEI;wVjhdj.k nh otg dUuS ersgku nsus vkg~ys ijh{kd rs ijh{kkFkhZ nkSusa nh iUNku nh j{kk djuk erk
lSg~y ,s A xYr fijr jskdus ysbZ dqlS fo”ks”k ijh{kd xh tokch dkfi;ka cVkbZ&cVkbZ fnfRr;ka tku A xYr
fijrka ft*;ka ersgkuh gky Fkeka ckg~jk nh enn dUuS udy ekjuk cxSjk xh ?kV~V dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s
tsdj esnokjsa xh iSg~ys vn~/ks lesa p lsaVj Fkeka ckg~j tkus nh vkKk usbZa fnRrh tk rs dUuS ftlyS ds
ersgku pyk djnk gks,s vius dUuS isij ¼iz”u i=½ ckg~j ysbZ tkus nh btkt+r ch usbZa fnŸkh tk A
ersgku eqDdus ns ckn vksg~ isij ysbZ ldns u A
dEI;wVjhdj.k nh otg djh uEcjsaa vkg~ys lfVZfQdsV mIij dkjdnZxh ekudsa xh O;kid :Ik p
nLluk laHko gksbZ xsvk ,s A iwjs uEcj] ntkZ ] fo”ks fo”ks”k ns lHkusa fo|kfFkZ;sa p izfr”krrk ¼ijlsUVst½
cxSjk A dUuS xS b*Cch laHko gksbZ tkx ts cD[k&cD[k ijh{kdsa nh xq.kkRedrk rs fujUrjrk nk fo”ys”ku
dhrk tkbZ ldS A vl b*Cch le>us vka ts [khjh ekud xq.koŸkk nh Mwag~xh ij[k gksuh pkfgnh ,s A
blnh lwpuk xh lkoZtfud cukus dUuS mPp f”k{kk laLFkkusa nh Lrjh;rk xh ysb;S erk tVy rs lkis{k
fnz”Vhdks.k viukuk ikSx A bl pkYyh nk fo”ys”ku ikjnf”Zkrk xh c<+kok nsx A m*uSa Fkkg~jsa ij ijfr;S
194
tkp djkus ¼Rechecking½ vkLrS izkFkZuk djus vkg~ysa nh fxurjh p l[r deh vkbZ ,s ftRFkS fo|kfFkZ;sa
xh izkFkZuk ij uka· ekŸkj Qhlk dUuS viuh tokch dkih nh izfr FgksbZ tanh ,s A
lS”ku ns fcPp vlsa xh Ldwyh dkjdnZxh ij vk/kkjr tk;t+s cD[kh rs rjhds R;kj djus cD[kh
cnyk· vkg~uus tksx gksus nh yksM+ ,s ft*Uns Fkeka bl pkYyh vkarjd tk;t+s ers fo”okltksx cuh
ldu A
gj bd LdwyS xh yxkrkj rs O;kid ewY;kadu nh yphyh rs ykxw djus tksx Ldhe R;kj djuh
pkfgnh ,s] [kkl rkSjk ij f”k{kk ns funku] mik; rs c<+kos ysbZ A Ldhek p lekth okrkoj.k rs LdwyS p
miyC/k lqfo/kk,a nk /;ku jD[kuk pkfgnk ,s A laosnu”khy v/;kid vDlj fo|kfFkZ;sa ns xq.ksa rs voxq.ksa xh
le>h ySans u A bl pkYyh nh lw>cw> ns iz;skx gksus pkfgns u A dUuS xS LdwyS vklsvk nq#i;ksx ¼ft*;ka
ds vtsa izk;ksfxd f”k{kk ns uka· ij ½ jksdus ysbZ m*usaxh lkis{k tka fujis{k v/kkjsa ij oxhZd`r dhrk tk
rs vksg~ ckj&ckj ckg~jh ersgkusa ij gkly uacjs ns v/kkj mIij ifjofrZr gksnk j*oS A fodkl]
f”k{kd&izf”k{k.k rs izklafxd laLFkkuh O;oLFkk,a ij gksj ers “kks/k nh yksM+ ,s A
5.3.2 tk;t+s p yphykiu
gwu [kklh gkjh euksfoKkud lexzh lq>kanh ,s ts cD[k&cD[k fo|kFkhZ cD[k&cD[k <axsa dUuS fl[kns
u blysbZ ersgkuh gky p dkxt+] iSaly vkg~ys VSLV Fkeka vXxsa tk;t+s ns ers cD[k&cD[k rjhds gksus
pkfgns u A tckuh ersgku rs lewg&dEe ns ewY;kadu xh izksRlkgu fnŸkk tkuk pkfgnk ,s A [kq*Yyh drkcsa
vkg~ysa ersgku rs fctu lesa&lhek ns ersgku iwjs eqY[kk p ykSg~ds “kq#vkrh izkWtSDV ns rkSjk ij “kq:
dhrs tkus tksx u A ,g~ uesa rkSj&rjhds ;knk”r ij[kus vkg~ys ersgkusa d”kk /;ku xh mpsjs Lrj fn;sa
;ksX;rk,a ft*;ka ds O;k[;k ] fo”ys”ku rs leL;k lek/kku ns gqujsa nh ij[k cD[kh ykus p ckn~/kw ennxkj
gks³u A bUus rxj ts ijEijkxr ersgkusa xh csg~rj isij lSafVax rs ijh{kkfFkZ;sa xh “kSy rs eupkgh tkudkjh
¼ft*;ka vkof/kd vuqdzef.kdk] fVªXukseSVªh fn;ka xYyka] uD”ks rs bfrgkld rjhdka] QkewZys cxSjk½ jkgsa bl
fn”kk cD[kh f/kDdsvk tkbZ ldnk ,s A
195
fo|kfFkZ;sa ns cD[k&cD[k lqvkre rs cM+h cn~/k ek=k p cD[k&cD[k pkYyh ns v/;kiu dkj.k ,g~
esn djuk ts lCHkS fo|kFkhZ f”k{kk ns vkxys Lrj rxj tkus vkLrs gj bd fo”ks p ;ksX;rk ns bDdS tusg~
Lrj nk izn”kZu dju] tk;t+ usbZa ,s A Hkkjr p “kSg~jsa rs xzk,a ns c”dkj ns fN.Msa xh utjh p j[kns gksbZ
,g~ esn djuk lekth rkSjk ij rjV~Vh vkg~yh xYy ,s A ,g~ “kSy pkYyh dUuS izek.kr ,s ft*;ka ds xzkbZa
Ldwysa p Qsysa rs Ldwy NksM+us vkg~ysa nh erh izfr”kr Lgkc rs vaxzsth b*usa n*Åa fo”ksa p ekM+h dkjdnZxh ns
dkj.k gksanh ,s A cksMsZa b*usa fo”ksa p n*Åa ¼tka bUus rxj =*Åa½ Lrjsa pk bd ij b*usa fo”ksa ns ersgku nsus
nh fo|kfFkZ;sa ysbZ laHkkouk nh rik”k djuh pkfgnh A blns ysbZ ,g~ t:jh usbZa ,s ts cD[k&cD[k Lrjsa ysbZ
ikB~;dze tka ikB~;iqLrdka cD[k&cD[k gks³u A
ßlHkusa ysbZ euklc bd ersgkuÞ nk fln~/kkar O;oLFkk nh utjh dUuS lqfo/kktud gksans gksbZ fo|kFkhZ
dsUnzr usbZa ,s rs uak xS blns c/kns QdZ&Hksnsa dkj.k Hkkjrh #txkj ctkj ns rsth dUuS mCHkjns lqvkre
dUuS esy [kank ,s A m|ksxh lEesyu vkg~ys /kzqosa vkg~ys tk;t+s ns bl ekWMy xh ers euqD[krkoknh rs
foHksfnr ekMy dUuS cnyus nh yksM+ ,s A tsdj vFkZ”kkL=h HkfoD[kok.kh djns u ts vxys n~gkds p pkjS
ns pkjS uesa dEe #txkj ukSdjh ns [skrj p gks³u rka Hkkjrh f”k{kk p le:ih cnyk· nh eax gksx A
ft*;ka ?kV~V dksyk ?kV~V Hkkjrh Lrjh dEe djns u rs mans lkFkh ukxfjdsa ysbZ leL;ka lqy>kus vkLrS cn~/k
dksyk&cn~/k dEe gksank ,s blysbZ Hkkjrh ersgku Ik)fr xh gksj erk [kq*Yyk] yphyk] jpukRed rs vius
cjrus vkg~ysa ysbZ nksLrkuk gksus nh t:jr ,s A
5.3.3 gksjusa Lrjsa ij cksMZ ns efrgku
dqlS ch lwjr p cksMZ tka jkT; Lrj ns ersgku Ldwyk ns nq, Lrjsa ij usbZa djk, tkus pkfgns
ft*;ka Ik¥~eha] vBeha rs ¥kg~jeha tekrsa ns A cs”kd cksMZ nleha tekrk ns ersgkusa xh fodYih dfj;S
fo|kfFkZ;sa xh mLlS LdwyS p ¼rs ft*usaxh cksMZ ns lfVZfQdsV nh yksM+ usbZa gksanh½ viuh i<+kbZ xh tkjh j[kns
gksbZ Ldwy nk vkarfjd ersgku nsus nh btkt+r nsb;S bd nwjxkeh mik· ns :ik p lksph ldnk ,s A
196
5.3.4 nk[kyk ersgku
Ldwy NksM+us ekSds ns cksMZ&ersgku xh izfr;kssfxrk nk[kyk ersgkusa d”kk cD[k dhrs tkus nh t:jr
,s A b*usa ersgku nk ruk· ?kVh ldnk ,s tsdj fo|kfFkZ;sa mans pk Fkksg~M+s ersgku nsus gksu A bd dsanzh
laaLFkk bd c*js p dsbZa ckjh nsl HkjS ns dsUnzsa p b*usa nk[kyk ersgkusa ns dEek xh la;kstr djh ldnh
,s A rs lesa flj fo|kfFkZ;sa fn;sa miyfC/k;sa ns lwpd tkjh djus xh ;dhuh cukbZ ldnh ,s A bl pkYyh
jk”Vªh Lrj ij ersgkusa p fo|kfFkZ;sa vklsvk ySrs ns uEcj b*usa fo|kfFkZ;sa xh ;wfuoflZfV;sa rs O;olk;h
dkslsZa p m*usaxh nk[kyk nsus ns edln p lHkusa laLFkk,a vklsvk vk/kkj cuk, tkbZ ldns u A vlyh
lajpuk rs ij[k fn;ka R;kfj;ka bl dsUnzh laLFkk nh lhek p usbZa vkSfu;ka pkfgfn;ka A
5.4 dEe dsUnzr f”k{kk dEe dsUnzr f”k{kk nlnh ,s ts cPpsa nh cLlksvka] dqnjrh lalk/ku rs jksth&#V~Vh ns ljca/kk p
Kku&v/kkj] lekth lks> rs mans gqujsa xh Ldwyh O;oLFkk p manh xfjek ns cy ns lzksr p cnysvk tkbZ
ldnk ,s A blxh LdwyS p ikB~;dze ljca/kh vuqHkosa xh laaxBr djus vkLrS bd vFkZiw.kZ rs lanHkZxr
izos”k uqDrs ns :ik p ekU;rk fnŸks tkus nh yksM+ ,s A bl vFkZ p vuqHkokRed vk/kkj xh lekth #>sesa
lesr LdwyS p dEesa ns gksj :isa jkgsa gksj vXxsa eBsjsvk tkbZ ldnk ,s A bl f”k{k.k “kkL= Fkeka esn dhrh
tanh ,s ts ,g~ vuq”kklukRed Kku] lafo/kku ns rs lekth fodkl dUuS ljca/kr eqYysa ns fodkl rs
oSf”od`r vFkZ O;oLFkk nh xqa>ynkj pukSfr;sa nk edkcyk djus vkLrS izklafxd cgqeq[kh gqujsa ns fuekZ.k
ysbZ cPpsa ysbZ nksLrkuk jLrs xh lkS[kk cukbZ ldnk ,s A ,g~ b*;S f”k{kk ljca/kh izfdz;k ,s tsg~M+h mRiknd
rs dEeas ns gksj nq, :isa ns vuqHkosa xh fo”oKku dUuS tksM+us vkLrS lathnk f”k{k.k “kkL= nh cjrwu nh
ryc j[knh ,s A
Ldwyh ikB~;p;kZ p bd f”k{k.k “kkL=h ek/;e ns :ik p mRiknd dEeS nh “kq#vkr f”k{kk O;oLFkk
ns nk”kZfud]ikB~;dze] lajpukRed rs laxBukRed cD[k&cD[k vk;kesa vkLrS] izeq[k fodklewyd cjrwuka
gks³u A dEe dsUnzr f”k{kk ijfr;S /kkj.kk cukus rs cD[k&cD[k iD[ksa nh ijfr;S jpuk djus nh eax
djx] ft*;ka ds vdknfed [kqneq[R;kjh rs tokcnsgh( ikB~;&;kstuk( ikBsa ns lzksr( v/;kidsa nh HkFkhZ rs
197
v/;kidsa nh f”k{kk( vuq”kklu fn;ka /kkj.kka] gktjh rs Ldwy nk fujh{k.k( fo”ksa nh lhek,a ns vkj&ikj nk
Kku( Ldwyh dyaMj nk laxBu] tekrka rs ?kSafV;ka( LdwyS ns ckg~j f”k{kk Lfkysaa nh jpuk( ewY;kadu ns eki&naM
