ÒÎjÄÍl»a ÒyËj»a - al-islam.org · forms of words created by this process and the...

ÒÎJÄÍl»A ÒyËj»A

ÒÎIj¨»A ÒÀ¼¸»A `jq Ï¯ (±ÍjvN»A LBN· Ó¼§ µÎ»B¨M)

Raudah Zainabiyyah ±

The Zainabiyyah Primer

An Exegesis On The 'Arabic Word

(A Commentary on ) The Book of Tasreef ±

By

'Ali 'Abdur-Rasheed

© 2009 'Ali 'Abdur-Rasheed

[email protected]

All rights reserved. This publication may not be repoduced except with the

express written permission of the author.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface 5 .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

Chapter One

1.0 Definition of Tasreef 6 ± ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

1.1 Categories of Verbs 8 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

1.2 Three Letter Primary Verb 10 . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

1.3 Verbs Containing Letters of the Throat 12 ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

1.4 Primary Verb Patterns 12 . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

1.5 Four-Letter Primary Verb 14 .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

1.6 Three-Letter Derivative Verb with Five Letters 15 .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

1.7 Three-Letter Derivative Verb with Six Letters 16 .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

1.8 The Four-Letter Derivative Verb 18 ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

1.9 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 19 .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

Chapter Two

2.0 Definition of the Past-Tense Verb 21 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.1 The Passive-Voice Verb 23 ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.2 The Present-Tense Verb 25 ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.3 The Active-Voice Verb 26 . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.4 Patterns of the Active-Voice Verb 27 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.5 Patterns of the Passive-Voice Verb 28 ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.6 The Negated Verb 29 .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.7 The Jussive Verb 30 ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.8 The Accusative Verb 31 ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.9 Lam of the Command 32 − .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.10 The Prohibitive Particle 33 .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.11 The Command Verb 34 .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.12 Formation of the Command Verb 35 .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.13 Elision of Double Letters in Patterns 36 .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.14 Ibdal: Substitution of Letters 36 − ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.15 The Nun of Emphasis 37 − ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.16 Verb Formation with the Nun of Emphasis 39 − . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.17 Active Participles from Primary Verbs 42 .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.18 Passive Participle from Primary Verbs 43 . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.19 Adjective Patterns 44 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

Chapter Three

3.0 The Double Radical Verb: Muda'af 47 ± − ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

3.1 The Double Radical Verb as an Unsound Verb 48 . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

3.2 Idgham: Contraction in the Muda'af Verb 50 − ± − ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

3.3 Idgham: Instances Required and Disallowed 51 − .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

3.4 Idgham with Negation and Idgham in Nouns 54 − − .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

Chapter Four

4.0 The Unsound Verb: Mu'tall of the 1st Original Letter: Mithal 56 − ... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

4.1 Patterns of the Mithal Verb 58 − ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

4.2 Derivative Patterns of Mithal 60 − .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

4.3 Mu'tall of the 2nd Original Letter: Ajwaf 64 .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

4.4 Patterns of the Passive-Voice & Present-Tense Verbs 65 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

4.5 The Ajwaf verb in the Jussive State 67 .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

4.6 The Command Verb with the Nun of Emphasis 68 − . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

4.7 The Ajwaf Derivative Verb 71 . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

4.8 The Ajwaf Active & Passive Participles 77 ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

4.9 Mu'tall of the Third Original Letter: Naqis 79 − ± ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

4.10 The Primary Naqis Verb-Past-Tense 81 − ± .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

4.11 The Primary Naqis Verb-Present-Tense 82 − ± .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

4.12 Patterns of the Primary Naqis Verb 83 − ± . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

4.13 States of the Final Letter in the Naqis Verb 85 − ± ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

4.14 The Naqis Command Verb 86 − ± ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

4.15 The Naqis Command Verb with the Nun of Emphasis 87 − ± − ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

4.16 The Naqis Active Participle 89 − ± .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

4.17 The Naqis Passive Participle 90 − ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

4.18 Adjective Patterns in the Naqis Noun 91 − ± ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

4.19 Mu'tall of the 2nd & 3rd Original Letters: Lafeef Maqrun 92 . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

4.20 Mu'tall of the 1st & 3rd Original Letters: Lafeef Mafruq 95 .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

4.21 Mu'tall of the 1st and 2nd Original Letters 97 .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

4.22 Mu'tall of the 1st, 2nd & 3rd Original Letters 97 .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

Chapter Five

5.0 The Mahmuz Verb 98 − .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

5.1 Takhfeef: Elision of the Hamzah 99 .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

5.2 Patterns of the Mahmuz Verb 100 − . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

5.3 The Mahmuz Command Verb 101 − ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

5.4 The Mahmuz Command Verb with the Nun of Emphasis 102 − − .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

Chapter Six

6.0 Construction of the Nouns of Time and Place 104 .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

6.1 The Nouns of Time and Place from Weak Verbs 105 .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

6.2 The Noun of Instrument 106 .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

6.3 The Noun of Number and the Masdar of Kind 107 ± ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

Footnotes 108 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

Bibliography 109 . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

PREFACE

Ó»B¨M ÉÀnI ÅÍjÇBñ»A ÅÎJÎñ»A É¼ÇC Ó¼§ Ë ÅÎ¼mjÀ»A Ë ÕBÎJÃÞA fÎm Ó¼§ ÂÝn»A Ë ÑÝv»A Ë ÅÎÀ»B¨»A Li É¼» fÀZ»A é é é ì

ÅÎZ»Bv»A ÉJZu Ó¼§ Ë ä

Raudah Zainabiyyah Fi Sharh al-Kalimah al-'Arabiyyah (The Zainabiyyah Primer in ± ± Exegesis of the Arabic Word) is a primer on the first branch of Arabic grammar commonly

known as Tasreef. I conceived the idea of this book as a way of introducing Arabic ± grammar to my beloved daughter Zainab, the coolness of my eyes, as it is said in

eloquent Arabic. As such, I dedicate this book to my daughter Zainab the with prayer and

hope that it may help her to appreciate the strengths and subtleties of the language of the

Glorious Quran. −

My daughter was named in honor of the great historical personality, Zainab Bint Fatimah − ± Bint Muhammad (S), the daughter of 'Ali Ibn Abi Talib (AS) and the Prophet's daughter, ± ± ± −

Fatimah az-Zahra (AS) and grand-daughter of the Holy Prophet (S). Zainab is well known − ± − ± in history for her courageous and eloquent oration before the tyrants of Syria during the

tragic saga of her brother, al-Husain Ibn 'Ali Ibn Abi Talib (AS). ± ± −

A companion of the Holy Prophet, Anis Ibn Malik (R) was in the market of Damascus in −

the year 61 AH/680 CE. By this time, he had grown elderly and become blind. He heard

Zainab (AS) speak while moving through the markets of Damascus. She and other

members of the Prophet's household were arrested by the 'Umayyad tyrant Yazeed Ibn

Mu'awiyah following the murder of her brother, al-Husain (AS) along with scores of his − ± companions and relatives in Karbala, Iraq. Anis recognized her manner of speaking and − −

said aloud: (meaning Zainab's father). This is the speech of 'Ali Ibn Abi Talib ! ± −

Zainab, no doubt acquired the skill, knowledge and eloquence of language from her

father, one of the most prolific thinkers and eloquent orators in Islamic history. Her father

is also the acknowledged fountainhead of this discipline we refer to today as Arabic

grammar.

This brief primer is a commentary on the classic text in Arabic grammar, Kitab at-Tasreef, − ± The Book of (Arabic) Morphology . It details the fundamentals of Arabic word

classification, word derivation, verb conjugation and the grammatical states of Arabic

words. In the primer, the original Arabic text is referred to as the Matn ( ) which is ÅN¿ accompanied by its translation ( ) and commentary ( ). ÒÀUjM `jq

Ali Abdur-Rasheed

15 Rabee'a ath-Thani 1430 AH/April 11, 2009 − ±

ÒÎJÄÍl»A ÒyËj»A

ÒÎIj¨»A ÒÀ¼¸»A `jq Ï¯

:ÅN¿

Ò°¼Nb¿ Ò¼R¿C Ó»G fYAÌ»A ½uÞA ½ÍÌZM Ò§BÄv»A Ï¯ Ë jÎÎ¬N»A Ò¬¼»A Ï¯ ±ÍjvN»A ÆC Á¼§G ë ä ê ä æ å ë

ä ä æ ä Ð

ä ê ê ê ê

æ ä å ê æ

ä ê ä ì ê ä å ê æ ì ê ä í ê

ä ê æ ì ì ä æ ä æ ê

.BÈI ÜG ½vZM Ü ÑeÌv´¿ ÆB¨À» ê ì ê å å æ ä ë ä å æ ä ë ä ê

:ÒÀUjM [1.0] Know that Tasreef in (the 'Arabic) language means change. In the production (of ± words, it means) the transformation of one root word into various patterns for an intended

meaning unachievable except with the transformation.

:`jq [1.0] The literal meaning of Tasreef is to change , however, in the discipline of grammar, Tasreef 1

± ± has become a technical term signifying the morphology of the 'Arabic word. Tasreef, then is the 2

± study of the system of word formation, derivation, conjugation and inflection found in the 'Arabic

word. 3

From the perspective of its origin, an 'Arabic root word is either a Substantive Noun or a Masdar. 4

± The Substantive ( ) is a word formed according to usage ( ), meaning that it has not f¿BV»A ÁmG Ï§BÀm ê ê å æ ê ï ê ä

been formed according to any particular pattern or any particular rule, as in: ±Îm ,fmC A lion, a è æ ä è ä ä

sword . Linguists have identified nearly fifty patterns for the Root Masdar ( ). As root Ï¼uÞA ifvÀ»A ± ê æ ä å ä æ ä words, they too have all been formed according to usage. Words which are derived from these

root words, however, are derived based on an established system of rules and patterns ( ). ÏmBÎ³ í ê ê

A derivative of a Masdar may be a noun of many varieties, including other Masadir. Verbs are 5

± ± −

also derived from the Masdar. Both types of derivatives are formed from their respective root ± words according to specific rules, using specific patterns to signify intended meanings. As mentioned in the text, these meanings could not be achieved except by virtue of this system of transformation or Tasreef. ±

Unlike the Masdar, Substantives do not undergo transformation to any large extent. Therefore, as ± a discipline, Tasreef is mostly focused on the Masdar, its system of derivation, the patterns and ± ± forms of words created by this process and the significance of those patterns and forms with regard to meaning.

From the perspective of speech, 'Arabic has three parts of speech:

The Noun ( ) The Verb ( ) The Particle ( ) ÁmâA ½¨°»A ²jZ»A • å æ ê • å æ ê •

å æ ä

According to most grammarians, the noun is considered as the most complete of the • three types of words with regards to its meaning. The noun is independent in its meaning in that it does not rely upon other words to complete its meaning, like a verb or particle. The noun is also independent of time, meaning that it is not associated with any tense of time.

The verb signifies an action or state. However its meaning is dependent, for example, • upon its subject, a noun. Without this noun, most verbs are defective in meaning. In addition, some verbs also require an object to complete their meaning.

Particles are defined as words which provide connectivity between other words and • phrases. Outside of that relationship of connectivity, particles are also deficient in meaning. Particles are also coined according to usage without rules or patterns. Since they undergo no transformation in form or pattern, their mention in the discipline of Tasreef is negligible. ±

'Arabic words are also categorized according to their number of , meaning root Original Letters

letters ( ). In nouns, words have either three, four or five root letters, as in: Ï¼uÞA ²jYÞA í ê æ ä å å æ ä

½Uj°m (5) j°¨U (4) pj¯ (3) è ä æ ä ä è ä æ ä è æ ä

Verbs have either three or four root letters, as in:

¾l»k (4) wa ,jvÃ (3) ä ä æ ä ì ä ä ä ä

Particles may be comprised of one, two or three letters. Since there is no derivation in the particle, they are not looked upon as root letters, as in:

²Ìm (3) Å¿ (2) ¾ (1) ä æ ä æ ê ê For the purpose of developing a model to display the patterns and forms of 'Arabic words, three letters have been chosen to represent the root letters in any pattern:

( ) The letter Fa ( ) represents the first original letter in a pattern. ÕF¯ ² • è −

( ) The letter 'Ayn ( ) represents the second original letter in a pattern. ÅÎ§ ª • è æ ä

( ) The letter Lam ( ) represents the third original letter in a pattern for a three-letter word. It ÂÜ ¾ • è −

represents the fourth and fifth letter as well when it is a pattern of a four-letter or five-letter word.

Observe each of the previously mentioned words along with its pattern in parenthesis:

(½¨¯) ²Ìm ;(½¼¨¯) ¾l»k ;(½¨¯) jvÃ ;(½¼¼¨¯) ½Uj°m ;(½¼¨¯) j°¨U ;(½¨¯) pj¯ ä æ ä ä æ ä ä ä æ ä ä ä æ ä ä ä ä ä ä ä è ä æ ä ä è ä æ ä ä è ä æ ä è ä æ ä è æ ä è æ ä

In the process of derivation, either the pattern of the root word is changed or Additional Letters

( ) are added to the root word to form a derivative. In the pattern, however, Additional ÑfÖAl»A ² jYÞA å ä ê ì å å æ ä

Letters appear the same in the pattern as they appear in the derivative, as in:

(Ò¼¼¨°M) Ò»l»lM ;(½¨°¿) Á¼n¿ ;(½Î¨°M) ±ÍjvM ;(¾B¨¯G) ÂAj·G è ä ä æ ä ä è ä ä æ ä ä è ê æ å è ê æ å è ê æ ä è ê æ

ä è æ ê è æ

ê Therefore, it becomes obvious that any letter besides ( ) is an Additional Letter. ½¨¯

L L L

:ÅN¿

:Ï§BIi B¿G Ë ÏQÝQ B¿G ½¨°»A ÁQ ï ê å ì ê

ä ï ê å ì

ê å æ ê ì å

:ÉÎ¯ fÍl¿ ËC ejV¿ B¿G BÀÈÄ¿ fYAË ½· Ë ê ê è ê ä æ ä è ì ä å ì ê

å æ ê ë ê í å ä

.Á»Bm jÎ« ËC Á»Bm B¿G BÈÄ¿ fYAË ½· Ë ë ê å æ ä æ ä è ê ì ê

æ ê ë ê í å ä

Ò¼¨»A ²ËjY Å¿ ÂÝ»A Ë ÅÎ¨»A Ë ÕF°»BI ½IB´M ÏN»A ÒÎ¼uÞA É¯ËjY OÀ¼m B¿ Á»Bn»BI ÏÄ¨Ã Ë ê ì ê ê å ä æ ê ê

ì ä ê æ ä ä ê ê

å ê

å ê ì å ì ê æ ä å å å ä æ ä å ä

ê ê ì ê ê æ ä ä

.±Î¨zN»A Ë ÑlÀÈ»A Ë ê ê æ ì ä ê ä æ ä ä

:ÒÀUjM [1.1] Then, the verb is either three-lettered or either four-lettered:

Each one of them is either a Primary or a Derivative Verb.Each one of them is either

Sound or Unsound. We mean by Sound, that word whose Original Letters that

correspond to the Fa, the 'Ayn and the Lam are neither a Weak Letter, Hamzah nor a − −

doubled-consonant.

:`jq [1.1] After mentioning a few preliminary matters, the discussion begins with the verb. With regard to its Original Letters, every verb is comprised of either three-letters or four-letters, as in:

(½n¼m) ½n¼m ,(XjYe) XjYe (4) - (¾Ì³) ¾B³ ,(½¼Y) ½Y ,(Ljy) Ljy (3) ä ä æ ä ä ä æ ä è æ ä ä ì ä ä ä ä

With regard to origin, verbs are either primary or derivative:

Primary Verb ( ). It is a verb derived from the Root Masdar. The term ejVÀ»A ½¨°»A Mujarrad • å ì ä å å æ ê ± implies that it is free of any Additional Letters. Observe the following Primary Verbs followed by its pattern in brackets and their Masdar in parenthesis: ±

(XAjYe) [½¼¨¯] XjYe ;(Âj·) [½¨¯] Âj· ;(jvÃ) [½¨¯] jvÃ è æ ê ä ä æ ä ä ä æ ä è ä ä ä å ä ä å ä è æ ä ä ä ä ä ä ä

The Derivative Verb ( ) is a verb which is also derived from a Masdar, however, ÉÎ¯ fÍlÀ»A ½¨°»A • ê ê å ê ä å æ ê ±

that Masdar is itself a derivative word not a Root Masdar. In the Derivative Verb, Additional ± ± Letters are added into its pattern. The term refers to these added letters which Mazeed Feehi distinguish the Derivative Verb from the Primary Verb. Observe the following Derivative Verbs in the following manner (from right to left in both languages):

Root Word <<(Derivative Masdar) << [Pattern] << Derivative Verb # $ ±

;#jvÃ$ (iBvNÃG) [½¨N¯G] jvNÃG è æ ä è ê æ ê ä ä ä æ ê ä ä ä æ ê

;#Âj·$ (ÂAj·G) [½¨¯C] Âj·C è ä ä è æ ê

ä ä æ ä ä ä æ ä

;#XAjYe$ (ÒUjYfM) [½¼¨°M] XjYfM è æ ê è ä ä æ ä ä ä ä æ ä ä ä ä æ ä ä

#¾Al»k$ (Ò»l»lM) [½¼¨°M] ¾l»lM è æ ê

è ä ä æ ä ä ä ä æ ä ä ä ä æ ä ä

As a result, from the perspective of their root letters, there are four categories of verbs:

Three letter Primary Verb ( ), as in: . ejVÀ»A ÏQÝR»A ½¨°»A jvÃ • å ì ä å í ê í å æ ê ä ä ä

Three letter Derivative Verb ( ), as in: . ÉÎ¯ fÍlÀ»A ÏQÝR»A ½¨°»A jvNÃG • ê ê å ê ä í ê í å æ ê ä ä ä æ ê

Four letter Primary Verb ( ), as in: . ejVÀ»A Ï§BIj»A ½¨°»A XjYe • å ì ä å í ê í å æ ê ä ä æ ä

Four letter Derivative Verb ( ), as in: . ÉÎ¯ fÍlÀ»A Ï§BIj»A ½¨°»A XjYfM • ê ê å ê ä í ê í å æ ê ä ä æ ä ä

From the perspective of a verb's the root letters, a verb is either Sound or Unsound:

( ) are verbs comprised of either: Unsound Verbs Á»Bn»A jÎ« ½¨°»A • ê ê ì å æ ä å æ ê

º A Weak Letter ( ), like Waw, as in: ( ) or Ya, as in: ( ) or Alif Maqsurah, as Ò¼¨»A ²jY f§Ë Ïyi ê ì ê å æ ä − ä ä ä − ä ê ä ± −

in: ( ). Verbs comprised of one or more Weak Letter are termed ( ). ÔfÇ ½N¨À»A ½¨°»A Mu'tall Ð ä ä í ä æ å å æ ê

º Hamzah, as in: ( ). Verbs comprised of Hamzah are termed ( ). ¾Dm kÌÀÈÀ»A ½¨°»A Mahmuz ä ä ä −

å å æ ä å æ ê

º Doubled Original Letters, as in: ( ). Words possessing doubled Original Letters are f¿ ì ä

referred to as ( ). Muda'af ±§BzÀ»A ½¨°»A ± − å ä å å æ ê

( ) are verbs without any of the characteristics of Unsound words. Sound Verbs Á»Bn»A ½¨°»A • å ê ì å æ ê

Therefore, verbs may be three-letter Sound Primary Verbs; three-letter Sound Derivative Verbs; three-letter Unsound Primary Verbs and three-letter Unsound Derivative Verbs. Likewise, is the case for the four letter verb.

Unsound verbs, particularly those possessing weak letters, may not resemble their root words as these weak letters often may be converted to other letters during the process of derivation. This process of conversion will be explained in the appropriate places.

L L L

:ÅN¿

(½¨°Í) É§iBzÀ¯ ,ÅÎ¨»A `ÌN°¿ (½¨¯) Ó¼§ ÉÎyB¿ ÆB· ÆH¯ ,ejVÀ»A ÏQÝR»A B¿C å å æ ä å å

ê å ä ê æ ä

ê å æ ä ä ä ä

Ð

ä ä ê ê ä æ ê ä å ì ä å

í ê í ì ä

.LjzÍ Ljy Ë jvÄÍ ,jvÃ :ÌZÃ ,BÇjn¸I (½¨°Í) ËC ÅÎ¨»A ÁzI å ê æ ä ä ä ä ä å å æ ä ä ä ä å æ ä ê æ

ä ê

å ê æ ä æ ä ê æ

ä ð ì ê

:ÒÀUjM [1.2] Regarding the three-letter Primary Verb, if its past-tense verb is on the pattern of

( ) with the middle consonant vowelled with Fathah, then its Present-Tense is ( ) with ½¨¯ ½¨°Í ä ä ä ±

å å æ ä

its middle consonant vowelled with Dammah or with its middle consonant vowelled with ± Kasrah ( ), as in: . ½¨°Í LjzÍ ,Ljy Ë jvÄÍ ,jvÃ å

ê æ ä å ê æ ä ä ä ä ä å å æ ä ä ä ä

:`jq [1.2] The next discussion focuses on the patterns associated with the three-letter Primary Verb.

The pattern of the past-tense and the present-tense verb together are known as a Bab ( ), which LBI − è

literally means a door or gate. In Tasreef it refers to a verb's patterns for the past and present-tense ± (and sometimes its Masdar). ±

When the past-tense verb ( ) is on the pattern of ( ), there are two possibilities for its ÏyBÀ»A ½¨°»A ½¨¯ ê å æ ê

ä ä ä

present-tense: and: , as in: and: . ½¨°Í ½¨°Í jvÄÍ jvÃ LjzÍ Ljy å å æ ä å ê æ ä å å æ ä ä ä ä å ê

æ ä ä ä ä

Notice that the present-tense verb ( ) has an extra letter at its beginning ( ). This letter ªiBzÀ»A ½¨°»A Ð å ê å å æ ê is referred to as the ( ). There are four such particles Particle of the Present-Tense Ò§iBzÀ»A ²jY ê ä ê å å æ ä

added to the beginning of the present-tense verb ( ), as in: . More about ÅÎMC jvÄÃ ,jvÄÍ ,jvÄM ,jvÃC å å æ ä å å æ ä å å æ ä å å æ ä

these particles and the present-tense verb will be mentioned as appropriate.

Important matters to know about the three-letter present-tense Primary Verb:

It is derived directly from the past-tense Primary Verb. •

In the Primary Verb, the Particle of the Present-Tense is always vowelled with Fathah in the • ± Active Voice and vowelled with Dammah in the Passive Voice. The Active and Passive Voice ± will be explained in their own sections.

The first Original Letter is vowelless or ( ) in Sound Primary Verbs, as in: . The Sakin Å·Bm jvÄÍ • − è ê å å æ ä

first Original Letter may be vowelled in Unsound Primary Verbs, as in: . ¾Ì´Í å å ä

The second Original Letter is the most significant consonant in the pattern as its vowel is • deemed the ( ). The pattern of the past-tense is teamed Vowel of the Present-Tense Ò§iBzÀ»A Ò·jY ê ä ê å å ä ä ä

with the present-tense based on this vowel, as in: . The only difference between ½¨°Í ,½¨°Í :½¨¯ å ê æ ä

å å æ ä ä ä ä

the two patterns of the present-tense is the vowel on the second Original Letter, one is vowelled with Dammah, the other with Kasrah. It is the combination of the past-tense verb ± with its possible present-tense forms which comprises a Bab, as in: . ½¨°Í ,½¨°Í ½¨¯ LBI −

å ê æ ä

å å æ ä ä ä ä å

In some forms of the present-tense verb, the third Original Letter is known as the place of I'rab • −

( ) as it provides an indicator of I'rab or the grammatic state in the present-tense LAj§âA ½Z¿ ê æ ê í ä ä −

verb, as in: , where the Dammah on the third Original Letter represents the nominative jvÄÍ å å æ ä ±

state. Other forms of the present-tense have other indicators of the verb's grammatical state, which will be introduced later.

L L L

:ÅN¿

ÏÇ Ë μ¼Z»A ²ËjY Å¿ B¯jY É¿Ü ËC É¼¨¯ ÅÎ§ ÆB· AgG ÅÎ¨»A \N°I ½¨°Í Ó¼§ ØÎVÍ f³ Ë ä ê ä ê æ ä ê å å æ ê

ç æ ä å å æ ä ê ê æ ê å æ ä ä ê ê æ ä

ê æ ä ê å ä æ ä

Ð

ä ä å ê ä

æ ä ä

,©Ä¿ Ë ½×nÍ ,½×m :ÌZÃ ,ÕFb»A Ë ÅÎ¬»A Ë ÕFZ»A Ë ,ÅÎ¨»A Ë ÕFÈ»A Ë ÑlÀÈ»A :²jYC ÒNm ä ä ä ä å ä æ ä ä ä ä å æ ä å ä å æ ä ä å ä å æ ä ä å ä å ä æ ä ë å æ ä å ì ê

.gBq ÏIDÍ ÓIC Ë ,©ÄÀÍ ï

ê æ ä

Ð ä ä ä å ä æ ä

:ÒÀUjM [1.3] At times, (the Present-Tense Verb) comes on the pattern of ( ) with Fathah on the ½¨°Í å ä æ ä

±

second consonant, when its second consonant or its third consonant is a one of the

Letters of Throat. They are six: Hamzah ( ); Ha ( ); 'Ayn ( ); Ha ( ); Ghayn ( ); and Kha Õ _Ç ª ` ® − ± − −

( ), as in: and . The pattern ( ) is an exception. d ½×nÍ ,½×m ©ÄÀÍ ©Ä¿ ÏIDÍ ÓIC å ä æ ä ä ä ä å ä æ ä ä ä ä ê æ ä

Ð ä ä

:`jq [1.3] There is an exception to the pattern of this Bab ( ). Whenever either the second ½¨°Í ½¨°Í :½¨¯ −

å ê æ ä

å å æ ä ä ä ä

or third Original Letter is one of the ( ), meaning: ( ), Letters of the Throat μ¼Z»A ²jYC d ,® ,` ,ª ,_Ç ,C ê æ ä å å æ ä

its present-tense will always be on the pattern of: ( ). ½¨°Í å ä æ ä

The verb ( ) is mentioned as an exception not due to being comprised of a Letter of the ÏIDÍ ÓIC ê æ ä

Ð ä ä

Throat, but because it departs from its pattern of its Bab, which is: . Instead, it has the ½¨°Í ½¨¯ − å ä æ ä ä ä ä

pattern of: . ½¨°Í ½¨¯ å ê æ ä

ä ä ä

L L L

:ÅN¿

:ÌZÃ ,ÅÎ¨»A \N°I (½¨°Í) Ó¼§ É§iBzÀ¯ ,ÅÎ¨»A iÌn¸¿ (½¨¯) Ó¼§ ÉÎyB¿ ÆB· ÆG Ë å æ ä ê æ ä

ê æ ä ê

å ä æ ä Ð

ä ä å å ê å ä ê æ

ä ê å æ ä ä ê ä

Ð

ä ä ê ê ä æ ê

ä

.ÉMAÌaC Ë KnZÍ ,KnY :ÌZÃ Å¿ hq B¿ ÜG Á¼¨Í ,Á¼§ ê ê ä ä ä å ê æ ä ä ê ä ê æ

ä æ ê ì ä ì

ê å ä æ ä ä ê ä

:ÌZÃ ,ÅÎ¨»A ÁzI (½¨°Í) Ó¼§ É§iBzÀ¯ ,ÅÎ¨»A ÂÌÀz¿ (½¨¯) Ó¼§ ÉÎyB¿ ÆB· ÆG Ë å æ ä ê æ ä ð ä ê

å å æ ä Ð

ä ä å å ê å ä ê æ

ä ê

å æ ä ä å ä Ð

ä ä ê ê ä æ ê

ä

.ÅnZÍ ,ÅnY å å æ ä ä å ä

:ÒÀUjM [1.4] If its Past-Tense is on the pattern of ( ) with the second consonant vowelled with ½¨¯ ä

ê ä

Kasrah, then its Present-Tense is on the pattern of ( ) with its second consonant ½¨°Í å ä æ ä

vowelled with Fathah, as in: except that which is exceptional, as in: Á¼¨Í ,Á¼§ KnZÍ ,KnY , ± å ä æ ä ä ê ä å ê æ ä ä ê ä

and its sisters.

If its Past-Tense is on the pattern of ( ) with the second consonant vowelled with ½¨¯ ä å ä

Dammah, then its Present-Tense is on the pattern of ( ) with the second consonant ½¨°Í ± å å æ ä

vowelled with Dammah, as in: . ÅnZÍ ,ÅnY ± å å æ ä ä å ä

:`jq [1.4] The second set of patterns are related to the past-tense verb when it is on the pattern of ( ). ½¨¯ ä

ê ä

Its present-tense verb will be on the pattern of ( ), the second Original Letter, being vowelled ½¨°Í å ä æ ä

with Fathah, as in: . There are a few exceptions to this pattern, like that of: , on Á¼¨Í Á¼§ KnZÍ KnY ± å ä æ ä ä ê ä å ê æ ä ä ê ä

the pattern of: . ½¨°Í ½¨¯ å ê æ ä

ä ê ä

The third set of patterns are related to the past-tense verb on the pattern of ( ). Its present-tense ½¨¯ ä å ä

verb will be on the pattern of ( ), as in: . ½¨°Í ÅnZÍ ÅnY å å æ ä å å æ ä ä å ä

All together, the patterns of the past and present-tense or the Abwab ( plural of Bab) of the LAÌIC − è æ ä −

three-letter Primary Verb are six:

1 jvÄÍ - jvÃ :½R¿ ,½¨°Í - ½¨¯ ( å å æ ä ä ä ä å æ ê å å æ ä ä ä ä

LjzÍ Ljy :½R¿ ,½¨°Í - ½¨¯ (2 å ê æ ä ä ä ä å æ ê å ê æ ä ä ä ä

©ÄÀÍ ©Ä¿ :½R¿ ,½¨°Í - ½¨¯ (3 å ä æ ä ä ä ä å æ ê å ä æ ä ä ä ä

Á¼¨Í Á¼§ :½R¿ ,½¨°Í - ½¨¯ (4 å ä æ ä ä ê ä å æ ê å ä æ ä ä ê ä

KnZÍ KnY :½R¿ ,½¨°Í - ½¨¯ (5 å ê æ ä ä ê ä å æ ê å ê æ ä ä ê ä

ÅnZÍ ÅnY :½R¿ ,½¨°Í - ½¨¯ (6 å å æ ä ä å ä å æ ê å å æ ä ä å ä

L L L

:ÅN¿

.BUAjYe ,ÒUjYe ,XjYf· ½¼¨¯ ÌÈ¯ ejVÀ»A Ï§BIj»A B¿C Ë ç æ ê

ç ä ä æ ä ä ä æ ä ä ä ä æ ä ä å ä å ì ä å í ê í

ì ä ä

:ÂBn³C ÒQÝQ Ó¼§ ÌÈ¯ ÉÎ¯ fÍlÀ»A ÏQÝR»A B¿C Ë ë æ ä

ê ä ä

Ð

ä ä ä å ä ê ê å ê ä í ê í ì ä ä

:ÌZÃ ,½¨¯ Ë .B¿Aj·G ,Âj¸Í ,Âj·C :ÌZÃ ,½¨¯D· ²jYC Ò¨IiC Ó¼§ ÉÎyB¿ ÆB· B¿ :¾ËÞA å æ ä ä ì ä ä ç æ ê å ê

æ å ä ä æ ä

å æ ä ä ä æ ä ä ë å æ ä

ê ä ä æ ä

Ð

ä ä ê ê ä å ì ä

.ÜBNÎ³ Ë ÜBN³ Ë Ò¼MB´¿ ,½MB´Í ,½MB³ :ÌZÃ ,½§B¯ Ë .BZÍj°M ,`j°Í ,`j¯ ç

ê ä ç

ê ä ç ä ä å å

ê å ä ä å æ ä ä ä ä ç ê æ ä å ð

ä å ä ì ä

:ÒÀUjM [1.5] Regarding the four-letter Primary Verb, its (pattern) is: , like: . ½¼¨¯ BUAjYe ,ÒUjYe ,XjYe ä ä æ ä ç æ ê ç ä ä æ ä ä ä æ ä

As for the three-letter Derivative Verb, it is of three types:

First: That which its past-tense has four letters, like: , as in: . (Also) , ½¨¯C B¿Aj·G ,Âj¸Í ,Âj·C ½¨¯ ä ä æ ä ç æ ê å ê

æ å ä ä æ ä ä ì ä

like: . (And) , like: . BZÍj°M ,`j°Í ,`j¯ ½§B¯ ÜBNÎ³ Ë ÜBN³ Ë Ò¼MB´¿ ,½MB´Í ,½MB³ ç ê æ ä å ð ä å ä ì ä ä ä ç ê ä ç ê ä ç

ä ä å å ê å ä ä

:`jq [1.5] The four-letter Primary Verb has only one set of patterns or Bab for the past and − present-tense verbs:

XjYfÍ XjYe :½R¿ ,½¼¨°Í- ½¼¨¯ (1 å ê æ ä å ä ä æ ä å æ ê å ê æ ä å ä ä æ ä

The three-letter Derivative Verb is divided into three categories based on the number of letters (both Original and Additional) in its past-tense verb. The first group is that which has four letters

in its past-tense verb, like the pattern ( ), as in: . The three words listed here are ½¨¯C B¿Aj·G ,Âj¸Í ,Âj·C ä ä æ ä ç æ ê å ê

æ å ä ä æ ä

the past-tense verb ( ); the present-tense verb ( ) and the Masdar ( ) in the accusative ½¨¯C ½¨°Í ÜB¨¯G ä ä æ ä å ê æ å ±

ç æ ê

case wherein the Tanween at its end distinguishes it as a noun. The Masdar in these forms are 6

± themselves derivatives. Unlike the Root Masdar, these Masdar are formed according to rules. ± ± Therefore, the Masdar of this Bab is always on the pattern of ( ). Characteristic of this Bab is ¾B¨¯G ± −

è æ ê −

the Hamzah preceding the first Original Letter in the past-tense.