rs tk;t+k ySus ns rkSj&rjhds rs yksd ersgku A ,g~ lc nlnk ,s ts ikB~; dze ns lq/kkj rs xq.kkRed
csg~rfj;ka O;oLFkkxr lq/kkjsa dUuS cM+s xwg~M+s :ik p tqM+h fn;ka u A
5.4.1 dkjksckjh f”k{kk rs izf”k{k.k
etwnk nkSj p dkjskckjh f”k{kk flQZ $2 ns ckn fnŸkh tanh ,s A bUus rxj ts bRFkS ,g~ flQZ bd
Vdksg~nh /kkjk rxj lher ,s tsg~M+h vdknfed /kkjk ns cjkscj ,s A jk”Vªh f”k{kk uhfr 1986 ns 2000 c*js
rxj dkjksckjh /kkjk p nk[kys ns 25 Qhlnh vkg~ys y{; ns mYV blys 5 Qhlnh Fkeka ch ?kV~V fo|kFkhZ
bl fodYi xh pquns u A ,g~ dk;Zdze 25,a Fkeka ch cn~/k c*jsa Fkeka /kkj.kkRed ] izca/k ljca/kh rs
lalk/kusa ns nck· dUuS detksj gksbZ xsnk ,s A bd ?kfV;k /kkjk ns :ik p fnD[kus ns bykok ,g~ ?kV~V
lajpukxr lqfo/kk,a] vizpfyr midj.k] vizf”k{kr tka ?kV~V i<+s&fy[ks v/;kid ¼vDlj vka”kd lesa ns ½
ijkus rs [kM+qr dkslZ] [kM+h tk vkM~Mh xfr nh FkksM+] ^dEeS nh nqfu;k dUuS jkork usbZa gksuk] ;dhuh
ewY;kadu nh FkksM+] ekU;rk rs “kfxnhZ] rs eqdnh xYy ,g~ ,s ts eykterka nsus nh ?kV~V leFkkZ ¼dsUnz
vklsvk izk;kstu lSdaMªh f”k{kk ns dkjksckjhdj.k nh Ldhe ,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0 1998 ns iqujh{k.k vkLrS
dk;Z&lewg nh jiksVZ½ ;kfu Li”V ,s ts dkjksckjh f”k{kk ns bd izHkkoiw.kZ rs “kfDr lEiUu dk;Zdze cukus
nk cM~Mk rs t:jh dEe cM+s fpjk Fkeka ckdh ,s A dEe&dsanzr f”k{kk xh izkbZejh Fkeka isg~ys d”kk ysb;S$2
Lrj rxj nh Ldwyh ikB~;p;kZ ns bd vu=qV~V fgLls ns :ik p laLFkkuhdj.k djus Fkeka esn dhrh tanh ,s
ts bl dUuS oS”ohd`r vFkZ O;oLFkk nh pukSfr;sa dUuS fuCcM+us vkLrS dkjksckjh f”k{kk nh ijfr;S /kkj.kk rs
iquxZBu ysbZ t:jh vk/kkj R;kj gksx A
bl ysbZ ,g~ izLrkor dhrk xsvk ,s ts vl dkjksckjh f”k{kk rs izf”k{k.k ¼oh0b0Vh0½ ns uesa
dk;Zdze ikLlS pj.kc) rjhds dUuS c/kk djus vka ftlh fe”ku ns :iS p lkspsvk rs ykxw dhrk xsvk ,s
ftl p xzkbZa DyLVj rs Cykdsa Fkeka mieaMy@ftyk] uXxj rs egkuxjsa rxj cD[kjs ch0b0Vh0 lSUVj rs
laLFkkusa nh LFkkiu “kkey ,s A ftRFkS eqedu gks,s mRFkS oh0b0Vh0 (VET) ns ,g~ uesa laLFkkxr <kaps rSg~
djus vkLrS Ldwyh <kaps ¼vDlj vka”kd rkSjk ij cjrsvk tank ,s½ xh cjruk jk”Vªh fgr p gksx A bl
198
xYyk nh ch yksM+ ,s ts usg~ oh0b0Vh0 lsUVj@laLFkku bl lSDVj p vXxsa xS etwn jk”Vªh Lrj ij
miyC/k lqfo/kk,a ns lSg~;ksx Fkeka mRiUu dhrs tku A bl dUuS vkbZ0Vh0vkbZ0] ikWfyVSDuhd] VSDuhdy
Ldwy] d`f’kfoKku dsUnz] nsgkr fodkl fn;ka ,tSfl;ka] cqfu;knh lsgr dsUnz ¼rs mafn;ka lgk;d lsoka½ ]
bathfu;fjax] d`f’k rs MkDVjh dkyst] ,l0 ,aM Vh0 yckfVª;ka ] izkbosV rs ifCyd nkSusa lsDVjsa p lgdkjh
rs ekfgjkuk m|ksx izf”k{k.k tusg~ laLFkkusa ns [ksrj xh foLrkj Fgksx A bl pkYyh ns mik· dqnjrh rkSjk
ij etwnk dkjksckjh /kkjk vkg~ys 6000 lhfu;j lSadaMªh Ldwysa xh oh0b0Vh0 ns uesa izksxzkesa dUuS tksM+ns
gksbZ] mans laLkk/kusa p cnyk· rs rjrhc nh eax dj³u A orZeku p b*usa Ldwysa p yXxs ns dkjksckjh f”k{kk
v/;kidsa dksy bl xYyk nk fodYi gksuk pkfgnk ts vksg~ mLlS LdwyS p dEe dsUnzh f”k{kk dk;Zdze p ySrs
tku tka izns”k p uesa oh0b0Vh0 lSUVj tka laLFkku p tkus tksx gksu A
oh0b0Vh0 m*usa lHkusa ysbZ R;kj dhrh tkx tsg~M+s viuh Ldwyh f”k{kk xh iwjk djus tka mlh tkjh
jD[kus ns ckn dkjksckjh f”k{kk jkgsa ckn~/kw gquj xzSg.k djus rs@ tka #txkj rik”kus ns bPNqd u A etwnk
dkjksckjh f”k{kk /kkjk ns mYV oh0b0Vh0 us bd vUr tka ^[khjh mik·* vkg~ys fodYi ns ctk, bd
^csg~rj rs xfjekiw.kZ* fodYi nsuk pkfgnk ,s A Ldwysa vkg~yk ys[kk xS b*usa oh0b0Vh0 laLFkkusa xh ch
“kewfy;r vkg~yk] gquj fodkl nsus vkg~ys laLFkkuas ns :iS p R;kj dhrk tkx A gquj fodkl nh lqfo/kk
flQZ m*usa cPpsa ysbZ xS usbZa gksx tsg~M+s bfrgkld rkSjk ij vius vkFkZd lekth tka lkaLd`rd iNkSdM+ Fkeka
xzlr gksu cYds “kjhjh rs ekuld rkSjk ij v;ksX; cPpsa ysbZ ch A fodkl rs bd lathnk midj.k ns
rkSjk ij lQyrk&ekufldrk rs lykg&e”ojs nk bd “kSy R;kj”kqnk izko/kku cPpsa xh vius HkfoD[k ns
dkjksckjsa tka #txkjsa cD[kh c/kus vkLrS O;ofLFkr ;kstuk djus ns dkcy cukx rs ikB~;dze ;kstuk rs
ewY;kadu p laLFkkxr usr`Ro nk ekxZ n”kZu ch djx A izLrkfor ch0b0Vh0 lanHkZxr lekth&vkfFkZd
ifjfnz””k Fkeka mCHkjs ns cD[k&cD[k vof/k ns ¼?kV~V vof/k ns½ lesr rs yphys rs ekMqyj lkfVZfQdsV tka
fMiyksek dkslZ is”k djx A oh0b0Vh0 dsUnzsa @ laLFkkusa rs @ tka DyLVjsa ns O;fDrxr Lrj mIij b*usa
dkslsZa nh fodsUnzhd`r ;kstuk csYyS dqnjrh lalk/kusa rs #txkjsa rxj cM+h cn~/k ek=k p yksdsa nh ?kVnh ikSag~p
ns dUuS rduhd rs mRiknu ns uewus rs ml f[kŸks p ukSdfj;sa p vkok djnh rst rCnhfy;sa xh ch /;kuk
p jD[kuk gksx A dkslZ vius&vkik p xq.k dBsju lqfo/kk vkg~ys cgqeq[kh izos”k rs ckg~j tkus ns jLrs
199
miyC/k djk³u A vdknfed rs O;olk;d dk;Zdzesa p =sg~M+s&fln~/ks ljca/ksa xh pdhuh cukus vkLrS gj
bd dkslZ p vdknfed rRo ¼tka bd tksM+ek dkslZ tka nkSusa nk izko/kku½ ch [kklk gksx A oh0b0Vh0 dsUnz
nh “kfDr vfHkykf”k;sa nh t+:jr erkcd fodYisa nk cUulcUu is”k djus nh leFkkZ ij gksx A
tsdj dk;Zdze ljca/kr [ksrjk p dkjksckjsa rs #txkjsa ysbZ udkjk rs vizklafxd usbZa gksu fnŸkk
tkuk gks,s oh0b0Vh0 ikB~;p;kZ nk lesa&lesa ij leh{kk rs lesa erkcd ¼ up-date ½ djuk pkfgnk ,s A
dsUnzsa ns bUpktZ tka laLFkk ljca/kh usr`Ro nh Ik;kZIr <kaps rs lalk/kusa rxj ikSagp gksus nh t:jr gksx dUuS
xS mans d”k xqvka<h tka LFkkuh nsgkrh nLrdkfj;sa] djlkuds tka taxykrh mRiknu O;oLFkk rs m|ksx rs
ukSdfj;sa p ^dEe&ihB* ¼tka ^dEe&Fkkg~j* tka ^dEe LFky*½ LFkkir djus ysbZ] ftl dUuS miyC/k euqD[kh
rs inkFkZ laLFkkusa nk c)ksc) bLrseky djns gksbZ yksM+pns vf/kdkj rs vdknfed vtknh nh t:jr gksx A
bl la;qDr lfjLrs ns =S Qk;ns u A iSg~yk oh0b0Vh0 dk;Zdze ?kV~Vks?kV~V ykxr dUuS “kq: dhrk tkbZ
ldnk ,s ] nwvk fo|kfFkZ;sa nh vk/kqfudre rduhdsa rs VSDukyksth rxj ikSag~p gksx tsg~M+h ml ykds p
miyC/k gksx A f=;k fo|kfFkZ;sa xh dEeS nk rtjck gksx rs fMt+k;u djus] mRiknu rs ctkjhdj.k fn;sa
;FkkFkZ thou fn;sa leL;k,a dUuS okLrk ikSx A bl edln ysbZ mRiknu rs ukSdfj;sa ft*;ka djlkuh]
taxykrh] izkbosV rs ifCyd lSDVj fn;sa baMfLVª;sa p yXxh nh lqfo/kk,a nk izf”k{k.k nsus rs fnD[k&fjD[k nh
enn ns bykok yksM+pns ^dEe ihB*( dEe&Fkkg~jsa tka ^dEe&LFky*½ eqgS;k djkb;S ] ykds ns Ldwysa dUuS
lg;ksx t:jh cukbZ fnŸkk tkuk pkfgnk ,s A
oh0b0Vh0 dk;Zdze nh lQyrk ewY;kadu nh fo”oLr O;oLFkk ] lkekukFkZdrk] laLFkkxr ekU;rk
¼dEe&ihB* rs O;fDrxr Egkjr rxj foLrkjr½ rs “kfxnhZ ns fuek.kZ ij ch cM+h gn~nk rxj fuHkZj ,s A
,g~ xYy ;dhuh cukus nh yksM+ ,s ts bl pkYyh nk ekudhdj.k cgqvk;keh Kku rs gqujsa tsg~M+s Hkkjr ns
cD[kjs&cD[kjs izns”ksa% [kkl rkSjk ij mŸkj&iwohZ] IgkM+h izns”k] rVorhZ iV~Vh rs e/;&Hkkjrh vkfnoklh f[kŸks
tusg~ vkfFkZd rkSjk ij vfodlr izns”k nk fp=.k djns u] xh udkjus tka v;ksX; djkj nsus nk
udkjkRed lanj usbZa cuh tk A oh0b0Vh0 dsUnzsa rs laLFkk,a p djlkusa] Ik”kqikyu] ePNh m|ksx rs ckxokuh
ns ekfgjsa] nLrdkjsa] edSfud rs VSDuh”kusa ] dykdkjsa rs gksj nwb;ka eqdkeh lsoka eqgS;k djus vkg~ysa ¼lwpuk
200
izkS|kSxdh lesr½ “kk lalk/ku O;fDr;sa tka egeku QSdYVh ns rkSjk ij mafn;ka lsok ySus ysbZ cM+h euklc
<kapkxr Fkkg~j rs lqvkxrh ifjos”k nk fuekZ.k djuk gksx A
Ik¥eha tekrk ns izek.ki= xh “kkey djus vkLrS ch0b0Vh0 dkslsZa ysbZ 2010 rxj NwV fnŸkh tkbZ
ldnh ,s ] ftlyS rxj loZf”k{kk vfHk;ku ns ;w0bZ0bZ0 xh gkly djh ySus nh esn ,s ij mlns ckn blh
vBeha tekrk ns izek.ki= rxj c/kkbZ nsuk gksx rs ¶gh nleha tekrk rxj ftlyS oSf”od lSdaMªh f”k{kk nk
y{; c*jk vkbZ iqtnk ,s A tn~ds dqlS ch lwjr p 16,a c*jsa “kk ?kV~V mejh ns cPps ch0b0Vh0 dk;Zdze
p nk[kys vkLrS ;ksX; usbZa gks³u A oh0b0Vh0 dsUnz Ik¥eha tekrk Fkeka vXxsa lHkusa cPpsa ysbZ gquj rs
“kqxy ns dsUnzsa ns rkSjk ij ch dEe djh ldns u rs LdwyS “kk iSg~ys rs ckn ns lesa p mafn;ka lsoka
miyC/k gksbZ ldfn;ka u A bl pkYyh ns dsUnz Ldwyh lesa ns nkSjku ch dEe&dsUnzr ikB~;p;kZ vkLrS
la;qDr bUrt+ke rSg~ djus ysbZ Ldwysa vkLrS ch miyC/k gksus pkfgns u A
Okh0b0Vh0 ns bl fnz”Vhdks.k xh C;gkj p cnyus vkLrS Hkksiky bp ,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0 ns
ih0,l0,l0lh0vkbZ0oh0bZ0 tusg~ etwnk jk”Vªh lalk/ku laLFkkusa xh etcwr cukusrs thoknku nsus ns
vykok ftyk] jkT;@ ;wfu;u VSjhVjh rs dsUnz lesr cD[k&cD[k Lrjsa ij dsbZa uesa enknh <kaps rs lalk/ku
laLFkka iSnk djfu;ka gks³u A
5.5 fopkj rs O;gkj p uekapkj
5.5.1 ikB~;iqLrdsa nh cgqyrk
bl fnz”Vhdks.k dUuS ts ikB~;p;kZ p lkFkZd <axk dUuS cPpsa ns vuqHko rs Hkk”kk lesr mans
culcUu lkaLd`rd lanHkZ “kkey gksu ,g~ t:jh ,s ts ikB~;iqLrd ys[ku xh fodsUnzhd`r dhrk tk bl
xYyk xh /;kuk p j[kns gksbZ ts leFkZ fdUuh ,s rs blh laHko cukbZ ldus nh O;oLFkk gS tka usbZa A
ikB~;iqLrdka fy[kus ysbZ dkQh cM~Ms Lrj mIij leFksZa nh yksM+ gksanh ,s ftl p vdknfed rs “kks/kijd
izfrHkk] cPpsa ns fodkl ns cD[k&cD[k Lrjsa nh le>] lEizs”ku rs uewuk cxSjk “kkey u A tsYyS ds
,l0lh0 bZ0vkj0Vh0 ftlh etwnk dky p ikB~;iqLrd ys[ku nh ftEesokjh fnRkh xsbZ ,s bl mÌs”; fxrS
ch vksg~ dsanzh laxBu nk dEe tkjh jD[kh ldnh ,s rs dF; ns pquka· rs fy[kus cxSjk dUuS ljca/kr
201
dEe lewgd :ik p iwjh Vhe djS] ctk, blns ts bd fo”ks ekfgj lkjh ftEesnkjh lEgkyS A bl pkYyh
ns lka>s dEek ns dkj.ksa p fnz”Vh fuekZ.k] cPps fd*;ka fl[kns u bl ckjs nh vo/kkj.kk,a nk Li”Vhdj.k]
fo”k&Kku rs “kks/k lexzh] cPps dUuS xYyckr djus nh izfdz;k nh le>] ikB~; iqLrd fuekZ.k p cPpsa
xh fparu nk Fkkg~j nsus rs lkfFk;sa nh izfrfdz;k tkuus ljca/kh xYyka “kkey u A ;wfuoflfVZ;sa Fkeka
vdknfed rs “kks/k nh enn] xSj ljdkjh laLFkk,a rs is”ksoj yksdsa ns le`) vuqHkoas nk bl dEek ysbZ ykg~
ySuk cM+k t:jh ,s A ikB~; iqLrd nk iz;ksx cM+k isphnk gksnak ,s dh ts vTtdy xwg~M+ rs ers ckjh
cseSg~us dF; vkg~ys ikB le>us p cPps eq”dy elwl djns u A ikB vDlj LdwyS p fo”ks i<+kus vkLrS
fnrs xsns :isa xh utjh p jD[ks cxSj fy[ks xsns gksans u A ikB~;iqLrd ns ys[kd vklsvk tekrk p
vknku&iznku xh fn[kns gksbZ v/;kid rs fo|kfFkZ;sa nh izfrfdz;k,a xh izkIr djus vkLrS “kq:vkrh ikBsa nk
rtckZ v/kkj ij i<+k;k tkuk bd vPNk fopkj gksbZ ldnk ,s A [kkldjh ikB~;iqLrdsa ns dF;
¼mnkgj.k vkLrS cPpsa ns vuqHkosa xh Fkkg~j nsuk½ xh tekrk ns ;FkkFkZ rs v/;kidsa nh R;kjh ns erkcd
le>us rs LFkkir djus ysbZ uekpkj djns gksbZ ,g~ ch t:jh ,s A
,g~ vuqlj.k djnk,s ts Ldwysa ysbZ cgqeq[kh ikB~;iqLrdsa nh miyC/krk xh vl vkn”kZiw.kZ <axk dUuS
fnD[kk djus vka dh ts vksg~ v/;kidsa ns fodYisa xh eksdyk djnh ,s rs cPpsa fn;sa yksM+sa rs #fp #>kusa ns
ljca/ks p cUulcUu vkg~uus nh lqfo/kk ch eqgS;k djkanh ,s A ftlyS drkcsa nh [kklh fxurjh rs lgk;d
lexzh miyc/k gksanh ,s rka v/;kid ,g~ fu.kkZ ySus ysbZ mRlkfgr gksbZ ldnk ,s ts dsg~M+s ikB mlns “kfxnsZa
ysbZ [kkl fo”ksa ns erkcd euklc u A bl dUuS v/;kidsa nh [kqneq[R;kjh rs fodYisa xh c<+kok Fgksx A
cnys p vksg~ cUulcUus lzksr rik”kus rs ,g~ le>us ysbZ ts mLlS dF; xh cD[k&cD[k rjhdsa dUuS fd*;ka
izLrqr dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s] cPpsa nh gkSlykvQ+tkbZ ns ekSds eqgS;k djkbZ ldns u A bl dUuS ykbczsjh ns
dEeS xh izksRlkgu Fgksx A izf”k{k.k izksxzkesa @ odZ”kkisa vkfn ns jkgsa ikB~;p;kZ ysbZ lalk/ku ns :ik p
drkcsa nh rs lgk;d lexzh nh cjrwu djus p v/;kidsa xh leFkZ cukus rs Ldwyk ns vanj ykbczSjh tka
dsb;sa Ldwysa ysbZ bd lalk/ku dsanz ljca/kh ra= xh ;dhuh cukus nh t:jr ,s A cD[k&cD[k Ldwysa p
ykbczsjh ns lka>hdju nh xYyk xh ysb;S ch xaHkhjrk dUuS lkspsvk tkbZ ldnk ,s rs blh ljdkjh rs
202
izkbosV Ldwysa ns lSg~;ksx dUuS ch fodlr dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s A leqnk;d ykbczsfj;sa xh dk;e djus ns
ckjs p ch lkspsvk tkbZ ldnk ,s A
cgqeq[kh ikB~;iqLrdsa ns mRiknu xh c<+kok nsus dUuS tsg~fM+;ka n¶rjh rkSjk ij Ldwyk vklsvk ykbZ
xsfn;ka gksu ikB~; iqLrd fuekZ.k p izkbZosV [skrj xh c<+kok Fgksx A bl lanHkZ p ,g~ xYy EgŸkoiw.kZ ,s
ts fj;kLrh Lrj fn;sa laLFkk,a xh f”k{kk p “kks/k djksvkus rs izf”k{kk ¼ikB~;iqLrdk R;kj djksvkuk ch “kkey
gks,s ½ ysbZ lk/kus clhysa dUuS rsvkj dhrk tkuk t:jh ,s rka ts vksg~ izkbZosV izdk”kdsa rs bl edln ysbZ
fufeZr leFksZa dUuS edkcyk djh ldu A ft*;ka ds iSg~ys ch vk[ksvk xsvk ,s tsdj ,l0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0
lka>s rkSjk ij ikB~;iqLrdka R;kj djokbZ ldnh ,s rka ,g~ns dUuS mUnk Lrj ch csg~rj gksx] leFkkZ,a nk
fuekZ.k gksx rs dUuS xS laLFkkusa p ueha tku vkSx A xSj ljdkjh laxBusa dkQh pafx;ka ikB~; iqLrdka rs
lgk;d lexzh ch R;kj dhrh ,s tsg~fM+;ka Ldwysa p cjfr;ka tkbZ ldfn;ka u A lapkyd e”khujh ckjS fd”k
fopkj djuk gksx ftl dUuS ,g~ xYy ;dhuh cuh ldS ts ikB~;iqLrdsa ns ys[kdsa funsZ”kkRed fl)karsa rs
lafo/kkud eqYysa ¼[kkl dfj;S cjkscjh] /keZfujiD[krk rs lqrSarjrk½ f”k{kk ns mís”;sa ] dF; nh izekf.kdrk
rs fodklkRed vkSfpR; vkfn nh ikyuk dhrh nh ,s A dUuS xS bCch fnD[kus nh t:jr ,s ts ikB~; iqLrdsa
nk ys[ku vius futh Qk;ns ysbZ usbZa gks,s rs ftl dUuS lSg~y rjhds dUuS f”k{kk izkfIr nk mn~ns”; [kRe
gksbZ tk A ikB~;iqLrdsa ns ckjs p cPpsa ns ekrk&firk v/;kidsa rs “kSg~jnkjsa fcPp ppkZ&ifjppkZ xh izksRlkgu
nsuk t:jh ,s A rs ifjppkZ izfrfdz;k rs vkykspuk vkLrS tu vk;kesa ¼baVjusV bl lanHkZ p Fkkg~j nsbZ
ldnk ,s rs ikB~; iqLrdka cSclkbZV mIij miyC/k gksbZ ldfn;ka u ½ nh enn ySrh tkbZ ldnh ,s] ftl
dUuS ppkZ jkgsa lq>ko vkbZ ldns u A ikB~;iqLrdas ns v/;;u djokus ysbZ ;wfuoflZfV;sa xh izksRlkgr
dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s A rka ts Ldwyh Kku ij fu;er <axk dUuS “kks/k ns urhts miyC/k gksu A
5.5.2 uekapkj xh izksRlkgu
v/;kid fo|kfFkZ;sa nh t:jrsa xh iwjk djus ysbZ mUnh tekrk p ikB~;p;kZ nk Kku djkus ysbZ
[kkl Dyklk nh i<+kbZ ns lanHkZ ¼ Fkkg~jk nh raxh] fo|kfFkZ;sa nh cn~/k fxurjh f”k{kk midj.ksa nh deh]
fo|kFkhZ laxBu p fofo/krk] ersgkusa fn;ka etcwfj;ka cxSjk ½ p vDlj uesa&ueas rjhds rik”kns u A ,g~
iz;kl O;ogkfjd gksus ns dUuS&dUuS dsbZ ckjh cM+s dkjh rs jpukRed gksbZ ldns u ij mUnk ckdh
203
v/;kid leqnk; rs Ldwyk xh irk ch usbZa gksank rs vDlj v/;kid vkiaw ch mlh dksbZ [kkl Egro usbZ
fnans A f”k{kk ns vuqHkosa xh caMus dUuS rs Dykl :e ljca/kh cUulcUusa veysa xh vksg~ bd nq, dUuS
lka>k djh ldns u ftl dUuS uesa fopkjsa iz;skxas rs uekapkj xh ekSdk feyx A bl dUuS uesa fopkjsa xh
izksRlkgu rs uekapkj rs rtjcsa xh lqfo/kk Fgksx A fdl pkYyh f”k{kk rs Ik<kbZ ns uesa jpukRed rjhdsa
xh viuk;k tk rka ts vksg~ O;oLFkk nk vax cuh ldu A “kq: p Ldwyk p bd lajpuk cukbZ tkbZ
ldnh ,s rs leqnk; rs Cykd ns Lrj mIij v/;kidsa xh tekrk ns vuqHko lka>sa djus ysbZ izksRlkfgr
dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s A tsdj paxsa yXxu rka bUns pk fd”k lq>kosa rs C;gkjsa xh viuk;k ch tkbZ ldnk
,s A b*Cch t:jh ,s ts Ldwyk ns vanj rs ckg~j v/;kidsa ns lewgsa xh lalk/kusa ns dUuS&dUuS dës dEe
djus ysbZ lesa ns :ik enn eqgS ;k djkbZ tk A ßpaxs C;gkjsa nk nLrkosthdj.k rs “kks/k djus nh ch yksM+
,s A blyS bl edln ysbZ MkbZV ¼u”kkunsgh rs uekpkjh c;gkjsa nk nLrkosthdj.k ftlnh yqvkt+ekr nk
fgLlk ,s½ d”k iSlk gS A ,l0,l0,0ch0 Ldwyk ij v/kkjr “kks/k ysbZ iSlk fnUnk ,s ftl pk fd”k fgLls
xh cD[k&cD[k C;gkjsa ns nLrkosthdj.k ysbZ cjrsvk tkbZ ldnk ,s A vksg~ C;gkj ft*usaxh v/;kid viuh