When Hamzah occurs as the first letter of a verb, it is one of two types: the Conjunctive Hamzah

( ) or the Disjunctive Hamzah ( ). In the former, the vowel on the Hamzah is Ò¼uÌ»A ÑlÀÈ»A Ò¨ñ´»A ÑlÀÈ»A å ä æ ä å ä æ ä å ä æ ä å ä æ ä

elided to facilitate connection between words. In the latter, the vowel on the Hamzah is not elided in order to facilitate connection. The Hamzah in this verb group is disjunctive. The Hamzah, however, is elided in the present-tense according to usage. This Hamzah accounts for its Additional Letter. The Particle of the Present-Tense is vowelled with Dammah. ±

The next group's past-tense verb is on the pattern of ( ), as in: , on the pattern of: ½¨¯ BZÍj°M `j°Í `j¯ ä ì ä ç ê æ ä å ð ä å ä ì ä

ÝÎ¨°M ½¨°Í ½¨¯ . Characteristic of this group is the doubled second Original Letter in both the past ç ê æ ä

å ð ä å ä ì ä

and present tense forms. This doubled letter accounts for the Additional Letter in the pattern. The Particle of the Present-Tense is also vowelled with Dammah. ±

The third group's past-tense verb is on the pattern of ( ), as in: , on ½§B¯ (ÜBNÎ³ ,ÜBN³) Ò¼MB´¿ ½MB´Í ½MB³ ä ä ç ê ç ê ç ä ä å å ê å ä ä

the pattern of: . Characteristic of this group is the Alif following the (ÜB¨Î¯ ,ÜB¨¯) Ò¼§B°¿ ½§B°Í ½§B¯ ç ê ç ê ç ä ä å å ê å ä ä

first Original Letter which is present in the past and present-tense. This group has three possible

patterns for the Masdar ( ), the first being the most common. The Particle of the ÜB¨Î¯ ,ÜB¨¯ ,Ò¼§B°¿ ± ç ê ç ê ç ä ä å

Present-Tense is also vowelled with Dammah in this group. ±

L L L

:ÅN¿

:²jYC ÒnÀa Ó¼§ ÉÎyB¿ ÆB· B¿ :ÏÃBR»A ë å æ ä ê ä æ

ä Ð

ä ä ê ê ä ê ì

,f§BJNÍ ,f§BJM :ÌZÃ ,½§B°M Ë .Ajn¸M ,jn¸NÍ ,jn¸M :ÌZÃ ,½¨°M ½R¿ ÕFN»A É»ËC B¿G å ä ä ä ä ä ä å æ ä ä ä ä ä ç í

ä ä å ì ä ä ä ä ì

ä ä å æ ä ä ì ä ä å æ ê å ì å å ì ä ì

ê .Af§BJM ç å ä

,©ÀNUG :ÌZÃ ,½¨N¯G Ë .B§Bñ´ÃG ,©ñ´ÄÍ ,©ñ´ÃG :ÌZÃ ,½¨°ÃG :½R¿ ÑlÀÈ»A É»ËC B¿G Ë ä ä ä æ ê å æ ä ä ä ä æ ê

ä ç ê æ ê

å ê ä æ ä ä ä ä æ

ê å æ ä ä ä ä æ ê

å æ ê

å ä æ ä å å ì ä ì

ê ä

.AiAjÀYG ,jÀZÍ ,jÀYG :ÌZÃ ,½¨¯G Ë .B§BÀNUG ,©ÀNVÍ ç

ê æ ê í ä æ ä ì ä æ ê å æ ä ì ä æ

ê ä ç

ê æ ê å ê ä æ ä

:ÒÀUjM [1.6] Second: That verb whose past-tense is comprised of five letters. Either in its

beginning is Ta, like: , as in: . (And) as in: . Or ½¨°M Ajn¸M ,jn¸NÍ ,jn¸M ½§B°M Af§BJM ,f§BJNÍ ,f§BJM − ½ ä ì ä ä ç

í ä ä å ì ä ä ä ä ì ä ä ä ä ä ç å ä å ä ä ä ä ä ä

(either in its beginning) is Hamzah, like: , as in: . (Also) , as in: ½¨°ÃG B§Bñ´ÃG ,©ñ´ÄÍ ,©ñ´°ÃG ½¨N¯G ä ä ä æ ê ç ê æ ê å ê ä æ ä ä ä ä æ ê

ä ä ä æ ê B§BÀNUG ,©ÀNVÍ ,©ÀNUG ½¨¯G AiAjÀYG jÀZÍ ,jÀYG . (And) , as in: . ç ê æ ê å ê ä æ ä ä ä ä æ ê

ì ä æ ê ç

ê æ ê í ä æ ä ì ä æ ê

:`jq [1.6] The second group of verbs are those whose past-tense is comprised of five letters. These are five groups, two of which the past-tense verb begins with Ta while the other three begin with − Hamzah:

Past-tense on the pattern of ( ), as in: , on the pattern of: . ½¨°M Ajn¸M jn¸NÍ jn¸M Ý¨°M ½¨°NÍ ,½¨°M • ä ì ä ä ç

í ä ä å ì ä ä ä ä ì ä ä ç

í ä ä å ì ä ä ä ä ì ä ä

Characteristic of this group is the letter Ta preceding the first Original Letter in all forms and − the doubled second Original Letter in all forms. The Particle of the Present-Tense is vowelled with Fathah. ±

Past-tense on the pattern of ( ), as in: , on the pattern of: ½§B°M Af§BJM f§BJNÍ f§BJM ,½§B°NÍ ,½§B°M • ä ä ä ç å ä å ä ä ä ä ä ä å ä ä ä ä ä ä

Ý§B°M . Characteristic of this group is the Ta preceding the first Original Letter and the Alif ç å ä

−

following the first Original Letter. Both the Ta and Alif are found in all forms. The Particle of − the Present-Tense is vowelled with Fathah. ±

Past-tense on the pattern of ( ), as in: , on the pattern of: . ½¨°ÃG B§Bñ´ÃG ©ñ´ÄÍ ,©ñ´ÃG ÜB¨°ÃG ,½¨°ÄÍ ,½¨°ÃG • ä ä ä æ ê

ç ê æ ê å ê ä æ ä ä ä ä æ ê

ç ê æ ê å

ê ä æ ä ä ä ä æ ê

Characteristic of this group is the Hamzah found in its beginning and the Nun preceding the − first Original Letter. This Conjunctive Hamzah is found in the past-tense and Masdar while ± the Nun is found in all forms. The Particle of the Present-Tense is vowelled with Fathah. − ±

Past-tense on the pattern of ( ), as in: , on the pattern of: ½¨N¯G B§BÀNUG ,©ÀNVÍ ,©ÀNUG ,½¨N°Í ,½¨N¯G • ä ä ä æ ê

ç ê æ ê å ê ä æ ä ä ä ä æ ê å

ê ä æ ä ä ä ä æ ê

ÜB¨N¯G . Characteristic of this group is the Conjunctive Hamzah found in the past-tense and the ç ê æ ê Masdar and the letter Ta found preceding the second Original Letter in all forms. The Particle ± −

of the Present-Tense is also vowelled with Fathah. ±

Past-tense on the pattern of ( ), as in: , on the pattern of: . ½¨¯G AiAjÀYG jÀZÍ jÀYG ÜÝ¨¯G ,½¨°Í ,½¨¯G • ì ä æ ê

ç ê æ ê í ä

æ ä ì ä æ ê ç ê æ ê í ä æ ä ì ä æ ê

Characteristic of this group is the Conjunctive Hamzah appearing in the past-tense and Masdar as well as the doubled third Original Letter which appears in its past and ± present-tense forms. The Particle of the Present-Tense is also vowelled with Fathah. ±

L L L

:ÅN¿

,XjbNnÍ ,XjbNmG :ÌZÃ ,½¨°NmG :½R¿ ,²jYC ÒNm Ó¼§ ÉÎyB¿ ÆB· B¿ :S»BR»A å ê æ ä æ ä ä ä æ ä æ ê å æ ä ä ä æ ä æ

ê å æ

ê ë å æ ä

ê ì ê Ð

ä ä ê ê ä å ê ì

,KqÌr¨Í ,KqÌr§G :ÌZÃ ,½§Ì¨¯G Ë .AiAjÎÀYG ,iBÀZÍ ,iBÀYG :ÌZÃ ,¾B¨¯G Ë .BUAjbNmG å ê æ ä æ ä ä ä æ ä æ

ê å æ ä ä ä æ ä æ ê ä ç

ê æ ê í æ ä ì æ

ê å æ ä ì æ ê

ä ç æ ê æ ê

,[onÄ¨´Í] ,onÄ¨³G :ÌZÃ ,½¼Ä¨¯G Ë .AkAÌ¼UG ,kÌ¼VÍ ,kÌ¼UG :ÌZÃ ,¾Ì¨¯G Ë .BIBrÎr§G å ê æ ä æ ä ä ä æ ä æ ê å æ ä ä ä æ ä æ

ê ä ç ì ê æ ê

å ð ä æ ä ä ì ä æ ê å æ ä ä ì ä æ ê

ä ç ê æ

ê AÕB´Ä¼mG ,[Ó´Ä¼nÍ] ,Ó´Ä¼mG :ÌZÃ ,Ó¼Ä¨¯G Ë .BmBnÄ¨³G ç æ ê æ ê Ð

ä æ ä æ ä Ð

ä æ ä æ ê å æ ä Ð

ä æ ä æ ê

ä ç æ ê æ ê

:ÒÀUjM [1.7] Third: That in which its past-tense has six letters, like: , as in: ½¨°NmG ,XjbNnÍ ,XjbNmG ä ä æ ä æ ê å ê

æ ä æ ä ä ä æ ä æ ê BUAjbNmG ¾B¨¯G AiAjÎÀYG ,iBÀZÍ ,iBÀYG ½§Ì¨¯G BIBrÎr§G ,KqÌr¨Í ,KqÌr§G . (Also) , as in: . (And) , as in: . ç æ ê æ ê

ì æ ê

ç ê æ ê í æ ä ì æ ê

ä ä æ ä æ ê ç ê æ

ê å ê æ ä æ ä ä ä æ ä æ ê

(And) , as in: . (And) , as in: . (And) , ¾Ì¨¯G AkAÌ¼UG ,kÌ¼VÍ ,kÌ¼UG ½¼Ä¨¯G BmBnÄ¨³G ,onÄ¨´Í ,onÄ¨³G Ó¼Ä¨¯G ä ì ä æ ê ç ì ê æ ê

å ð ä æ ä ä ì ä æ ê ä ä æ ä æ ê

ç æ ê æ ê å ê æ ä æ ä ä ä æ ä æ ê Ð

ä æ ä æ ê as in: . AÕB´Ä¼mG ,Ó´Ä¼nÍ ,Ó´Ä¼mG ç æ ê æ ê Ð

ä æ ä æ ä Ð ä æ ä æ ê

:`jq [1.7] The third group of Derivative Verbs are those verbs whose past-tense is comprised of six letters. They are six groups:

Past-tense verb on the pattern of ( ), as in: , on the pattern of: ½¨°NmG BUAjbNmG XjbNnÍ ,XjbNmG • ä ä æ ä æ ê

ç æ ê æ ê å ê æ ä æ ä ä ä æ ä æ ê

ÜB¨°NmG ,½¨°NnÍ ,½¨°NmG . Characteristic of this group is the Conjunctive Hamzah which is ç æ ê æ ê

å ê æ ä æ ä

ä ä æ ä æ ê apparent in the past-tense and Masdar. Also characteristic are the letters Seen and Ta which ± −

are present in every form preceeding the first Original Letter. The Particle of the Present-Tense is vowelled with Fathah. ±

Past-tense on the pattern of ( ), as in: , on the pattern of: . ¾B¨¯G AiAjÎÀYG ,iBÀZÍ ,iBÀYG Ý¼Î¨¯G ,¾B¨°Í ,¾B¨¯G • ì æ

ê ç

ê æ ê í æ ä ì æ ê ç ä ê æ ê í æ ä ì æ

ê Characteristic of this group is the Hamzah which appears in its past-tense and Masdar. As well ± as the doubled third Original Letter which appears in all its verb forms. The Particle of the Present-Tense is vowelled with Fathah. ±

Past-Tense on the pattern of ( ), as in: , on the pattern of: ½§Ì¨¯G BIBrÎr§G ,KqÌr¨Í ,KqÌr§G ,½§Ì¨¯G • ä æ ä æ ê ç ê æ

ê å ê æ ä æ ä ä ä æ ä æ ê

ä ä æ ä æ ê ÜB¨Î¨¯G ,½§Ì¨°Í . Characteristic of this group is the repetition of the second Original Letter ç ê æ ê

å ê æ ä æ ä

separated by the letter Waw. Its Conjunctive Hamzah appears in its past-tense form and − Masdar. The Particle of the Present-Tense is vowelled with Fathah. This verb form is archaic. ± ±

Past-Tense on the pattern of ( ), as in: , on the pattern of: . ¾Ì¨¯G AkAÌ¼UG ,kÌ¼VÍ ,kÌ¼UG ÜAÌ¨¯G ,¾Ì¨°Í ,¾Ì¨¯G • ä ì ä æ ê

ç ì ê æ ê å ð ä æ ä ä ì ä æ ê

ç ì ê æ ê å ð ä æ ä ä ì ä æ ê

Characteristic of this group is the Conjunctive Hamzah appearing in its past-tense and Masdar ± and the Additional Letter Waw following the second Original Letter. This Additional Letter is −

vowelled with Shaddah ( ), indicating that the letter is doubled. The Particle of the Ñfq è ì ä

Present-Tense is vowelled with Fathah. This verb form is also archaic. ±

Past-Tense on the pattern of ( ), as in: , on the pattern of: ½¼Ä¨¯G BmBnÄ¨³G ,onÄ¨´Í ,onÄ¨³G ,½¼Ä¨¯G • ä ä æ ä æ ê

ç æ ê æ ê å ê æ ä æ ä ä ä æ ä æ ê ä ä æ ä æ ê

ÜÝÄ¨¯G ,½¼Ä¨°Í . Characteristic of this group is the Hamzah appearing in its past-tense and ç æ ê æ ê

å ê æ ä æ ä

Masdar and the Additional Letter Nun appearing after the second Original Letter in all forms. ± −

The Particle of the Present-Tense is vowelled with Fathah. This verb form is also archaic. ±

Past-Tense on the pattern of ( ), as in: , on the pattern of: Ó¼Ä¨¯G AÕB´Ä¼mG ,Ó´Ä¼nÍ ,Ó´Ä¼mG ,Ó¼Ä¨¯G • Ð

ä æ ä æ ê ç æ ê æ ê Ð

ä æ ä æ ä Ð ä æ ä æ ê Ð

ä æ ä æ ê AÕÝÄ¨¯G ,Ó¼Ä¨°Í . Characteristic of this group is the Hamzah appearing in the past-tense and ç ä æ ê æ ê Ð

ä æ ä æ ä

Masdar and the Additional Letter Nun following the second Original Letter in all forms. The ± −

Particle of the Present-Tense is vowelled with Fathah. This verb form is also archaic. ±

This is the completion of the three-letter derivative verbs.

L L L

:ÅN¿

:ÌZÃ ,½¼Ä¨¯G Ë .BUjYfM ,[XjYfNÍ] ,XjYfN· :½¼¨°M :ÉN¼R¿D¯ ,ÉÎ¯ fÍlÀ»A Ï§BIj»A B¿C Ë å æ ä ä ä æ ä æ ê

ä ç å æ ä ä å ä æ ä ä ä ä ä æ ä ä ä ä ä æ ä ä å å ä ê æ ä ä

ê ê å ê ä í ê í ì ä ä

.AiAj¨r³G ,[j¨r´Í] ,j¨r³G :ÌZÃ ,½¼¨¯G Ë .B¿BVÃjYG ,[ÁVÃjZÍ] ,ÁVÃjYG ç æ ê

æ ê í ê

ä æ ä ì ä ä æ ê å æ ä ì ä ä æ ê

ä ç æ ê æ ê å ê

æ ä æ ä ä ä æ ä æ ê

:ÒÀUjM [1.8] Regarding the four-letter Derivative Verb, its examples are: , like: ½¼¨°M ,XjYfNÍ ,XjYfM ä ä æ ä ä å ä æ ä ä ä ä ä æ ä ä

BUjYfM ½¼Ä¨¯G B¿BVÃjYG ,ÁVÃjZÍ ,ÁVÃjYG ½¼¨¯G AiAj¨r³G ,j¨r´Í ,j¨r³G . (And) , as in: . (And) , as in: . ç å æ ä ä ä ä æ ä æ ê

ç æ ê æ ê å ê

æ ä æ ä ä ä æ ä æ ê ì ä ä æ ê

ç æ ê æ ê í ê ä æ ä ì ä ä æ ê

:`jq [1.8] The four-letter Derivative Verb only has three Abwab or pattern sets: −

Past-Tense on the pattern of ( ), as in: , on the pattern of: ½¼¨°M BUjYfM ,XjYfNÍ ,XjYfM ,½¼¨°NÍ ,½¼¨°M • ä ä æ ä ä ç å æ ä ä å ä æ ä ä ä ä ä æ ä ä å ä æ ä ä ä ä ä æ ä ä

Ý¼¨°M . Characteristic of this group is the letter Ta found preceding the first Original Letter. This ç å æ ä ä −

Ta is found in every form of the word. The Particle of the Present-tense is vowelled with − Fathah. ±

Past-Tense on the pattern of ( ), as in: , on the pattern of: ½¼Ä¨¯G B¿BVÃjYG ,ÁVÃjZÍ ,ÁVÃjYG ,½¼Ä¨¯G • ä ä æ ä æ ê

ç æ ê æ ê å ê

æ ä æ ä ä ä æ ä æ ê ä ä æ ä æ ê

ÜÝÄ¨¯G ,½¼Ä¨°Í . Characteristic of this group is the Conjunctive Hamzah appearing in the ç æ ê æ ê

å ê æ ä æ ä

past-tense and Masdar and the Additional Letter Nun following the second Original Letter ± −

which appears in all forms of the verb and the Masdar. The Particle of the Present-tense is ± vowelled with Fathah. There is a similar pattern related to the three-letter Derivative Verb, ± however, the origin of this verb is a four-letter root word while the other pattern is of a verb

whose root word is comprised of three letters. Therefore, in the pattern ( ) Hamzah is the ½¼Ä¨¯G ä ä æ ä æ ê Additional Letter in the four-letter verb. In the three-letter verb, Hamzah and the final consonant are Additional Letters.

Past-Tense on the pattern of ( ), as in: , on the pattern of: ½¼¨¯G AiAj¨r³G ,j¨r´Í ,j¨r³G ,½¼¨°Í ,½¼¨¯G • ì ä ä æ ê

ç æ ê æ ê í ê ä æ ä ì ä ä æ ê í ê ä æ ä ì ä ä æ ê

ÜÝ¨¯G . Characteristic of this group is the Hamzah appearing in the past-tense and Masdar and ç ê æ ê ±

the doubled fourth Original Letter which appears in its verb forms. The Particle of the Present-tense is vowelled with Fathah. ±

L L L

:ÅN¿

ÉÎJÄM è ê æ ä

Ë .AfÍk OIjy :¹»Ì´· ÉI ¾Ì¨°À»A Ó»G ½§B°»A Å¿ Ðf¨NÍ Ðh»A ½¨°»A ÌÇ Ë f¨N¿ B¿G ½¨°»A ä ç æ ä å æ ä ä ä ê æ

ä ä ê ê ê

å æ ä Ð

ä ê ê ê ä ê ð ä ä ä ê

ì å æ ê ä å ä ÿ ä ä å ì ê å æ ê

:ÌZÃ ,½§B°»A kËBVNÍ Á» Ðh»A ½¨°»A ÌÇ Ë f¨N¿ jÎ« B¿G Ë .AkËBV¿ Ë B¨³AË BzÍC ÓÀnÍ å æ ä ä ê ê ä

ä ä æ ä ê ì å æ ê ä å ä ÿ ä ä å å æ ä ì

ê ä ç

ê å ä ç ê ç æ ä

Ð ì ä å

ËC ÅÎ¨»A ±Î¨zNI ejVÀ»A ÏQÝR»A Ï¯ ÉNÍf¨M Ë .©³AË jÎ« Ë B¿kÜ ÓÀnÍ Ë .fÍk ÅnY æ ä ê æ ä ê ê æ ä ê ê ì ä å ð ê í ê å å ä ê æ ä ä

ë ê ä æ ä ä ç ê Ð ì ä å ä è æ ä ä å ä

O´¼ñÃG Ë fÍlI OJÇg :ÌZÃ ,½¸»A Ï¯ jV»A ²jZI Ë .ÉNn¼UC Ë AfÍk OYj¯ :¹»Ì´· ÑlÀÈ»BI å æ ä ä æ ê

ä ë æ ä ê å æ ä ä å æ ä ð å ê ð ä ê æ ä ê ä

å å æ ä æ ä ä ç æ ä å æ ì ä ä

ê æ ä ä

ê ä æ ä ê .ÉI ê ê

:ÒÀUjM Note

[1.9] Verbs are either transitive, and it is the verb whose government traverses (beyond)

its subject to the object, as in your saying: . It is also called: AfÍk OIjy B¨³AË I struck Zaid ç æ ä å æ ä ä ç ê

(Waqi') and (Mujawiz). Or (the verb) is intransitive, and it is the verb whose AkËBV¿ − ç

ê å −

government does not traverse (beyond) the subject, as in: . It is fÍk ÅnY Zaid was good è æ ä ä å ä

named: (Lazim) and (Ghairu Waqi'). The verb's transitive state in the B¿kÜ ©³AË jÎ« ç ê − ë ê ä æ ä −

three-letter Primary Verb is (achieved) with the doubling of the second-consonant or with

Hamzah, as in your saying; . . (The verb's AfÍk OYj¯ ÉNn¼UC I made Zaid happy I seated him ç æ ä å æ ì ä å å æ ä æ ä

transitive state is also achieved) with the genitive particle in all (verbs), as in: fÍlI OJÇg I left ë æ ä ê å æ ä ä

with Zaid I set out with him . . ÉI O´¼ñÃG ê ê å æ ä ä æ

ê

:`jq [1.9] Verbs are words which naturally govern their subjects ( ) in an expression. A Transitive ½§B°»A å ê Verb ( ) also requires another word, its object ( ), in order to complete its Ðf¨NÀ»A ½¨°»A ÉI ¾Ì¨°À»A ð ä ä å å æ ê ê ê

å å æ ä

meaning, as in: . The subject is I ( ), implied in the pronoun at the verb's AfÍk OIjy BÃC I struck Zaid ç æ ä å æ ä ä ä

end. The object is ( ). Without mentioning the object, the sentence's meaning is defective. Zaid AfÍk ç æ ä

It is termed Transitive because the government of the verb transverses the subject to govern the object as well. There are two types of Transitive Verbs:

Transitive In Itself ( ). It is the verb which is naturally transitive and its meaning is Én°ÄI ÐfN¨À»A • ê ê æ ä ê ð ä æ å

deficient without its object, as in: BÀMBa fÍk haC Zaid took a ring. ç ä è æ ä ä ä ä

Transitive by means of a Genitive Particle ( ). It is the verb whose government jV»A ²jZI ÐfN¨À»A • ð ä ê æ ä ê ð ä æ å traverses from the subject to another word required to complete its meaning by means of a

genitive particle, as in: . Some words in this Ò»DnÀ»A Å§ fÍk ¾Dm Zaid asked about the issue ê ä ä æ ä ê ä è æ ä ä ä ä

category may have originally been Intransitive but have become Transitive by means of the

genitive particle, as in: (Intransitive); fÍk μ¼ñÃG fÍlI O´¼ñÃG Zaid departed I set out with him è æ ä ä ä ä æ

ê ë æ ä ê å æ ä ä æ

ê (Transitive by means of a Genitive Particle).

The Intransitive Verb ( ), to the contrary, does not require another word besides ©³AË jÎ« ËC ÂkÝ»A ½¨°»A ë ê å æ ä æ ä å ê ì å æ ê

the subject to complete its meaning, as in: . μZ»A jÈ£ The truth became apparent í ä ä ä ä

Among the three-letter Primary Verbs, some are Transitive and others are Intransitive. A dictionary is the best resource to distinguish between the two. Among the three-letter Derivative Verbs, two forms are always Transitive. It was mentioned in the text that the transitive state is achieved in the three-letter Primary Verb with the doubling of the second Original Letter and with adding Hamzah resulting in a Derivative Verb. The doubling of the second Original Letter is found in the first verb below. The second verb possesses the Hamzah in its beginning. This Hamzah is disjunctive, unlike the Hamzah in other patterns. These two patterns are of verbs which are always transitive:

ÝÎ¨°M ,½¨°Í ,½¨¯ ç ê æ ä å ð ä å ä ì ä •

ÜB¨¯G ,½¨°Í ,½¨¯C ç æ ê

å ê æ å ä ä æ ä •

Other forms may have both types of verbs within a particular Bab, as in: BÀÎ¤§ fÍk ÊjJN§G Zaid − ç ê ä è æ ä å ä ä ä æ ê

considered him great; The people gathered . While both words are from the same Bab, ÂÌ´»A ©ÀNUG å æ ä ä ä ä æ ê −

the former is Transitive and the latter is Intransitive. It is necessary to consult a dictionary to know a verb's usage in this regard.

L L L

½v¯

:ÅN¿

¾B¨¯ÞA ÊhÇ ±ÍjvM Ò¼R¿C Ï¯ ê æ ä

ê ê Ð ê ê æ ä ê

ä ê æ

ä ê

½§B°¼» ÏÄJÀ»B¯ ,ÏyBÀ»A ÆB¿l»A Ï¯ fUË ÓÄ¨¿ Ó¼§ ¾e Ðh»A ½¨°»A ÌÈ¯ ,ÏyBÀ»A B¿C ê ê æ ê í ê

æ ä ä ð ê ê

ì ê ä ê å Ð

ä æ ä Ð

ä ä ì ä ê ì å æ ê ä å ä

í ê ì ä

Ó»G AËjvÃ ,AjvÃ ,jvÃ :ÌZÃ ,BYÌN°¿ ÉÄ¿ ºjZN¿ ¾ËC ÆB· ËC BYÌN°¿ É»ËC ÆB· B¿ ÉÄ¿ Ð

ä ê å ä ä ä ä ä ä ä å æ ä ç å æ ä å æ ê ë ð ä ä å

å ì ä ä æ ä ç å æ ä å å ì

ä ä å æ ê

.ÊjaE ê ê ê

Ë ½¨°NmG Ë ½¨°ÃG Ë ½¨N¯G Ë ½¼¨°M Ë ½¼¨¯ Ë ½§B¯ Ë ½¨¯C ,ÑiÌ·hÀ»A ÊhÇ Ó¼§ o³ Ë ä ä ä æ ä æ ê ä ä ä ä æ

ê ä ä ä ä æ

ê ä ä ä æ ä ä ä ä ä æ ä ä ä ä ä ä ä æ ä ê ä

å æ ä ê ê Ð Ð ä ä æ ê ä

OJRM ÑfÖAk BÈÃH¯ ,½ÖAËÞA Ï¯ PB°»ÞA PB·jY jJN¨M Ü Ë .Ï³AÌJ»A Ah· Ë ½§Ì¨¯G Ë ½¼¨¯G å å æ ä è ä ê ì ê ä

ê ê ä

ê ê ê ä

ê ä ä å ê ä æ ä ä ê ä ä ä ä ä æ ä æ ê

ä ì ä ä æ ê

.Xif»A Ï¯ ¡´nM Ë ÕAfNIâA Ï¯ ê æ ì ê

å å æ ä ä ê ê æ ê ê

:ÒÀUjM

Section (2)

[2.0] Patterns of Tasreef in these verbs ±

As for the past-tense, it is the verb which signifies a meaning found in the time past. The

construction (of the verb) is for the subject. That which is in its beginning is vowelled with

Fathah or its first vowelled letter is vowelled with Fathah, as in: , until its end. AËjvÃ ,AjvÃ ,jvÃ ± ± å ä ä ä ä ä ä ä

Make analogies based on this mentioned (pattern):

½§Ì¨¯G Ë ½¼¨¯G Ë ½¨°NmG Ë ½¨°ÃG Ë ½¨N¯G Ë ½¨°M Ë ½¼¨¯ Ë ½§B¯ Ë ½¨¯C ä ä æ ä æ ê ä ì ä ä æ ê ä

ä ä æ ä æ ê ä ä ä ä æ ê ä

ä ä ä æ ê ä ä ä æ ä ä ä ä ä æ ä ä ä ä ä ä ä æ ä

Likewise, is the remainder. The vowels on the Hamzah in its beginning are not taken into

consideration. It is extraneous, established in its initial forms and dropped in the course

(of conjugation).