Dyklk p cjrns u A yksM+pnk iSlk miyC/k djkus ns vykok bl pkYyh ns uekapkj ysbZ EgkSy cukuk cM+k
t:jh ,s ft*;ka iSg~ys xyk;k xsvk ,s ts uekapkj ljca/kh izfdz;k rs mlns iz;ksx xh eqD[k /kkjk cukuk
t:jh gksx A DyLVj Lrj ij lalk/ku dsanz cukus nk eqD[k mn~ns”; Ldwyas nk bDdyk&bDdyk iu =ksM+uk
rs mans vuqHkosa rs mans gemezsa ns fopkjsa xh lka>k djus ysbZ fu;er vk/kkj ij v/;kidsa xh fdëk djuk
bCch Egroiw.kZ ,s ts v/;kidsa nh viuh Vdksg~nh iaNku cus rS cM+s lkjs v/;kid leqnk; dUuS vksg~
viuk ukrk elwl dju ,g~ ch mUns p vtSalh xh viuk le>us rs c)ksc) “kewfy;r nh Hkkouk xh
c/kkus rs vius dEeS izfr opuc)rk nk Hkko iSnk djus nk bd rjhdk gksbZ ldnk ,s A
5.5.3 VsDukWyksth nk bLrseky
VSDukWyksth nk U;ka·iw.kZ iz;ksx f”k{kk ljca/kh dkz;Zdzesa nh igqap c/kkbZ ldnk,s O;oLFkk nk] ca/ku
lSg~y cukbZ ldnk ,s rs f”k{kk ljca/kh [kkl t:jrsa xh iwjk djus p enn djh ldnk ,s A elky ns
rkSjk ij tu ehfM;k ¼MassMedia½ ns mi;ksx dUuS f”k{kd f”k{kk izksxzke xh enn FgksbZZ ldnh ,s A
Dyklk ns vanj i<+kbZ xh lSg~y cuk;k tkbZ ldnk ,s rs izpkj vkLrS ch blxh cjrsvk tkbZ ldnk,s A
204
cD[k&cD[k ejgysa] Lof”k{kk v/;;u ns nksg~js rjhds oxSjk p v/;kiu rs f”k{kk nh laHkkouk,a xh
VSDukWyksth [kkl djh vkbZ0lh0Vh0 ns mi;ksx Fkeka Qk;nk gksbZ ldnk ,s A baVjusV ns c/kns iz;ksx us
lwpuk nk izokg~ rs rst dhrk xS cSg~l&eoklsa rs xYyk ckrk xh ch c<+kok fnŸkk tsg~M+k ds iSg~ys miyC/k
usbZa gk A vleFkZ cPpsa fn;sa i<+kbZ ljca/kh t:jrsa dUuS fuCcM+us ysbZ rs m*usaxh mi;qDr lk/ku rs lgk;rk
iznku djus nh fnz”Vh dUuS rduhdh uekapkj cM+k t:jh ,s A ft*usa t:jrsa cD[kh erk /;ku fnRrk tk
vksg~ u ] ts VSDukyksth cM~Ms mns”; rs f”k{kk izfdz;kns izksxzkes ank vu=qV~V fgLlk cukbZ tkuh pkfgnh ,s uka
ds mlh mIijk&mIijk tksM+s tkus vkg~yh pht cukb;S jD[kuk tsg~M+h lkeus xS mIij VdkbZZ xsnh yCHkS A
bl lanHkZ p tsRyS ds rduhd v/;kid rs fo|kFkhZ xh flQZ bd miHkksDrk nk :Ik ns,s ,g~ns vkLrS
VSDukykth vijsVjsa nh leh{kk djus rs mank gkSlyk =ksM+us nh yksM+ ,s A vkilh xYy&ckr rs usM+ekiu
xq.kkkRed f”k{kk nh dqath ,s rs dqlS ikB~;dze lq/kkj p blh fla)kr ns rkSjk ij usbZa cjrsvk tkuk
pfkgnk A
5.6 ufe;ka Hkkbokfy;ka
5.6.1 xSj ljdkjh lxBusa ukxfjd lekt lewgsa rs f”k{kd laxBusa nh Hkwfedk
fiNys n~gkds nh bd mYys[kus tksx ?kVuk jsgh ,s] vksg~ ,s f”k{kk p xSj ljdkjh laxBusa rs ukxfjd
lekt lewgsa nh cM~Ms iSekus mIij “kewfy;r A xSj ljdkjh laxBusa Ldwyh dEe dktk ns ljca/kk p
uokpkjh ekMy jpus] v/;kid f”k{kk tka v/;kidsa xh izf”k{k.k nsus ikB~;iqLrdka rs ikB~;dze lexzh nk
fodkl rs leqnk; p izpkj&izlkj rs iSjksdkjh djus p cM+h EgŸkoiw.kZ Hkwfedk uHkkbZ ,s A Ldwysa rs
lalk/ku dsUnzsa dUuS mank jLeh rkSjk ij tqM+uk ikB~;p;kZ ns fodkl] vdknfed lSg~;ksx fujh{k.k rs “kks/k
ysbZ cM+k t:jh ,s A ukxfjd lewgsa f”k{kk ns lkoZtfud Fkkg~j cukus rs cPpsa ns vf/kdkjsa xh ysb;S
fopkj&foe”kZ djus p cM+h cM~Mh Hkwfedk uHkkbZ ,s A jk”Vªh ikB~;p;kZ :i&js[kk ns fnz”Vhdks.k rs fopkjsa ns
izlkj] Ldwy rs leqnk; p jpukRed uekpkjh C;gkjsa p manh cjrwu] ikB~;p;kZ ns cD[k&cD[k iD[ksa
ij leh{kkRed izfrfdz;k ns dUuS&dUuS cPpsa ysbZ f”k{kk ns vf/kdkjsa ckjS opuc)rk nk EgkSy R;kj djus
rs cD[k&cD[k lekt lewgsa nh yxkrkj “kewfy;r nh yksM+ gksx A
205
v/;kid laxBu rs laLFkk Ldwyh f”k{kk xh cy nsus p vksg~ns d”kk ch cM~Mh Hkwfedk uHkkbZ ldnh
,s ft*;ka ds esn dhrh tanh jsgh ,s A elky ns rkSjk ij vksg~ Ldwyh dEesa&dktsa xh le`) djus fn;ka
tqxrka rik”kh ldns u && vksg~ vius lnL; v/;kidsa rs vius izHkko ns bLrseky dUuS ,g~ ;dhuh djh
ldns u ts i<+kbZ ns lesa dUuS le>kSrk usbZa dhrk tkx rs vksg~ ftEesnkjkuk laLd`fr ns fodkl p ennxkj
gksbZ ldns u A ikB~;p;kZ xh vljnkj <axk dUuS i<+kus ysbZ vksg~ t:jh lq>ko ch nsbZ ldns u rs
jpukRed nck· lewg~ ns rkSjk ij vksg~ Ldwyh lalk/ku] izf”k{k.k nh xq.koŸkk rs O;olkf;d fodkl tusg~
fo”ksa mIij xYy ch djh ldns u A ,g~ laLFkk LFkkuh Lrj fn;sa laLFkk,a ns dUuS&dUuS ch0vkj0lh0 rs
lh0vkj0lh0 ns dUuS bl xYyk nk tk;tk ysbZ ldnh ,s ts fdUuk vdknfed leFkZu yksM+pnk ,s rs
vksg~ns ckjs p izfrfdz;k nsuh A
,l0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0 fn;sa Hkwfedk,a rs dEesa p flQZ vdknfed [ksrjsa p xS usbZa cYds euksfoKkud
iD[ksa ysbZ enn miyC/k djkuk “kkey djus nh yksM+ ,s A ,l0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0 jkT; Lrj ij bl f[kŸks
p ukSdjh ns nkSjku v;kid&izf”k{k.k] euksfoKkud midj.ksa@ij[k nk mRiknu] #txkj ns HkfoD[k nk
lkfgR;] cxSjk vkLrS lalk/ku dsUnz LFkkir dfj;S vXxsa xS etwn xkbMSal C;wjks@;wfuVsa xh cy nsus vkLrS xSa
iqV~Vh ldns u rs ftyk@ Cykd rs Ldwy Lrj mIij O;olkf;d rkSjk ij izf”k{kr fn”kk funsZ”k nsus vkg~yk
veyk ykb;S lykg e”ojs fn;ka lsoka miyC/k djkfu;ka gks³u A
ikB~;dze :ijs[kk ns O;kid y{;sa ns izfr ;wfuoflZfV;sa nh vykspukRed Hkwfedk gksbZ ldnh ,s A
[kkldfj;S f”k{kk p cgqyrk ckn xh izksRlkfgr djus ljca/kh iz;klsa] cPpsa fn;sa t:jrsa dUuS fucM+us rs
ikB~;dze ljca/kh uesa [ksŸkjsa xh ykxw djus ns ckjs p A fo|kfFkZ;sa ns cD[k&cD[k pkYyh ns lekth
lkaLd`frd lanHksZ rs Hkkjr p tekrh okLrfodrk,a ljca/kh tfVyrk,a xh fn[kns gksbZ f”k{kk p Kku ns
v/kkj xh foLr`r djus nh rqjr t:jr ,s A ;wfuoflZV;sa ns ,tqds”ku] lekt foKku rs foKkusa ns f”k{kk
foHkkxsa xh vius “kks/k ns dk;Zdzesa p f”k{kk ns v/;;u xh “kkey djh ySuk pkfgnk A cD[k&cD[k
vuq”kklusa ns “kks/kdrkZ,a xh fdës djus vkg~yk cgqvuq”kkluh rs fdës jfy;S “kks/k fopkjsa xh tekrh vH;klsa
p :ikarjr djus nh fn”kk p lathnk “kks/k&v/kkj iSnk djus p [kkl rkSjk ij EgŸkoiw.kZ gksx A dUuS xS
;wfuoflZfV;sa xh vius njokts LdwyS Fkeka vkSus vkg~ys m*usa fo|kfFkZ;sa ysbZ [kq*Yys jD[kus nh t:jr ,s tsg~M+s
206
fd”k vkspu rs fnypLi esy vkg~ys fo”ks if<+;S vkSu A ctk, blns ts rkyus NkVus vkg~yh nk[kyk
izfdz;k viukbZ tk ;wfuoflZfV;sa xh pkfgnk ts vksg~ lekos”kh gksu rs m*usaxh cD[k&cD[k pkYyh fn;sa #fp;sa
rs ekSds vkfn xh c<+kok nsus vkg~yk gksuk pkfgnk A bl pkYyh nh eksdyh rs lekos”kh nk[kyk uhfr;ka
uktq+d ch gksafn;ka u tsdj fo|kFkhZ dksbZ O;olklf;d dkslZ e>kVS usbZa NksM+us nh “krZ mIij i<+us ns ckjs
p lkspnk gks,s A
mPp f”k{kk laLFkk,a xh flQZ lSdaMªh Ldwy v/;kidsa nh xS usbZa cYds cqfu;knh Ldwy v/;kidsa nh
v/;kid f”k{kk rs vksg~ns O;olkf;d Lrj ns fodkl p cM+h EgŸko vkg~yh Hkwfedk uHkkuh ,s uka flQZ
lSdaMªh Lrj mIij cYds izkbZejh Lrj mIij ch A ^fj¶ysfDVo Vhpj* tsg~ns p O;olkf;d ;ksX;rk rs
laxBukRedrk tsg~ns ij ikB~;p;kZ :ijs[kk fVdh nh ,s] ns xq.k ekStwn gksu] ysbZ ikB~;p;kZ ns etwnk <kaps
p ewy eqa<k Fkeka cnyko nh t:jr ,s A mUuk xS t:jh gksx ikB~;p;kZ ns fodkl dEesa p fon~okusa nk
yxkrkj lSg~;ksx] ikB~;iqLrdka fy[kus nk dEe rs lkewfgd rkSjk ij mUnk ijfr;S fujh{k.k] tsg~M+k
cD[k&cD[k pkYyh nh Egkjr vkg~ys vdknfedsa rs is”ksojsa xh fdV~Bs tksfM+;S gks,s A mPp f”k{kk p f”k{kk
ljca/kh fopkjsa rs vH;klsa ckjS izfrfdz;k] ifjppkZ rs cSgl eqokls ysbZ rs dUuS xS Ldwy rs fla)kr cukus
vkg~yas ns e>kVS vkilh ljca/k LFkkir djus ckjS ch Fkkg~j gksbZ ldnk ,s A
v/;kidsa ns f”k{k.k ljca/kh vdknfed izksxzke rs ukSdjh njku izf”k{kk rs vius vanj xS “kks/k nh
leFkkZ eBsjus ns mís”; dUuS ;wfuoflZfV;sa ] ,e0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0 rs MkbZV tusg~ laLFkkusa e>kVS vkiwa psa
laLFkkRed ljca/ksa nh ch cM+h t:jr ,s A bl lanHkZ p ,g~ euklc gksx ts Ldwy @ f”k{kk laLFkk ifjlj
ns fopkj mIij ppkZ dhrh tk rs ;wfuoflZfV;sa dkystsa Ldwysa ,l0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0@MkbZV ns dUuS xSj