:`jq [2.0] The past-tense verb is defined as a word whose meaning is tied to the past-tense. Its meaning is not independent as the verb's construction is based on the subject. This construction is characterized by the Fathah on its first Original Letter or its first vowelled letter. Its first letter ± may not be vowelled when it begins with Hamzah. In this situation, the first vowelled letter following the Hamzah will be vowelled with Fathah, as in: . Observe the full ½¨N¯B¯ ,½¨°ÃB¯ ,½¨N¯B¯ ±

ä ä ä æ ä ä ä ä æ ä ä ä ä æ ä

conjugation of a Primary and a Derivative past-tense verb constructed for its subject (which is mentioned at the end):

½§B°»A ÉÎ¯ fÍlÀ»A ½¨°»A ejVÀ»A ½¨°»A Ò¬Îv»A å

ê ê ê å ê ä å æ ê å ì ä å å æ ê

å ä ð

ÌÇ ½¨N¯G ½¨¯ (1 ä å ä ä ä æ ê ä ä ä

BÀÇ Ý¨N¯G Ý¨¯ (2 å ä ä æ ê ä ä

ÁÇ AÌ¼¨N¯G AÌ¼¨¯ (3 æ å å ä ä æ ê å ä ä

ÏÇ O¼¨N¯G O¼¨¯ (4 ä ê æ ä ä ä æ ê æ ä ä ä

BÀÇ BN¼¨N¯G BN¼¨¯ (5 å ä ä ä æ ê ä ä ä

ÅÇ Å¼¨N¯G Å¼¨¯ (6 ì å ä æ ä ä æ ê ä æ ä ä

OÃC O¼¨N¯G O¼¨¯ (7 ä æ ä ä æ ä ä æ ê ä æ ä ä

BÀNÃC BÀN¼¨N¯G BÀN¼¨¯ (8 å æ ä å æ ä ä æ ê å æ ä ä

ÁNÃC ÁN¼¨N¯G ÁN¼¨¯ (9 æ å æ ä æ å æ ä ä æ ê æ å æ ä ä

OÃC O¼¨N¯G O¼¨¯ (10 ê æ ä ê æ ä ä æ ê ê

æ ä ä

BÀNÃC BÀN¼¨N¯G BÀN¼¨¯ (11 å æ ä å æ ä ä æ ê å æ ä ä

ÅNÃC ÅN¼¨N¯G ÅN¼¨¯ (12 ì å æ ä ì å æ ä ä æ ê ì å æ ä ä

BÃC O¼¨N¯G O¼¨¯ (13 ä å æ ä ä æ ê

å æ ä ä

ÅZÃ BÄ¼¨N¯G BÄ¼¨¯ (14 å æ ä æ ä ä æ ê æ ä ä

As mentioned in the text, the past-tense verb may begin with Hamzah, however, this Hamzah is extraneous as it is found in the past-tense forms and elided in the present-tense forms, as in:

½§Ì¨°Í ,½§Ì¨¯G ,½¨N°Í ½¨N¯G ,½¨°Í ½¨¯C å ê æ ä æ ä ä ä æ ä æ ê å ê ä æ ä ä ä ä æ ê

å ä æ å ä ä æ ä

These are the basic patterns upon which both past-tense Primary and Derivative Verbs are

formed. This is the construction of the Active Voice Verb ( ), meaning the verb whose Ðf¨NÀ»A ½¨°»A ð ä ä å å æ ê subject is mentioned. The verb is constructed based upon this subject. The Passive Voice Verb's construction is mentioned in the next section.

L L L

:ÅN¿

½¼¨¯ Ë ½¨°· B¿ÌÀz¿ É»ËC ÆB· B¿ É¼§B¯ ÁnÍ Á» Ðh»A ½¨°»A ÌÇ Ë ÉÄ¿ ¾Ì¨°À¼» ÏÄJÀ»A Ë ä ê æ

å ä ä ê å ä ç å æ ä å å ì

ä ä å å ê ì ä å æ ä ê ì å æ ê ä å ä å æ ê ê å æ ä ê í ê

æ ä ä

:ÌZÃ ,B¿ÌÀz¿ ºjZN¿ ¾ËC ÆB· ËC ,½¼¨°M Ë ½§Ì°M Ë ½¨°M Ë ½§Ì¯ Ë ½¨¯ Ë ½¨¯C Ë å æ ä ç å æ ä ë ð ä ä å å ì

ä ä æ ä ä ê æ

å ä ä ä ê å å ä ä ð å å ä ä ê

å ä ä ð å ä ä ê æ å ä

ÆÌ¸Í ÊjaE ½J³ B¿ Ë Áz»A Ï¯ ÂÌÀzÀ»A AhÇ ©JNM ½uÌ»A ÑlÀÇ Ë .½¨°NmC Ë ½¨N¯C å å ä ê ê ê å æ ä ä ð ì ê ä å æ ä Ð å

ê ì ä

ê æ ä å ä æ ä ä ä

ê æ å æ

å ä ä ê å

æ å

.¾BÀ»A XjbNmC Ë fÍk jvÃ :¾Ì´M ,AfIC AiÌn¸¿ å ä

ê æ å æ

å ä è æ ä ä ê å å å ä ç ä ä ç å æ ä

:ÒÀUjM [2.1] (The verb) constructed for the object is the verb whose subject is not mentioned

(and) whose beginning is vowelled with Dammah, like: ±

½¼¨°M Ë ½§Ì°M Ë ½¨°M Ë ½§Ì¯ Ë ½¨¯ Ë ½¨¯C Ë ½¼¨¯ Ë ½¨¯ ä ê æ å å ä

ä ê å å ä

ä ð å å ä ä ê å ä ä ð å ä ä ê æ

å ä ä ê æ å ä ä

ê å

Or its first vowelled letter is vowelled with Dammah, as in: . The Conjunctive ½¨°NmC Ë ½¨N¯C ± ä

ê æ å æ å ä ä ê å æ

å

Hamzah follows this letter vowelled with Dammah in (its own) Dammah. The consonant ± ± before its end is always vowelled with Kasrah. You'd say: and: fÍk jvÃ Zaid was helped,

è æ ä ä ê å

¾BÀ»A XjbNmC . The money was removed å ä ê

æ å æ å

:`jq [2.1] This section is related to that past-tense verb which is constructed for its object, meaning the verb is constructed to be singular or plural, masculine or feminine in agreement with the verb's object rather than its subject. This is because it is characteristic of the Passive Voice verb that its subject is elided and its object is put in the subject's place while also assuming the

subject's nominative state. The former object becomes the ( ) for the Proxy-Subject ½§B°»A KÖBÃ ê ê å ê Passive Voice Verb (section 1.9). As such, the verb is actually constructed based on the Proxy-Subject but it is said to be constructed for the object, its former state, as in:

ÒYB°M fÍk ½·C ÒYB°M O¼·C (Active Voice); (Passive Voice). Zaid ate an apple An apple was eaten ç ä å è æ ä ä ä ä ç ä å æ ä ä ä

The Passive Voice verb is formed by vowelling the first letter or the first vowelled letter with Dammah while the letter before its end is vowelled with Kasrah, as in: ±



å ä ð

ÌÇ ½¨N¯C ½¨¯ (1 ä å ä ê å æ

å ä ê å

BÀÇ Ý¨N¯C Ý¨¯ (2 å ê å æ å

ê å

ÁÇ AÌ¼¨N¯C AÌ¼¨¯ (3 æ å å ê å æ

å å ê å

ÏÇ O¼¨N¯C O¼¨¯ (4 ä ê æ ä ê å æ

å æ ä ê å

BÀÇ BN¼¨N¯C BN¼¨¯ (5 å ä ê å æ

å ä ê å

ÅÇ Å¼¨N¯C Å¼¨¯ (6 ì å ä æ ê å æ å ä æ ê å

OÃC O¼¨N¯C O¼¨¯ (7 ä æ ä ä æ ê å æ

å ä æ ê å

BÀNÃC BÀN¼¨N¯C BÀN¼¨¯ (8 å æ ä å æ ê å æ å å æ ê å

ÁNÃC ÁN¼¨N¯C ÁN¼¨¯ (9 æ å æ ä æ å æ ê å æ å æ å æ ê å

OÃC O¼¨N¯C O¼¨¯ (10 ê æ ä ê æ ê å æ

å ê

æ ê å

BÀNÃC BÀN¼¨N¯C BÀN¼¨¯ (11 å æ ä å æ ê å æ å å æ ê å

ÅNÃC ÅN¼¨N¯C ÅN¼¨¯ (12 ì å æ ä ì å æ ê å æ å ì å æ ê å

BÃC O¼¨N¯C O¼¨¯ (13 ä å æ ê å æ

å å æ ê å

ÅZÃ BÄ¼¨N¯C BÄ¼¨¯ (14 å æ ä æ ê å æ

å æ ê å

As mentioned, in Derivative verbs, the vowel on the Conjunctive Hamzah may be elided to facilitate conjunction between words. In that case, the first vowelized consonant following the

Hamzah will be vowelled with Dammah, as in: . ½¨N¯B¯ ± ä

ê å æ ä

In some verb patterns in which there is a long vowel, like: , the long vowel is converted ½§B°M ,½§B¯ ä ä ä ä ä

to Waw, by necessity, in order to be suitable for the Dammah which precedes it, as in: . ½§Ì°M ,½§Ì¯ − ± ä ê å å ä ê å

It can be concluded then, that the Passive Voice verb is derived from the Active Voice Verb with a change in form. The Passive Voice, however, is only derived from Active Voice verbs which are transitive, either transitive in themselves or transitive by means of a genitive particle. The latter, however, may not be conjugated according to the Proxy-Subject, rather a pronoun attached to the genitive particle may be conjugated to agree with the Proxy-Subject, as in:

,¹I ½¨¯ ,Á¸I ½¨¯ ,BÀ¸I ½¨¯ ,¹I ½¨¯ ,ÅÈI ½¨¯ ,BÀÈI ½¨¯ ,BÈI ½¨¯ ,ÁÈI ½¨¯ ,BÀÈI ½¨¯ ,ÉI ½¨¯ ê ê ä ê å

å ê ä ê å

å ê ä ê å ä

ê ä ê å ì ê ê

ä ê å ê ê ä ê å ê

ä ê å æ ê ê ä ê å ê ê

ä ê å ê ê ä ê å

BÄI ½¨¯ ,ÏI ½¨¯ ,Å¸I ½¨¯ ,BÀ¸I ½¨¯ ê ä ê å ê

ä ê å ì å ê ä ê å

å ê ä ê å

L L L

:ÅN¿

Ë ÕFN»A Ë ÕFÎ»A Ë ÆÌÄ»A Ë ÑlÀÈ»A :ÏÇ Ë ©IiÞA fÖAËl»A ÔfYG É»ËC B¿ ÌÈ¯ ,ªiBzÀ»A B¿C ä å ì ä å ä å í ä å ä æ ä ä ê ä ê ä æ ä ê ê ì Ð ä æ

ê å å ì

ä ä å ä å

ê å ì ä

É¨¿ ÆB· AgG É» ÆÌÄ»A Ë ,ÊfYË Á¼¸NÀ¼» ÑlÀÈ»B¯ .#ÏMDÃ$ ËC #ÅÎMC$ ËC #OÎÃC$ BÈ¨ÀVM å ä ä ä ê å ä å

í ä å ä æ ä ê ð ä ä å æ ê

å ä æ ä ä ê æ ä æ ä ä æ ä

ä æ ä ä æ ä ä å ä æ ä

Ñej°À»A ÒJÖB¬¼» Ë BRÃÛ¿ ËC ÆB· Aj·h¿ B§ÌÀV¿ ËC ÓÄR¿ ËC Aej°¿ K�BbÀ¼» ÕFN»A Ë ,ÊjÎ« ê ä ä æ å ê ä ê

æ ê ä

ç ì ä ä æ ä ä ç ì ä å ç å æ ä æ ä ç é ä å æ ä ç ä æ å ê

ä å æ ê å ì ä å å æ ä

.ÒJÖB¬»A SÃÛÀ»A ©ÀV» Ë B§ÌÀV¿ ËC ÓÄR¿ ËC Aej°¿ j·hÀ»A KÖB¬¼» ÕFÎ»A Ë ,BÇBÄRÀ» Ë ê ä ê ê ì ä å ê æ ä ê ä

ç å æ ä æ ä ç é ä å æ ä ç ä æ å ê

ì ä å ê ê æ ê å ä ì ä å ê ä

Ë Af« ½¨°Í Ë ,AjyBY Ë ÜBY ÓÀnÍ Ë ÆàA ½¨°Í :¾Ì´M ,¾BJŃmâA Ë ¾BZ¼» \¼vÍ AhÇ Ë ä ç ä å ä æ ä ä ç ê ä ç

Ð ì ä å ä ä å ä æ ä å å ä ê

æ ê æ ê

ä ê æ ê å

å æ ä Ð ä

wNaC ½¨°Í ²Ìm ËC ½¨°Îm :O¼´¯ ,²Ìm ËC ÅÎn»A ÉÎ¼§ O¼aeC AgH¯ .ÝJŃn¿ ÓÀnÍ ì å æ å å ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä å ä æ ä ä ä æ å ä ä æ ä æ ä ä ð ê æ ä ä ä æ ä æ ä

ê ä ç

ê æ ä æ å Ð ì ä å

Ë ,½¨°Î» :¹»Ì´· ¾BZ»A ÆB¿lI wNaC ÒYÌN°À»A ÂÝ»A ÉÎ¼§ O¼aeC AgH¯ ,¾BJŃmâA ÆB¿lI ä å ä æ ä ä ä ê æ

ä ä ê ê

ä ê ì

å æ å ä ä å æ ä ä ì ê æ ä ä ä æ ä æ ä

ê ä

ê æ ê æ ê ê

ä ê

.ÉI AÌJÇhM ÆC ÏÄÃlZÎ» ÏÃG :¾lÄN»A Ï¯ ê ê å ä æ ä æ ä

ê ä å æ ä ä ð

ê ê ê æ ì ê

:ÒÀUjM [2.2] Regarding the present-Tense, it is that in whose beginning is one of four additional

letters. They are Hamzah, Nun, Ya and Ta. Together they are: or: or: . The OÎÃC ÅÎMC ÏMDÃ − − − ä æ ä ä ä æ ä ä ê æ ä

Hamzah is for the first-person singular; the Nun is for (the first-person) when joined with −

another. The Ta is for the second-person, singular, dual or plural. Be it masculine or −

feminine. (It is also) for the third-person (feminine) singular and dual. The Ya is the −

third-person masculine singular, dual and plural. (It is also) for the third-person feminine

plural.

These forms are appropriate for the present ( ) and future ( ). You'd say: ¾BZ»A ¾BJŃmâA ÆàA ½¨°Í å å æ ê æ ê ä å ä æ ä

He is acting now, He will act tomorrow, then this is the present-tense; and: this is Af« ½¨°Í ç ä å ä æ ä

the future-tense. When Seen ( ) or Saufa ( ) are entered upon the present-tense, p ²Ìm ä ä æ ä

you'd say: or: . It is exclusive to the ½¨°Îm ½¨°Í ²Ìm He will (soon) act, He will act (later) å ä æ ä ä å ä æ ä ä æ ä

future-tense. When Lam vowelled with Fathah is entered upon (the present-tense verb) it − ± is particular to the present, as in your saying: . (Mentioned) in ½¨°Î» Surely, he is acting

å ä æ ä ä

revelation: {ÏÄÃlZÎ» ÏÃG} "Surely, it grieves me that you should take him." 7 ê å å æ ä ä ð ê

:`jq As previously mentioned (1.2), the present-tense verb is found with one of four additional letters in its beginning, meaning Hamzah, Nun, Ta and Ya. Collectively, they are known as the Particles − − −

of the Present-Tense ( ). These particles indicate the first, second and third-person as it Ò§iBzÀ»A ²jYC ê ä ê å å å æ ä

relates to the verb's subject, as in:

: (ÑlÀÇ) • è ä æ ä

( ) First-person singular. C ½¨¯ å ä æ ä

(ÆÌÃ) : • è å

( ) First-Person plural. Ã ½¨° å ä æ ä

: (ÕBM) •

( ) Third-person feminine singular; ( ) third-person feminine dual; ( ) ½¨°M ÆÝ¨°M ½¨°M å ä æ ä ê ä æ ä å ä æ ä

second-person masculine singular; ( ) second-person masculine dual ; ( ) ÆÝ¨°M ÆÝ¨°M ê ä æ ä ê ä æ ä

second-person feminine dual; ( ) second-person masculine plural; ( ) ÆÌ¼¨°M ÅÎ¼¨°M ä å ä æ ä ä ê ä æ ä

Second-person feminine singular; ( ) Second-person feminine plural. Å¼¨°M ä æ ä æ ä

: (ÕBÍ) •

( ) Third-person masculine singular. ½¨°Í å ä æ ä

( ) Third-person masculine dual. ÆÝ¨°Í ê ä æ ä

( ) Third-person masculine plural. ÆÌ¼¨°Í ä å ä æ ä

( ) Third-person feminine plural. Å¼¨°Í ä æ ä æ ä

L L L

:ÅN¿

Ó¼§ ÉÎyB¿ ÆB· B¿ ÜG BYÌN°¿ ÉÄ¿ Ò§iBzÀ»A ²jY ÆB· B¿ ,ÉÄ¿ ½§B°¼» ÏÄJÀ»A Ë Ð

ä ä ê ê ä ì ê

ç å æ ä å æ ê ê ä ê å å æ ä ä å æ ê ê ê ê í ê æ ä ä

Ë `j°Í Ë Âj¸Í Ë XjYfÍ :ÌZÃ ,AfIC B¿ÌÀz¿ ÆÌ¸Í ÉÄ¿ Ò§iBzÀ»A ²jY ÆH¯ ,²jYC Ò¨IiC ä å ð ä å ä å ê

æ å ä å ê æ ä å å æ ä ç ä ä ç å æ ä å å ä å æ ê ê ä ê å ä æ ä ì ê

ä ë å æ ä ê ä ä æ

ä

.½MB´Í å

ê å

:ÒÀUjM [2.3] Among the verbs constructed for the subject are verbs whose Particle of the

Present-Tense are vowelled with Fathah, except for the verbs whose past-tense (verbs) ± are comprised of four-letters. The Particle of the Present-Tense among (these four-letter)

verbs are always vowelled with Dammah, as in: ±

½MB´Í Ë `j°Í Ë Âj¸Í Ë XjYfÍ å ê å ä å ð ä å ä å ê æ å ä å ê æ

ä å

:`jq [2.3] The Particle of the Present-Tense ( ) was introduced in section 1.2 as one of the Ò§iBzÀ»A ²jY ê ä ê å å æ ä signs of the present-tense verb. It is vowelled with Fathah except in the patterns of verbs whose ± past-tense is comprised of four-letters. These are four pattern groups or Abwab. In these patterns, − the Particle of the Present-Tense is vowelled exclusively with Dammah: ±

1 ;(½¼¨°Í ½¼¨¯) XjYfÍ XjYe ( å ê æ ä å ä ä æ ä å ê æ ä å ä ä æ ä

;(½¨°Í ½¨¯C) Âj¸Í Âj·C (2 å ê æ å ä ä æ ä å ê

æ å ä ä æ ä

;(½¨°Í ½¨¯) `j°Í `j¯ (3 å ð ä å ä ì ä å ð ä å ä ì ä

(½§B°Í ½§B¯) ½MB´Í ½MB³ (4 å ê å ä ä å ê å ä ä

The Dammah in these four Abwab and the Fathah in the remaining Abwab are indicators ± − ± −

of the Active Voice ( ) or that verb constructed for its subject. ÂÌ¼¨À»A ½¨°»A å å æ ä å æ ê

L L L

:ÅN¿

,½¨°Í Å¿ É»BR¿ AfIC AiÌn¸¿ ÊjaE ½J³ Ðh»A ²jZ»A ÆÌ· ½§B°¼» Ò¨IiÞA ÊhÇ ÕBÄI Ò¿Ý§ Ë å å æ ä æ ê å

å ê ç ä ä ç å æ ä ê ê ê

ä æ ä ê ì

ê æ ä å æ ä ê ê ê ê ä ä æ ä

ê ê Ð ê ê å ä ä ä

.jaE Ó»G ÆËjvÄÍ ,ÆAjvÄÍ ,jvÄÍ ê ä

Ð

ä ê ä å å æ ä ê å æ ä å å æ ä

Ë f§BJNÍ Ë jn¸NÍ Ë `j°Í Ë ½MB´Í Ë Âj¸Í Ë XjYfÍ Ë Á¼¨Í Ë LjzÍ ,AhÇ Ó¼§ o³ Ë ä å ä ä ä ä å ì ä ä ä ä å ð

ä å ä å ê å ä å ê æ å ä å ê

æ ä å ä å ä æ ä ä å ê æ ä Ð

Ð

ä ä æ ê ä

Ë XjYfNÍ Ë Ó´Ä¼nÍ Ë onÄ¨´Í Ë KqÌr¨Í Ë XjbNnÍ Ë iBÀZÍ Ë jÀZÍ Ë ©ÀNVÍ Ë ©ñ´ÄÍ ä å ä æ ä ä ä ä Ð ä æ ä æ ä ä å ê æ ä æ ä ä å ê æ

ä æ ä ä å ê æ ä æ ä ä

í æ ä ä

í ä æ ä ä å ê ä æ ä ä å ê

ä æ ä

.j¨r´Í Ë ÁVÃjZÍ í ê ä æ ä ä å ê

æ ä æ ä

:ÒÀUjM [2.4] The sign of these four verbs being constructed for the subject is the letter before its

end always being vowelled with Kasrah, its pattern from (the Bab of) : ½¨°Í ÆËjvÄÍ ,AjvÄÍ ,jvÄÍ − å å æ ä ä å å æ ä å æ ä å å æ ä

until the end. Compare to these:

XjbNnÍ Ë iBÀZÍ Ë jÀZÍ Ë ©ÀNVÍ Ë ©ñ´ÄÍ Ë f§BJNÍ Ë `j°Í Ë ½MB´Í Ë Âj¸Í Ë XjYfÍ Ë Á¼¨Í å ê æ ä æ ä ä í æ ä ä

í ä æ ä ä å ê ä æ ä ä å ê ä æ ä ä å ä ä ä ä å ð ä å ä å ê å ä å ê

æ å ä å ê æ ä å ä å ä æ ä

j¨r´Í Ë ÁVÃjZÍ Ë XjYfNÍ Ë Ó´Ä¼nÍ Ë onÄ¨´Í Ë KqÌr¨Í Ë í ê ä æ ä ä å ê

æ ä æ ä ä å ä æ ä ä ä ä Ð ä æ ä æ ä ä å ê æ ä æ ä ä å ê æ ä æ ä ä

:`jq [2.4] The four verbs mentioned in the previous section have their Particle of the Present-Tense vowelled with Dammah in the Active Voice. It is also characteristic of the Passive Voice Verb ± that its Particle of the Present-Tense is also vowelled with Dammah. Therefore, the manner of ± distinguishing these four verbs from the Passive Voice Verb is to look to the consonant before its

end, if it is vowelled with Kasrah, it is the the Active Voice, as in: . Those ½MB´Í ,`j°Í ,Âj¸Í ,XjYfÍ å ê å å ð ä å å ê

æ å å ê æ ä å

verbs in the Passive Voice will have the consonant before its end vowelled with Fathah, as in: ±

XjbNnÍ Ë ©ÀNVÍ Ë ©ñ´ÄÍ Ë f§BJNÍ Ë XjYfÍ Ë Á¼¨Í å ä æ ä æ å ä å ä ä æ å ä å ä ä æ å ä å ä ä å ä å ä æ ä å ä å ä æ å

The construction of the Passive Voice Verb is discussed in the next section.

L L L

:ÅN¿

:ÌZÃ ,BYÌN°¿ ÊjaE ½J³ B¿ Ë B¿ÌÀz¿ ÉÄ¿ Ò§iBzÀ»A ²jY ÆB· B¿ ÉÄ¿ ¾Ì¨°À¼» ÏÄJÀ»A Ë å æ ä ç å æ ä ê ê ê å æ ä ä ç å æ ä å æ ê ê ä ê å å æ ä ä å æ ê ê å æ ä ê í ê

æ ä ä

.XjbNnÍ Ë `j°Í Ë ½MB´Í Ë Âj¸Í Ë XjYfÍ Ë jvÄÍ å ä æ ä æ å ä å ì ä å ä å ä å ä å ä æ å ä å ä æ ä å ä å ä æ å

:ÒÀUjM [2.5] The verb constructed for the object (the Passive Voice Verb) is that verb whose

Particle of the Present-Tense is vowelled with Dammah and the (consonant) which is ± before its end is vowelled with Fathah, as in: . XjbNnÍ ,`j°Í ,½MB´Í ,Âj¸Í ,XjYfÍ ,jvÄÍ ±

å ä æ ä æ å å ì ä å å ä å å ä æ å å ä æ ä å å ä æ å

:`jq [2.5] The Passive Voice verb in the present-tense is constructed by vowelling its Particle of the Present-Tense with Dammah and the consonant preceding its end with Fathah. The method is the ± ± same for both Primary and Derivative Verbs, as in:

XjbNnÍ ,`j°Í ,½MB´Í ,Âj¸Í ,XjYfÍ ,jvÄÍ å ä æ ä æ å å ì ä å å ä å å ä æ å å ä æ ä å å ä æ å

Aside from the obvious change in the vowelization pattern of the Passive Voice Verb, it is conjugated in the same manner as the Active Voice Verb.

L L L

:ÅN¿

Ü :¾Ì´M ,ÉN¬Îu ÆAjÎ¬M Ý¯ ÆBNÎ¯BÄ»A (Ü) Ë (B¿) ªiBzÀ»A ½¨°»A Ó¼§ ½afÍ ÉÃC Á¼§A Ë å ä å ä ä ê ê ð ä å

ä ê ä ê ì ä

ê ê å ê

æ ê Ð

ä ä å å æ ä å ì ä æ ä æ ä

.ÊjaE Ó»G ÆËjvÄÍ B¿ ,ÆAjvÄÍ B¿ ,jvÄÍ B¿ Ah· Ë .ÊjaE Ó»G ÆËjvÄÍ Ü ,ÆAjvÄÍ Ü ,jvÄÍ ê ê ê Ð

ä ê ä å å æ ä ê å æ ä å å æ ä ä ä ê ê ê Ð

ä ê ä å å æ ä ê å æ ä å å æ ä

:ÒÀUjM [2.6] Know that the ( ) and ( ) of negation are entered upon the present-tense verb but B¿ Ü neither will change the verb's form, you'd say: , until its end. ÆËjvÄÍ Ü ,ÆAjvÄÍ Ü ,jvÄÍ Ü ä å å æ ä ê å æ ä å å æ ä

Likewise (is the verb with ): , until its end. B¿ ÆËjvÄÍ B¿ ,ÆAjvÄÍ B¿ ,jvÄÍ B¿ ä å å æ ä å æ ä å å æ ä

:`jq 2.6] This section is related to particles which may be entered upon the present-tense verb. In

particular, two particles of negation: ( ) These two are ÒÎ¯BÄ»A B¿ Ë Ü Ma and La of Negation. å ä ê ì ä − −

particles of simple negation, as in: AjÀ§ fÍk jvÄÍ AjÀ§ fÍk jvÄÍ Ü Zaid is helping 'Amr: Zaid is not ç æ ä è æ ä å å æ ä ç æ ä è æ ä å å æ ä

helping 'Amr .

These particles of simple negation govern the verb while exerting no apparent affect upon it, meaning that it does not change the grammatical state of the present-tense verb as the accusative or jussive particles does.

L L L

:ÅN¿ ÑfYAÌ»A Ë j·hÀ»A ©ÀV»A Ë ÒÎÄRN»A ÆÌÃ Ë fYAÌ»A Ò·jY ÉÄ¿ ²hZÎ¯ ,ÂkBV»A ½afÍ Ë ê ä ê ä ê

ì ä å ê æ ä ä ê ä ê

æ ì å å ä ê ê å ä ä ä å æ ê

å ä æ å ä å ê å å æ ä ä

OJRN¯ ,j·hÀ»A ©ÀU Ï¯ ËAÌ»B· jÎÀy BÈÃH¯ ,SÃÛÀ»A Ò§BÀU ÆÌÃ ²hZÍ Ü Ë .ÒJ�BbÀ»A å å æ ä ä ê ì ä å

ê æ ä ê ê

ä è ê ä ì ê ä

ê ì ä å ê ä ä å å å ä æ å ä ê ä ä å

.ÊjaE Ó»G AËjvÄÍ Á» ,AjvÄÍ Á» ,jvÄÍ Á» :¾Ì´M ,¾BY ½· Ó¼§ ê ê ê Ð

ä ê å å æ ä æ ä å æ ä æ ä æ å æ ä æ ä å å ä

ë ð å Ð

ä ä

:ÒÀUjM [2.7] The Jussive Particle may be entered upon (the present-tense verb), then the single

vowel is elided, (also) the Nun of the dual, the masculine plural and (Nun of) the − −

second-person singular (are elided). The Nun of the feminine plural is not elided as it is a −

pronoun like the Waw in the masculine plural. It, then, is established in every state (of the −

verb). You'd say: , until its end. AËjvÄÍ Á» ,AjvÄÍ Á» ,jvÄÍ Á» å å æ ä æ ä å æ ä æ ä æ å æ ä æ ä

:`jq [2.7] The Jussive Particle ( ) is a particle which transform the present-tense verb from its ÂkBV»A å ê natural nominative state to the jussive state ( ). Some Jussive Particles are for negation, as in: ÂlV»A å æ ä

BÀ» ,Á» . Other Jussive Particles are conditional particles, as in: ì ä æ ä

BÀÈ¿ ,BÀRÎY ,ÓÃC ,ÅÍC ,ÆBÍC ,ÐC ,ÓN¿ ,B¿ ,Å¿ ,B¿gG ,ÆG æ ä å æ ä Ð ì ä ä æ ä ä ì ä í ä

Ð ä ä æ ä æ ê

æ ê

When a verb enters into the jussive state, the following indicators of the verb's nominative state are elided:

Dammah ( ). The single vowel referred to in the text. Dammah is the indicator of the ÒÀz»A • ± å ì ì

±

nominative state found on the final consonant in the third-person masculine singular ( ); ½¨°Í å ä æ ä

the second-person masculine singular ( ); the first-person singular and plural ( ). ½¨°M ½¨°Ã ,½¨¯C å ä æ ä å ä æ ä å ä æ ä

The Dammah is replaced with the Sukun. ± −

Nun of I'rab ( ). This is the Nun found terminating all forms of the Dual ( ÏIAj§âA ÆÌÄ»A ,ÆÝ¨°Í • − − ê æ ê

å í − ê ä æ ä

ÆÝ¨°M ÆÌ¼¨°M ,ÆÌ¼¨°Í ÅÎ¼¨°M ); the masculine plural ( ) and the second-person feminine singular ( ). ê ä æ ä ä å ä æ ä ä å ä æ ä ä ê ä æ ä

The presence of this Nun indicates that the verb is in the nominative state. The elision of the − Nun indicates either the accusative or Jussive states. One has to observe whether an − accusative or jussive particle has caused this elision.