ljdkjh laxBusa xh bd HkxkSfyd ifjos”k p fdV~Bk dfj;S vdknfed leFkZu fujh{k.k izksxzkesa ns ewY;kadu
nk ra= fodflr dhrk tk· A
207
ikB~;p;kZ] lyscl] i<+kus flD[kus ljca/kh lalk/ku ft*Uns p ikB~;iqLrdka ch “kkey gksu] nk
fuekZ.k rs fodsUnzhd`r <axk dUuS v/;kidsa nh Hkkxsnkjh c/kkb;S cD[k&cD[k lewgsa ns izfrfuf/k;sa rs ekfgjsa nh
Hkkxsnkjh dUuS eqedu cukbZ tkbZ ldnh ,s A ,g~ [kklrkSj ij Egroiw.kZ ,s ts gj fo”ksa ns gj bd Lrj
mIij bd dksyk efr;ka ikB~;iqLrdka R;kj dhrs tkus fn;ka laHkkouka rik”kk djus vka rka ts LFkkuh Lrj
mIij ml lexzh nh izklafxdrk cuh nh j*oS rs v/;kidsa ns lkeuS pquka· ns fodYi gksu ft*Uns pk vksg~
pquka· djh ldu A bl pkYyh nh Vhe gksj pkYyh nh ikB~; lexzh ch R;kj djh ldnh ,s ft*;ka jhfM+x
¼Reading½ dkMZ eqdkeh izlaxsa rs fp=sa vkg~fy;ka ykSg~fd;ka&ykSg~fd;ka dRFkka tsg~fM+;ka fo|kfFkZ;sa ysbZ fd”k
efr;ka jkspd gksafn;ka u A pquka· rs cu lcUukiu tsg~M+k Js’B Ldwysa p rs gksank ,s] vksg~ lHkusa Ldwysa nk
vke y{k.k cuh ldnk ,s A
efgyk rs cky fodkl foHkkx] lsgr foHkkx] [ks<ka rs “kjhjh f”k{kk foHkkx] foKku rs rduhd
foHkkx] vkfnoklh ekeysa ljca/kh foHkkx] lekth U;ka· rs l”kfDrdj.k foHkkx] laLd`fr foHkkx ] lSylQk
nk foHkkx ] Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k foHkkx] iapk;rh jkt laLFkka cM+h #fp ns dUuS cPpsa ns Hkys csgrjh
rs fodkl] Ldwy rs ikB~;p;kZ p eksgrcj cxSjk fd”k uk,a nk ft+dz dhrk tank,s A ,g~ lCHkS foHkkx cPpsa
rs v/;kidsa nh f”k{kk xh le`) cukus p ;ksxnku nsus nh leFkkZ j[kns u A dh ts ikB~;dze ljca/kh dF;
?kV~Vks?kV~V Ik*¥~tsa ea=ky;sa ns tsjsxkSj gksank ,s bl ysbZ lsg~r rs “kjhjh f”k{kk xh cD[k foHkkxsa p leUo; nh
t:jr ,s A ikB~;p;kZ nh izHkko”kkyh lapkyu xh ;dhuh cukus ysbZ izeqD[k foHkkxsa e>kVS lEidZ nh fd”k
uka fd”k O;oLFkk nk gksuk ykt+eh ,s rs ,g~ Ldwy ikB~;p;kZ ,s ftlxh Ldwyh ikB~;p;kZ p n[kyankth djns
gksbZ dk;Zdzesa nh vxqokbZ djuh pkfgnh ,s ctk, blns ts udscys dk;Zdze dhrs tku A m*usaxh usg~ rjhds
[kksth rqIih dM~<us nh t:jr ,s A ft*Uns jkgsa vksg~ f”k{kk foHkkxsa ns iz;klsa dUuS tqfM+;S cPpsa nh f”k{kk p
viuk ;ksxnku nsbZ ldu A vksg~] Ldwyk p ckn~/kw Lgwyrka eqgS;k djksvkb;S] ikB~;p;kZ xh le`) cukus
ysbZ [kkl izksxzkesa] ft*;ka [ks<sa ns dYc rs [ks< midj.k fo”ks”k izf”k{kd lesr @ bfrgkld izd`frd rs
iqjkrkfRod Egrk vkg~ys Fkkg~jsa nh ;k=k nk vk;kstu rs b*usa Fkkg~jsa ysbZ lexzh eqgS;k djksvkb;S ] lanHkZ
lexzh QksVks rs pkVZ ¼fQYesa rs QksVq,a xh “kkey djns gksbZ½ miyC/k djksvkb;S fu;er rkSjk ij lsgr nh
fnD[kHkky xh ;dhuh cukb;S rs lCgSjh ¼Mid day meal½ nh xq.koŸkk nh tkap ij[k fd”k usg~ mik· u
208
ft*Uns jkgsa usgk djh ldns u A ,g~ vksg~ fd”k rjhds u ft*Uns jkgsa ,g~ foHkkx Ldwy ikB~;p;kZ nh
xq.koŸkk rs blns fodkl&ckn~/ks p viuk ijrD[k ;ksxnu nsbZ ldns u A f”k{kk foHkkx ns dUuS fopkj
foe”kZ ns ckn lkFkZd eqn~nsa ns ckjs p lkspsvk tkbZ ldnk ,s ctk, blns ts dksbZ bDdyk vkneh mlh
vius rkSjk ij lkspS rs ;dhuh cuk· A ,g~ bl xYyk xh ;dhuh cukus ysbZ t:jh ,s ts fd”k R;kj
dhrk tk djnk ,s vksg~ ykHkdkjh ,s rs ykHkdkjh lkcr ch gks,s A bLlS pkYyh vksg~ f”k{kk foHkkx
vklsvk [kkl izksxzkesa ns lanHkZ p mfUn;sa eaxsa ij ch fopkj djh ldu A
******
209
milagkj
ikB~;dze nk ,g~ <kapk bl ljca/kS p bd fnz”Vhdks.k is”k djnk ,s ts lk<+s cPpsa nh f”k{kk ysbZ dsg~
pkfgnk ,s A ,g~ cPpsa nh f”k{kk dUuS tqM+s ns yksdsa nk Lrj bl gn~nk rxj eBsjus nh eax djnk ,s ftRFkS
vksg~ pquka· rs lyscl nk fu”pk djh ldu A ,g~ cPpsa ns flD[kus] Kku ns lqvkre rs laLFkku ns rkSjk
ij LdwyS dUuS ljca/kr eqísa ckjS le> eqgS;k djnk ,s A ikB~;p;kZ nk ,g~ mixe LdwyS nh Hkkouk rs
laLd`fr] v/;kidsa ns Dykl:e vH;kl] LdwyS Fkeka ckg~j i<+kbZ ns Fkkg~j] i<+kbZ ns llk/ku] bRFkwa rxj ts
O;oLFkkxr iSg~yq,a] ft*Unk bl ljca/kk p ijrD[k rs vijrD[k izHkko ikSank ,s] nss EgŸko ikLlS /;ku
nksvkanh ,s A cM~Ms iSekus ij ikB~;dze n[kyankth nh :ins[kk fn;ka eqD[k xfrfof/k;ka lyscl rs
ikB~;iqLrdsa nk fuekZ.k rs ersgkuh lq/kkjsa nh vkiwa ps nh laxfr rs lk<+s cPpsa xh fnŸkh tkus vkg~yh f”k{kk ns
fodkl rs mlnh xq.kkRedrk p csgrjh dUuS ljca/kr f”k{kkRed mís”;sa xh gkly djus tusfg;ka u A
lSadM+s ekrk&firk,a rs v/;kidsa ,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0 xh mlns ml b”rsgkj ns tokcS p lusg Hksts
ftl p jk”Vªh lyscl <kapsa ns ljca/kS p yksdsa “kk lq>k· eaxs xs ns gs A bans pk bd lusgk gk eqacbZ p
jkSg~us vkg~yh eka rs v/;kidk uhrk eksgyk nk A m*usa fy[ks nk gk &&
vTt fo|kFkhZ ns :iS p esjs cPps m*usa&m*usa “kS{kf.kd vH;klsa pk xqtjk djns u ] tsg~M+s chg~ c*js
iSg~ysa fexh gks,s gs A lkjs lalkjS p i<+kus rs ewY;kadu ns [ksrjS p ueas&uesa rjhds vtek, tk djns u]
ij lk<+s fo|kFkhZ cksMZ ns vH;klsa nh udy djns u ] m*usa xh psrS djh ySans u rs Ekrsgkusa p mXxyh fnans
u A tsg~fM+;k rCnhfy;ka gksafn;ka ch gSu] vksg~ gksj ch ekfM+;ka gksafn;ka u A cPpsa nh ikSag~p gwu gksj ers
lwpuk ek/;esa rxj gksbZ pqdh nh ,s] bl ysbZ c)ksc) fo”ks cPpsa ns cLrsa p Hkjs tk ns u A daI;wVj]
uSfrd f”k{kk vkfn uesa yksdfiz; fo”ks u rs ^dkSu cusxk djksM+ifr* dk;Zdze nh lQyrk ns dkj.k lkekU;
Kku fo”ks Ik<+kuk ch “kq: dhrk xsvk ---AÞ
210
lk<+s lyscl cM~Ms rs v/;kidsa nh i<+kus nh leFkkZ Fkeka ckg~jsa gksans tk ns u ] bl ysbZ v/;kid
cseus Hkko dUuS i<+kans u A fo|kFkhZ /;ku usbZa ykbZ ldns tka vksg~ tekrk ns ikBS xh le>h usbZa ldns
rs vksg~ lqUu tu gks, ns pyns jkSag~ns u A cD[k&cD[k fo”ksa p uesa uesa ikB “kkey gksans tans u tn~ds
fiNys nh i<+kbZ xS LgsbZ pkYyh dUuS iwjh usbZa gksbZ ikanh A lyscl nk Hkkj bl pkYyh tka rs ekrk&firk
tka V~;w”kusa ns LgkjS NksM+h fnRrk tank ,s A ykSg~ds cPpas ns ewa<s f”k{kk ns cks>s gsB ncks, ns u] vksg~ Ldwyk
Fkeka V~;w”u Dyklsa rxj nkSM+ ykans jkSag~ns u ftl dUuS mank cpiu xS NqMd+h tank ,s A fo|kFkhZ nk bd
lewg~ nq, Fkeka ers uacj ySus nh gksM+k p gksj ch erh esgurk dUuS i<+nk ,s A ers lkjs cPps ekrk&firk
vklsvk gksj erk i<+us ns nck· p vkfu;S ruk· nk “kdkj gksbZ tans u A dsb;sa cPpsa xh blns ysbZ
ykt&eqvkyts nh ch yksM+ isbZ tanh ,s A flQZ eqD[k fo”ksa p paxs uacj ySus vkg~ys cPps lQy le>s tans
u A [ks<sa rs dyk ns [ksrjk p [kjk fudyus vkg~ys cPpsa xh dksbZ [kkl usbZa le>svk tank A [ks<sa tka dqlS
gksj euilan fn”kk p vXxsa c/kusa Fkeka cPpsa xh jksdsvk tank ,s dh ts uacjs ns lfVZfQdsV p vksg~ dksbZ
eSg~uk usbZ j[kns A ikB~;p;kZ rs lQyrk ns pDdj nk ,g~ nck· gksank ,s ts vksg~ gdhdh lalkj ns vuqHkosa
Fkeka viuk /;ku gVkb;S drkcsa p yku A bRFkwa rxj ts Nseha tekrk ns cPpsa xh ch uacjs nh nkSM+k p cus
jkSg~us vkLrS Ldwyk ns bykok pkj ?kSaVs ckn~/kw i<+uk ikSank ,s A
tsdj viuh fodkl&nkSM+ p fo|kFkhZ erk leka gdhdh lalkj nh cfuLcr drkch nqfu;ka p crkans
u rka erk vans”kk mans =qV~Vh tkus nk jkSag~nk ,s A f”k{kk nk mn~ns”; udkjkRed cuh tank ,s A ,g~ fo|kfFkZ;sa
nh lw> xh n*Åa VksVsasa p caMh Vdkank ,s A mans pk bd ,slh drkch nqfu;k xh ?kks[kus p yXxk jkSag~nk ,s
tsg~ns ij vksg~nk dksbZ cl usbZa gksank bl ysbZ mlnk /;ku vksg~ns p usbZa yxnk A tsdj pkSFkh tekrk ns bd
cPps nh elky ySps] vksg~ ,g~ tkunk ,s ts IgkM+S ij tkuojsa nh pjkSV jksdus dUuS feV~Vh ns [kqjus xh
jksdsvk tkbZ ldnk ,s ij ,g~ns p vksg~ viuh dkih&iSaly nh enn usbZa ysbZ ldnk A vk[kjdkj vksg~
bd i<+s&fy[ks csodwQ ns :ik p cM~Mk gksank ,s A mans fodkl mIij /;ku nsb;S mans p lzs”B pfj= rs
O;fDrRo nk fodkl dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s A ctk, blns ts mlh usgk dkQh fd”k i<+k;k tank ,s ftlh
vksg~ vius jkstejkZ rs vuqHkosa dUuS tksM+h usbZa ldnk A vksg~ cPps ft*Unk i<+kbZ p eu usbZa yxnk mans