The Nun found in the feminine plurals ( ) are not the Nun of I'rab, rather, they are Å¼¨°M ,Å¼¨°Í − ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä − −

subject-markers or pronouns of the feminine plural. As such, they cannot be elided. Here is the full conjugation of the present-tense jussive verb:



å ä ð

ÌÇ ½¨N°Í Á» ½¨°Í Á» (1 ä å æ ê ä æ ä æ

ä æ ä æ ä æ ä

BÀÇ Ý¨N°Í Á» Ý¨°Í Á» (2 å ê ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä

ÁÇ AÌ¼¨N°Í Á» AÌ¼¨°Í Á» (3 æ å å ê ä æ ä æ

ä å ä æ ä æ ä

ÏÇ ½¨N°M Á» ½¨°M Á» (4 ä ê æ

ê ä æ ä æ ä æ ä æ ä æ ä

BÀÇ Ý¨N°M Á» Ý¨°M Á» (5 å ê ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä

ÅÇ Å¼¨N°Í Á» Å¼¨°Í Á» (6 ì å ä æ ê ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä æ ä

OÃC ½¨N°M Á» ½¨°M Á» (7 ä æ ä æ ê ä æ ä æ


BÀNÃC Ý¨N°M Á» Ý¨°M Á» (8 å æ ä ê ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä

ÁNÃC AÌ¼¨N°M Á» AÌ¼¨°M Á» (9 æ å æ ä å ê ä æ ä æ


OÃC Ï¼¨N°M Á» Ï¼¨°M Á» (10 ê æ ä ê ê ä æ ä æ ä

ê ä æ ä æ ä

BÀNÃC Ý¨N°M Á» Ý¨°M Á» (11 å æ ä ê ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä

ÅNÃC Å¼¨N°M Á» Å¼¨°M Á» (12 ì å æ ä ä æ ê ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä æ ä

BÃC ½¨N¯C Á» ½¨¯C Á» (13 ä æ

ê ä æ ä æ ä æ ä æ ä æ ä

ÅZÃ ½¨N°Ã Á» ½¨°Ã Á» (14 å æ ä æ ê ä æ ä æ


L L L

:ÅN¿

,SÃÛÀ»A Ò§BÀU ÆÌÃ ÔÌm PBÃÌÄ»A ¡´nÍ Ë ÒZN¯ ÒÀz»A Å¿ ¾fJÎ¯ ,KuBÄ»A ½afÍ Ë ê ì ä å ê ä ä ê å

Ð ä ê ê í å

ê æ å ä ç ä æ ä ê ì ì ä ê å ê æ å

ä å ê ì å å æ ä ä

.ÊjaE Ó»G AËjvÄÍ Å» ,AjvÄÍ Å» ,jvÄÍ Å» :¾Ì´N¯ ê ê ê Ð

ä ê å å æ ä æ ä å æ ä æ ä ä å æ ä æ ä å å ä ä

:ÒÀUjM [2.8] The Accusative Particle may be entered (upon the present-tense), then Fathah ± replaces the Dammah and the (various) Nuns are dropped aside from the Nun of the ± − −

feminine plural. Then, you'd say: , until the end. AËjvÄÍ Å» ,AjvÄÍ Å» ,jvÄÍ Å» å å æ ä æ ä å æ ä æ ä ä å æ ä æ ä

:`jq [2.8] The Accusative Particle ( ) changes the present-tense verb from the nominative state to KuBÄ»A å ê ì

the accusative by changing the present-tense verb's indicator of I'rab from Dammah to Fathah and − ± ± eliding the Nun of I'rab in various forms in the same manner as in the jussive verb: − −



å ä ð

ÌÇ ½¨N°Í Å» ½¨°Í Å» (1 ä å ä ê ä æ ä æ

ä ä ä æ ä æ ä

BÀÇ Ý¨N°Í Å» Ý¨°Í Å» (2 å ê ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä

ÁÇ AÌ¼¨N°Í Å» AÌ¼¨°Í Å» (3 æ å å ê ä æ ä æ


ÏÇ ½¨N°M Å» ½¨°M Å» (4 ä ê ä

ê ä æ ä æ ä ä ä æ ä æ ä

BÀÇ Ý¨N°M Å» Ý¨°M Å» (5 å ê ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä

ÅÇ Å¼¨N°Í Å» Å¼¨°Í Å» (6 ì å ä æ ê ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä æ ä

OÃC ½¨N°M Å» ½¨°M Å» (7 ä æ ä ä ê ä æ ä æ


BÀNÃC Ý¨N°M Å» Ý¨°M Å» (8 å æ ä ê ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä

ÁNÃC AÌ¼¨N°M Å» AÌ¼¨°M Å» (9 æ å æ ä å ê ä æ ä æ


OÃC Ï¼¨N°M Å» Ï¼¨°M Å» (10 ê æ ä ê ê ä æ ä æ ä

ê ä æ ä æ ä

BÀNÃC Ý¨N°M Å» Ý¨°M Å» (11 å æ ä ê ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä

ÅNÃC Å¼¨N°M Å» Å¼¨°M Å» (12 ì å æ ä ä æ ê ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä æ ä

BÃC ½¨N¯C Å» ½¨¯C Å» (13 ä ä

ê ä æ ä æ ä ä ä æ ä æ ä

ÅZÃ ½¨N°Ã Å» ½¨°Ã Å» (14 å æ ä ä ê ä æ ä æ


L L L

:ÅN¿

,AjvÄN» ,jvÄN» ,AËjvÄÎ» ,AjvÄÎ» ,jvÄÎ» :KÖB¬»A j¿C Ï¯ ¾Ì´N¯ ,j¿ÞA ÂÜ ÂkAÌV»A Å¿ Ë å æ ä ê æ å æ ä ê å å æ ä ê å æ ä ê æ å æ ä ê ê ê ê æ ä

ê å å ä ä

ê æ ä å

ê ê ä ä ê ä

.BÇjÎ« Ë XjYfÎ» Ë Á¼¨Î» Ë LjzÎ» ,¹»h· Ë .ÆjvÄÎ» å æ ä ä æ ê æ ä å ê ä æ

ä æ ä ê ä æ ê æ ä ê

ä ê Ð ä ä ä æ å æ ä ê

:ÒÀUjM [2.9] Among the Jussive Particles ( ) is the ( ). You'd say ÂkAÌV»A j¿ÞA ÂÜ Lam of the Command å ê ä − ê æ

ä å

in the third-person command: . Likewise: ÆjvÄÎ» ,AjvÄN» ,jvÄN» ,AËjvÄÎ» ,AjvÄÎ» ,jvÄÎ» ,Á¼¨Î» ,LjzÎ» ä æ å æ ä ê å æ ä ê æ å æ ä ê å å æ ä ê å æ ä ê æ å æ ä ê æ ä æ ä ê æ ê æ ä ê

,XjYfÎ» as well as others. æ ê æ ä å ê

:`jq [2.9] One of the important Jussive Particles is the Lam of the Command, a single-letter particle − vowelled with Kasrah found attached to the beginning of a present-tense verb. With this particle, a command verb may be constructed from the present-tense verb in the first, second and

third-person, although it is more commonly found in the third-person, as in: AjÀ§ fÍk jvÄÎ» Zaid ç æ ä è æ ä æ å æ ä ê

must help 'Amr . Without exception, the conjugation of this verb is like that of the jussive verbs previously mentioned.

L L L

:ÅN¿

Ü ,jvÄM Ü ,AËjvÄÍ Ü ,AjvÄÍ Ü ,jvÄÍ Ü :KÖB¬»A ÏÈÃ Ï¯ ¾Ì´N¯ ,ÒÎÇBÄ»A Ü BÈÄ¿ Ë æ å æ ä å å æ ä å æ ä æ å æ ä ê ê æ ä ê

å å ä ä å ä ê ì æ ê ä

pBÎ³ Ah· Ë .jaE Ó»G AËjvÄM Ü ,AjvÄM Ü ,jvÄM Ü :jyBZ»A ÏÈÃ Ï¯ Ë .ÆjvÄÍ Ü ,AjvÄM å ê ä ä ê ê Ð

ä ê å å æ ä å æ ä æ å æ ä ê ê ê

æ ä ê ä ä æ å æ ä å æ ä

.Ò¼R¿ÞA jÖBm ê ä ê æ

ä ê ê

:ÒÀUjM [2.10] Among the Jussive Particles is the Prohibitive La. You'd say in the negation of the −

third-person: .

ÆjvÄÍ Ü ,AjvÄM Ü jvÄM Ü ,AËjvÄÍ Ü ,AjvÄÍ Ü ,jvÄÍ Ü ä æ å æ ä å æ ä æ å æ ä å å æ ä å æ ä æ å æ ä

In the negation of the second-person, you'd say: , until the end. AËjvÄM Ü ,AjvÄM Ü ,jvÄM Ü å å æ ä å æ ä æ å æ ä

Likewise, is the rule for the remaining patterns.

:`jq [2.10] Another Jussive Particle is the La of Prohibition ( ). It is that particle of negation ÒÎÇBÄ»A Ü −

å ä ê ì

signifying a negative command, as in: AjÀ§ LjzM Ü AjÀ§ fÍk jvÄÍ Ü Don't strike 'Amr, Zaid must not ç æ ä æ ê

æ ä ç æ ä è æ ä æ å æ ä help 'Amr. It is also conjugated in the same manner as previously mentioned for the jussive verb.

:ÅN¿

B¿ ÆB· ÆH¯ ,ÂËlVÀ»A ªiBzÀ»A ¥°» Ó¼§ iBU ÌÇ Ë jyBZ»A j¿C ÌÈ¯ Ò¬Îv»BI j¿ÞA B¿C Ë ä æ ê ä

ê å æ ä

ê ê å ê

æ ä Ð

ä ä ë ä å ä ê ê å æ ä

ä å ä ê ä ð ê å æ ä ì ä ä

,B¿ËlV¿ Ï³BJ»A ÑiÌvI ÏMDM Ë Ò§iBzÀ»A ²jY ÉÄ¿ ¡ńN¯ B·jZN¿ Ò§iBzÀ»A ²jY fÏ ç å æ ä ê ê ä å

ê ê æ ä ä ê ä ê å ä æ ä å æ ê

å å æ ä ä ç ð ä ä å ê ä ê å ê æ ä å æ ä

:Ah¸Ç Ë .ÅUjYe ,BUjYe ,ÏUjYe ,AÌUjYe ,BUjYe ,XjYe :(XjYfM) Å¿ j¿ÞA Ï¯ ¾ÌŃ¯ ä

Ð ä ä æ ê æ ä

ê æ ä ê ê

æ ä å ê æ ä

ê æ ä æ

ê æ ä å

ê æ ä å æ ê ê æ

ä ê å å å ä

.ÊjaE Ó»G XjYfM Ë f§BJM Ë jn¸M Ë ½MB³ Ë `j¯ ê ê ê Ð ê æ ä æ ä ä ä æ ä ä ä æ ì

ä ä ä æ ê ä æ ð ä

:ÒÀUjM [2.11] Regarding the Command Verb in form, it is the Second-Person Command Verb. It

comes in the form of the present-tense jussive verb. If the letter following the Particle of

the Present-Tense is vowelled, then the Particle of the Present-Tense is dropped and the

remainder (of the verb) is in the jussive form. Then, you'd say in the command verb from

( ): XjYfM å ê æ ä å

ÅUjYe ,BUjYe ,ÏUjYe ,AÌUjYe ,BUjYe ,XjYe ä æ ê æ ä ê æ ä ê ê æ ä å ê æ ä ê æ ä æ ê æ ä

Likewise (are other verbs):

XjYfM ,f§BJM ,jn¸M ,½MB³ ,`j¯ æ ä æ ä ä æ ä ä æ ì ä ä æ ê æ ð ä

:`jq [2.11] The type of a Command Verb having its own unique form is the Second-Person Command

Verb ( ). The Second-Person Command Verb is derived directly from the forms of the jyBZ»A j¿ÞA å ê å æ ä

second-person present-tense verb. If the letter following the Particle of the Present-Tense is vowelled, the Particle of the Present-Tense is dropped. The verb, then, is made to resemble the verb's jussive state by making the singular forms Sakin at the end by replacing its Dammah with − ± Sukun, as in: . The forms of the verb having the Nun of I'rab will have those letters Nun `j¯-`j°Í − æ ð ä å ð ä å − − −

elided, as in; . The form of the feminine plural remains ÏYj¯-ÅÎYj°M ,AÌYj¯-ÆÌYj°M ,BYj¯-ÆBYj°M ê ð ä ä ê ð ä å å ð ä ä å ð ä å ð ä ê ð ä å

unchanged after removing the Particle of the Present-Tense, as in: . The full conjugation ÅYj¯-ÅYj°Í ä æ ð ä ä æ ð ä å of these six forms are as follows (with the present-tense in parenthethis):

(Å¼MB´Í) Å¼MB³ ,(ÆÝMB´M) ÝMB³ ,(ÅÎ¼MB´M) Ï¼MB³ ,(ÆÌ¼MB´M) AÌ¼MB³ ,(ÆÝMB´M) ÝMB³ ,(½MB´M) ½MB³ ä æ ê å ä æ ê ê ê å ê ä ê ê å ê ê ä å ê å å ê ê ê å ê å ê å æ ê

Unlike the present-tense verb, however, the resemblance of the Command Verb with the jussive state is not due to being in any particular state as command verbs do not have I'rab. Rather, these −

forms are fixed upon this construction ( ) as a pattern not due to any particle's government of ÏÄJ¿ ï ê æ ä over the verb.

L L L

:ÅN¿ ÑiÌvI ÏMDM Ë Ò§iBzÀ»A ²jY ÉÄ¿ ²hZN¯ ,BÄ·Bm Ò§iBzÀ»A ²jY f¨I B¿ ÆB· ÆG Ë ê ä å

ê ê æ ä ä ê ä ê å ä æ ä å æ ê

å ê æ ä

ä ç ê ê ä ê å ê æ ä å æ ä ä æ

ê ä

ÉÄ¿ ªiBzÀ»A ÅÎ§ ÆÌ¸Í ÆC ÜG ÑiÌn¸¿ ½uË ÑlÀÇ É»ËC Ï¯ AfÍl¿ B¿ËlV¿ Ï³BJ»A å æ ê ê ê å å æ ä ä å ä æ ä ì

ê è ä å æ ä ë æ ä å ä æ ä ê ê ì

ä ê

ç ê ä

ç å æ ä ê

.jaE Ó»G AËjvÃC ,AjvÃC ,jvÃC :¾Ì´M Ë ,BÈÀzN¯ ,B¿ÌÀz¿ ê ê Ð

ä ê å å æ

å å æ å æ å æ å å å ä ä

í å ä ä ç å æ ä

AÌZN¯ Ë .XjbNmG Ë ©ÀNUG Ë ©ñ´ÃG Ë Á¼§G Ë .jaE Ó»G AÌIjyG ,BIjyG ,LjyG :¹»h· Ë å ä ä ä æ ê æ ä æ

ê ä æ ê ä æ ê

ä æ ê ä æ ê

ä æ ä æ ê ä ê ê Ð

ä ê

å ê æ ê ê

æ ê

æ ê

æ ê

ä ê Ð ä ä

.Âj·DM (Âj¸M) ½uC ÆH¯ ,~Ì¯jÀ»A ½uÞA Ó¼§ ÕBÄI (Âj·C) ÑlÀÇ å ê æ ä å å ê

æ å ä æ ä ì ê ä

ê å æ ä ê

æ ä Ð

ä ä ç ä æ ê æ ä ä ä æ ä

:ÒÀUjM [2.12] If the letter following the Particle of the Present-Tense is unvowelled or Sakin, then −

the Particle of the Present-Tense is dropped. The remainder is formed as a jussive verb

with the addition of the conjunctive Hamzah in its beginning (which) is vowelled with

Kasrah, except that the second Original Letter of the present-tense is vowelled with

Dammah, then the Hamzah is vowelled with Dammah, you'd say: until the AËjvÃC ,AjvÃC ,jvÃC ± ± å å æ å å æ å æ å æ å

end.

As such is: until to the end. (Also:) . The Hamzah of AÌIjyG ,BIjyG ,LjyG XjbNmG ©ÀNUG ,©ñ´ÃG ,Á¼§G å ê æ ê ê

æ ê æ ê

æ ê æ ê

æ ä æ ê æ ê ä æ ê æ ê ä æ ê æ ä æ ê

( ) is vowelled with Fathah based on its abandoned form. Then, the origin of ( ) is Âj·C Âj¸Í æ ê æ ä

± å ê

æ å

Âj·DM . å ê æ ä å

:`jq [2.12] When constructing the Second-Person Command Verb ( ) from the six forms of jyBZ»A j¿ÞA å ê å æ ä

the present-tense, if the letter following the Particle of the Present-Tense is unvowelled or Sakin, − the conjunctive Hamzah is added to the beginning of the verb. The vowel on the Hamzah is

determined by the vowel on the second Original Letter ( ). When that vowel is Fathah or ½¨°»A ÕF¯ ê æ ê å ±

Kasrah, the vowel on the Hamzah is Kasrah. If the vowel is Dammah, the vowel on the Hamzah ± is also Dammah. The one exception is: ( ) derived from: ( ), on the pattern of: ( ). In ½¨¯C ½¨°M ½¨°Í ,½¨¯C ±

æ ê æ

ä å ê æ å

å ê æ å

ä ä æ ä

all instances, the end of the verb is made to resemble the jussive verb, as in:

;ÅIjyG ,BIjyG ,ÏIjyG ,AÌIjyG ,BIjyG ,LjyG ;Å¨ÀmG ,B¨ÀmG ,Ï¨ÀmG ,AÌ¨ÀmG ,B¨ÀmG ,©ÀmG ä æ ê æ ê ê æ

ê ê ê æ ê å ê æ

ê ê æ ê æ ê æ

ê ä æ ä æ ê ä æ ê ê ä æ ê å ä æ ê ä æ ê æ ä æ ê

ÆjvÃC ,AjvÃC ,ÐjvÃC ,AËjvÃC ,AjvÃC ,jvÃC ä æ å æ å å æ å ê å æ å å å æ å å æ å æ å æ å

L L L

:ÅN¿

kÌVÎ¯ ,(½¼¨°M) Ë (½§B°M) Ë (½¨°M) ªiBz¿ ¾ËC Ï¯ ÆAÕFM ©ÀNUA AgG ÉÃC Á¼§A Ë å å ä ä ä ä æ ä ä ä ä ä ä ä ä ì ä ä ë ê

å ê ì ä

ê ê ä ä ä æ ê

å ì ä æ ä æ ä

:½ÍlÄN»A Ï¯ eiË BÀ· BÀÇAfYG ²hY kÌVÍ Ë .XjYfNM Ë ½MB´NM Ë KÄVNM :ÌZÃ ,BÀÈMBJQG ê ê æ ä ê ä ä ä ä å æ

ê å æ ä å å ä ä å ä æ ä ä ä ä å ä ä ä ä å ì ä ä ä å æ ä å å æ

ê .{Ò¸ÖÝÀ»A ¾lÄM Ë} {Ó¤¼M AiBÃ} {ÔfvM OÃD¯}

å ä ê ä å ì ä ä ä

Ð

ì ä ä ç Ð ì ä ä ä æ ä ä

:ÒÀUjM [2.13] Know that the merging of two letters Ta in the beginning of the present-tense in the −

verbs ( ) is permissible, as in: . It is also permissible to ½¼¨°M ,½§B°M ,½¨°M XjYfNM ,½MB´NM ,KÄVNM ä ä æ ä ä ä ä ä ä ì ä ä å ä æ ä ä ä å ä ä ä å ì ä ä ä

elide one of the two as it has occurred in revelation: . {Ò¸ÖÝÀ»A ¾lÄM Ë} {Ó¤¼M AiBÃ} {ÔfvM OÃD¯} å ä ê ä å ì ä ä ä Ð

ì ä ä ç Ð ì ä ä ä æ ä ä

:`jq [2.13] At times, there are two letters Ta are found in the beginning of a present-tense verb, − meaning that the first Ta is the Particle of the Present-Tense while the second Ta is specific to the − −

pattern, as in: . It is proper to merge these two letters Ta together or it is ½¼¨°NM ,½§B°NM ,½¨°NM å ä æ ä ä ä å ä ä ä å ì ä ä ä −

permissible that one of the two may be elided, as in: . Three verses of Quran were ½¼¨°M ,½§B°M ,½¨°M å ä æ ä ä å ä ä å ì ä ä −

given as evidence: wherein was originally: . Wherein the verb {ÔfvM OÃD¯} ÔfvM ÔfvNM {Ó¤¼M AiBÃ} Ð ì ä ä ä æ ä ä Ð ì ä ä Ð ì ä ä ä Ð

ì ä ä ç

Ó¤¼M Ó¤¼NM {Ò¸ÖÝÀ»A ¾lÄM Ë} ¾lÄM ¾lÄNM was originally . Wherein the verb was originally . 8 Ð

ì ä ä Ð

ì ä ä ä å ä ê ä å ì ä ä ä å ì ä ä å ì ä ä ä

L L L

:ÅN¿

½¨N¯G Ï¯ ¾Ì´M ,ÕB� ÉÖFM OJ¼³ ,AÕB£ ËC AÕB� ËC AeBy ËC AeBu (½¨N¯G) ÕB¯ ÆB· ÓN¿ Ë ä ä ä æ

ê ê å å ä ç å å æ ä ê

å ç æ ä ç æ ä ç æ ä ç ä ä ä æ ê å ä

Ð ä ä ä

Ë .Á¼ñyG Á¼¤»A Å¿ Ë ,ej�G ejñ»A Å¿ Ë ,LjñyG :Ljz»A Å¿ Ë ,\¼ñuG :\¼v»A Å¿ ä ä ä ä æ ê ê

æ í æ ê ä ä ä ì ê ê æ

ì æ ê ä ä ä ä æ ê ê æ

ì æ ê ä ä ä ä æ ê ê

æ í

ä ê

.\¼ñvÍ Ü ,\¼ñuG ,\¼ñv¿ ºAg Ë \¼ñv¿ ÌÈ¯ \¼ñvÍ :ÌZÃ ,ÉMB¯jvM ©ÎÀU ¹»h· æ ê ä æ ä æ ê

ä æ ê

è ä ä æ å ä ä è ê ä æ å ä å ä å ê

ä æ ä å æ ä ê ê í ä ä å ê ä

ä ê Ð ä

Õif»A Å¿ (½¨N¯G) Ï¯ ¾Ì´M Ë ÜAe ÉÖFM OJ¼³ ,ÕEk ËC ÜAg ËC ÜAe (½¨N¯G) ÕF¯ ÆB· ÓN¿ Ë ê æ ì ä ê ä ä ä æ

ê ê å å ä ä ç å å æ ä ê

å ç æ ä ç æ ä ç ä ä ä æ ê å ä

Ð ä ä ä

.jUekG Ë j·gG Ë ÕieG :jUl»A Å¿ Ë j·h»A Å¿ Ë ä ä ä æ ê ä ä ä ì ê

ä ä ä ì ê ê æ ì ä ê ä ê

æ ð ä ê ä

:ÒÀUjM [2.14] When the first Original Letter of ( ) is Sad, Dad, Ta or Za, its Ta is converted to ½¨N¯G ä ä ä æ ê ± − ± − ± − ± − −

Ta, you'd say in the verb ( ) from ( ) - ; from ( ) - ; from ( ) - ; ½¨N¯G \¼v»A \¼ñuG Ljz»A LjñyG ejñ»A ej�G ± − ä ä ä æ ê ê

æ í ä ä ä æ ê ê æ ì ä ä ä æ

ê å æ ä ä ä ì ê

from( ) - . Likewise are all of its derivations, as in: Á¼¤»A Á¼ñyG ê æ í ä ä ä æ

ê

\¼ñvÍ Ü ,\¼ñuG ,\¼ñv¿ ¹»g Ë \¼ñv¿ ÌÈ¯ \¼ñvÍ æ ê ä æ ä æ ê

ä æ ê è ä ä æ å ä ê Ð ä è ê ä æ å ä å ä å ê

ä æ ä

When the first Original Letter of ) is Dal, Dhal or Za, its Ta is converted to Dal, you'd ( ½¨N¯G ä ä ä æ ê − − − − −

say in the verb ( ) taken from become: . ½¨N¯G jUl»A Ë j·h»A Ë Õih»A jUekG ,j·gG ,ÕieG ä ä ä æ ê ê æ ì ä ê æ ð ä ê æ

ì ä ä ä æ ê ä ä ì ê ä ä ì ê

:`jq [2.14] In the pattern of ( ), the similarity of certain letters require a substitution of a letter ½¨N¯G ä ä ä æ ê ( ) and, at times, the contraction of two of the same letters. Whenever the first Original Letter, ¾AfIâA å æ ê meaning ( ), is the letter Sad ( ); Dad ( ); Ta ( ); or Za ( ), the letter Ta ( ) of the ½¨°»A ÕF¯ x ~ ¢ ¦ P ê æ ê å

± − ± − ± − ± − −

pattern will be converted to Ta ( ), as in: ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) . In the ¢ \¼u \¼ñuG Ljy LjñyG ej� ej�G Á¼£ Á¼ñyG ± − è æ å ä ä ä æ ê

è æ ä ä ä ä æ ê

è æ ä ä ä ì ê è æ å ä ä ä æ

last verb, it may also be found as: . Although these changes are based on usage, it is said that Á¼£G ä ä ì ê they occur due to the difficulty in pronouncing these letters one after another due to their similarity in the point of emergence from the throat or Makhraj.

In the same pattern, when the first Original Letter is Dal ( ); Dhal ( ) or Za ( ), the Ta ( ) of the e g k P − − − −

verb pattern is converted to Dal ( ). The exception being ( ), which remains unchanged, as in: e g −

( ) , ( ) , ( ) . When the conversion of a letter results in two of the same or similar Õie ÕieG j·g j·gG jUk jUekG è æ ä ä ä ì ê è æ ê ä ä ì ê è æ ä ä ä ä æ ê letters, ( ) or contraction occurs wherein the two similar letters are contracted into Idgham ÂB«eG − è æ

ê one with Shaddah indicating the doubling of the letter.

L L L

:ÅN¿ BÀÎ¯ ÜG ÒYÌN°¿ Ò¼Î´Q Ë ÒÄ·Bm Ò°Î°a fÎ·DN¼» ÆBÃÌÃ ¾BZ»A Ë ÏyBÀ»A jÎ« ½¨°»A μZ¼M Ë ê

ì ê è ä å æ ä è ä ê

ä ä è ä ê è ä

ê ä

ê ê æ ì ê ê

å ê ä ð ê ä æ ä ä æ ê å ä æ ä ä

ÆBJÇgG ¾ÌŃ¯ AfIC BÀÈÎ¯ ÑiÌn¸¿ ÏÈ¯ ÕFnÄ»A Ò§BÀU Ë ÅÎÄQâA ½¨¯ ÌÇ Ë ÉI wNbM ð ä æ ê

å å ä ä ç ä ä ê ê è ä å æ ä ä ê

ä ê ð ê ä ä ä ê æ

ä æ ê

å æ ê ä å ä ê ê í ä æ ä

.ÑÌnÄ¼» ÆBÄJÇgG Ë ÅÎÄQã» ê ä æ ð ê ð æ ä æ ê ä ê æ

ä æ ê ê

Âl¼Í ÉÃÞ Ò°Î°b»A BÀÈ¼afM Ü Ë PBÃÌÄ»A ÅÎI ½v°N» SÃÛÀ»A ©ÀU ÆÌÃ fÏ B°»C ½afM Ë å ä æ ä å ì ê ä å ä

ê ä å å å æ ä ä ê í ä æ ä ä å æ ä ê ê ì ä å ê

æ ä ê å ä æ ä ç

ê ä å å æ ä ä

Ë f¿ ²jY ¾ËÞA ÆB· AgG kÌVÍ BÀÃG ÅÎÄ·Bn»A ÕBŃ»G ÆH¯ ,ÊfY jÎ« Ó¼§ ÅÎÄ·Bn»A ÕBŃ»G ä ÿ ä ä æ ä å ì ä ä

ê å å ä ì

ê ê æ ä ê ì ä ê

æ ê

ì ê ä

ê ð ä ê æ ä Ð

ä ä ê æ

ä ê ì ä ê æ ê

.ÒIAe :ÌZÃ ,ÉÎ¯ BÀ«f¿ ÏÃBR»A è ì å æ ä ê ê

ç ä æ å ê ì

:ÒÀUjM [2.15] Two letters Nun are attached to the verb, other than the past and present-tense for −

the purpose of emphasis. Lightened (with the Nun being) vowelless and Heavy (with the −

Nun being vowelled) with Fathah, except in that which is particular, (which) are the verbs − ± of the dual and the feminine plural. They are always vowelled with Kasrah, you'd say:

ÆBJÇgG ÆBÄJÇgG for the dual and for the feminine plural. ð ä æ ê ð æ ä æ ê

Alif is entered after the Nun of the feminine plural in order to provide separation between −

the letters Nun. The Lightened Nun is not entered upon the feminine plurals because it − −

would necessitate the meeting of two Sakin or vowelless letters outside of its limitations. −

The meeting of two Sakin letters is permitted when the first letter is a long vowel and the −

second is contracted into it, as in: . ÒIAe è ì

:`jq [2.15] This section is related to the ( ). It is the letter Nun added to the Nun of Emphasis fÎ·DN»A ÆÌÃ − ê ê

æ ì å −

end of the present-tense and command verbs in order to emphasize the veracity of its meaning, as

in: . Often this Nun is found combined with The ¹»g Å¼¨¯C Surely I will do that Lam of Emphasis ä ê Ð ì

ä ä æ ä − −

( ) which is found in the beginning of the verb, as in . The Nun of Emphasis may fÎ·DN»A ÂÜ ¹»g Å¼¨¯Þ ê ê æ ì å ä

ê Ð ì ä ä æ ä ä

−

also be found with the Lam of Prohibition ( ), as in . ÒÎÇBÄ»A Ü Å¼¨°M Ü You must not do that − å ä ê ì ì ä ä æ ä

There are two types of Nun of Emphasis: −

Heavy ( ). The Nun is doubled, as in . Ò¼Î´Q ÆjvÄM Ü ,ÆjvÄN» ,ÆjvÄN» ,ÆjvÃC ,ÆjvÄM • è ä ê ä − ì ä å æ ä ì ä å æ ä ê ì ä å æ ä ä ì ä å æ å ì ä å æ ä

Light ( ) . The Nun is vowelless or Sakin, as in . Ò°Î°a ÆjvÄM Ü ,ÆjvÄN» ,ÆjvÄN» ,ÆjvÃC ,ÆjvÄM • è ä ê ä − −

æ ä å æ ä æ ä å æ ä ê æ ä å æ ä ä æ ä å æ å æ ä å æ ä

In the Heavy Nun of Emphasis, the consonant before the Nun is vowelled with Fathah in the − − ± masculine singulars, the third-person feminine singular, and the first-person singular and plural,

as in . ÆjvÄÃ ,ÆjvÃC ,ÆjvÄM ,ÆjvÄM ,ÆjvÄÍ ì ä å æ ä ì ä å æ ä ì ä å æ ä ì ä å æ ä ì ä å æ ä

In the dual forms, the original Nun of the Dual is elided in favor of the Nun of Emphasis, as in − −

ÆAjvÄM ,ÆAjvÄÍ . Here, the Nun Of Emphasis is vowelled with Kasrah, like the Nun of the dual. ð å æ ä ð å æ ä − −

In the masculine plurals (third and second person), the consonant before the Nun of Emphasis is −

vowelled with Dammah, as in: . Here, this Dammah represents the pronoun of the ÆjvÄM ,ÆjvÄÍ ± ì å å æ ä ì å å æ ä

±

subject or the subject-marker, ( ) originally represented by Waw ( ). ÁNÃC ,ÁÇ Ë æ å æ ä æ å −

In the second-person feminine singular, the consonant before the Nun of Emphasis is vowelled −

with Kasrah, as in . Similar to the Dammah in the masculine plural, the Kasrah here ÆjvÄM ì ê å æ ä

± represents the pronoun of the subject which replaces the elided Ya, the original subject-marker in −

the present-tense, as in . ÅÍjvÄM ä ê å æ ä

In the feminine Plurals, the letter Alif is placed as a separator between the verb's subject-marker,

meaning the Feminine Nun ( ) and the Nun of Emphasis, as in , its ÑÌnÄ»A ÆÌÄ»A ÆBÃjvÄM ,ÆBÃjvÄÍ − å ä æ ð å í − ð æ å æ ä ð ä æ å æ ä

present-tense form is: . The masculine and feminine plurals are the particular verbs ÆjvÄM ,ÆjvÄÍ ä æ å æ ä ä æ å æ ä referred to in the text.