ij dsbZa pkYyh ns cqjs izHkkosa ns gkoh gksbZ tkus nk Mj c/kh tank ,s A bl pkYyh nh t:jr vkg~ys
211
fo|kfFkZ;sa nh enn djus vkLrS dksbZ ra= usbZa ,s A vTtS ns ekrk&firk ch vius cPpsa vkaxj ruk· p
?kjks, ns jkSag~ns u A cksMZ ns ersgkusa nh R;kjh djus vkg~ys fo|kfFkZ;sa pk 75 Qhlnh ruk· p ?kjks, ns
jkSag~ns u A
Jherh uhrk eksgyk gksj dsbZa Bksl lq>k· fnafn;ka u ft*Uns pk fd”k bl pkYyh u %
1. dsg~ i<+k;k tkuk pkfgnk ,s rs dsg~ flD[ksvk tkbZ ldnk ,s ns e>kVS lkekaiu cuk;k tkuk pkfgnk
,s A dqnjr ns lalkjS fn;ka lajpuka cselky u ft*Uns p gj bd rRo lkjh lajpuk dUuS rkyesy
cukb;S dEe djnk ,s A vlyh pukSfr ikB~;p;kZ xh bl pkYyh R;kj djus nh ,s ftl p f”k{kk
ns O;kid y{;sa nh xYy gks,s tsg~M+h miyfC/k;sa rs lhek,a nh t+ehuh lPpkb;sa ij v/kkjr gks,s A
2. ctk, ,slh jpuk cukus ns ftl p fd”k xS yksdsa vkLrS lQyrk nh jkg~ cus vlsaxh ,slk <kapk
cukuk pkfgnk,s ftl p flD[kus nk lHkusa xh cjkcj ekSdk Fgks,s A ,g~nh cfqUk;kn etcwr rs
VdkÅ gks,s A ,g~ns v/kkjsa xh foLr`r cuk, tkus rs m*usaxh ijfr;S ifjHkk”kr dhrs tkus nh yksM+
,s A xf.kr] foKku bfrgkl vkfn ns ijkus <kaps lesr O;fDrRo] “kjhjh leFkZ] jpukRed rs
vkykspukRed fparu vkLrS ch txg cuk, tkus nh t:jr ,s A
3. fo”ks&lwph nk lac/k cD[k&cD[k voLFkk,a p thou rs jkstxkj nh pukSfr;sa dUuS gks,s A fo|kFkhZ rs
v/;kidsa xh mans ij [kkl /;ku nsus ysbZ euklc leka fnŸkk tkuk pkfgnk A “kq) Kku nk mÌs”;
cPpsa ns vius #fp&vH;klsa nh [kkst gks,s A ,g~ns vkLrS fodYih v/;kiu i)fr ft*;ka izkstsDV
i)fr rs fodYih ewY;kadu i)fr tusgh [kq*Yyh iqLrd ersgku nh enn ySrh tkbZ ldnh ,s A
vlsaxh flQZ gj fo”ks nk ch· ykuk pkfgnk ,s lewyps ikSns mans p xM~Mus usbZa pkfgns A f”k{kk cPpsa
xh thou ns ckjs p flD[kus nh izsj.kk nsus vkg~yh gksuh pkfgnh A
4. vlsaxh f”k{kk xh euqD[kh cukb;S mlxh euqD[kh #fp;sa ns cD[k&cD[k pkYyh ns iD[ksa&iSg~yq,a
erkcd izklafxd cukuk pkfgnk ,s A fo|kfFkZ;sa nh izfrHkk ns cUulcUusiu xh izksRlkgr djus vkLrS
fodYih ewY;kadu xzsMsa vkg~yh i)fr viuk, tkus nh t:jr ,s A [ks<sa ] dyk,a rs f”kYisa p paxh
dkjdnZxh djus vkg~ysa xh ch “kS{kd miyfC/k gkly djus vkg~ys fo|kfFkZ;sa vkaxj iUNku Fgksuh
pkfgnh A miyfC/k;sa ns efr;sa fn”kk,a p lwph foLrkj dUuS ;dhuu xS ekrk&firk rs fo|kfFkZ;sa xh
212
ruk· d”kk eqfDr Fgksx A xzsM i)fr ij ifjofrZr gksus dUuS lekt nk /;ku ikB~;p;kZ ns
MkfoZu ns lekth vfHkizk;sa d”kk eqDr gksbZ tkx A
vkvks vl esn djpS ts eqY[kk Hkjk p ikB~;p;kZ rs ikB~;iqLrd fuekZrk bl eka ns “kCnsa cD[kh
yksM+pnh rs ykt+eh rcTtv ns³u A
******
213
ifjf”k”V & 1
gj bd /;k· nk lkj
/;k· & 1
* f”k{kk nh jk”Vªh O;oLFkk xh cgqyrkoknh lekt p etcwfr iznku djuk A
* ^csk> eqDr f”k{kk* nh lw> ns v/kkj ij ikB~;p;kZ ns cks> xh ?kV~V djuk A
* ikB~;p;kZ lq/kkj ns dUuS O;oLFkk ljca/kh ifjorZu A
* lafo/kku p y[kks, ns eqYysa] ft*;ka lekth U;ka·] cjkscjh rs /keZ fujiD[krk ij v/kkjr ikB~;p;kZ
vH;kl
* lHkusa vkLrS xq.kkRed f”k{kk ;dhuh cukuk A
* usg~ ukxfjd oxZ nh jpuk tsg~M+k yksdrkaf=d izfdz;k,a p eqYysa p fyax ljca/kh U;ka· iV~VhntZ
tkfr;sa] tutkfr;sa fn;sa leL;k,a rs “kjhjh rkSjk ij vleZFk cPpsa fn;sa t:jrsa izfr opuc) gks,s
rs dUuS xS vksg~ns p jktuSrd rs vkfFkZd izfdz;k,a p fgLlk ySus nh leFkZ gks,s A
/;k· & 2
* v/;kiu rs v/;;u ljca/kh lk<+h vo/kkj.kk nk ijfr;S laxBu A
* f”k{kkfFkZ;sa ns fodkl rs f”k{k.k mipkj ns ljca/kk p lokZaxhu ¼liwjk½ mikxe A
* tekrk p lHkusa fo|kfFkZ;sa ysbZ bd lekos”kh EgkSy cukuk A
* Kku fuekZ.k rs jpukRedrk xh c<+kok nsus p fo|kfFkZ;sa xh #>kuk A
* iz;ksxkRed ek/;esa jkgsa lfdz; f”k{k.k A
* ikB~;dze fn;sa izfdz;k,a p cPpsa ns fopkjsa xh ok.kh nsus] mRlqDrk rs mans vklsvk lqvky iqPNs tkus
ysbZ euklc Fkkg~j A
214
* Kku nh lw>oku jpuk ysbZ eksdyh :ijs[kk eqgS;k djus ysbZ Kku fn;sa vuq”kklfud gÌsa Fkeka
vXxsa Kku xh c/kkuk A
* fo|kfFkZ;sa nh Hkkxhnkjh ns [ksrj &&& izs{k.k] rik”k] vkykspukRed fopkj&foe”kZ] fo”ys”ku vkfn ch
fo”ks&Kku vkg~yk ys[kk f”k{kk ns EgŸkoiw.kZ fo”ks u A
* lekth&lkaLd`frd ¼lPpkb;sa½ gdhdrsa ckjS vkykspukRed ifjizs{k fodlr djus ljca/kh xfrfof/k;sa
xh ikB~;dze&vH;klsa p Fkkg~j fnŸks tkus nh t:jr A
* edkeh Kku rs cPpsa ns vuqHko ikB~;iqLrdsa rs “kS{kf.kd vH;klsa ns EgŸkoiw.kZ vax u A
* i;kZoj.k dUuS ljca/kr izktsDV ySusvkg~ys cPps Hkkjr ns i;kZoj.k mIij ikjn”khZ ifCyd MkVkcsl
R;kj djus p enn nsus vkg~ys Kku ns mRiknu p ;ksxnku nsu A
* LdwyS ns c*js cPpsa fn;sa leFksZa] #fp;sa vkfn ns lanHkZ p rsth dUuS fodkl ns nkSj gksans u A bl
ysbZ fo”ks&oLrq ns pquka· rs O;oLFkk rs dUuS xS Kku fuekZ.k ljca/kh izfdz;k,a xh mans erkcd pyus
tksx cukus nh t:jr ,s A
/;k· & 3
* Hkk”kkbZ dkS”ky & cksyus rs lquus rs i<+us rs fy[kus ljca/kh && Ldwyk ns fo”ksa rs vuq”kklusa ns
erkcd gksu A cqfu;knh f”k{kk dksyk ysb;S gk;j lSdaMªh Lrj rxj cPpsa ns Kku fuekZ.k p mans
EgŸko xh le>s tkus nh t:jr ,s A
* =S Hkk”kk QkZewysa xh ykxw djus ysbZ ijfr;S iz;kl dhrk tkuk pkfgnk ,s A ftl p cPpsa nh
ekr`Hkk”kk@ Hkk”kk,a xh vfHkO;fDr ns loZlzs”B ek/;e ns rkSjk ij rjthg fnRrs tkus nh t:jr
,s A bans p vkfnoklh Hkk”kk,a xh ch “kkey dhrs tkus nh yksM+ ,s A
* vaxzsth xh gksjusa Hkkjrh Hkk”kk,a ns dUuS Fkkg~j fnŸks tkus nh yksM+ ,s A
* Hkkjrh lekt ns ckgqHkk”kh <kpsa xh Ldwyh thou nh le`f) ns clhysa ns :ik p fnD[ksvk tkuk
pkfgnk A
215
xf.kr @ Lgkc
* Lgkc nh f”k{kk nk eqD[k y{; gksuk pkfgnk ,s xf.kfrdj.k ¼vFkkZr~ rdZ leFkkZ nk iz;ksx] vewrZs xh
cukuk rs lqy>kuk½ uka ds Lgkc i<+kus nk y{; Lgkc nk Kku ¼jLeh rs e”khuh rkSj rjhdk½ ,s A
* Lgkck nh f”k{kk cPpsa nh rdZ leFkkZ rs lkspus nh leFkkZ nk fodkl djS cPpsa p leL;ka lqy>kus
nh leFkkZ nk fodkl gks,s A Lgkck nh csg~rj f”k{kk nk gDd gj bd cPpsa xh ,s A
lkabZl
• lkabZl nh Hkk”kk izfdz;k rs fo”ks oLrq fo|kFkhZ nh cjsl rs mlnh Kku leFkkZ ns erkcd gksuh
pkfgnh ,s A
• foKku nh f”k{kk fo|kfFkZ;sa xh m*usa rjhdsa rs izfdz;k,a nh tkudkjh nsus p leFkZ gksuh pkfgnh ,s ]
tsg~M+s mUnh jpukRedrk nk fodkl dju rs ftKklk xh “kkar djus vkg~fy;ka gksu [kkldfj;S
i;kZoj.k ns lanHkZ p A
• lkabZl nh f”k{kk cPpsa ns ifjos”k ns erkcd gksuh pkfgnh ,s rka ts mUns p dEek nh nqfu;ka p
ifjos”k djus ljca/kh t:jh Kku rs dkS”ky fodlr gksbZ ldu A i;kZoj.k ljca/kh laLdkjsa xh
Ldwyh ikB~;p;kZ dUuS tksM+svk tkuk pkfgnk ,s A
lekth foKku
• ersgkus ysbZ psrS dhrs tkus vkg~ys rRFksa xh drkj c) djus nh ctk, lekth nh fo”ks&oLrq xh
vo/kkj.kkRed le> mIij dsanzr gksus nh t:jr ,s rs dUuS cPpsa xh lekth eqísa ij lqrSajrk dUuS
lkspus rs mans ckjS lathnxh dUuS izfrfdz;k tkg~j djus ysbZ leFkZ cukus tksx gksuh pkfgnh A
• izeq[k jk”Vªh ljksdkjsa ft*;ka fyax] U;ka·] euqD[kh vf/kdkj rs gkf”k;s ns lewgsa rs vYila[;dsa ns
ckjS lksp xh fodflr dhrs tkus ysbZ varj vuq”kklukRed fnz”Vhdks.k viuk, tkus nh t:jr
,s A
• ukxfjd “kkL= xh jktuhfr “kkL= djh fnŸkk tk rs bfrgkl xh cPpsa nh vrhr rs ukxfjdrk
iUNku nh vo/kkj.kk mIij izHkko ikus vkg~ys fo”ksa ns :ik p iUNkusvk tk A
216
dEe
izkbZejh Fkeka iSg~ys nh voLFkk Fkeka ysb;S lhfu;j lSadaMªh voLFkk rxj Ldwy ikB~;dze xh ijfr;S
l:i nsus nh t:jr ,s rka ts dEek nh f{k{k.kkRed laHkkouk xh Kku&xzká;rk] dnjsa ns fodkl rs cgq
gqujh lajpuk p “kS{kf.kd ek/;e ns rkSjk ij veyh :i fnŸkk tkbZ ldS A
dyk
• dyk,a ¼laxhr] u`r] fnz””k dyka] dBiqryh dyk] feV~Vh dyk rs jaxeap cxSjk ns yksd rs “kkL=h
:Iksa ½ rs ojklrh rkSjk ij pyns vkok djns gqujsa nh Ldwyh ikB~;p;kZ p vu=qV vax ns rkSjk ij
ekU;rk A
• mans ekrk&firk] Ldwy vf/kdkfj;sa rs izc/kdsa p futh] lekth] vkfFkZd rs lkSan;Z cks/kd izkflaxdrk
nh tkx:drk iSnk djuk A