Here, then is the present-tense verb conjugated with the Nun of Emphasis: −

ÆjvÄÃ ,ÆjvÃC ,ÆBÃjvÄM ,ÆAjvÄM ,ÆjvÄM ,ÆjvÄM ,ÆAjvÄM ,ÆjvÄM ,ÆBÃjvÄÍ ,ÆAjvÄM ,ÆjvÄM ,ÆjvÄÍ ,ÆAjvÄÍ ,ÆjvÄÍ ì ä å æ ä ì ä å æ ä ð æ å æ ä ð å æ ä ì ê å æ ä ì å å æ ä ð å æ ä ì ä å æ ä ð æ å æ ä ð å æ ä ì ä å æ ä ì å å æ ä ð å æ ä ì ä å æ ä

The Lightened Nun is not found found in the dual forms nor the feminine singulars due to the − necessity of bringing two vowelless letters together, which is unacceptable. The present-tense

with the Lightened Nun is as follows: . ÆjvÄÃ ,ÆjvÃC ,ÆjvÄM ,ÆjvÄM ,ÆjvÄM ,ÆjvÄM ,ÆjvÄÍ ,ÆjvÄÍ − æ ä å æ ä æ ä å æ ä æ ê å

æ ä æ å å æ ä æ ä å æ ä æ ä å æ ä æ å æ ä æ ä å æ ä

The meeting of two vowelless or Sakin letters is only permitted with Idgham, or contraction, as in − −

ÒIAe ÒJIAe , which was originally: . Both the Alif and the first letter Ba are Sakin, however after the è ì è ä æ − −

contraction and doubling of the letters Ba, it becomes suitable for pronunciation. −

L L L

:ÅN¿

Ë ÆÌ¼¨°Í Ë ÆÝ¨°M Ë ÆÝ¨°Í ÏÇ Ë ÒnÀb»A Ò¼R¿ÞA Ï¯ ÆÌÄ»A BÀÈ¨¿ ½¨°»A Å¿ ²hZÍ Ë ä ä å ä æ ä ä ê ä æ ä ä ê ä æ ä ä ê ä ê ä æ ä

ê ä ê æ ê å í

å ä ä ê

æ ê ä ê å ä æ å ä

:ÌZÃ BÀÈ¼J³ B¿ \N°ÃG AgG ÜG ÅÎ¼¨°M ÕFÍ Ë ÆÌ¼¨°M Ë ÆÌ¼¨°Í ËAË ²hZÍ Ë .ÅÎ¼¨°M Ë ÆÌ¼¨°M å æ ä å ä æ ä ä ä ä æ ê ê

ì ê ä ê ä

æ ä å ä ä å ä æ ä ä ä å ä æ ä å ä å ä æ å ä ä ê ä æ ä ä ä ä ä æ ä

.ÅÍjM B¿G Ë ÆÌ¼JN» Ë ÅÎrbM Ü Ë ÆÌrbM Ü ì ê ä ä ì

ê ä ì å ä æ å ä ä ì ê

ä æ ä ä ì å å æ ä

Ò§BÀU ½¨¯ ÆB· AgG ÁzÍ Ë ÒJÖB¬»A ÑfYAÌ»A Ë fYAÌ»A ½¨¯ ÆB· AgG ½¨°»A jaE BÈÀ¨¿ \N°Í Ë ê ä ä å æ ê ä ê í ä å ä ê ä ê ê ä ê ä ê ê

å æ ê ä ê ê æ ê å ê å ä ä å ä æ å ä

ÆÌÄ»BI Af·Û¿ KÖB¬»A j¿C Ï¯ ¾Ì´N¯ ,ÒJ�BbÀ»A ÑfYAÌ»A ½¨¯ ÆB· AgG jn¸Í Ë iÌ·h»A ê í ê ç ì ä å

ê ê ê æ ä

ê å å ä ä ê ä

ä å ê ä ê å æ ê ä

ê å ä æ å ä ê å í

,ÆjvÄÎ» :Ò°Î°b»BI Ë .ÆBÃjvÄÎ» ,ÆAjvÄN» ,ÆjvÄN» ,ÆjvÄÎ» Ë ,ÆAjvÄÎ» ,ÆjvÄÎ» :Ò¼Î´R»A æ ä å æ ä ê ê ä

ê ä

ê ä ð æ å æ ä ê ð å æ ä ê ì ä å æ ä ê ì å å æ ä ê ä ð å æ ä ê ì ä å æ ä ê ê ä

ê ì

,ÆjvÄN» ,ÆjvÄÎ» æ ä å æ ä ê æ å å æ ä ê

Ë .ÆBÃjvÃC ,ÆAjvÃC ,ÆjvÃC ,ÆjvÃC ,ÆAjvÃC ,ÆjvÃC :Ò¼Î´R»BI Af·Û¿ jyBZ»A j¿C Ï¯ Ë ä ð æ å æ å

ð å æ å ì ê å æ å ì å å æ

å ð å æ å ì ä å æ

å ê ä

ê ì ê ç ì ä å ê ê ê æ

ä ê ä

.ÊjÖB¤Ã AhÇ Ó¼§ o³ Ë ,ÆjvÃC ,ÆjvÃC ,ÆjvÃC :Ò°Î°b»BI å å ê ä Ð Ð

ä ä æ ê ä æ ê å æ å æ å å æ

å æ ä å æ å

ê ä

ê ä

ê

:ÒÀUjM [2.16] In five patterns, the (original) Nun is elided from the verb with (both the Heavy and −

Lightened Nun), they are: . In (the patterns) , the ÅÎ¼¨°M ,ÆÌ¼¨°M ,ÆÌ¼¨°Í ,ÆÝ¨°M ,ÆÝ¨°Í ÆÌ¼¨°M ,ÆÌ¼¨°Í − ä ê ä æ ä ä å ä æ ä ä å ä æ ä ê ä æ ä ê ä æ ä ä å ä æ ä ä å ä æ ä

Waw is elided, and in (the pattern) , the Ya (is elided) except when the consonant ÅÎ¼¨°M − ä ê ä æ ä −

before the Waw is vowelled with Fathah, as in . Regarding , the ÆÌ¼JN» Ë ÅÎrbM Ü Ë ÆÌrbM Ü ÅÍjM − ± ì å ä æ å ä ä ì ê

ä æ ä ä ì å ä æ ä ì ê ä ä

end of the verb is vowelled with Fathah when the verb is singular and (also) the ± third-person singular. It is vowelled with Dammah when the verb is the masculine plural, ± Kasrah when it is the second-person feminine singular.

You'd say in the third-person command verb emphasized with the Heavy Nun: ,ÆjvÄÎ» − ì ä å æ ä ê ÆBÃjvÄN» ,ÆAjvÄN» ,ÆjvÄN» ,ÆjvÄÎ» ,ÆAjvÄÎ» ,ÆjvÄÎ» ,ÆjvÄÎ» . With the Lightened Nun, (you'd say): ð æ å æ ä ê ð å æ ä ê ì ä å æ æ ê ì å å æ ä ê ð å æ ä ê − æ å å æ ä ê æ ä å æ ä ê ÆjvÄN» . æ ä å æ ä ê

In the Second-Person Command Verb emphasized with the Heavy Nun: −

ÆBÃjvÃC ,ÆAjvÃC ,ÆjvÃC ,ÆjvÃC ,ÆAjvÃC ,ÆjvÃC ð æ å æ å ð å æ å ì ê å æ å ì å å æ å ð å æ å ì ä å æ å

With the Lightened Nun: . You can make analogies of this for its ÆjvÃC ,ÆjvÃC ,ÆjvÃC − æ ê å æ å æ å å æ å æ ä å æ å

comparable patterns.

:`jq [2.16] Five patterns of the present-tense verb are terminated with the Nun of I'rab ( ) ÏIAj§âA ÆÌÄ»A − − ê æ

ê å í

which is used as an indicator of the verb's natural nominative state (refer to section 2.7). This Nun − of I'rab is found in the dual forms (third and second-person), the masculine plurals (third and − second-person) and the second-person feminine singular. When adding the Nun of Emphasis to − the end of the present-tense verb, the Nun of I'rab is elided in these five patterns and replaced − − with the Nun of Emphasis. −

In the masculine plurals, namely , the Waw is also elided before the Nun of Emphasis ÆÌ¼¨°M ,ÆÌ¼¨°Í ä å ä æ ä ä å ä æ − −

is added. This Waw is a subject-marker for the verb, or an indicator of the verb's subject ( ). ÁNÃC ,ÁÇ − æ å æ ä æ å It is necessary to elide the Waw because it is Sakin and it is not possible to have a Sakin letter − − −

precede a doubled consonant, as in . After eliding the Waw, the Dammah preceding it ÆÌ¼¨°Í ì æ å ä æ ä − ± substitute for the subject-marker in this form of the verb.

Similarly, in the second-person feminine singular, namely, , the Ya is elided because it is also ÅÎ¼¨°M ä ê ä æ ä −

a Sakin letter preceding a doubled letter. The Ya is the subject-marker for the second-person − −

singular ( ). After the elision of the Ya, the Kasrah preceding the Ya substitutes as the verb's OÃC ê æ ä − −

subject-marker.

In some types of verbs, particularly the verbs with weak letters, the Waw and Ya may not be − −

elided when the consonant preceding the two are vowelled with Fathah, as in . In ÅÎrbM Ü ,ÆÌrbM Ü ± ì ê

ä æ ä ä ì å ä æ

these instances, if the Waw or Ya were elided, there would be no subject-marker for the verb. − −

Regarding the verb , its origin was originating from: . In the singular forms, it is: ÅÍjM ÅÍCjM ÔjÍ ,ÔCi ì ê ä ä ì ê

æ ä ä Ð ä ä Ð ä ä

ÅÍjM Ë ÅÍjM ,ÅÍjÍ Ë ÅÍjÍ , with the consonant preceding the Nun of Emphasis vowelled with Fathah. æ ä ä ä ä ì ä ä æ ä ä ä ä ì ä ä ä − ± The consonant preceding the Nun of Emphasis is vowelled with Dammah in the masculine plural, − ± as in , and vowelled with Kasrah in the second-person feminine singular, as in . ÅÍjM Ë ÅÍjÍ ÅÍjM ì å ä ä ä ì å ä ä ì ê ä

ä

Full conjugation of the present-tense verb and command verb with the two types of Nun of − Emphasis:

Ò°Î°b»A Ë Ò¼Î´R»A fÎ·DN»A ÆÌÄI f·ÛÀ»A ªiBzÀ»A ½¨°»A ê ä

ê ä ä ê

ä ê ì ê ê

æ ì ê

å ê å ì ä å å

ê å å æ ê Ò°Î°a Ò¼Î´R»A Ò¬Îv»A Ò°Î°b»A Ò¼Î´R»A Ò¬Îv»A

- ÆÝ¨°Í ÆÝ¨°Í (2 Å¼¨°Í Å¼¨°Í ½¨°Í (1 ð ä æ ä ê ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ä ì ä ä æ ä å ä æ ä

Å¼¨°M Å¼¨°M ½¨°M (4 Å¼¨°Í Å¼¨°Í ÆÌ¼¨°Í (3 æ ä ä æ ä ì ä ä æ ä å ä æ ä æ å ä æ ä ì å ä æ ä ä å ä æ ä

- ÆBÄ¼¨°Í Å¼¨°Í (6 - ÆÝ¨°M ÆÝ¨°M (5 ð æ ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä ð ä æ ä ê ä æ ä

- ÆÝ¨°M ÆÝ¨°M (8 Å¼¨°M Å¼¨°M ½¨°M (7 ð ä æ ä ê ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ä ì ä ä æ ä å ä æ ä

Å¼¨°M Å¼¨°M ÅÎ¼¨°M (10 Å¼¨°M Å¼¨°M ÆÌ¼¨°M (9 æ ê ä æ ä ì ê ä æ ä ä ê ä æ ä æ å ä æ ä ì å ä æ ä ä å ä æ ä

- ÆBÄ¼¨°M Å¼¨°M (12 - ÆÝ¨°M ÆÝ¨°M (11 ð æ ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä ð ä æ ä ê ä æ ä

Å¼¨°Ã Å¼¨°Ã ½¨°Ã (14 Å¼¨¯C Å¼¨¯C ½¨¯C (13 æ ä ä æ ä ì ä ä æ ä å ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ä ì ä ä æ ä å ä æ ä

Ò°Î°b»A Ë Ò¼Î´R»A fÎ·DN»A ÆÌÄI f·ÛÀ»A jyBZ»A j¿ÞA ê ä

ê ä ä ê

ä ê ì ê ê

æ ì ê

å ê å ì ä å å ê å æ

ä

Ò°Î°b»A Ò¼Î´R»A Ò¬Îv»A Å¼¨¯G Å¼¨¯G ½¨¯G (6 æ ä ä æ ê ì ä ä æ ê

æ ä æ ê - ÆÝ¨¯G Ý¨¯G (7 ð ä æ ê ä æ ê

Å¼¨¯G Å¼¨¯G AÌ¼¨¯G (8 æ å ä æ ê ì å ä æ ê å ä æ ê

Å¼¨¯G Å¼¨¯G Ï¼¨¯G (9 æ ê ä æ ê ì ê ä æ ê ê ä æ ê - ÆÝ¨¯G Ý¨¯G (10 ð ä æ ê ä æ ê - ÆBÄ¼¨¯G Å¼¨¯G (11 ð æ ä æ ê ä æ ä æ ê

L L L

:ÅN¿

Ó¼§ ÉÄ¿ ½§B°»A ÁmG ØÎVÍ ÆC jR·ÞB¯ ejVÀ»A ÏQÝR»A Å¿ ¾Ì¨°À»A Ë ½§B°»A ÁmG B¿C Ë Ð

ä ä å æ ê ê ê å æ ê ä

ê ä æ ä å ä æ

ä ä ê ì ä å ð ê í ä ê ê å æ ä ä ê ê å æ ê

ì ä ä

.juAÌÃ ,PAjuBÃ ,ÆBMjuBÃ ,ÑjuBÃ ,ÆËjuBÃ ,ÆAjuBÃ ,juBÃ :¾Ì´M ,½§B¯ è ê ä è ê ê ä ä ê

è ä ê ä å ê ê ê è ê å å ä

ë ê

:ÒÀUjM [2.17] Regarding the Active Participle and the Passive Participle (derived) from the

three-letter Primary verb, mostly the Active Participle comes on the pattern of: . You'd ½§B¯ è ê

say:

juAÌÃ ,PAjuBÃ ,ÆBMjuBÃ ,ÑjuBÃ ,ÆËjuBÃ ,ÆAjuBÃ ,juBÃ è ê ä è å ê ä ê è ä ê ä å ê ê ê è ê

:`jq [2.17] The Active Participle is a pattern of nouns which are derived directly from the active-voice

present-tense verb from the three-letter Primary Verb on the pattern of: . It is also known as ½§B¯ è ê

the Agent Noun because it represents the agent of action or the agent described in an expression, as in:

¡¼« cnÄ»A KMB· Á»B§ ËjÀ§ The writer of the manuscript is mistaken; 'Amr is a scholar . è ä ä

ê æ ì å ê è ê è æ ä

There are seven inflections of the Active Participle mentioned in the text:

( ) The masculine singular, as in . ½§B¯ juBÃ • è

ê è ê

( ) The masculine dual, as in . ÆÝ§B¯ ÆAjuBÃ • ê ê ê ê

( ) The masculine plural, a sound plural, as in . ÆÌ¼§B¯ ÆËjuBÃ • ä å ê ä å ê

( ) The feminine singular, as in . Ò¼§B¯ ÑjuBÃ • è ä ê è ä ê

( ) The feminine dual, as in . ÆBN¼§B¯ ÆBMjuBÃ • ê ä ê ê ä ê

( ) The feminine plural, a sound plural, as in . PÝ§B¯ PAjuBÃ • è ê è ê

( ) The broken plural, as in . ½§AÌ¯ juAÌÃ • è

ê ä è ê ä

:ÅN¿ ,ÑiÌvÄ¿ ,ÆËiÌvÄ¿ ,ÆAiÌvÄ¿ ,iÌvÄ¿ :¾Ì´M ,¾Ì¨°¿ Ó¼§ ÉÄ¿ ¾Ì¨°À»A ÁmG Ë è ä å æ ä ä å å æ ä ê å æ ä è å æ ä å å ä

ë å æ ä Ð

ä ä å æ ê ê å æ ä å æ ê ä

.juBÄ¿ Ë PAiÌvÄ¿ ,ÆBMiÌvÄ¿ è ê ä ä è å æ ä ê ä å æ ä

Ë ÓÄRN¯ ,ÅÈI iËjÀ¿ ,BÀÈI iËjÀ¿ ,BÈI iËjÀ¿ ,ÁÈI iËjÀ¿,BÀÈI iËjÀ¿ ,ÉI iËjÀ¿ :¾Ì´M Ë ä Ð

ì ä å ä ì ê ê è å æ ä ê ê è å æ

ä ê è å æ

ä æ ê ê è å æ ä ê ê è å æ

ä ê ê è å æ ä å å ä ä

.¾Ì¨°À»A ÁmG Ü jV»A ²jZI Ôf¨NÍ BÀÎ¯ jÎÀz»A SÃÛM Ë j·hM Ë ©ÀVM ê å æ ä ä æ ê ð ä ê æ ä ê

Ð ì ä ä ä ê ä ê ì å ð ä å ä å ð ä å ä å ê æ å

:ÒÀUjM [2.18] The Passive Participle (derived from the three-letter Primary Verb) is on the pattern

of: . You'd say: ¾Ì¨°¿ è å æ ä

juBÄ¿ ,PAiÌvÄ¿ ,ÆBMiÌvÄ¿ ,ÑiÌvÄ¿ ,ÆËiÌvÄ¿ ,ÆAiÌvÄ¿ ,iÌvÄ¿ è ê ä è å æ ä ê ä å æ ä è ä å æ ä ä å å æ ä ê å æ ä è å æ ä

And you'd say:

ÅÈI iÌvÄ¿ ,BÀÈI iÌvÄ¿ ,BÈI iÌvÄ¿ ,ÁÈI iÌvÄ¿ ,BÀÈI iÌvÄ¿ ,ÉI iÌvÄ¿ ì ê ê è å æ ä ê ê è å æ ä ê è å æ ä æ ê ê è å æ ä ê ê è å æ ä ê ê è å æ ä

The pronoun is made dual, plural, masculine and feminine traversing the government to

the genitive particle not the Passive Participle.

:`jq [2.18] The Passive Participle is a pattern of nouns derived directly from the passive-voice

present-tense verb of the three-letter Primary Verb on the pattern of . The Passive Participle ¾Ì¨°¿ è å æ ä

signifies the action in the passive voice, as in (active AfÍk pifÀ»A jvÃ The teacher helped Zaid ç æ ä å ð ä å ä ä ä

voice); (passive-voice); (Passive fÍk jvÃ AiÌvÄ¿ fÍk ÆB· Zaid was helped Zaid was helped è æ ä ä ê å

ç å æ ä è æ ä ä

Participle).

As previously mentioned (section 2.1), the passive voice is derived from verbs which are transitive, either on their own or by means of a genitive particle. For those Passive Participles derived from verbs which are transitive in themselves, there are seven inflections mentioned:

( ) The masculine singular, as in . ¾Ì¨°¿ iÌvÄ¿ • è å æ ä è å æ ä

( ) The masculine dual, as in . ÆÜÌ¨°¿ ÆAiÌvÄ¿ • ê å æ ä ê å æ ä

( ) The masculine plural, a sound plural, as in . ÆÌ»Ì¨°¿ ÆËiÌvÄ¿ • ä å å æ ä ä å å æ ä

( ) The feminine singular, as in . Ò»Ì¨°¿ ÑiÌvÄ¿ • è ä å æ ä è ä å æ ä

( ) The feminine dual, as in . ÆBN»Ì¨°¿ ÆBMiÌvÄ¿ • ê ä å æ ä ê ä å æ ä

( ) The feminine plural, a sound plural, as in . PÜÌ¨°¿ PAiÌvÄ¿ • è å æ ä è å æ ä

( ) The broken plural, as in . ½§B°¿ juBÄ¿ • è

ê ä è ê ä

Sometimes, the Passive Participle is derived from the verb made transitive by means of a genitive

particle, as in (active-voice); . fÍlI Pij¿ fÍlI j¿ I passed by Zaid Zaid was passed by ë æ ä ê å æ ä ä ë æ ä ê ì å

When the Passive Particle is derived from the passive voice verb made transitive by means of a genitive particle, the form of the Passive Participle does not change from the masculine singular. It is the pronoun attached to the genitive particle which is changed into the dual, plural, masculine and singular in order to reflect agreement with the Proxy-Subject, as in:

( ) The masculine singular, as in . ÉI ¾Ì¨°¿ ÉI iÌvÄ¿ • ê ê è å æ ä ê ê è å æ ä

( ) The masculine dual, as in . BÀÈI ¾Ì¨°¿ BÈÀI iÌvÄ¿ • ê ê è å æ ä ê ê è å æ ä

( ) The masculine plural, a sound plural, as in . ÁÈI ¾Ì¨°¿ ÁÈI iÌvÄ¿ • æ ê ê è å æ ä æ ê ê è å æ ä

( ) The feminine singular, as in . BÈI ¾Ì¨°¿ BÈI iÌvÄ¿ • ê è å æ ä ê è å æ ä

( ) The feminine dual, as in . BÀÈI ¾Ì¨°¿ BÀÈI iÌvÄ¿ • ê ê è å æ ä ê ê è å æ ä

( ) The feminine plural, a sound plural, as in . ÅÈI ¾Ì¨°¿ ÅÈI iÌvÄ¿ • ì ê ê è å æ ä ì ê ê è å æ ä

L L L

:ÅN¿

ÓÄ¨ÀI ½ÎN´»B· ¾Ì¨°À»A ÓÄ¨ÀI Ë ÁYAj»A ÓÄ¨ÀI ÁÎYj»B· ½§B°»A ÓÄ¨ÀI ØÎVÍ f³ ½Î¨¯ Ë Ð ä æ ä ê ê ê

ä ä ê å æ ä

Ð ä æ ä ê ä

ê ê ì Ð ä æ ä ê ê ê ì

ä ê ê Ð

ä æ ä ê å

ê ä æ ä è ê

ä ä

Ò¿ÌÀzÀ»A ÁÎÀ»A É§iBz¿ Ï¯ ©zM ÆC ÉÎ¯ ÒñIBz»B¯ ÒQÝR»A Ó¼§ eAk B¿ B¿C Ë .¾ÌN´À»A ä ä å æ ä ä ê ê ê ê å ê ä ä ä æ ä ê ê

å ä ê

ì ê ä ì

Ð

ä ä ä ä ì ä ä ê å æ ä

,¾Ì¨°À»A ÁmG Ï¯ ÉZN°M Ë ½§B°»A ÁmG Ï¯ ÊjaE ½J³ B¿ jn¸M Ë Ò§iBzÀ»A ²jY ©yÌ¿ ê å æ ä ê

æ ê ê å ä ê æ å ä ê ê ê

æ ê ê ê ê ê ä æ ä ä ê

æ å ä ê ä ê å ê æ ä ä ê æ ä

.XjbNn¿ Ë XjbNn¿ Ë XjYf¿ Ë XjYf¿ Ë Âj¸¿ Ë Âj¸¿ :ÌZÃ è ä æ ä æ å ä è ê æ ä æ å ä è ä æ ä å ä è ê

æ ä å ä è ä æ å ä è ê æ å å æ ä

Ë iBNb¿ Ë LBZN¿ Ë LBZÀ· ©yAÌÀ»A |¨I Ï¯ ¾Ì¨°À»A Ë ½§B°»A ¥°» ÐÌNnÍ f³ Ë ä ë æ å ä ÿ ä å ä ÿ å ä

ê ê ä ê æ ä ê ê å æ ä ä ê ê

å æ ä ê ä æ ä æ ä ä

.jÍf´N»A Ï¯ ±¼NbÍ Ë ÉÄ§ LBVÄ¿ Ë LBVÄ¿ Ë ÉÎ¯ KvÄ¿ Ë KvÄ¿ Ë fN¨¿ Ë jñz¿ ê ê æ ì ê

å ê ä

æ ä ä å æ ä ë æ å ä ë

æ å ä ê ê ÿ ä æ å ä ÿ ä æ å ä ÿ ä æ å ä ë ä æ å

:ÒÀUjM [2.19] Regarding the pattern ( ), at times it comes in the meaning of (both) the Active ½Î¨¯ è

ê ä

and Passive Participles, like: in the meaning of: and: in the meaning of: . ÁÎYi ÁYAi ½ÎN³ ¾ÌN´¿ è ê ä è ê è

ê ä è å æ ä

Regarding that which is in excess of three letters, the rule is that in its present-tense, the

letter Meem ( ) vowelled with Dammah is put in the place of the Particle of the _¿ å ±

Present-Tense. Then, that consonant which is before its ending is vowelled with Kasrah

in the Active Participle and vowelled with Fathah in the Passive Participle, as in ±

XjbNn¿ Ë XjbNn¿ Ë XjYf¿ Ë XjYf¿ Ë Âj¸¿ Ë Âj¸¿ è ä æ ä æ å ä è ê æ ä æ å ä è ä æ ä å ä è ê æ

ä å ä è ä æ å ä è ê æ å

At times, the word of the Active and Passive Participles are the same in some instances,

like:

ÉÄ§ LBVÄ¿ Ë LBVÄ¿ Ë ÉÎ¯ KvÄ¿ Ë KvÄ¿Ë fN¨¿ Ë jñz¿ Ë iBNb¿ Ë LBZN¿ Ë LBZ¿ å æ ä ë æ å ä ë æ å ä ê ê ÿ ä æ å ä ÿ ä æ å ä ÿ ä æ å ä ÿ ä æ å ä ë æ å ä ÿ ä å ä ÿ å

The difference is in the estimation (of the pattern).

:`jq [2.19] The pattern ( ) is a pattern of a particular type of adjective which is sometimes found to ½Î¨¯ è

ê ä

have the meaning of the Active or Passive Participle, as in ÝÎN³ ÂjVÀ»A ÆB· The criminal was killed, ç ê ä è ê æ å ä

in the meaning of: . ÜÌN´¿ ÂjVÀ»A ÆB· ç å æ ä å ê æ å ä

This adjective is known as: ¾Ì¨°À»A Ë ½§B°»A ÁmHI ÒÈJrÀ»A Ò°v»A The Adjective Bearing Resemblance to ê å æ ä ä ê ê ê æ ê ê

å ä ì ä å å ä ð

the Active and Passive Participle . As with the Active and Passive Participles, this adjective may

also be inflected in the same manner:

( ) The masculine singular, as in . ½Î¨¯ ÁÍj· • è

ê ä è ê ä

( ) The masculine dual, as in . ÆÝÎ¨¯ ÆBÀÍj· • ê ê ä ê ê ä

( ) The masculine plural, a sound plural, as in . ÆÌ¼Î¨¯ ÆÌÀÍj· • ä å ê ä ä å ê

ä

( ) The feminine singular, as in . Ò¼Î¨¯ ÒÀÍj· • è ä ê ä è ä ê

ä

( ) The feminine dual, as in . ÆBN¼Î¨¯ ÆBNÀÍj· • ê ä

ê ä ê ä ê ä

( ) The feminine plural, a sound plural, as in . PÝÎ¨¯ PBÀÍj· • è ê ä è ê ä

( ) Broken Plural. Õá¨¯ ,¾B¨¯ • è ä å è ê

Also mentioned next in the text is the manner of constructing the Active and Passive Participles in

the Derivative Verbs. These two types of words are derived directly from the present-tense verb

active voice or passive Voice verbs. The Particle of the Present-Tense is elided and replaced with

the letter Meem vowelled invariably with Dammah. What will determine whether the word is the ± Active Participle or the Passive Participle is the vowel on the consonant before the end of the

word.

If the vowel preceding the final consonant is Kasrah, it is the Active Participle, as in ,XjYf¿ ,Âj¸¿ è ê æ ä å è ê

æ å

XjbNn¿ XjbNn¿ ,XjYf¿ ,Âj¸¿ . If the vowel is Fathah, it is the Passive Participle, as in . è ê æ ä æ å

± è ä æ ä æ å è ä æ ä å è ä æ å

In words which are Mu'tall, meaning words possessing either a weak letter, a Hamzah or a doubled-consonant, there may be no difference between the patterns of the Active and Passive Participles. This is due to the fact that these Mu'tall words often undergo alterations, known as

Qalb ( ), which transforms their vowel and sometimes their letter to another vowel or letter. K¼³ è æ ä

This is common in words with weak letters at their end, as in the example: . Due to the weak fN¨¿ ÿ ä æ å letter Ya at its end, the vowel on the consonant preceding the weak letter is determined by the − requirement of the weak letter to be vowelled with Kasrah. Therefore, whether it is the Active or Passive Participle, the vowel does not change.

Similarly, in the verb with a doubled-consonant or the Muda'af, the vowel on the consonant ± −

preceding the end of the word is determined by the contraction of the two letters, as in , jñz¿ ï ä æ å

whose original pattern is: for the Active Participle and: for the Passive Participle. ijñz¿ ijñz¿ è ê ä æ å è ä ä æ å

Due to the contraction of the two identical letters, the vowel on the first of the two letters is lost. It is this vowel which would distinguish between the Active and Passive Participles in the Derivatives. For these reasons, the pattern of these two Participles must be estimated.

L L L

½v¯

±§BzÀ»A å ä å

:ÅN¿

fYAË oÄU Å¿ É¿Ü Ë ÉÄÎ§ ÆB· B¿ ÉÎ¯ fÍlÀ»A Ë ejVÀ»A ÏQÝR»A Å¿ ÌÇ ÁuÞA É» ¾B´Í Ë ë ê ë æ ê æ ê å å ä å å æ ä ä ê ê ê ê ä ä ê ì ä å ð ê í ä ê ä å í

ä ä å ä å å ä

Å¿ Ó»ËÞA É¿Ü Ë ÊÚF¯ ÆB· B¿ Ï§BIj»A Å¿ ÌÇ Ë ,ef§C Ë eei BÀÈ¼uC ÆH¯ ,f§C Ë ej· æ ê Ð ä æ å å å ä å å ä ð ê í

ä ê ä å ä ä ä æ ä ä ä ä ä å ä æ ä ì ê ä ì ä ä ä ì ä ä

.ÜAl»k Ë Ò»l»k ,¾l»k :ÌZÃ ,BzÍC μIBñÀ»A É» ¾B´Í Ë ÒÎÄR»A É¿Ü Ë ÉÄÎ§ ¹»h· Ë fYAË oÄU ç æ

ê ä ç ä ä æ ä ä ä æ ä å æ ä ç æ ä å ä å å ä å å ä å ä ê ì å å ä å å æ ä ä ê

Ð ä ä ë ê ë æ ê

:ÒÀUjM SECTION

The Double Radical Verb

[3.0] It is called Asamm ( ). It is (formed in) the three-letter Primary and Derivative ÁuÞA ± í ä ä

Verb in that which its second and third Original Letters are of the same type, like: and: ei ì ä

f§C eei ef§C . Its origin is: and: . ì ä ä ä ä ä ä ä æ ä

From the four-letter (the Double Radical Verb) is that verb whose first and third Original

Letter are of one type. Likewise, its second and fourth-letter (are the same). It is also

called Mutabaq, as in: . ÜAl»k Ë Ò»l»k ,¾l»k − ç æ

ê ä ç ä ä æ ä ä ä æ ä

:`jq [3.0] The double radical verb or the Muda'af verb ( ) is the three-letter verb (Primary and ±§BzÀ»A ± −

å ä å

Derivative) in which the second and third-letter are the same, as in: . As mentioned, it was ei ì ä

originally: , on the pattern of: . With the contraction of the second and third-letters into eei ½¨°Í ,½¨¯ ä ä ä å å æ ä ä ä ä

one doubled-letter, the two like letters are represented with the Shaddah.

The doubling of these two letters requires a few differences in the Muda'af Verb from what is ± −

normally seen in the sound verb:

In the present-tense, the first Original Letter is never Sakin in the Primary Verb as the letter • −

preceding the doubled-letter cannot be Sakin, as in: which was originally: on the wbÍ wvbÍ − í å ä å å æ ä

pattern of: . The vowel which was originally found on the second Original Letter, meaning ½¨°Í å å æ ä

the Vowel of the Present-Tense, is moved forward to the first Original Letter, as in: on the KZÍ í ê ä

pattern of: and: on the pattern of: . With this shift of vowel, the verb's Bab would ½¨°Í oÀÍ ½¨°Í å ê æ ä í ä ä å ä æ ä −

not be obvious.

Due to the first letter being vowelled, the Second-Person Command Verb ( ) does jyBZ»A j¿ÞA • å ê å æ ä

not use Hamzah in its beginning, as in: ( ). Compare with: ÅvvaC ,Bva ,Ïva ,AÌva ,Bva ,wa ä æ å æ å ì å ð å í å ì å ì å

ÅJJYG ,BJY ,ÏJY ,AÌJY ,BJY ,KY Ånn¿G ,Bn¿ ,Ïn¿ ,AÌn¿ ,Bn¿ ,o¿ and: . As mentioned in the previous ä æ ê æ ê ì ê ð ê í ê ì ê ì ê ä æ ä æ ê ì ä ð ä í ä ì ä ì ä

note, the Fathah on the Shaddah in the singular form indicates that it was originally Sakin at ± −

the end and the other forms are derived from the singular. Note that the feminine plural is formed according to the original pattern since it is a requirement that the letter before the Feminine Nun must be Sakin thereby preventing the second and third Original Letters from − − being doubled.

Alternately, the Second-Person Command Verb may also be formed according to the verb's •

original pattern, as in: . on¿G ,KJYG ,wvaC æ ä æ ê æ ê æ ê æ å æ å

In the four-letter verb, the Muda'af verb will have its first and third Original Letter paired, along ± −

with its second and fourth Original Letter, as in: . Letters are not found doubled ©n¨m ,½´¼³ ,¾l»k ä ä æ ä ä ä æ ä ä ä æ ä

side by side.

L L L

:ÅN¿

OÎ¼¿C :ÁÈ»Ì´· ,¾AfIâA É´Z¼Í ±Î¨zN»A ²jY ÆÞ ,PÝN¨À»BI ±§BzÀ»A μZ»C BÀÃG Ë å æ ä æ ä

æ ê ê æ ä ä å æ

ê å å ä æ ä ê ê æ ì

ä æ ä ì ê ä

ê ì ä æ å ê

å ä å ä ê æ å ì

ê ä

ÐC ,OnYC Ë BÇjn· Ë ÕF°»A \N°I O¼£ ,On¿ :ÁÈ»Ì´· ,²hZ»A É´Z¼Í Ë .O¼¼¿C ÓÄ¨ÀI æ ä å æ ä ä ä ê æ ä ä ê ê

æ ä ê å æ ê

ä å æ ä ê æ ê ê æ ä ä å æ ä å å ä æ ä ä å æ ä æ ä

Ð ä æ ä ê

.OnnYC Ë O¼¼£ Ë Onn¿ å æ ä æ ä ä å æ ê ä ä å æ ê ä

:ÒÀUjM [3.1] Muda'af is only associated with the Unsound Verbs ( ) because the doubled ½N¨À»A ± − í ä æ å

letters are associated with the substitution of letters ( ), as in their saying: in the ¾AfIâA OÎ¼¿C å æ ê å æ ä æ ä

meaning of: . Elision ( ) is also associated (with the Muda'af verb), as in their O¼¼¿C ²hZ»A å æ ä æ ä å æ ä ± −

saying: with Fathah and Kasrah and: . In other words: . O¼£ Ë On¿ OnYC OnnYC Ë O¼¼£ Ë Onn¿ å æ ê ä ä å æ ä ê ±

å æ ä ä å æ ä æ ä ä å æ ê ä ä å æ ê ä

:`jq [3.1] There are two fundamental reasons that the Muda'af Verb is deemed unsound: ± −

Letter Substitution or Ibdal ( ). It is the substitution of one letter for another. In this ¾AfIâA • − å æ ê

situation, the reason for the substitution is mostly associated with the difficulty in

pronouncing certain letters back-to-back, as in: , the second letter Lam, then is O¼¼¿C å æ ä æ ä −

substituted with the Ya making the pronunciation easier . It also occurs in the OÎ¼¿C − å æ ä æ ä

four-letter verb, as in: which originally was: . The difference between the OÎvÈu OÈvÈu å æ ä æ ä å æ ä æ ä

Ibdal here and that which was mentioned in regard to the Bab of ( ) is that this ¾B¨N¯G − − è

ê æ ê substitution is not necessarily related to letters which are similar from the perspective of their pronunciation.

Elision or Hazhf ( ). At times, letters are elided altogether for the purpose of ²hZ»A • ± å æ ä

facilitating pronunciation, as in: or , which was originally: . The letter Seen On¿ On¿ Onn¿ å æ ê å æ ä å æ ê ä was elided. In the view of some, the vowel on the elided letter is placed on the preceding letter.

When there is the reduction of similar letters, it may be due to the inability to contract

letters, as in: , which was originally: . In each instance, the elided letter Óz´M Ózz´M Ð ì ä ä

Ð ä ì ä ä

facilitates pronunciation.

L L L

:ÅN¿

Ë BÀ«f¿ ¾ËÞA ÓÀnÍ Ë ÏÃBR»A Ï¯ XifM Ë ¾ËÞA Å¸nM ÆC ÌÇ Ë ÂB«eâA É´Z¼Í ±§BzÀ»A Ë ä ç ä æ å å ì ä

Ð ì ä å ä ê ì ê ä ê æ å ä ä ì

ä ä ê æ å æ ä

ä å ä å æ ê

å å ä æ ä å ä å ä

:ÌZÃ Ï¯ KUAË ¹»g Ë .ÉÎ¯ BÀ«f¿ ÏÃBR»A ê æ ä ê è ê

ä ê Ð ä ê ê

ç ä æ å í ê

ì

,ÆDÀ�A Ë f¨NnÍ ,f¨NmA Ë eÌnÍ ,eÌmA Ë fN¨Í ,fN§A Ë f´ÄÍ f´ÃA Ë f¨Í f§C Ë efÍ ,f¿ ì ä ä æ ä í ê ä æ ä ì ä ä æ ä í ä æ ä

ì ä æ ä í ä æ ä ì ä æ ä í

ä æ ä ì ä æ ä í ê å ì ä ä ä í

å ä ì ä

.eBÀNÍ ,eBÀM Ë Å×ÀñÍ í ä ì ä ä í ê ä

æ ä

:ÌZÃ ,¾Ì¨°À¼» BÈNÎÄI AgG ¾B¨¯ÞA ÊhÇ Ah· Ë å æ ä ê å æ ä æ ê ä æ ä ä ê å æ ä

ê ê Ð ä ä

.BÇjÖB¤Ã Ah· Ë f´ÄÍ ,f´ÃA Ë f¨Í ,f§C Ë fÀÍ ,f¿ å ê ä ä ä í ä æ å ì å æ ä í ä å

ì ê å ä í ä å

ì å

:ÌZÃ :ÊÚFÍ Ë jÎÀz»A ËAË ËC jÎÀz»A ±»C ½¨°»BI ½vMA AgG ¹»h· Ë Aifv¿ f¿ :ÌZÃ Ï¯ Ë å æ ä å å ä ê ê ì å æ ä ê ê ì å

ê ä ê

æ ê ê ä ä ì

ê ä

ê Ð ä ä ç ä æ ä ë ä ê æ

ä ê ä

.Ðf¿ ,AËf¿ ,Af¿ ð å í å ì å

:ÒÀUjM [3.2] Contraction or Idgham is associated with the Muda'af. It is silencing the first (letter) − ± −

and incorporating it into the second letter. The first is called Mudgham and the second is

called Mudgham Feehi. That (contraction) is required in:

,ÆDÀ�A Ë f¨NnÍ ,f¨NmA Ë eÌnÍ ,eÌmA Ë fN¨Í ,fN§A Ë f´ÄÍ ,f´ÃA Ë f¨Í ,f§C Ë fÀÍ ,f¿ ì ä ä æ ä í ê ä æ ä ì ä ä æ ä í ä æ ä

ì ä æ ä í ä æ ä ì ä æ ä í

ä æ ä ì ä æ ä í ê ä ì ä ä ä í å ä

ì ä

.eBÀNÍ ,eBÀM Ë ÆDÀñÍ í ä ä ì ä ä ì ä ä æ ä

Likewise, are these verbs when constructed for the object (the Passive Voice), as in:

f´ÄÍ ,f´ÃA Ë f¨Í ,f§C Ë fÀÍ ,f¿ í ä æ ä ì å æ ä í ä å

ì ê å ä í ä å

ì å

Likewise, are its corresponding examples. In (the example) of: as a Masdar. Likewise, f¿ ÿ ä ±

when Alif of a pronoun or Waw or Ya is attached, as in: − −

Ðf¿ ,AËf¿ ,Af¿ ð å í å ì å

:`jq [3.2] The fundamental characteristic of the Muda'af verb is its contraction of two letters into one. ± −

The first letter is termed the ( ) and the second is the ( ). Mudgham Mudgham Feehi Á«f¿ ÉÎ¯ Á«f¿ è ä æ å ê ê è ä æ å

The first letter is made Sakin or vowelless, as in: , and incorporated into the second letter by ef¿ − ä æ ä

contracting the two letters into one written with Shaddah, as in: . Its origin was: . f¿ ef¿ ì ä ä ä ä

In the basic pattern of the verb, Idgham is required and the verb must be written with its letters −

contracted and written with Shaddah, as in: . There are c»G...eÌnÍ ,eÌmA Ë fN¨Í ,fN§AË f¨Í ,f§CË fÀÍ ,f¿ í ä æ ä ì ä æ ä í ä æ ä ì ä æ ä í ê å ì ä ä ä í å ä ì ä forms of the verb, however, in which Idgham is disallowed, such as forms in which a pronoun of −

the subject is attached to the verb, as in: . In forms of the Command Verb, ÁMef¿ ,BÀMef¿ ,Pef¿ æ å æ ä ä å æ ä ä ä æ ä ä Idgham is also permissible, except in the Feminine Plural. −

After the first form, subject-markers are added to the verb to construct the various forms or Seeghah of the verb which corresponds to the person and number of the subject or object, as in:

c»G...AËeÌmG ,AeÌmG ,eÌmAË AËfN§G ,AfN§G ,fN§A Ë AËf´ÃG ,Af´ÃG ,f´ÃA Ë AËf§C ,Af§C ,f§C Ë AËf¿ ,Af¿ ,f¿ ê í ä æ ê ì ä æ ê ì ä æ ä í ä æ ê ì ä æ ê

ì ä æ ä í ä æ ê

ì ä æ ê

ì ä æ ä í ä ä ì æ ä ì ä ä ä í ä ì ä ì ä

In the Passive Voice:

It is on the pattern of: , the original pattern (before contraction) is: . fÀÍ ,f¿ (½¨°Í ,½¨¯) efÀÍ ,ef¿ í ä å ì å å ä æ å ä ê å å ä æ å ä ê å

c»G...AËeÌmC ,AeÌmC ,eÌmA Ë AËfN§C ,AfN§C ,fN§A Ë AËf´ÃC ,Af´ÃC ,f´ÃA Ë AËf§C ,Af§C ,f§C Ë AËf¿ ,Af¿ ,f¿ í ê æ å ì ê æ

å ì ê æ ä í ê æ å ì ê æ

å ì ê æ ä í ê æ å ì ê æ

å ì ê æ ä í ê å ì ê

å ì ê å ä í å ì å ì å

The verb's Masdar also exhibits the characteristics of the Muda'af word although its ± ± −

doubled-letters are frequently found separated, as in:

AeeBÀM ,BÃBÄÀ�G ,AeAf¨NmG ,AeAfÍÌmG ,AeAeÌmG ,AeAfN§G ,AeAf§G ,Af¿ ç å ä ç ê æ ê

ç æ ê æ ê ç

ê æ ê ç

ê æ ê ç ê æ ê

ç æ ê ç é å

L L L

:ÅN¿

Ü Ë Æef¿C Ë ÆefÀM Ë ÆefÀÍ Ë ÁMef¿ Ó»G Æef¿ Ë BÃef¿ Ë Pef¿ :ÌZÃ Ï¯ ©ÄNÀ¿ Ë ä ä æ å æ ä ä ä æ å æ ä ä ä æ å æ ä ä æ å æ ä ä Ð ä ê

ä æ ä ä ä æ ä ä ä å æ ä ä ê æ ä ê è ê ä æ å ä

.ÆefÀM ä æ å æ ä

,|¨Î· ÉYÌN°¿ ËC j°Î· ÅÎ¨»A iÌn¸¿ ÆB· ÆH¯ ,fYAÌ»A ½¨¯ Ó¼§ ÂkBV»A ½ae AgG lÖBU Ë í ä ä ä å å å æ ä æ ä í ê

ä ä ê æ ä å å æ ä ä æ

ê ä

ê ê ê æ ê Ð

ä ä å ê ä ä ä

ê è ê ä

Ah¸Ç Ë ÂB«eâA ¹°I |z¨Í Á» Ë ij°Í Á» Ë ,BÈZN¯ Ë ÂÝ»A jn¸I |¨Í Á» Ë j°Í Á» :¾Ì´N¯ ä

Ð ä ê

æ ê

ð ä ê æ ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ê

æ ä æ ä ä ê æ ä ä

ê ì

ê æ ä ê ì ä ä æ ä ä ì ê ê ä æ

ä å å ä ä

.iBÀZÍ Ë jÀZÍ Ë j¨r´Í Á¸Y í æ ä ä

í ä æ ä ä

í ê ä æ ä å æ å

:ÒÀUjM [3.3] Idgham is disallowed in (forms) like: until: , Æef¿ Ë BÃef¿ Ë Pef¿ Æef¿C Ë ÆefÀM Ë ÆefÀÍ Ë ÁMef¿ − ä æ ä ä ä æ ä ä ä å æ ä ä ä æ å æ ä ä ä æ å æ ä ä ä æ å æ ä ä æ å æ ä ä

and . It is permissible when the Jussive particle is entered upon the singular verb. ÆefÀM Ü ä æ å æ ä

Then, if its second Original Letter is vowelled with Kasrah, as in: or vowelled with j°Í í ê ä

Fathah, as in: , then you say: and: , with the doubled-letter vowelled with |¨Í j°Í Á» |¨Í Á» ± í ä ä ð ê ä æ ä ì ä ä æ ä

Kasrah and Fathah. (Also proper) is: and: with the separation of the ij°Í Á» |z¨Í Á» ± æ ê

æ ä æ ä æ ä æ ä æ ä

contracted letters. Likewise, is the ruling with: . iBÀZÍ ,jÀZÍ ,j¨r´Í í æ ä í ä

æ ä í ê

ä æ ä

:`jq [3.3] In the past-tense verb, Idgham is required in the first five Seeghah and disallowed in the − remaining wherein the second and third Original Letters must be written separately as required by its pattern. In the present-tense verb, Idgham is disallowed only in the two forms of the Feminine −

Plural, as in: ( ). In the following chart, the instances wherein Idgham is required ( ) ÆefÀM ,ÆefÀÍ KUAË ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä − è ê and disallowed ( ) are indicated. The verb's original pattern is: : ªÌÄÀ¿ ½¨°Í ,½¨¯ è å æ ä å å æ ä ä ä

ÂB«e âA ªiBzÀ»A ½¨°»A ÂB«e âA ÏyBÀ»A ½¨°»A Ò¬Îv»A å æ ê ê

å æ ê å ä ð

KUAË fÀÍ KUAË f¿ (1 í å ä ì ä

KUAË ÆAfÀÍ KUAË Af¿ (2 ê ì í ä ì ä

KUAË ÆËfÀÍ KUAË AËf¿ (3 í å ä í ä

KUAË fÀM KUAË Pf¿ (4 í å ä æ ì ä

KUAË ÆAfÀM KUAË BMf¿ (5 ê ì å ä ì ä

ªÌÄÀ¿ ÆefÀÍ ªÌÄÀ¿ Æef¿ (6 ä æ å æ ä ä æ ä ä

KUAË fÀM ªÌÄÀ¿ Pef¿ (7 í å ä ä æ ä ä

KUAË ÆAfÀM ªÌÄÀ¿ BÀMef¿ (8 ê ì å ä å æ ä ä

KUAË ÆËfÀM ªÌÄÀ¿ ÁMef¿ (9 ä í å ä æ å æ ä ä

KUAË ÅÍfÀM ªÌÄÀ¿ Pef¿ (10 ä ð å ä ê æ ä ä

KUAË ÆAfÀM ªÌÄÀ¿ BÀMef¿ (11 ê ì å ä å æ ä ä

ªÌÄÀ¿ ÆefÀM ªÌÄÀ¿ ÁMef¿ (12 ä æ å æ ä æ å æ ä ä

KUAË f¿C ªÌÄÀ¿ Pef¿ (13 í å ä å æ ä ä

KUAË fÀÃ ªÌÄÀ¿ BÃef¿ (14 í å ä æ ä ä

The verb constructed for the object, meaning the Passive Voice Verb, is constructed based on the

original pattern: : ½¨°Í ,½¨¯ å ä æ å ä ê å

ÂB«e âA ªiBzÀ»A ½¨°»A ÂB«e âA ÏyBÀ»A ½¨°»A Ò¬Îv»A å æ ê ê å æ ê å ä ð

KUAË fÀÍ KUAË f¿ (1 í ä å ì å

KUAË ÆAfÀÍ KUAË Af¿ (2 ê ì ä å ì å

KUAË ÆËfÀÍ KUAË AËf¿ (3 í ä å í å

KUAË fÀM KUAË Pf¿ (4 í ä å æ ì å

KUAË ÆAfÀM KUAË BMf¿ (5 ê ì ä å ì å

ªÌÄÀ¿ ÆefÀÍ ªÌÄÀ¿ Æef¿ (6 ä æ ä æ å ä æ ê å

KUAË fÀM ªÌÄÀ¿ Pef¿ (7 í ä å ä æ ê å

KUAË ÆAfÀM ªÌÄÀ¿ BÀMef¿ (8 ê ì ä å å æ ê å

KUAË ÆËfÀM ªÌÄÀ¿ ÁMef¿ (9 ä í ä å æ å æ ê å

KUAË ÅÍfÀM ªÌÄÀ¿ Pef¿ (10 ä ð ä å ê æ ê å

KUAË ÆAfÀM ªÌÄÀ¿ BÀMef¿ (11 ê ì ä å å æ ê å

ªÌÄÀ¿ ÆefÀM ªÌÄÀ¿ ÁMef¿ (12 ä æ ä ä å æ å æ ê å

KUAË f¿C ªÌÄÀ¿ Pef¿ (13 í ä å å æ ê å

KUAË fÀÃ ªÌÄÀ¿ BÃef¿ (14 í ä å æ ê å

Whenever the present-tense Muda'af verb is governed by a Jussive particle, it becomes necessary ± −

to distinguish the Jussive state from the nominative state in which the verb is normally found. To distinguish the Jussive state, the end of the verb may be vowelled with either Kasrah or Fathah, as ± in: and: . Either vowel identifies the Jussive state (in this verb format). j°Í Á» Ë j°Í Á» |¨Í Á» Ë |¨Í Á» ì ê ä æ

ä ä ð ê ä æ ä ì ä ä æ ä ä ð ä ä æ ä

Also, in the case where a Muda'af verb is governed by a Jussive particle, it is permissible to ± −

separate the doubled-letters, as in: and . This separation is also permissible in the ij°Í Á» |z¨Í Á» æ ê æ ä æ ä æ ä æ ä æ ä

following groups of verbs: as in: . iBÀZÍ ,jÀZÍ ,j¨r´Í iiBÀZÍ Á» ,ijÀZÍ Á» ,ij¨r´Í Á» í æ ä í ä

æ ä í ê

ä æ ä æ ê æ ä æ ä æ ê ä æ ä æ ä æ ê ê

ä æ ä æ ä

L L L

:ÅN¿

fÀÍ Á» :¾Ì´N¯ ,É¸¯ Ë ÂB«eâA ©¿ TÝR»A PB·jZ»A kÌVÎ¯ ,B¿ÌÀz¿ ÉÄ¿ ÅÎ¨»A ÆB· ÆG Ë ì å ä æ ä å å ä ä ê ð ä ä

ê æ ê

ä ä å ì å ä ä å å ä ä ç å æ ä å æ ê å æ ä ä æ ê

ä

Ë ÂÝ»A jn¸I |§ Ë j¯ :¾Ì´N¯ ,j¿ÞA Á¸Y Ah¸Ç Ë .ÂB«eâA ¹°I efÀÍ Á» Ë ,¾Af»A PB·jZI ä ê ì

ê æ ä ê ì ä ä ð

ä å å ä ä ê æ

ä å æ å ä Ð ä

ê æ ê

ð ä ê

æ å æ ä æ ä ä ê ì ê ä ä ê

.ef¿C Ë ,¾Af»A PB·jZI f¿ Ë |z§G Ë ij¯G Ë ,BÈZN¯ æ å æ å ä ê ì ê ä ä ê

ì å ä æ ä æ ê

ä æ ê æ ê

ä ê æ ä

:¾Ì¨°À»A Ë .eAÌ¿ Ë PAeB¿ ,ÆBMeB¿ ,ÑeB¿ ,ÆËeB¿ ,ÆAeB¿ ,eB¿ :½§B°»A ÁmG Ï¯ ¾Ì´M Ë ê å æ ä ä ï ä è ì ê ì è ì ä í ê é ï

ê ê ê æ ê ê

å å ä ä

.iÌvÄÀ· eËfÀ¿ ë å æ ä ä è å æ ä

:ÒÀUjM [3.4] If the second Original Letter is vowelled with Dammah, then the three vowels are ± permissible with Idgham and with separation. Then, you'd say: with the Dal fÀÍ Á» − ì å ä æ ä −

vowelized and: with the separation of the contracted letters. efÀÍ Á» æ å æ ä æ ä

Likewise, is the ruling of the Command Verb. You'd say: and with the last consonant j¯ |§ ð ä ì ä

vowelled with Kasrah and Fathah. Also, there is: and: . (Also, there is): and: ij¯G |z§G f¿ ± æ ê

æ ê

æ ä æ ê

ì å

ef¿C with the vowelization of the letter Dal. æ å æ å −

In the Active Participle, you'd say: . The Passive eAÌ¿ Ë PAeB¿ ,ÆBMeB¿ ,ÑeB¿ ,ÆËeB¿ ,ÆAeB¿ ,eB¿ ï ä ä è ì ê ì è ì ä í ê é ï

Participle is: , like: . eËfÀ¿ iÌvÄ¿ è å æ ä è å æ ä

:`jq [3.4] Whenever the jussive verb has its second Original Letter vowelled with Dammah, it is ± permissible for the verb to be written with or without Idgham, as in: and: . Similarly, in fÀÍ Á» efÀÍ Á» − ì å ä æ ä æ å æ ä æ ä

the Command Verb, it is permissible to use Idgham or separate the letters, as in: . When f¿ ef¿C − ì å æ å æ å

using Idgham, all three vowels on the contracted letter are permitted, as in: . fÀÍ Á» ,fÀÍ Á» ,fÀÍ − ð å ä æ ä ì å ä æ ä í å ä

Notice that this form of the Command Verb ( ) with Idgham also resembles the Passive Voice f¿ ì å −

Verb. That being the case, it is also permissible to write the Command Verb as: , with the letter f¿ ð å Dal vowelled with either Fathah or Kasrah. Below is the conjugation of the Command Verb with − ± Idgham and without : −

Æef¿C ,Aef¿C ,ef¿C ,AËef¿C ,Aef¿C ,ef¿C Ë Æef¿C ,Af¿ ,Ðf¿ ,AËf¿ ,Af¿ ,f¿ ä æ å æ å å æ å ê å æ å å å æ å å æ å æ å æ å ä ä æ å æ å é å ð å í å é å ì å

Whenever the present-tense verb has its second Original Letter vowelled with either Fathah or ± Kasrah, the verb can be written as: or: (written with Fathah or Kasrah) and: or: ij¯G j¯ ,j¯ |z§G æ ê

æ ê ð ä ì ä ±

æ ä æ ê

|§ ,|§ (also written with Fathah or Kasrah), as in: ð ä ì ä ±

Æij¯G ,Ðij¯G ,AËij¯G ,Aij¯G ,ij¯G Ë Æij¯G ,Aj¯ ,Ðj¯ ,AËj¯ ,Aj¯ ,j¯ ä æ ê æ ê ê ê

æ ê å ê

æ ê ê

æ ê æ ê

æ ê ä

ä æ ê æ ê é ä ð ä í

ä é ä ð ä

Åzz§G ,|z§G ,AÌzz§G ,Bzz§G ,|z§G Ë Åzz§G ,Bz§ ,Ïz§ ,AÌz§ ,Bz§ ,|§ Ë ä æ ä æ ê ê ä æ ê

å ä æ ê ä æ ê

æ ä æ ê ä ä æ ä æ ê é ä ð ä í ä é ä ð ä

As mentioned, the verb form with Idgham can be written with either Kasrah or Fathah. Idgham is − ± −

disallowed in the sixth Seeghah, namely the Feminine Plural.

The Active Participle is on the pattern of: as in: , with the second and third Original Letter ½§B¯ eB¿ è ê ï

contracted:

eAÌ¿ Ë PAeB¿ ,ÆBMeB¿ ,ÑeB¿ ,ÆËeB¿ ,ÆAeB¿ ,eB¿ ï ä ä è ì ê ì è ì ä í ê é ï

The Passive Participle is on the pattern of: , as in: , with the second and third Original ¾Ì¨°¿ eËfÀ¿ è å æ ä è å æ ä Letters written separately:

PAeËfÀ¿ ,ÆBMeËfÀ¿ ,ÑeËfÀ¿ ,ÆËeËfÀ¿ ,ÆAeËfÀ¿ ,eËfÀ¿ fÍeBÀ¿ , å ê ä è å æ ä ê ä å æ ä è ä å æ ä ä å å æ ä ê å æ ä è å æ ä

L L L

½v¯

½N¨À»A í ä æ å

:ÅN¿

Ë .ÅÎ¼» Ë fÀ»A ²ËjY ÓÀnM Ë ±»ÞA Ë ÕFÎ»A Ë ËAÌ»A ÏÇ Ë Ò¼§ ²jY É»ÌuC fYC ÆB· B¿ ÌÇ ä ê æ ì ä ð ä å å å Ð ì ä å ä å ê

ä ä å ä å ä ê ä ë ì ê

ä æ ä ê ê å å å ä ä ä ä å

:Ò¨Jm É§AÌÃC Ë ,ÕFÍ ËC ËAË Å§ ÒJ¼´Ä¿ ÆÌ¸M h×ÄÎY ±»ÞA è ä æ ä å å æ ä ä ë æ ä ë æ ä è ä ê

ä æ å å å ä ë ê ä ê å

ê ä

:¾ËÞA å ì ä

ÕF°»A ½N¨À»A ê í ä æ å

.PB·jZ»A ¾BÀNYG Ï¯ \ÎZv»A ÉN¼QBÀÀ» ,¾BRÀ»A É» ¾B´Í ê ä ä ê ê æ ê ê ä ê ì ê ê ä ê å ê

å ê å ä å å

Êifv¿ Å¿ Ë ÅÎ¨»A jn¸I (½¨°Í) Ó¼§ ÆÌ¸Í Ðh»A ªiBzÀ»A ½¨°»A Å¿ ²hZN¯ ËAÌ»A B¿C ê ê ä æ ä æ ê ä ê æ

ä ê æ

ä ê

å ê æ ä

Ð

ä ä å å ä ê ì

ê ê å ê

æ ê ä ê å ä æ å ä å ì ä

:¾Ì´M É°ÍiBvM jÖBm Ï¯ Á¼nM Ë (Ò¼¨¯) Ó¼§ Ðh»A å å ä ê ê ê

ä ê ê ê å

ä æ å ä ë ä æ ê Ð

ä ä ê ì

.Ò´¿ ,μÀÍ ,μ¿Ë ¹»h· Ë f¨Í Ü Ë f§ Ë eÌ§Ì¿ ºAg Ë f§AË ÌÈ¯ ,Af§Ë Ë Ñf§ ,f¨Í ,f§Ë ç ä

ê å ê ä ä ê ä ä

ê Ð ä ä æ ê ä ä æ ê ä è å æ ä ä ä è ê ä å ä ç æ ä ä ç ä ê å ê ä ä ä ä

:ÒÀUjM SECTION

The Unsound Verb

[4.0] It is that one of its Original Letters is a Weak Letter, and they are: Waw, Ya and Alif. − −

They are named Huruf al-Madd or Huruf al-Layn. Alif at that time is converted from Waw − − −

or Ya. (The Unsound Verb) are of seven types: −

First: Mu'tall of the First Original Letter

It is termed Mithal due to its resemblance to the Sound Word in its ability to hold the −

(three) vowels.