• dyk xh Ldwyh f”k{kk ns gj Lrj mIij bd fo”ks ns rkSjk ij “kkey dhrk tkuk pkfgnk ,s A
“kkafr
• Ldwyh f”k{kk ns njku euklc xfrfof/k;sa ns jkgsa lHkusa fo”ksa p “kkafr nh f”k{kk fnRrh tkuh pkfgnh
,s A
• “kkafr f”k{kk xh v/;kidsa ns izf”k{k.k nk ch vax cuk;k tkuk pkfgnk A
lsgr rs “kjhjh f”k{kk
* lsgr rs “kjhjh f”k{kk fo|kfFkZ;sa ns liwjs fodkl vkLrS t:jh ,s A lsgr rs “kjhjh f”k{kk ns izksxzkesa
jkgsa ¼;ksx lesr½ Ldwyk p nk[kys gktjh rs i<+kbZ nh iw.kZrk vkfn nh leL;k,a dUuS lQy <axk
dUuS fucM+svk tkbZ ldnk ,s A
vkokl rs f”k{kk
• ,g ;dhu nqvkans gksbZ ts mi;qDr xfrfof/k;sa fy, yksM+pnk leka jD[ksvk xsnk ,s( cD[k&cD[k
vuq”kklusa nh f”k{kk ns lHkusa Lrjsa ij Ik;kZoj.k ljca/kh leL;k,a rs ljksdkjsa dUuS tksM+ns gksbZ
i;kZoj.k f”k{kk csgrjhu <axk dUuS ykxw dhrh tkbZ ldnh ,s A
217
/;k· & 4
• <kaps rs lexzh ljca/kh lqfo/kk,a nh ?kÍks?kÍ miyC/krk rs yphyh jkstkuk fnup;kZ nh ;kstuk
cuk, tkus ckjS fgek;r v/;kidsa nh csgrj dkjdnZxh ysbZ xaHkhj eqís u A
* bd Ldwyh laLd`fr tsg~M+h cPpsa nh iaNku xh fo|kFkhZ ns :i p fodlr djnh ,s gj cPps nh
leFkZ rs #fp;sa nk ch fodkl djnh ,s A
• usfg;ka xfrfof/k;ka tsg~fM+;ka leFkZ vleFkZ lHkusa cPpsa nh “kewfy;r xh ;dhuh cuku loZ&f”k{kk
nh ykt+eh “krZ ,s A
• yksdrka=d rjhdsa jkgsa cPpsa p vius vki vuq”kklu nk fodkl Egs”kka izklafxd jkSg~uk pkfgnk ,s A
• Kku rs vuqHkosa xh lka>s djus nh izfdz;k p leqnk, ns yksdsa xh “kkey dhrs tkus dUuS Ldwy rs
leqnk; p lka>siu nk ljca/k cunk ,s A
f”k{kk lalk/kusa nk b*usa lanHksZa p ijfr;S fu/kkZj.k%&
* ikB~;iqLrdsa p vo/kkj.kk,a nh O;k[;k] xfrfof/k;ka] leL;ka rs vH;kl ,sls <axk dUuS fnRrs ns
gksus pkfgns u ft*Uns Fkeka ljca/kr fpUru rs lewg&dEek xh c/kkok Fgks,s A
* lgk;d iqLrdka ] dEe&iqLrdka] v/;kidsa fn;ka Mk;fj;ka ¼dEe & iqLrdka½ uesa fparu rs uesa
/kjkry mIij v/kkjr gksfu;ka pkfgfn;ka u A
* f”k{kk xh dsg~jh xYyckr cukus ns ctk, vkilh xYyckr cukus ysbZ eYVhehfM;k ns lk/kusa nk
bLrseky gksuk pkfgnk A
* Ldwyk nh ykbczsjh fo|kfFkZ;sa ] v/;kidsa rs leqnk; ns yksdsa ysbZ Kku xh Mwag~xh lrg rxj ysbZ tkus
rs fo”kky txr dUuS tksM+us nk dEe djS A
* Ldwy dyaMj nh fodsanzhd`r ;kstuk rs jkstejkZ nk VkbZe&Vscy (Time-Table) rs v/;kidsa xh
is”ksoj vH;klsa nh [kqneq[R;kjh f”k{kk ns ekgkSy xh cukus ysbZ t:jh ,s A
218
/;k· & 5
• O;oLFkkxr lq/kkj nk bd Vdksg~nk y{k.k xq.koRrk ns ckjs p fpark ,s ] tsg~M+h laLFkku fn;sa viuh
detksfj;sa nh iUNku djus rs ufe;sa leFksZa ns fodkl vkLrS laLFku fn;sa vifu;sa ;ksX;rk,a xh
vUrfuZfgr djnh ,s A
• eqY[kk ns cD[k&cD[k izns”ksa p rqyukRed xq.koŸkk xh ;dhuh cukus rs b*Cch ;dhuh cukus ts
tsYyS cD[k&cD[k iNkSdM+sa ns cPps fdës i<+ns u rka bl dUuS i<+kbZ nh lkewfgd xq.kkRedrk p
lq/kkj gksank ,s rs Ldwyh uSfrdrk le`) gksanh ,sa] bl ysbZ bd lkekU; Ldwy O;oLFkk cuuh pkfgnh
,s A
• Ldwy rs Cykd Lrjsa ij vxfy;sa ;kstuk,a ysbZ /;ku nsus tksx [ksrj iUNkuus rs DyLVj rs Cykd
Lrjsa ij mŸkjorhZ n`<+hdju ysbZ Ldwysa Fkeka jEHk djns gksbZ bd fo”kky <kapk R;kj gks,s ftl dUuS
ftyk Lrj mIij fodssanzhdj.k nh uhfr cuh ldS A
• eqD[k v/;kidsa rs v/;kidsa ns lg;ksx dUuS lkFkZd vdknfed ;kstuk nk “kewfy;rh rjhds dUuS
fodkl A
• i<+kbZ & l[kkbZ izfdz;k ns lanHkZ p fujh{k.k nh fdz;k xh O;fdrxr Ldwysa dUuS lgfdz;k ns :ik p
fnD[ksvk tkuk pkfgnk A
• v/;kid izf”k{kk dk;Zdzesa xh ijfrsa l:i nsus rs ln`<+ djus nh yksM+ ,s rka ts bd v/;kid b*;ka
gksbZ ldS %
& fo|kfFkZ;sa xh viuh dkcfy;r rqIih dM~<us p leFkZ cukus] vifu;sa “kjhjh t+guh leFksZa ij
Hkjiwj gík rxj cjrus bd ftEesnkj ukxfjd fn;sa ftEesokfj;sa xh ljvatke nsus ysbZ vius
fdjnkj rs ilanhnk lekth rs euqD[kh dnjsa ns fodkl ysbZ v/;kiu&l[kkbZ izfdz;k p izksRlkgr
djus vkg~yk] fgek;rh rs euqD[kh lgk;d nh Hkwfedk uHkkus vkg~yk rs
& ikB~;dze uehdj.k ysbZ lksg~xs iz;Ru djus vkg~ys lnL;sa ns lewg nk lfdz; lnL; gks,s A
219
• ijfr;S r”dhy dhrs xsns v/;kid f”k{kk izksxzke tsg~M+s Kku&jpuk izfdz;k p] f”k{kk ns lka>s lanHksZa
p fo|kfFkZ;sa nh lfdz; layXurk ij tksj ikans u] v/;kid mans ysbZ Kku lajpuk] v/;kid f”k{kk
ns Kku ns cgqvuq”kkluh lqvkre] ,drk fl)kar rs vH;kl&vk;kesa] ledkyh Hkkjrh lekt fn;sa
leL;k,a rs ljksdkjsa dUuS ljca/k jD[kus p bd lgk;d ¼lqfo/kk iznk;d½ gks,s A
• v/;kid f”k{kk p Hkk”kk &izoh.krk nh dsUnzh;rk rs v/;kidsa ns O;olk;hdj.k xh etcwr cukus ysbZ
v/;kid f”k{kk ns laxBr ekMy xh EgŸkk gkly ,s A
• Ldwy&vH;klsa p ifjorZu vkLrS ukSdjh nkSjku f”k{kk xh mRizsjd cuus nh t:jr ,s A
• xzka ns Lrj mIij lkekukarj laLFkk,a nh dkjdnZxh xh fu;fer cukus ysbZ jpukra= xh R;kj dfj;S
iapk;r jkt O;oLFkk xh lqn`<+ djuk pkfgnk ,s rka ts fodkl dEesa p yksdrka=d Hkkxhknkjh xh
veyh “kdy fnŸkh tkbZ ldS A
• ersgkuh yqvkt+ekrsa p ruk· ?kVkuk rs lQyrk c/kkuk %
& dF; ij v/kkjr ij[k Fkeka leL;k lek/kkuh gqujsa rs le> cD[kh ¼jtwg djuk½ rCnhyh djuk
iqPNs xsns lqvkysa nh ekStwnk “kSyh p vkewy ifjorZu nh t:jr ,s A
& yDgsjs ersgkusa ikLlS ifjorZr gksuk A
& yphyh lesa lhek dUuS ersgku A
& izns”k ¼nk[kyk½ ersgkusa ns l:i rs lapkyu xh lefUor djus ysbZ bDdyh dsUnz ¼uksMy½ vtSalh
xh dk;e djuk
• izkbZejh Fkeka iSg~ys d”kk ysb;S $ 2 ns Lrj rxj Ldwyh ikB~;p;kZ ns vu=qV fgLls ns rkSjk ij
dEe dsanzr f”k{kk ns laLFkkuhdj.k nh yksM+ ,s rka ts oSf”od vFkZ O;oLFkk fn;sa pukSfr;sa dUuS
fuCcM+us ysbZ dkjksckjh f”k{kk ns iquj~&vo/kkj.khdj.k rs ijfr;S <kapk R;kj djus fxrS t:jh
vk/kkj R;kj gksbZ ldS A
220
• xzka &DyLVjsa rs Cykdsa Fkeka ysb;S lc&fMoht+uy@ ft+ys] uXxjsa rs egkuxjh izns”ksa rxj bl lSDVj
p vXxsa xS ekStwn lqfo/kk,a ns jk”Vª O;kih yEes&pkSM+s o.kZdze ns lSg~;ksx dUuS cD[kjs osV ¼VET½
dsUnzsa rs laLFkk,a nh LFkkiuk djns gksbZ dkjksckjh f”k{kk rs Vªsfuax xh y{; ns :ik p /kkj.k djus rs
ykxw djus nh t:jr ,s A
• v/;kidsa ns fodYisa xh foLrkj nsus rs cPpsa fn;sa t:jrsa rs #fp;sa fo”k;d vusdrk fn;ka lqfo/kka
eqgS;k djus ysbZ ikB~;iqLrdssa nh cgqyrk nh miyC/krk A
• uesa fopkjsa nh mRifŸk rs uekapkj rs vuqHkohdj.k xh lekfJr djus ysbZ f”k{kk vuqHkosa rs
culcUus tekrh vH;klsa xh lka>k djuk A
• lyscl] ikB~;iqLrdsa rs v/;kid lalk/kusa nk fodkl ;wfuoflZfV;sa] Lo;alsoh laLFkk,a rs
v/;kid&laxBusa xh tksM+ns gksbZ fodsUnzhd`r rs “kewfy;rh <axk dUuS dhrk tkbZ ldnk ,s A
*****
221
ifjf”k”V & 2
HkkjrsUnz flag cloku Hkkjr ljdkj
f”k{kk lfpo ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ea=ky;
lSadaMªh rs gk;j f”k{kk foHkkx ueha fnYyh & 110 001
21-7-2004
fiz; izks0 nhf{kr]
jk”Vªh f”k{kk uhfr 1986 ] ftlxh 1992 bZ0 p la”kks/kr dhrk xsvk] gsB fnŸkh fn;sa xYysa ij
fopkj djnh ,s %
* 11.5 ueha uhfr xh ykxw djus ljca/kh cD[k&cD[k izkpy gj Ik*¥~tsa c*jsa fiPNwa ijfr;S ut+jlkuh
dhrs tkus yksM+ns u A uhfr xh ykxw djus nh fn”kk p gksbZ nh izxfr rs lesa&lesa ij mCHkjus vkg~ys #>kusa
nk irk ykus ysbZ Fkksg~M+s&Fkksg~M+s fpjk ckn ewY;kadu ch gksus pkfgns u A
2. f”k{kk nh jk”Vªh uhfr ¼,u0ih0bZ0½ 1986 ns rSg~r R;kj dhrk xsnk izksxzke vkWQ ,sD”ku
¼ih0vks0,0½ 1992 fd”k ljksdkjsa xh fu/kkZjr djnk ,s] ft*usaxh iqujh{k.k jkgsa iwjk dhrk tkuk ,s A
ih0vks0,0 ns /;k· 8 cD[kh Fkqvk<+h roTtv nqvkbZ tanh ,s A
3. dh ts ekStwnk ikB~;p;kZ :ijs[kk pkj c*jsa iSg~ys dM~<h xsbZ gh] blysbZ ,g~ ekSdk ,s ts blnh
ijfr;S ut+jlkuh dfj;S blns uohdj.k nh izfdz;k xh “kq: dhrk tk A
4. iqujh{k.k nk dEe gRFkk p ySans gksbZ rqlsaxh ,g~ ;dhuh cukus nh [kspy djuh gksx ts izfdz;ka
ft*;ka ds fu/kkZjr dhfr;ka xsfn;ka u tka ¶gh bl nkSjku lkeuS vkb;ka u] manh mYya?kuk usbZa gks,s A rql