As for Waw, it is elided from the present-tense verb which is on the pattern of ( ) with ½¨°Í − å

ê æ ä

the second Original Letter vowelled with Kasrah and from its Masdar which is on the ± pattern of ( ). It is sound in the remaining conjugations. You'd say: Ò¼¨¯ è ä æ ê

f¨Í Ü Ë f§ Ë eÌ§Ì¿ ºAg Ë f§AË ÌÈ¯ Af§Ë Ë Ñf§ ,f¨Í ,f§Ë æ ê ä ä æ ê ä è å æ ä ä ä è ê ä å ä ç ä ä ä ç ä ê å ê ä ä ä ä

Likewise is: . Ò´¿ ,μÀÍ ,μ¿Ë ç ä ê å ê ä ä ê ä

:`jq [4.0] The Unsound word ( ) is that word which has a Weak Letter, meaning Waw, Ya or Á»Bn»A jÎ« ê ê ì å æ ä − −

Alif, as one of its Original Letters. If the letter is a long vowel, it is termed or an Huruf al-Madd − elongated vowel. If it is a letter vowelled with one of the three short-vowels, it is termed Huruf −

al-Layn , meaning a flexible vowel. Often, Alif, meaning Alif Maqsurah ( ), results ÑiÌv´À»A ±»ÞA − å ä å æ ä å ê

ä

from the conversion of Waw or Ya in instances where there is ( ), meaning alteration or I'lal ¾Ý§G − − − è æ

ê Qalb ( ), meaning Conversion. K¼³ è æ ä

First: Mu'tall of the First Original Letter

When a Weak Letter occurs in the first Original Letter, it is termed Mithal due to its potential of − holding all three vowels, meaning Dammah, Fathah and Kasrah. ± ±

The first rule for the Mithal verb is that when Waw occurs as the first Original Letter, the Waw − − −

will be elided when the present-tense verb is on the pattern of ( ), as in: .The ½¨°Í f¨Í ,f§Ë å ê æ ä å ê ä ä ä ä

present-tense is actually on the pattern of ( ). Observe its patterns (mentioned in the text): ½¨Í å ê ä

( ) Past and present-tense patterns ( ). f¨Í ,f§Ë ªiBzÀ»A Ë ÏyBÀ»A ½¨°»A • å ê ä ä ä ä å ê å ä í ê

å æ ê

( ) Patterns of the Masdar ( ). Some verbs have more than one Masdar. Af§Ë ,Ñf§ ifvÀ»A • ç ä ä ç ä ê ±

å ä æ ä ±

( ) Pattern of the Active Participle ( ). f§AË ½§B°»A ÁmG • è ê ê ê å æ ê ( ) Pattern of the Passive Participle ( ). eÌ§Ì¿ ¾Ì¨°À»A ÁmG • è å æ ä ê å æ ä å æ ê ( ) Pattern of the Command Verb ( ). f§ jyBZ»A j¿ÞA • æ ê å ê å æ ä

( ) Pattern of the Verb of Prohibition ( ). f¨Í Ü ÒÎÇBÄ»A Ü • æ ê ä å ä ê ì

This arrangement of patterns is termed Sarf Sagheer ( ) as it lays out the word's jÎ¬v»A ²jv»A ± ± å ê ì å æ ì

patterns in a useful arrangement. Another verb is also mentioned ( ): Ò´¿ ,μÀÍ ,μ¿Ë ç ä ê å ê ä ä ê ä

μÀÍ Ü Ë μ¿ Ë ¶Ì¿Ì¿ ºAg Ë μ¿AË ÌÈ¯ Ò´¿ ,μÀÍ ,μ¿Ë æ ê ä ä æ ê ä è å æ ä ä ä è ê ä å ä ç ä ê å ê ä ä ê ä

L L L

:ÅN¿

.f§ÌÍ Á» :ÌZÃ ,Ò¯ËhZÀ»A ËAÌ»A PfÎ§C BÇf¨I B¿ Ñjn· O¼ÍkC AgH¯ æ ä å æ ä å æ ä å ä å æ ä å ê ä ê å ä æ ä å ä æ ä æ ä

ê å

ê ä

B¿ iBn¸ÃG Ë BÈÃÌ¸n» ,ÕFÍ ËAÌ»A OJ¼³ ,½VÍG ,½UÌÍ ,½UÌ· \N°»BI ½¨°Í Ï¯ OJRM Ë ê ê æ ê ä ê

å å ê ç å ê ä ê å æ ä æ

ê å ä æ ä ä

ê ä ä

ê æ ä

ê å ä æ ä ê å å

æ ä ä

.BÈ¼J³ ä æ ä

OJRM Ë ÕFÎ»BI KN¸M Ë ËAÌ»BI ¥°¼M ,½VÍG fÍk BÍ :¾Ì´N¯ ,ËAÌ»A PfÎ§C BÈ¼J³ B¿ ÁzÃG ÆH¯ å å æ ä ä ê ê å å æ ä ä ê ê

å ì ä ä æ ä ê

è æ ä å å ä ä å ê ä ê å ä æ ä ì ä æ ê

æ ê ä

.ÉUÌM Ü ,ÉUËC ,ÉUÌÍ ,ÉUÌ· ÅÎ¨»A ÁzI ½¨°Í Ï¯ æ å æ ä æ å æ å å å æ ä ä å ä ä ê æ ä ð ä ê

å å æ ä ê

\N°¯ ,jn¸»BI ½¨°Í ½uÞA Ï¯ BÈÃâ ,ªfÍ Ë ©´Í Ë ©nÍ Ë ©zÍ Ë ÕBñÍ Å¿ ËAÌ»A O¯hY Ë ä ê å ä

ê æ ä

ê å

ê æ ä

ê æ ä ê ì

ê ê å ä ä ä å ä ä ä å ä ä ä å ä ä ä å ä æ ê å ê

ä ê å ä

.ªfÍ ÓÄ¨ÀI ÉÃÌ¸» ihÍ Å¿ Ë μ¼Z»A ²ËjZ» ÅÎ¨»A å ä ä Ð

ä æ ä ê ê æ ä ê å

ä ä æ ê ä ê æ ä ê å å ê å æ ä

:ÒÀUjM [4.1] When the Kasrah (on the second Original Letter) is removed, that which follows the

elided Waw returns, as in: . The Waw is established in the pattern ( ) with Fathah, f§ÌÍ Á» ½¨°Í − æ ä å æ ä − å ä æ ä

±

as in: . The Waw (in the Command Verb) is converted to Ya due to its being ½VÍG ,½UÌÍ ,½UË æ ä ê å ä æ ä ä

ê ä − −

vowelless and that which is before (the Ya) is vowelled with Kasrah. −

If that which is before the Ya is added, the Waw returns. Then, you'd say: ½VÍG fÍk BÍ O Zaid! − − æ ä ê

è æ ä

Be afraid . It is pronounced with Waw and written with Ya. The second Original Letter − −

vowelled with Dammah is established in the pattern ( ), as in: . ½¨°Í ÉUÌM Ü ,ÉUËC ,ÉUÌÍ ,ÉUË ± å å æ ä æ å æ ä æ å å å å æ ä ä å ä

The Waw of ( ) are elided because its origin is ( ) with Kasrah. Then, ªfÍ ,©´Í ,©nÍ ,©zÍ ,ÕBñÍ ½¨°Í − å ä ä å ä ä å ä ä å ä ä å ä å ê æ ä

the second Original Letter is vowelled with Fathah due to being a Letter of the Throat ± ( ). (Also,) there is the verb ( ) due to its meaning of ( ). μ¼Z»A ²jYC ihÍ ªfÍ ê

æ ä å å æ ä å ä ä å ä ä

:`jq [4.1] When the Kasrah is removed from the pattern, as when the pattern is changed from the

Active to Passive Voice, the elided Waw returns to the pattern, as in: , observe the full f§ÌÍ ,f§Ë − å ä å ä ê å

conjugation below of the Active and Passive Voice Verbs:

Ñf§ ,f¨Í ,f§Ë ½§B°»A jyBZ»A j¿ ÞA ªiBzÀ»A ½¨°»A ÏyBÀ»A ½¨°»A Ò¬Îv»A å

ê å ê å æ ä å ê å å æ ê ê

å æ ê å ä ð ç ä ê å ê ä ä ä ä

(ÂÌ¼¨À»A) ÌÇ f¨Í f§Ë (1 ä å å ê ä ä ä ä å å æ ä

BÀÇ ÆAf¨Í Af§Ë (2 å ê ê ä ä ä

ÁÇ ÆËf¨Í AËf§Ë (3 æ å ä å ê ä å ä ä

ÏÇ f¨M Pf§Ë (4 ä ê å ê ä æ ä ä ä

BÀÇ ÆAf¨M BMf§Ë (5 å ê ê ä ä ä ä

ÅÇ Æf¨Í Æf§Ë (6 ì å ä æ ê ä ä æ ä ä

OÃC f§ f¨M Pf§Ë (7 ä æ ä æ ê å ê ä ä æ ä ä

BÀNÃC Af§ ÆAf¨M BÀMf§Ë (8 å æ ä ê ê ê ä å æ ä ä

ÁNÃC AËf§ ÆËf¨M ÁMf§Ë (9 æ å æ ä å ê ä å ê ä æ å æ ä ä

OÃC Ðf§ ÅÍf¨M Pf§Ë (10 ê æ ä ê ê ä ê ê ä ê æ ä ä

BÀNÃC Af§ ÆAf¨M BÀMf§Ë (11 å æ ä ê ê ê ä å æ ä ä

ÅNÃC Æf§ Æf¨M ÅMf§Ë (12 ì å æ ä ä æ ê ä æ ê ä ì å æ ä ä

BÃC f§C Pf§Ë (13 ä å ê

ä å æ ä ä

ÅZÃ f¨Ã BÃf§Ë (14 å æ ä å ê ä æ ä ä

f§ÌÍ ,f§Ë ½§B°»A ªiBzÀ»A ½¨°»A ÏyBÀ»A ½¨°»A Ò¬Îv»A å

ê å ê å å æ ê ê

å æ ê å ä ð å ä å ä ê å

¾ÌÈVÀ»A) ÌÇ f§ÌÍ f§Ë (1 ( ä å å ä å ä ê å å å æ ä

BÀÇ ÆAf§ÌÍ Af§Ë (2 å ê ä å ê å

ÁÇ ÆËf§ÌÍ AËf§Ë (3 æ å ä å ä å å ê å

ÏÇ Æf§ÌÍ Pf§Ë (4 ä ê ä æ ä å æ ä ê å

BÀÇ ÆAf§ÌM BMf§Ë (5 å ê ä å ä ê å

ÅÇ Æf§ÌÍ Æf§Ë (6 ì å ä æ ä å ä æ ê å

OÃC f§ÌM Pf§Ë (7 ä æ ä å ä å ä æ ê å

BÀNÃC ÆAf§ÌM BÀMf§Ë (8 å æ ä ê ä å å æ ê å

ÁNÃC ÆËf§ÌM ÁMf§Ë (9 æ å æ ä ä å ä å æ å æ ê å

OÃC ÅÍf§ÌM Pf§Ë (10 ê æ ä ä ê ä å ê æ ê å

BÀNÃC ÆAf§ÌM BÀMf§Ë (11 å æ ä ê ä å å æ ê å

ÅNÃC Æf§ÌM ÅMf§Ë (12 ì å æ ä ä æ ä å ì å æ ê å

BÃC f§ËC Pf§Ë (13 ä å ä å å æ ê å

ÅZÃ f§ÌÃ BÃf§Ë (14 å æ ä å ä å æ ê å

When the verb is on the pattern of ( ), the Waw is retained in the pattern, as in: ½¨°Í å ä æ ä −

½UÌM Ü Ë ½VÍG Ë ½UAË ÌÈ¯ ÝUË ½UÌÍ ,½UË æ ä æ ä ä æ ä ê ä è

ê ä å ä ç ä ä å ä æ ä ä ê ä

In the Command Verb, because the verb is one the pattern of ( ), the original construction is ½¨¯G æ ä æ ê ( ). This construction, however, is considered cumbersome ( ). Therefore, the letter Waw is ½UËG ½Î´Q æ ä æ ê

è ê ä −

converted to Ya ( ) which agrees with the preceding vowel on the Hamzah, meaning Kasrah, ½VÍG − ½ æ ä ê

and is easier to pronounce. Due to the fact that this verb is intransitive, it does not have a form for the Passive Voice Verb nor the Passive Participle.

When the verb is on the pattern of ( ), the Waw is also retained in the pattern, as in: ½¨°Í å å æ ä −

ÉUÌM Ü Ë ÉUËC Ë ÊÌUÌ¿ ºAg Ë ÉUAË ÌÈ¯ ÒÇBUË Ë ÉUÌÍ ,ÉUË æ å æ ä ä æ å å ä è å æ ä ä ä è ê ä å ä ç ä ä ä å å æ ä ä å ä

Verbs comprised of one of the Letters of the Throat (1.3), will be found on the pattern of as ( ), ½¨°Í å ä æ ä

in:

©zM Ü Ë ©y Ë ªÌyÌ¿ ºAg Ë ©yAË ÌÈ¯ B¨yË ©zÍ ©yË æ ä ä ä æ ä ä è å æ ä ä ä è ê ä å ä ç æ ä å ä ä ä ä ä

The verb ( ) is an exception to the rule due to having the same meaning as the verb ( ihÍ ,igË ,ªeË å ä ä ä ä ä ä ä ä

ªfÍ ). å ä ä

L L L

:ÅN¿

½· Ó¼§ OJRN¯ ÕFÎ»A B¿C Ë .ËAË ÉÃC Ó¼§ ½Î»e ÕF°»A ²hY Ë .ihÍ Ë ªfÍ ÏyB¿ AÌMB¿C Ë ð ä Ð

ä ä å å æ ä ä å ì ä ä è å ì ä Ð

ä ä è ê ä ê å æ ä ä å ä ä ä å ä ä ä ê å ä ä

.o×ÎÍ ,o×Í Ë jnÎÍ ,jnÍ Ë ÅÀÎÍ ,ÅÀÍ :ÌZÃ ,¾BY å ä æ ä ä ê ä ä å ä æ ä ä ä ä ä å å æ ä ä å ä å æ ä ë

BÈÃÌ¸n» AËAË BÀÈÎ¯ ÕFÎ»A K¼´M .jmÌ¿ ÌÈ¯ AiBnÍG ,jmÌÍ jnÍC :ÕFÎ»A Å¿ ½¨¯C Ï¯ ¾Ì´M Ë ê å å ê

ç ê ê ä å ê

æ ä è ê å ä å ä ç ê å ê å ä ä æ ä

ê ä ê ä ä æ ä ê

å å ä ä

.BÈ¼J³ B¿ ÂBÀzÃG Ë ä æ ä

ê ê æ ê ä

,jnMG Ë f¨N¿ ÌÈ¯ f¨NÍ ,f¨MG :ÌZÃ ,ÕFN»A Ï¯ ÆBÀ«fM Ë ÕFM ÆBJ¼´M BÀÈÄ¿ ½¨N¯G Ï¯ Ë ä ä ì ê ä è ê ì å ä å

ä å ê ì ä ä ä ì ê å æ ä ê ì ê ê

ä æ å ä ç ê ä æ å å æ ê

ä ä ä æ ê ê ä

jnMBÍ ,jnNÍC Ë .f¨MÌ¿ ºAg Ë f¨MÌ¿ ÌÈ¯ f¨MBÍ ,f¨NÍG :¾B´Í Ë .jnN¿ ÌÈ¯ AiBnMG ,jnNÍ å ê ä ä ä ä æ ä ä è ä ä æ å ä ä å ê ä æ å ä å

ä å ê ä ä ä ä æ ê

å å ä è ê ì å ä å ä ç ð

ê å ê ì ä

.ÉÎ¯ jnMÌ¿ ÆB¸¿ AhÇ Ë jnMÌ¿ ÌÈ¯ ê ê è ä ä å è ä Ð ä è ê ä æ å ä å ä

.|z§H· efÍG :¾Ì´M Ë |¨Í |§ Á¸Z· eÌÍ ,eË Á¸Y Ë æ ä æ

ê ä æ ä

ê å å ä ä í ä ä ì ä

ê æ å ä

í ä ä ì ä å æ å ä

:ÒÀUjM [4.2] the verb is (in the meaning of) the past-tense of .The elision of the first AÌMB¿C ihÍ ,ªfÍ å ä å ä ä å ä ä

Original Letter is an indicator that it was originally Waw. Regarding the Ya, it is − − ½

established in every situation, as in: . o×ÎÍ ,o×Í Ë jnÎÍ ,jnÍ Ë ÅÀÎÍ ,ÅÀÍ å ä æ ä ä ê ä ä å ä æ ä ä ä ä å å æ ä ä å ä

You'd say in the pattern ( ) with Ya ½¨¯C ä ä æ ä − ½

jmÌ¿ ÌÈ¯ AiBmG ,jmÌÍ ,jnÍC è ê å ä å ä ç ê å ê å ä ä æ ä

In both the present-tense and Active Participle, the Ya is converted to Waw due to its − ½ −

being Sakin and its inclusion of that which is before it. −

In the pattern ( ) both (the past and present-tense), the Waw and Ta are converted to ½¨N¯G ä ä ä æ ê − − ½

Ta and the two letters Ta are contracted into one letter, as in: − − ½

jnN¿ ÌÈ¯ AiBnMG ,jnNÍ ,jnMG Ë f¨N¿ ÌÈ¯ f¨NÍ ,f¨MG è ê ì å ä å ä ç ð ê å ê ì ä ä ä ì ê ä è ê ì å ä å ä å ê ì ä ä ä ì ê

Also (permissible are):

jnMÌ¿ ÌÈ¯ jnMBÍ ,jnNÍC Ë f¨MÌ¿ ºAg Ë f¨MÌ¿ ÌÈ¯ f¨MBÍ ,f¨NÍG è ê ä å ä å ä å ê ä ä ä ä æ ä è ä ä å ä ä è ê ä å ä å ä å ê ä ä ä ä ê This is the Noun of Place of . jnMÌ¿ è ä ä å

The ruling of ( ) is like the ruling of ( ), you'd say: like: . eÌÍ ,eË |¨Í ,|§ efÍG |z§G í ä ä ì ä í ä ä ì ä æ ä ê

æ ä æ ê

:`jq [4.2] The verb ( ) is used in the meaning of the past-tense of the verbs , as in: AÌMB¿C ihÍ ,ªfÍ OÎÀÍ ,PB¿C å ä å ä ä å ä ä å ê å ä ä

due to the similarity in meanings. In this category of verb, the elision of the first Original Letter itself is an indication that the elided letter is Waw as only the Waw elided in the previously − − mentioned patterns.

Regarding the Mithal verb with Ya, the Ya is present in all of its forms, as in: − − −

o×ÎÍ o×Í Ë jnÎÍ ,jnÍ Ë ÅÀÎÍ ,ÅÀÍ å ä æ ä ä ê ä ä å ä æ ä ä ä ä ä å å æ ä ä å ä

More specifically: .

o×ÎM Ü Ë o×ÍG Ë pËÛÎ¿ ºAg Ë oÖBÍ ÌÈ¯ pDÍ Ë o×ÎÍ ,o×Í æ ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ê ä è å æ ä ä ä è ê ä å ä è æ ä å ä æ ä ä ê ä

On the pattern of ( ), the Mithal with Ya is as follows: ½¨¯C ä ä æ ä − −

jmÌM Ü Ë jnÍC Ë jmÌ¿ ÌÈ¯ AiBnÍG Ë jmÌÍ ,jnÍC æ ê å ä æ ê æ ä ä è ê å ä å ä ç æ ê ä å ê å ä ä æ ä

In the forms of the present-tense, the Active Participle and others, the Ya must be converted to − Waw which is more appropriate for the vowel on the consonant preceding it, meaning the − Dammah. ±

A characteristic of Verbs on the pattern of ( ) is that the letter Waw will be changed to Ta and ½¨N¯G ä ä ä æ ê − −

both letters are then contracted into one written with Shaddah, as in:

f¨NM Ü Ë f¨MG Ë f¨N¿ ÌÈ¯ eB¨MG Ë f¨NÍ ,f¨MG æ ê ì ä ä æ ä ì ê ä è ê ì å ä å ä è ð ê ä

å ê ì ä ä ä ì ê

Verbs on the pattern of ( ) without Idgham is as follows: ½¨N¯G ä ä ä æ ê −

jnMBM Ü Ë jnMBÍ Ë jnMÌ¿ ÌÈ¯ Ë jnMBÍ ,jnNÍG æ ê ä ä ä æ ê ä ä è ê ä å ä å ä ä å ê ä ä ä ä ä æ ê

It is mentioned in the text that ( ) is the Noun of Place, meaning: ÉÎ¯ jnMÌ¿ A place of ê ê è ä ä å

complacency .

Observe the full conjugation of the following verbs:

jnMBÍ ,jnNÍG f¨NÍ f¨MG ,jmÌÍ ,jnÍC å ê ä ä ä ä æ ê å ê ì ä ä ä ð ê å ê å ä ä æ ä

AiBnÍG jmÌÍ ,jnÍC ½§B°»A jyBZ»A j¿ ÞA ªiBzÀ»A ½¨°»A ÏyBÀ»A ½¨°»A Ò¬Îv»A å


å æ ê å ä ð ç

ê å ê å ä ä æ

ä

ÌÇ jmÌÍ jnÍC (1 ä å å ê å ä ä æ ä

BÀÇ ÆAjmÌÍ AjnÍC (2 å ê ê å ä æ ä

ÁÇ ÆËjmÌÍ AËjnÍC (3 æ å ä å ê å å ä æ ä

ÏÇ jmÌM PjnÍC (4 ä ê å ê å æ ä ä æ ä

BÀÇ ÆAjmÌM BMjnÍC (5 å ê ê å ä ä æ ä

ÅÇ ÆjmÌÍ ÆjnÍC (6 ì å ä æ ê å ä æ ä æ ä

OÃC jnÍC jmÌM PjnÍC (7 ä æ ä æ ê æ ä å ê å ä æ ä æ ä

BÀNÃC AjnÍC ÆAjmÌM BÀMjnÍC (8 å æ ä ê æ ä

ê ê å å æ ä æ ä

ÁNÃC AËjnÍC ÆËjmÌM ÁMjnÍC (9 æ å æ ä å ê æ ä ä å ê å æ å æ ä æ ä

OÃC ÐjnÍC ÅÍjmÌM PjnÍC (10 ê æ ä ê ê æ

ä ä ê ê å ê æ ä æ

ä

BÀNÃC AjnÍC ÆAjmÌM BÀMjnÍC (11 å æ ä ê æ ä

ê ê å å æ ä æ ä

ÅNÃC ÆjnÍC ÆjmÌM ÅMjnÍC (12 ì å æ ä ä æ ê æ ä ä æ ê å ì å æ ä æ ä

BÃC jmËC PjnÍC (13 ä å ê

å å æ ä æ ä

ÅZÃ jmÌÃ BÃjnÍC (14 å æ ä å ê å æ ä æ ä

AeB¨MG ,f¨NÍ ,f¨MG ½§B°»A jyBZ»A j¿ ÞA ªiBzÀ»A ½¨°»A ÏyBÀ»A ½¨°»A Ò¬Îv»A å


å æ ê å ä ð ç ð

ê å ê ì ä ä ä ì

ê

ÌÇ f¨NÍ f¨MG (1 ä å å ê ì ä ä ä ì ê BÀÇ ÆAf¨NÍ Af¨MG (2 å ê ê ì ä ä ì ê ÁÇ ÆËf¨NÍ AËf¨MG (3 æ å ä å ê ì ä å ä ì ê ÏÇ f¨NM Pf¨MG (4 ä ê å ê ì ä æ ä ä ì ê BÀÇ ÆAf¨NM BMf¨MG (5 å ê ê ì ä ä ä ì ê ÅÇ Æf¨NÍ Æf¨MG (6 ì å ä æ ê ì ä ä æ ä ì ê OÃC f¨MG f¨NM Pf¨MG (7 ä æ ä æ ê ì ê

å ê ì ä ä æ ä ì ê BÀNÃC Af¨MG ÆAf¨NM BÀMf¨MG (8 å æ ä ê ì ê ê ê ì ä å æ ä ì ê ÁNÃC AËf¨MG ÆËf¨NM ÁMf¨MG (9 æ å æ ä å ê ì ê

ä å ê ì ä æ å æ ä ì ê OÃC Ðf¨MG ÅÍf¨NM Pf¨MG (10 ê æ ä ê ê ì ê ä ê ê ì ä ê æ ä ì ê

BÀNÃC Af¨MG ÆAf¨NM BÀMf¨MG (11 å æ ä ê ì ê ê ê ì ä å æ ä ì ê ÅNÃC Æf¨MG Æf¨NM ÅMf¨MG (12 ì å æ ä ä æ ê ì ê

ä æ ê ì ä ì å æ ä ì ê BÃC f¨MC Pf¨MG (13 ä å ê ì

ä å æ ä ì ê ÅZÃ f¨NÃ BÃf¨MG (14 å æ ä å ê ì ä æ ä ì ê

AeB¨NÍG ,f¨MBÍ ,f¨NÍG ½§B°»A jyBZ»A j¿ ÞA ªiBzÀ»A ½¨°»A ÏyBÀ»A ½¨°»A Ò¬Îv»A å



ê ê å ê ä ä ä ä

ê ÌÇ f¨MBÍ f¨NÍG (1 ä å å ê ä ä ä ä æ ê

BÀÇ ÆAf¨MBÍ Af¨NÍG (2 å ê ê ä ä ä ä æ ê ÁÇ ÆËf¨MBÍ AËf¨NÍG (3 æ å ä å ê ä å ä ä æ ê ÏÇ f¨MBM Pf¨NÍG (4 ä ê å ê ä æ ä ä ä æ ê BÀÇ ÆAf¨MBM BMf¨NÍG (5 å ê ê ä ä ä ä æ ê ÅÇ Æf¨MBM Æf¨NÍG (6 ì å ä æ ê ä æ ä ä ê OÃC f¨NÍG f¨MBM Pf¨NÍG (7 ä æ ä æ ê ä ê

å ê ä ä æ ä ä ê BÀNÃC Af¨NÍG ÆAf¨MBM BÀMf¨NÍG (8 å æ ä ê ä æ ê ê ê ä å æ ä ä ê ÁNÃC AËf¨NÍG ÆËf¨MBM ÁMf¨NÍG (9 æ å æ ä å ê ä ê

ä å ê ä æ å æ ä ä ê OÃC Ðf¨NÍG ÅÍf¨MBM Pf¨NÍG (10 ê æ ä ê ê ä æ ê ä ê ê ä ê æ ä ä ê

BÀNÃC Af¨NÍG ÆAf¨MBM BÀMf¨NÍG (11 å æ ä ê ä æ ê ê ê ä å æ ä ä ê ÅNÃC Æf¨NÍG Æf¨MBM ÅMf¨NÍG (12 ì å æ ä ä æ ê ä æ ê

ä æ ê ä ì å æ ä ä ê BÃC f¨ME Pf¨NÍG (13 ä å ê ä å æ ä ä ê

ÅZÃ f¨NÃ BÃf¨NÍG (14 å æ ä å ê ä ä æ ä ä ê

:ÅN¿

:ÏÃBR»A

ÅÎ¨»A ½N¨À»A ê æ ä í ä æ å ,¹n°Ã Å§ PjJaC AgG ²jYC ÒQÝQ Ó¼§ ÉÎyB¿ ÆÌ¸» ,ÒQÝR»A Ëg Ë ²ÌUÞA É» ¾B´Í Ë ä

ê æ ä æ ä ä æ ä æ

ä ê ë å æ

ä ê ä ä

Ð

ä ä ê ê ê æ ä ê ê

ä ì å ä å ä æ ä å ä å å ä

,BÀÈ¼J³ B¿ `BN°ÃG Ë BÀÈ·jZN» ,ÕFÍ ËC AËAË ÆB· ÕAÌm B°»C ÏyBÀ»A Ï¯ ÉÄÎ§ K¼´M ejVÀ»B¯ ê ê æ ä

ê ê æ ê ä ê ê í

ä ä ê ç æ ä ç ä ç ä ç ê ä ð ê ê å å æ ä å

ä æ å å ì ä å ä

.ªBI Ë ÆBu :ÌZÃ ä ä ä å æ ä

Ó»G ÐËAÌ»A Å¿ ½¨¯ ½´Ã ÒJÖB¬»A SÃÛÀ»A ©ÀU ËC K�BbÀ»A ËC Á¼¸NÀ»A jÎÀy ½vMG ÆH¯ Ð

ä ê ê ä ê

ä ä ä ä ê å ê ä ê ê ì ä å ê æ ä æ ä ê

ä å ê ä

ê ð ä ä å å ê ä ä ä ì

ê æ ê ä

O¼´Ã Ë ÅÎÎ¼uC BÃB· AgG ½¨¯ Ü Ë ½¨¯ jÎ¬Í Á» Ë BÀÈÎ¼§ Ò»Üe ½¨¯ Ó»G ÏÖFÎ»A Å¿ Ë ½¨¯ ê ä ê å ä ê æ ì ê

æ ä ê ä

ê ä ä ä å ä æ ì ä å æ ä ä ê æ

ä ä ç ä ê ä

ê ä Ð

ä ê ê ä ê ä ä å ä

:¾ÌŃ¯ .ÅÎÄ·Bn»A ÕBŃ»â ÅÎ¨»A ²hYË ÕF°»A Ó»G Ñjn¸»A Ë ÒÀz»A å å ä ä

ê æ ä ê ì ê ê

æ ê

å æ ä ä ê å ä ê Ð

ä ê å ä æ ä ä å ì ì

,ÅNÄu ,BÀNÄu ,OÄu ,ÁNÄu ,BÀNÄu ,OÄu ,Åu ,BNÃBu ,OÃBu ,AÌÃBu ,BÃBu ,ÆBu ì å æ å å æ å ê æ å æ å æ å å æ å ä æ å ì å ä æ ä å ä

.BÄu ,OÄu ì å å æ å

.BÄÏ ,OÏ ,ÅNÏ ,BÀNÏ ,OÏ ,ÁNÏ ,BÀNÏ ,OÏ ,ÅÏ ,BN§BI ,O§BI ,AÌ§BI ,B§BI ,ªBI æ ê

å æ ê ì å æ ê

å æ ê ê æ

ê æ å æ ê å æ

ê ä æ

ê ä æ

ê ä æ ä å ä

:ÒÀUjM The Second

Mu'tall of the Second Original Letter

[4.3] It is termed Ajwaf, possessor of three letters due to its past-tense being based on

three letters whenever it conveys information about itself. The Primary Verb (Mujarrad)

converts its second Original Letter to Alif, regardless whether it was (originally) Waw or −

Ya, due to their vowel and the (preceding consonant) being vowelled with Fathah, as in: − ± ªBI ,ÆBu . If the pronoun of the first-person, second-person or third-person Feminine Plural ä ä

is attached, its pattern is changed from ( ) to ( ). In (Ajwaf with Ya), it is changed to ½¨¯ ½¨¯ ä ä ä ä å ä −

( ), giving indication upon the two. The patterns are not altered when ( ) and ( ) ½¨¯ ½¨¯ ½¨¯ ä ê ä

ä å ä ä ê ä

were their origins.

The Dammah and Kasrah are transferred to the first Original Letter and the second ± Original Letter is elided due to two Sakin letters meeting, you'd say: −

BÄu ,OÄu ,ÅNÄu ,BÀNÄu ,OÄu ,ÁNÀu ,BÀNÄu ,OÄu ,Åu ,BNÃBu ,OÃBu ,AÌÃBu ,BÃBu ,ÆBu ì å å æ å ì å æ å å æ å ê æ å æ å æ å å æ å ä æ å ì å ä æ ä å ä

BÄÏ ,OÏ ,ÅNÏ ,BÀNÏ ,OÏ ,ÁNÏ ,BÀNÏ ,OÏ ,ÅÏ ,BN§BI ,O§BI ,AÌ§BI ,B§BI ,ªBI æ ê å æ ê ì å æ ê

å æ ê ê æ ê æ å æ ê å æ ê

ä æ ê ä æ ê ä æ ä å ä

:`jq [4.3] Verbs whose second Original Letter is a Weak letter are termed Ajwaf. Characteristic of this group of verbs is the conversion of second Original Letter to Alif in the past-tense, whether it was originally Waw or Alif. The reason that this conversion takes place is to make it appropriate for − the vowel Fathah on the first consonant. It is also a characteristic of most Weak Letters that they ± are unable to hold their own vowel in most instances and are generally converted for the sake of agreement with the preceding consonant. For example, the origin of the two verbs from the

examples are ( ) and ( ), the first being on the pattern of ( ) and the second on the ÆÌu ©ÎI ½¨°Í ,½¨¯ å å æ ä ä ä ä

pattern of ( ). In both instances of the past-tense, the Weak Letter is converted to Alif ½¨°Í ,½¨¯ å ê æ ä

ä ä ä

which is appropriate for the preceding consonant which is vowelled with Fathah, resulting in: ± ªBI ,ÆBu . ä ä

Whenever the pronoun of the subject ( ) is attached to the verb form (in the Ï¼§B°»A jÎÀz»A ê ê å ê ì

first-person, second-person and third person feminine plural), the Weak Letter Alif is elided in order to prevent the meeting of two Sakin letters. The vowel in the pattern, which was originally −

on the second Original Letter, is transferred to the preceding letter, as in: . OÏ ,OÄu å æ ê å æ å

L L L

:ÅN¿

©ÎI Ë .K¼´»A Ë ½´Ä»BI É»ÝN§G Ë ÅÎu :O¼´¯ ,©ÎÀV»A Å¿ ÕF°»A Pjn· ¾Ì¨°À¼» ÉNÎÄI AgG Ë ä ê ä ê

æ ä ä ê æ ì

ê å å ê æ ê

ä ä ê ä æ å ä ê ê ä ä ê ä ä æ ä ä ê å æ ä æ ê å ä æ ä ä ê

ä

LBÈÍ Ë ²BbÍ Ë .½´Ä»BI BÀÈ»ÝN§G Ë ©ÎJÍ Ë ÆÌvÍ :ªiBzÀ»A Ï¯ ¾Ì´M Ë .½´Ä»BI É»ÝN§A Ë å ä ä å ä ä ê æ ì

ê å å ê æ ê

ä å ê ä ä å å ä

ê ê å ê

å å å ä ê æ ì

ê å å ê æ ä

.K¼´»A Ë ½´Ä»BI BÀÈ»ÝN§G Ë ê æ ä ä ê

æ ì ê

å å ê æ ê ä

:ÒÀUjM [4.4] When constructed for the object (Passive Voice), the verb is vowelled with Kasrah in

all patterns, you'd say: . It is transformed through shifting (the vowel ahead) and ÅÎu ä ê conversion. The verb ( ) is transformed by shifting the vowel (forward). ©ÎI ä ê

In the present-tense, you'd say: . Their transformation occurs due to shifting the ©ÎJÍ ,ÆÌvÍ å ê ä å å ä

vowel ahead. The verbs ( ) and ( ), their transformation is due to shifting the vowel ²BbÍ LBÈÍ å ä å ä

and conversion.