iSg~ys vkg~ys iqujh{k.k xh [khjh :i nsus ekSds viukbZ xsnh dEe izfdz;k fn;sa =qfV;sa rs dfe;sa ckjS gksus
vkg~yh uqDrkphuh ckjS tkuns xS vks A
222
5. fiNys fd”k c*jsa ns vjls p ,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0 fn;sa ikB~;iqLrdsa xaHkhj vdknfed uqDrkphuh
nk lkeuk dhrk ,s A rql vXxsa xS bfrgkl fn;sa iqLrdsa ljca/kh c[ksM+s dUuS fuCcM+us nh izfdz;k pk xqtjk
djns vks A rs bl iqujh{k.k xh le>ns gksbZ bl eqn~ns ckjS ch lksgXxk jkSg~uk gksx ts ueha ikB~;p;kZ
:ijs[kk rSg~r R;kj dhfr;ka xsfn;ka iqLrdka b*;S tusg~ fo:i.ksa ns cqjs izHkko Fkeka fd*;ka cpkb;ka tkbZ
ldfn;ka u A
6. vlsaxh fo”okl ,s ts bl iqujh{k.k ns ekSdS rql ;”kiky desVh nh ßcks> eqDr f”k{kkÞ ij fjiksZV
rs ih0vks0,0 ns /;k· 8 nk iwjk ikyu djxsvks A
7. ,u0lh0,Q0,l0bZ0 Egs”kka lafo/kku p izfr’Bkir ^Hkkjr ns fopkj* dUuS leLoj gksx A gj
O;fDr] tsg~M+k b*usa “kCnsa] ft*Uns p Hkkjr nk vk;Zfopkj lafo/kku nh Hkwfedk p lekfJr ,s] ns iqujh{k.k
dUuS tqM+s nk ,s] psrS djkans jkSg~uk ykHkdkjh gksx %
vlsa Hkkjr ns yksdsa fnyh rkSjk ij Hkkjr xh bd lqrarj] lektoknh] /keZfujiD[k] yksdrkaf=d
x.kra= rs lHkusa ukxfjdsa ysbZ lqj{kr cukus nk fu.kkZ ySrs nk ,s A
lekth vkfFkZd rs jktuhfrd U;ka·(
fopkjsa] vfHkO;fDr] fo”okl] vkLFkk rs iwtkikB nh [kq*Yy(
ntkZ rs ekSdsa nh cjkscjh rs lHkusa ukxfjdsa ysbZ bank fodkl
gj ukxfjd ns eku&lEeku rs jk”Vª nh ,drk rs v[kaMrk xh ;dhuh cukus ysbZ HkkbZpkjk
8. vlsaxh Hkjkslk ,s ts ueha ,u0lh0,Q0,l0bZ0 nk izfriknu vdknfed leqnk; rs fo”kky ukxfjd
lekt p mRlkg iSnk djx rs rql bl mís”; ysbZ lHkusa xfrfof/k;sa nk ;Fkkuqlkj lapyu jEHk djxsvks A
vknj&eku rs bl eq”dy dEek ysbZ “kqHkdkeuk,a dUu]S
ch0,l0ckloku
izks0 ,p0ih0 nhf{kr
Mk;jSDVj
,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0
17-ch0] Jh vjfoanks ekxZ
ueha fnYyh & 110016
223
2 ebZ ] 2005
fiz; izks0 d`’.k dqekj]
Ldwyh f”k{kk ysbZ jk”Vªh ikB~;p;kZ :ijs[kk ¼,u0lh0,Q0,l0bZ0½ ij gksbZ nh lk<+h xYykckr xh ijfr;S
psrS djus nh [kspy nsvk djuka A bl flylys p 21-7-2004 nh esjh Mh0vks0 fpV~Bh tsg~ns p Ldwyh
f”k{kk ysbZ jk”Vªh ikB~;p;kZ :ijs[kk ,u0lh0,Q0,l0bZ0 ij ijfr;S ut+jlkuh djus rs mlns
iquuZohdj.k nh xYy xykbZ nh ,s A esa bl fpëh ns iSjk 6 mIij bl ikB~;p;kZ :ijs[kk nk iqujh{k.k djns
gksbZ ;”kiky desVh nh ßcks> eqDr f”k{kkÞ ckjS fjiksZV nk ikyu djus ysbZ xyk, nk ,s A gwu
,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0 iklsvk jk”Vªh ikB~;p;kZ :ijs[kk R;kj djh ySrh xsbZ] vl esn djus vka ts ueha
ikB~;p;kZ ij v/kkjr ikB~;iqLrdka R;kj djns csYyS] ßcks> eqDr f”k{kkÞ fjiksZV p mYys[k dhrs xsns vlwysa
nk iwjh pkYyh ikyu dhrk tkx A
vknjeku rs “kqHkdkeuk,a dUuS
ch0,l0ckloku
izks0 d`’.k dqekj
Mk;jSDVj
,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0
17-ch0] Jh vjfoanks ekxZ
ueha fnYyh & 110016
224
vuqdzef.kdk
vaxzsth & vii, 65, 66, 67, 116, 119, 171, 192
vt+knh @ lqrSarjrk & v, 5 ,12,18,33, 87,91 vFkZ”kkL= & 86, 88, 90, 91
vf/kdkj & 49
v/;kid f”k{kk & 66, 182
vuq”kklu & 22,24,33, 50, 77, 86, 144, 149, 205, 206 vH;kl & 73 vYila[;d & xiii, 16 vleFkZrk & x]9,19,61,65,114,145,147 vkdyu @ tk;t+k & xvi, 3,11,48,112,123,124,126 vkykspukRed f”k{k.k Ik)fr &10,15 vk/kqfudhdj.k & 47
vk;ksx @ dkeh”ku & 5,13,25,161,173 ,176,181,188 vkokl @ cLlksvka &110
bfrgkl & 49,88,90,97
mRrstd & iv
mís”; y{; & xi, 17,44,50,62,65,71,77,86,87,118,176 midj.k & 24,25,99,140,159,167,171 ,Ml @ HIV & 27,100 daI;wVj lkbZal & 77,78 dnjka @ eqYy & xv, 2,12,18,90
225
dEe dsanzr f”k{kk & 172,196 drZCc & 13,62,109
dyaMj & xv,134,164,197 dyka & xiv, 19,26,46,48,59,94,95,96 ,117,119
dkelZ @ cUt “kkL= & 92, 120 dkjksckjh f”k{kk rs izf”k{k.k (VET) – 197,198,199,200
fd”kksj & 27, 89,98
dksBkjh deh”ku & 25, 88 xfrfof/k & xi,xiii, xv,18, 20, 24, 37, 38, 46, 49, 51, 54, 57, 84, 94, 96, 97, 100, 107, 114, 117,
118, 127, 138, 151,163, 176, 177, 178,187 xzkbZa @ nsgkrh & ix,
xq.koŸkk @ xq.kkRedrk & x, 7,13,102,136,144,173 ?kjsyw Hkk”kk @ ?kjS nh Hkk”kk & 60,62-64 tkap ij[k @ VSLV & 126 ft+yk f”k{kk rs izf”k{k.k laLFkku@ MkbZV & 180, 188, 189, 191, 203,206
tho foKku & 65,111,120
VkbZeVscy & xv, 124
MªkbZax @ fp=dyk & 36,53, 95, 137 rcdk@ leqnk; & iv, 13, 17, 20-22,30, 56, 66, 134, 145, 146,151-153, 156, 176,185,190, 203 ntkZ @ Lrj & 38 nfyr @ iêhntZ tkfr;ka & 41
nLrdkfj;ka@ gquj & xiv, 9, 30, 94 /keZ & 9,39,142 /keZfujiD[krk & 8,13, 18, 90-91, 143,144
226
uacj & 50, 125
ubZ rkyhe & 5 ukp & xiv, 94-95
ukVd & xiv, 36, 64 ukxfjdrk & 11,15
fujarj rs O;kid ewYU;kadu & 126, 131, 193
uSfrd & 26,39, 40, 41, 49
uhfr;ka @ uhfr “kkL= & 9, 45, 48 U;ka & 8, 88, 91, 106
ukSdjh Fkeka iSg~ys & 70, 99
ukSdjh njku & 70, 169, 188 iêhntZ & 41 iêhntZtutkfr;ka & xiii, 41
i;kZoj.k@[email protected] & v, xii, xv, xvi, 9, 11,15, 21, 40, 90,91,107,134-135,140,152-153, 205 i;kZoj.k v/;;u & 90, 97
izfrc)rk @ cpuc)rk & 1, 9, 13, 18, 39, 106, 109, 205
izkbZejh & xii
ikB~;dze@ikB~;p;kZ cks>@Hkkj & iii, 3, 6, 23, 81 ikB~;iqLrdka & xi, 3,15,36, 40, 51,66,69, 154, 155, 200 iqPN&iM+rky & 30, 88
izkS<+ @ cM~Ms @ ckyx & ix, 20,143, 178 QuhZpj & 23, 139-140 cjkscjh & x, 12,13, 43, 48, 91,106,143, 174, 202 cpiquk @ ckycjsl & ix, 6, 20,113, 210
227
cMys nh izkFkZuk lHkk & 167
cUulcUuk @ fofo/krk & 1, 13, 21,87, 96, 106, 145, 173, 201,203, 211 cjklr @ fcjlk & 12, 20, 46, 49 cgqntkZ tekr & 38 cgqHkk”kkokn @ cgqHkkf”kdrk & 60,62, 64 cgqyrk & iii,xvi, 4, 6,91, 161, 207
cqfu;knh f”k{kk & 116
cks> eqDr f”k{kk @ fctu cks> f”k{kk & 3 , 6,86 Hkk”kk f”k{k.k & 25
Hkwxksy & 88, 90, 97
HkweaMyhdj.k & 9, 16, 72 HkkSfrdh & iii EkuqD[kh vf/kdkj & 15, 39,89
euksfoKku & 89 eukslekth & 23-24
ekrk&firk & iv, xvi, 89, 134,151 ekr`Hkk”kk & xii, 5, 60, 63, 152 ekxZn”kZd fl)kar & 17-18
eqa<yh izkbZejh f”k{kk & 32
ewY;kadu & 22, 32, 37,40,48,51, 67,105,123-126, 132
;wfuoflZVh & 83, 206 ;ksx & 100
jpukRedrk & iii,x, xvi, 2, 4, 10,19, 21,33, 46, 64, 96-97, 104, 117, 136, 180,195,203,211
jlk;u&”kkL= & iii
228
jktuhfr “kkL=@foKku & 88, 90 jk”Vªh ,drk @vk[kaMrk & 6,62, 90 jkSa&#>ku & 76,84, 109,142 yphykiuk & x,7,30, 33, 36,105, 115, 173 ykbczsfj;ka & 49, 66, 156, 157
yksdra= & 12,39,106,178 fodsUnzhdj.k & 9, 56,115, 173,180
foKku @ lkbZal & xiii, 33, 49, 74, 78-79, 171 O;olk;hdj.k & 16 “kewfy;u @ Hkkxhnkjh @ izfrHkkfxrk & 13,42, 51, 54, 142,145, 148
“kjhjh ltk & 22, 23
“kySik cks/kd @ lkSan;kZRed & xiv, 19, 26, 48, 49,57, 59, 61, 94, 96, 97,117, 130, 171
“kkafr & 3, 8, 105-108 “kkL=h ¼;½ & 62-63, 67, 194
f”kYidyk @ gLrf”kYi & xiv, 96, 97, 166, 199, 211 f”k{k.k “kkL= & 40, 42, 92 f”k{kk VSDukWyksth & 173
f”k{kk nh jk”Vªh uhfr & i,ix “kq#vkrh cky cjslk nh fnD[kHkky rs f”k{kk & xi, 113-115, 132
laxhr& 95 lafo/kku & 5, 12, 13, 15,25, 62, 91, 148
lexzh & 66, 89
leFkZ & 44, 46, 131 lerkoknh @ cjkscjh nk & 82,143
229
lefnz”Vh & 82 leorhZ lwph & 5
leka & xiv, 140,164, 170
lektfoKku @ lekt “kkL= & xiii, 47 lekthfoKku & 88, 171, 192 lekos”kd & x,28,146
lyscl & 3,67 , 81,100 loZekU; ewy?kVd & 8
lg;ksxh f”k{kk & 189
lka>k djuk lka> H;kyh & xvi, 40
lk>h Ldwy O;oLFkk & v, 25, 174
lkaLd`frd & 2, 21, 42, 54, 61, 90, 95, 141, 205
lk{kjrk & 63
lqvky & 3, 30-31, 33-34,40-41,47,53 lwpuk rs lEizs”ku ljca/kh rduhd & 83
lsg~r rs “kjhjh f”k{kk & xiv, 59,98
lSdaMªh & 2,76 lSadaMªh Ldwy & 118 Lgkc & x,11, 47, 49, 71, 74 gk;j lSdaMªh Ldwy & 120
gkf”k;s ij ns & xiii,10 gquj & xii,30, 46, 64, 70, 75, 97
Kku jpuk & 29 KkukRed & 30, 33-34, 37,62,76, 79, 80, 116
230