:`jq [4.4] The forms of the Passive Voice Verb are mentioned in saying that the (past-tense) verb is vowelled with Kasrah in all patterns, meaning that the first letter (in the Primary Verb) is vowelled with Kasrah. As mentioned in the previous section, the vowel on the letter preceding the Weak Letter determines the conversion of the Weak Letter. Since the first letter is vowelled with Kasrah, the Weak Letter is converted to Ya since it is most appropriate for the Kasrah preceding −

it, as in: . The first ( ), is altered by shifting the vowel on the second Original Letter ©ÎI ,ÅÎu ÅÎu ä ê ä ê ä ê forward and converting that same letter to Ya. The second verb ( ) is altered only by shifting its ©ÎI − ä ê vowel forward as its second Original Letter is Ya due to being on the pattern of ( ) in the ½¨°Í −

å ê æ ä

Active Voice. the conjugation of both verbs is as follows for the past-tense:

BÄu ,OÄu ,ÅNÄu ,BÀNÄu ,OÄu ,ÁNÄu ,BÀNÄu ,OÄu ,Åu ,BNÄÎu ,OÄÎu ,AÌÄÎu ,BÄÎu ,ÅÎu ì ê å æ ê ì å æ ê å æ ê ê æ ê æ å æ ê å æ ê ä æ ê ì ê ä ê æ ä ê å ê ê ä ê

BÄÏ ,OÏ ,ÅNÏ ,BÀNÏ ,OÏ ,ÁNÏ ,BÀNÏ ,OÏ ,ÅÏ ,BN¨ÎI ,O¨ÎI ,AÌ¨ÎI ,B¨ÎI ,©ÎI æ ê å æ ê ì å æ ê

å æ ê ê æ ê æ å æ ê å æ ê

ä æ ê ä æ ê ä ê æ ä ê å ê ê ä ê

The present-tense Active Voice Verb is formed by shifting the vowel on the second Original

Letter to the first Original Letter in the Primary Verb, as in: , on the patterns of ( ) and ©ÎJÍ ,ÆÌvÍ ½¨°Í å ê ä å å ä å å æ ä

( ), respectively. Observe the full conjugation below: ½¨°Í å ê æ ä

ÆÌvÃ ,ÆÌuC ,ÅvM ,ÆBÃÌvM ,ÅÎÃÌvM ,ÆÌÃÌvM ,ÆBÃÌvM ,ÆÌvM ,ÅvÍ ,ÆBÃÌvM ,ÆÌvM ,ÆÌÃÌvÍ ,ÆBÃÌvÍ ,ÆÌvÍ å å ä å å ä ì å ä ê å ä ä ê å ä ä å å ä

ê å ä å å ä ì å ä ê

å ä å å ä ä å å ä ê

å ä å å ä

©ÎJÃ ,©ÎIC ,Å¨JM ,ÆB¨ÎJM ,ÅÎ¨ÎJM ,ÆÌ¨ÎJM ,ÆB¨ÎJM ,©ÎJM ,Å¨JM ,ÆB¨ÎJM ,©ÎJM ,ÆÌ¨ÎJÍ ,ÆB¨ÎJÍ ,©ÎJÍ å ê ä å ê

ä ä æ ê ä ê ê

ä ä ê ê ä ä å ê

ä ê ê ä å ê

ä ä æ ê ä ê ê

ä å ê ä ä å ê ä ê ê ä å ê ä

Verbs on the pattern of ( ) are formed by shifting the vowel on the second Original Letter to the ½¨°Í å ä æ ä first and converting the second Original Letter to Alif which is appropriate for the first letter, as

in: . Observe the full conjugation: LBÈÍ ,²BbÍ å ä å ä

²BbÃ ,²BaC ,Å°bM ,ÆB¯BbM ,ÅÎ¯BbM ,ÆÌ¯BbM ,ÆB¯BbM ,²BbM ,Å°bÍ ,ÆB¯BbM ,²BbM ,ÆÌ¯BbÍ ,ÆB¯BbÍ ,²BbÍ å ä å ä ä æ ä ä

ê ä ä ê

ä ä å ä ê

ä å ä ä æ ä ä ê

ä å ä ä å ä ê

ä å ä

L L L

:ÅN¿

Á» ,ÅvÍ Á» :¾Ì´M Ë .ºjZM AgG OJRM Ë Êf¨I B¿ Å¸m AgG ÅÎ¨»A ¡´nÎ¯ ,ÂkBV»A ½afÍ Ë æ ä æ å ä æ ä å å ä ä ä ì ä ä ê

å å æ ä ä å ä æ ä ä ä ä ê å æ ä å å æ ä ä å ê

å å æ ä ä

.ÊjaE Ó»G ÅvÍ Á» ,BÃÌvM Á» ,ÅvM Á» ,AÌÃÌvÍ Á» ,BÃÌvÍ ê ê ê Ð

ä ê ì å ä æ ä å ä æ ä æ å ä æ ä å å ä æ ä å ä

.AÌ¯BbÍ Á» ,B¯BbÍ Á» ,±bÍ Á» Ë AÌ¨ÎJÍ Á» ,B¨ÎJÍ Á» ,©JÍ Á» pBÎ³ Ah· Ë å ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ä ä å

ê ä æ ä ê

ä æ ä æ ê ä æ ä å ê

ä ä

.Åu ,BÃÌu ,ÏÃÌu ,AÌÃÌu ,BÃÌu ,Åu :ÌZÃ ,j¿ÞA ÉÎ¼§ o³ Ë ì å å ê å å å å æ å å æ ä ä æ ä

ê æ ä ä æ ê ä

:ÒÀUjM [4.5] (Whenever) a Jussive Particle is entered (upon a present-tense verb), its second

Original Letter is dropped when the consonant before its end is Sakin. (The second −

Original Letter) remains when the (subsequent consonant) is vowelled. You'd say:

ÊjaE Ó»G ÅvM Á» ,BÃÌvM Á» ,ÅvM Á» ,AÌÃÌvÍ Á» ,BÃÌvÍ Á» ,ÅvÍ Á» ê ê ê Ð

ä ê ì å ä æ ä å ä æ ä æ å ä æ ä å å ä æ ä å ä æ ä æ å ä æ ä

Likewise, you can make analogies:

AÌ¯BbÍ Á» ,B¯BbÍ Á» ,±bÍ Á» Ë AÌ¨ÎJÍ Á» ,B¨ÎJÍ Á» ,©JÍ Á» å ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ä ä å

ê ä æ ä ê

ä æ ä æ ê ä æ ä

Analogies can also be made for the Command Verb:

Åu ,BÃÌu ,ÏÃÌu ,AÌÃÌu ,BÃÌu ,Åu ì å å ê å å å å æ å

:`jq [4.5] Whenever a Jussive Particle is entered upon the present-tense verb, the second Original Letter will be elided whenever the subsequent consonant, meaning the third Original Letter is

Sakin, as in: . Due to having two Sakin letters meeting, the Weak Letter is elided from the ÆÌvÍ Á» − æ å ä æ ä −

pattern and it becomes with the elision of the Weak Letter. If the third Original Letter is ÅvÍ Á» æ å ä æ ä

vowelled, the Weak Letter will remain unchanged, as in:

,ÏÃÌvM Á» ,AÌÃÌvÍ Á» ,BÃÌvM Á» ,ÅvM Á» ,ÅvÍ Á» ,BÃÌvM Á» ,ÅvM Á» ,AÌÃÌvÍ Á» ,BÃÌvÍ Á» ,ÅvÍ Á» ê å å æ ä å å ä æ ä å ä æ ä æ å ä æ ä ì å ä æ ä å ä æ ä æ å ä æ ä å å ä æ ä å ä æ ä æ å ä æ ä

ÅvÃ Á» ,ÅuC Á» ,ÅvM Á» ,BÃÌvM Á» æ å ä æ ä æ å ä æ ä ì å ä æ ä å ä æ ä

,Ï¨ÎJM Á» ,AÌ¨ÎJM Á» ,B¨ÎJM Á» ,©JM Á» ,Å¨JM Á» ,B¨ÎJM Á» ,©JM Á» ,AÌ¨ÎJÍ Á» ,B¨ÎJÍ Á» ,©JÍ Á» ê ê ä æ ä å ê

ä æ ä ê ä æ ä æ ê

ä æ ä ä æ ê ä æ ä ê

ä æ ä æ ê ä æ ä å ê ä æ

ä ê ä æ

ä æ ê ä æ ä

©JÃ Á» ,©IC Á» ,Å¨JM Á» ,B¨ÎJM Á» æ ê ä æ ä æ ê

ä æ ä ä æ ê ä æ ä ê

ä æ ä

,B¯BbM Á» ,Ï¯BbM Á» ,AÌ¯BbM Á» ,B¯BbM Á» ,±bM Á» ,Å°bÍ Á» ,B¯BbM Á» ,±bM Á» ,AÌ¯BbÍ Á» ,B¯BbÍ Á» ,±bÍ Á» ä æ ä ê ä æ ä å ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ä ä æ ä ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ä å ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ä

±bÃ Á» ,±aC Á» ,Å°bM Á» æ ä ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ä ä æ ä ä æ ä

L L L

:ÅN¿

.ÆBÄu ,ÆBÃÌu ,ÅÃÌu ,ÅÃÌu ,ÆBÃÌu ,ÅÃÌu :fÎ·DN»BI Ë ð ì å ð å ì ê å ì å å ð å ì ä å ê ê æ ì

ê ä

:fÎ·DN»BI Ë .Å°a ,B¯Ba ,Ï¯Ba ,AÌ¯Ba ,B¯Ba ,±a Ë .ÅÏ ,B¨ÎI ,Ï¨ÎI ,AÌ¨ÎI ,B¨ÎI ,©I Ë ê ê æ ì

ê ä ä æ ä ê å æ ä ä ä æ

ê ê ê ê å

ê ê æ ê ä

.Å¯Ba Ë Å¨ÎI ì ä ä ì ä ê

:ÒÀUjM [4.6] (The Command Verb) with the Nun of Emphasis is: −

ÆBÄu ,ÆBÃÌu ,ÅÃÌu ,ÅÃÌu ,ÆBÃÌu ,ÅÃÌu ð ì å ð å ì ê å ì å å ð å ì ä å

(The Command Verb is):

Å°a ,B¯Ba ,Ï¯Ba ,AÌ¯Ba ,B¯Ba ,±a Ë ÅÏ ,B¨ÎI ,Ï¨ÎI ,AÌ¨ÎI ,B¨ÎI ,©I ä æ ä ê å æ ä ä ä æ ê ê ê ê

å ê ê

æ ê

(The Command Verb with the Nun of Emphasis): Å¯Ba ,Å¨ÎI . − ì ä ì ä ê

:`jq [4.6] Regarding the Command Verb, since it is derived from the present-tense, as in: ,©ÎJÍ ,ÆÌvÍ å ê ä

å å ä

²BbÍ , it does not utilize the Hamzah due to its first Original Letter being vowelled. As is the case å ä with the verb governed by a Jussive Particle, whenever the third Original Letter is Sakin due to − the verb's form, the second Original Letter will be elided, as in:

Å°a ,B¯Ba ,Ï¯Ba ,AÌ¯Ba ,B¯Ba ,±a Ë ÅÏ ,B¨ÎI ,Ï¨ÎI ,AÌ¨ÎI ,B¨ÎI ,©I Ë Åu ,BÃÌu ,ÏÃÌu ,AÌÃÌu ,BÃÌu ,Åu ä æ ä ê å æ ä ä ä æ

ê ê ê ê å

ê ê æ ê ä ì å å ê å å å å æ å

The Command Verb with the Nun of Emphasis is: −

ÆBÄu ,ÆBÃÌu ,ÅÃÌu ,ÅÃÌu ,ÆBÃÌu ,ÅÃÌu ð ì å ð å ì ê å ì å å ð å ì ä å

Other Command Verbs with the Nun of Emphasis: −

ÆBÄ°a ,ÆB¯Ba ,Å¯Ba ,Å¯Ba ,ÆB¯Ba ,Å¯Ba Ë ÆBÄÏ ,ÆB¨ÎI ,Å¨ÎI ,Å¨ÎI ,ÆB¨ÎI ,Å¨ÎI ð æ ä ð ì ê ì å ð ä ì ä ä ð æ ê ð ê ì ê ê ì å ê ð ê ì ä ê

The verbs ( ) are conjugated below: ²BbÍ ,²Ba Ë ©ÎJÍ ,ªBI Ë ÆÌvÍ ,ÆBu å ä ä ä å ê ä ä ä å å ä ä

(ÒÃBÎu) BÃÌu ,ÆÌvÍ ,ÆBu ½§B°»A jyBZ»A j¿ ÞA ªiBzÀ»A ½¨°»A ÏyBÀ»A ½¨°»A Ò¬Îv»A å

ê ê å ê å å æ ê ê

å æ ê å ä ð è ä

ê ç æ ä å å ä ä

ÌÇ ÆÌvÍ ÆBu (1 ä å å å ä ä

BÀÇ ÆBÃÌvÍ BÃBu (2 å ê å ä

ÁÇ ÆÌÃÌvÍ AÌÃBu (3 æ å ä å å ä å

ÏÇ ÆÌvM OÃBu (4 ä ê å å ä æ ä

BÀÇ ÆBÃÌvM BNÃBu (5 å ê å ä ä

ÅÇ ÅvÍ Åu (6 ì å ì å ä ì å

OÃC Åu ÆÌvM OÄu (7 ä æ ä æ å å å ä ä æ å

BÀNÃC BÃÌu ÆBÃÌvM BÀNÄu (8 å æ ä å ê å å å æ å

ÁNÃC AÌÃÌu ÆÌÃÌvM ÁNÄu (9 æ å æ ä å å ä å å ä æ å æ å

OÃC ÏÃÌu ÅÎÃÌvM OÄu (10 ê æ ä ê å ä ê å ä ê æ å

BÀNÃC BÃÌu ÆBÃÌvM BÀNÄu (11 å æ ä å ê å å å æ å

ÅNÃC Åu ÅvM ÅNÄu (12 ì å æ ä ì å ì å ä ì å æ å

BÃC ÆÌuC OÄu (13 ä å å ä å æ å

ÅZÃ ÆÌvÃ BÄu (14 å æ ä å å ä ì å

B¨ÎI ,©ÎJÍ ,ªBI ½§B°»A jyBZ»A j¿ ÞA ªiBzÀ»A ½¨°»A ÏyBÀ»A ½¨°»A Ò¬Îv»A å


å æ ê å ä ð ç æ ä å

ê ê ä

ÌÇ ©ÎJÍ ªBI (1 ä å å ê ä ä

BÀÇ ÆB¨ÎJÍ B§BI (2 å ê ê ä

ÁÇ ÆÌ¨ÎJÍ AÌ§BI (3 æ å ä å ê ä å

ÏÇ ©ÎJM O§BI (4 ä ê å ê ä æ ä

BÀÇ ÆB¨ÎJM BN§BI (5 å ê ê ä ä

ÅÇ Å¨JÍ ÅÏ (6 ì å ä æ ê ä ä æ ê OÃC ©I ©ÎJM OÏ (7 ä æ ä æ ê å ê

ä ä æ ê BÀNÃC B¨ÎI ÆB¨ÎJM BÀNÏ (8 å æ ä

ê ê ê ä å æ ê

ÁNÃC AÌ¨ÎI ÆÌ¨ÎJM ÁNÏ (9 æ å æ ä å ê ä å ê

ä æ å æ ê

OÃC Ï¨ÎI ÅÎ¨ÎJM OÏ (10 ê æ ä ê ê ä ê ê ä ê æ ê

BÀNÃC B¨ÎI ÆB¨ÎJM BÀNÏ (11 å æ ä ê ê ê

ä å æ ê ÅNÃC ÅÏ Å¨JM ÅNÏ (12 ì å æ ä ä æ ê ä æ ê

ä ì å æ ê BÃC ©ÎIC OÏ (13 ä å ê

ä å æ ê ÅZÃ ©ÎJÃ BÄÏ (14 å æ ä å ê

ä æ ê

B¯Ìa ,²BbÍ ,²Ba ½§B°»A jyBZ»A j¿ ÞA ªiBzÀ»A ½¨°»A ÏyBÀ»A ½¨°»A Ò¬Îv»A å


å æ ê å ä ð ç æ ä å ä ä

ÌÇ ²BbÍ ²Ba (1 ä å å ä ä

BÀÇ ÆB¯BbÍ B¯Ba (2 å ê ä

ÁÇ ÆÌ¯BbÍ AÌ¯Ba (3 æ å ä å ä å

ÏÇ ²BbM O¯Ba (4 ä ê å ä æ ä

BÀÇ ÆB¯BbM BN¯Ba (5 å ê ä ä

ÅÇ Å°bÍ Å°a (6 ì å ä æ ä ä ä æ ä

OÃC ±a ²BbM O°a (7 ä æ ä æ ä å ä ä æ ä

BÀNÃC B¯Ba ÆB¯BbM BÀN°a (8 å æ ä ê ä å æ ä

ÁNÃC AÌ¯Ba ÆÌ¯BbM ÁN°a (9 æ å æ ä å ä å ä æ å æ ä

OÃC Ï¯Ba ÅÎ¯BbM O°a (10 ê æ ä ê ä ê ä ê æ ä

BÀNÃC B¯Ba ÆB¯BbM BÀN°a (11 å æ ä ê ä å æ ä

ÅNÃC Å°a Å°bM ÅN°a (12 ì å æ ä ä æ ä ä æ ä ä ì å æ ä

BÃC ²BaC O°a (13 ä å ä å æ ä

ÅZÃ ²BbÃ BÄ°a (14 å æ ä å ä æ ä

L L L

:ÅN¿

.ÒIBUG ,KÎVÍ ,LBUC :ÏÇ Ë ÒÎÄIC ÒÏiC ÜG ÉÄ¿ ½N¨Í Ü ÏQÝR»A fÍl¿ Ë ç ä

ê å ê å

ä ä ä ê ä ë ä ê æ

ä å ä ä æ ä ì

ê å æ ê í ä æ å ð ê í å

ê ä ä

.Ò¿BŃmG ,ÁÎŃnÍ ,ÂBŃmG Ë ç ä ê æ ê å ê ä æ ä ä ê æ ê

ä

.AeBÎ´ÃG ,eB´ÄÍ ,eB´ÃG Ë ç

ê æ ê å æ ä ä æ

ê ä

.AiBÎNaG ,iBNbÍ ,iBNaG Ë ç

ê æ ê å æ ä ä æ

ê ä

.iBNbÍ ,jÎNaC Ë eB´ÄÍ ,fÎ´ÃC Ë ÂBŃnÍ ,ÁÎŃmA Ë LBVÍ ,KÎUC :O¼³ ¾Ì¨°À¼» BÈNÎÄI AgG Ë å æ å ä ê æ å ä å æ å ä ê æ

å ä å ä æ å ä ê å æ ä å å ä ê å ä æ å

ê å æ ä æ ê ä æ ä ä ê ä

.AÌJÎUC ,BJÎUC ,KUC :BÈÄ¿ j¿ÞA Ë å ê ä

ê ä æ ê

ä æ ê å æ ä ä

.BÀÎŃmG ,ÁŃmA Ë ê ä æ ê æ ê ä æ ä

.AeB´ÃG ,f´ÃA Ë æ ê

æ ä æ ä

.AiBNaG ,jNaG Ë æ ê æ ä æ ê

ä

Ë eAÌmG Ë eÌmG Ë jÍBnM Ë jÍBm Ë ÅÍlM Ë ÅÍk Ë ¾ËB´M Ë ¾Ì´M Ë ¾ËB³ Ë ¾Ì³ :ÌZÃ \vÍ Ë ä ì æ ê

ä ì ä æ ê ä ä ä ä ä ä ä ä ä ì ä ä ä ä ì ä ä ä ä ä ä ä ì ä ä ä ä ä ä ä ì ä å æ ä í ê å ä

.BÈ°ÍiBvM jÖBm Ah· Ë ~BÎIG Ë |ÎIG ê ê ä å ê

ä ä ì æ ê

ä ì ä æ ê

:ÒÀUjM [4.7] The derivatives of the three-letter verb do not make alterations except in four

constructions, they are:

AiBÎNaG ,iBNbÍ ,iBNaG Ë AeBÎ´ÃG ,eB´ÄÍ ,eB´ÃA Ë Ò¿BŃmG ,ÁÎŃnÍ ,ÂBŃmG Ë ÒIBUG ,KÎVÍ ,LBUC ç

ê æ ê å æ ä ä æ ê ä

ç ê æ ê

å æ ä ä æ ä ç ä ê æ ê å ê ä æ ä ä ê æ ê ä ç ä

ê å ê å

ä ä

When constructed for the object (Passive Voice), you'd say:

iBNbÍ ,jÎNaC Ë eB´ÄÍ fÎ´ÃC Ë ÂBŃnÍ ,ÁÎŃmC Ë LBVÍ ,KÎUC å æ å ä ê æ å ä å æ å ä ê æ

å ä å ä æ å ä ê å æ å ä å å ä ê

å

The Command Verb:

AiBNaG ,jNaA Ë AeB´ÃG ,f´ÃA Ë BÀÎŃmG ,ÁŃmA Ë AÌJÎUC ,BJÎUC ,KUC æ ê æ ä æ ä ä æ

ê æ ä æ ä ê ä æ ê æ ê ä æ ä å ê

ä ê ä æ ê

ä

The following manner (of conjugation) is proper:

~BÎIA Ë |ÎIA Ë eAÌmA Ë eÌmA Ë jÍBnM Ë jÍBm Ë ÅÍlM Ë ÅÍk Ë ¾ËB´M Ë ¾Ì´M Ë ¾ËB³ Ë ¾Ì³ ì æ ä ì ä æ ä ì æ ä ì ä æ ä ä ä ä ä ä ä ä ä ì ä ä ä ä ì ä ä ä ä ä ä ä ì ä ä ä ä ä ä ä ì ä

Likewise are the remaining conjugations.

:`jq [4.7] In the Derivative Verb, there are only four patterns in which there is I'lal or alterations due to − a Weak Letter as the second Original Letter, they are:

ÒIBUG KÎVÍ ,LBUC :ÜB¨¯G ,½¨°Í ,½¨¯C :LBI (1 ç ä ê å ê å ä ä ç æ ê

å ê æ å ä ä æ ä å

Ò¿BŃmG ,ÁÎŃnÍ ,ÂBŃmG :ÜB¨°NmG ,½¨°NnÍ ,½¨°NmG :LBI (2 ç ä ê æ ê å ê ä æ ä ä ä æ ê ç æ ê æ ê

å ê æ ä æ ä ä ä æ ä æ ê å

AeBÎ´ÃG ,eB´ÄÍ ,eB´ÃG :ÜB¨°ÃG ,½¨°ÄÍ ,½¨°ÃG :LBI (3 ç ê æ ê å æ ä ä æ

ê ç ê æ ê

å ê ä æ ä ä ä ä æ ê å

AiBÎNaG ,iBNbÍ ,iBNaG :ÜB¨N¯G ,½¨N°Í ,½¨N¯G :LBI (4 ç ê æ ê å æ ä ä æ ê

ç ê æ ê å ê ä æ ä ä ä ä æ ê å

Whenever the Weak Letter is preceded by a consonant which is vowelled with Fathah, the Weak ± Letter is converted to Alif which is appropriate for the Fathah. When preceded by Kasrah, the ± Weak Letter is converted to Ya which is appropriate for the Kasrah. Observe the full conjugation − of these four verbs:

ÒIBUG ,KÎVÍ ,LBUC ½§B°»A jyBZ»A j¿ ÞA ªiBzÀ»A ½¨°»A ÏyBÀ»A ½¨°»A Ò¬Îv»A å


å æ ê å ä ð ç ä

ê å

ê å ä ä

ÌÇ KÎVÍ LBUC (1 ä å å ê å ä ä

BÀÇ ÆBJÎVÍ BIBUC (2 å ê ê å ä

ÁÇ ÆÌJÎVÍ AÌIBUC (3 æ å ä å ê å å ä

ÏÇ KÎVM OIBUC (4 ä ê å ê å æ ä ä

BÀÇ ÆBJÎVM BNIBUC (5 å ê ê å ä ä

ÅÇ ÅJVÍ ÅJUC (6 ì å ä æ ê å ä æ ä ä

OÃC KUC KÎVM OJUC (7 ä æ ä æ ê ä å ê

å ä æ ä ä

BÀNÃC BJUC ÆBJÎVM BÀNJUC (8 å æ ä ê ä

ê ê å å æ ä ä

ÁNÃC AÌJUC ÆÌJÎVM ÁNJUC (9 æ å æ ä å ê ä ä å ê

å æ å æ ä ä

OÃC ÏJUC ÅÎJÎVM OJUC (10 ê æ ä ê ê

ä ä ê ê å ê æ ä ä

BÀNÃC BJUC ÆBJÎVM BÀNJUC (11 å æ ä ê ä

ê ê å å æ ä ä

ÅNÃC ÅJUC ÅJVM ÅNJUC (12 ì å æ ä ä æ ê ä ä æ ê

å ì å æ ä ä

BÃC KÎUC OJUC (13 ä å ê

å å æ ä ä

ÅZÃ KÎVÃ BÄJUC (14 å æ ä å ê å æ ä ä

Ò¿BŃmG ,ÁÎńÍ ,ÂBŃmG ½§B°»A jyBZ»A j¿ ÞA ªiBzÀ»A ½¨°»A ÏyBÀ»A ½¨°»A Ò¬Îv»A å

ê å ê å æ å ê å å æ ê ê

å æ ê å ä ð ç ä ê æ ê

å ê æ ä ä ä æ ê

ÌÇ ÁÎŃnÍ ÂBŃmG (1 ä å å ê ä æ ä ä ä æ ê BÀÇ ÆBÀÎŃnÍ B¿BŃmG (2 å ê ê ä æ ä ä æ ê ÁÇ ÆÌÀÎŃnÍ AÌ¿BŃmG (3 æ å ä å ê ä æ ä å ä æ ê ÏÇ ÁÎŃnM O¿BŃmG (4 ä ê å ê ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ê BÀÇ ÆBÀÎŃnM BN¿BŃmG (5 å ê ê ä æ ä ä ä æ ê ÅÇ ÅÀŃnÍ ÅÀŃmG (6 ì å ä æ ê ä æ ä ä æ ä ä æ ê OÃC ÁŃmG ÁÎŃnM OÀŃmG (7 ä æ ä æ ê ä æ ê å ê ä æ ä ä æ ä ä æ ê

BÀNÃC BÀÎŃmG ÆBÀÎŃnM BÀNÀŃmG (8 å æ ä ê ä æ ê ê ê ä æ ä å æ ä ä æ ê ÁNÃC AÌÀÎŃmG ÆÌÀÎŃnM ÁNÀŃmG (9 æ å æ ä å ê ä æ ê

ä å ê ä æ ä æ å æ ä ä æ ê OÃC ÏÀÎŃmG ÅÎÀÎŃnM OÀŃmG (10 ê æ ä ê ê ä æ ê ä ê ê ä æ ä ê æ ä ä æ ê

BÀNÃC BÀÎŃmG ÆBÀÎŃnM BÀNÀŃmG (11 å æ ä ê ä æ ê ê ê ä æ ä å æ ä ä æ ê ÅNÃC ÅÀŃmG ÅÀŃnM ÅNÀŃmG (12 ì å æ ä ä æ ê ä æ ê ä æ ê ä æ ä ì å æ ä ä æ ê BÃC ÁÎŃmC OÀŃmG (13 ä å ê ä æ

ä å æ ä ä æ ê ÅZÃ ÁÎŃnÃ BÄÀŃmG (14 å æ ä å ê ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ê

AeBÎ´ÃG ,eB´ÄÍ ,eB´ÃG ½§B°»A jyBZ»A j¿ ÞA ªiBzÀ»A ½¨°»A ÏyBÀ»A ½¨°»A Ò¬Îv»A å



ê æ ê

å æ ä ä æ ê

ÌÇ eB´ÄÍ eB´ÃG (1 ä å å æ ä ä æ ê

BÀÇ ÆAeB´ÄÍ AeB´ÃG (2 å ê æ ä æ ê

ÁÇ ÆËeB´ÄÍ AËeB´ÃG (3 æ å ä å æ ä å æ ê

ÏÇ eB´ÄM PeB´ÃG (4 ä ê å æ ä æ ä æ ê

BÀÇ ÆAeB´ÄM BMeB´ÃG (5 å ê æ ä ä æ ê

ÅÇ Æf´ÄÍ Æf´ÃG (6 ì å ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ê

OÃC f´ÃG eB´ÄM Pf´ÃG (7 ä æ ä æ ä æ ê

å æ ä ä æ ä æ ê

BÀNÃC AeB´ÃG ÆAeB´ÄM BÀMf´ÃG (8 å æ ä æ ê ê æ ä å æ ä æ

ê ÁNÃC AËeB´ÃG ÆËeB´ÄM ÁMf´ÃG (9 æ å æ ä å æ

ê ä å æ ä æ å æ ä æ ê

OÃC ÐeB´ÃG ÅÍeB´ÄM Pf´ÃG (10 ê æ ä ê æ ê ä ê æ ä ê æ ä æ ê

BÀNÃC AeB´ÃG ÆAeB´ÄM BÀMf´ÃG (11 å æ ä æ ê ê æ ä å æ ä æ

ê ÅNÃC Æf´ÃG Æf´ÄM ÅMf´ÃG (12 ì å æ ä ä æ ä æ

ê ä æ ä æ ä ì å æ ä æ ê

BÃC eB´ÃC Pf´ÃG (13 ä å æ ä å æ ä æ

ê ÅZÃ eB´ÄÃ BÃf´ÃG (14 å æ ä å æ ä æ ä æ

ê AiBÎNaG ,iBNbÍ ,iBNaG ½§B°»A jyBZ»A j¿ ÞA ªiBzÀ»A ½¨°»A ÏyBÀ»A ½¨°»A Ò¬Îv»A

å ê å ê å æ ä å

ê å å æ ê ê å æ ê

å ä ð ç ê æ ê

å æ ä ä æ ê

ÌÇ iBNbÍ iBNaG (1 ä å å æ ä ä æ ê

BÀÇ ÆAiBNbÍ AiBNaG (2 å ê æ ä æ

ê ÁÇ ÆËiBNbÍ AËiBNaG (3 æ å ä å æ ä å æ

ê ÏÇ iBNbM PiBNaG (4 ä ê å æ ä æ ä æ

ê BÀÇ ÆAiBNbM BMiBNaG (5 å ê

æ ä ä æ ê

ÅÇ ÆjNbÍ ÆjNaG (6 ì å ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ê OÃC jNaG iBNbM PjNaG (7 ä æ ä æ ä æ ê å æ ä ä æ ä æ ê

BÀNÃC AiBNaG ÆAiBNbM BÀMjNaG (8 å æ ä æ ê ê

æ ä å æ ä æ ê ÁNÃC AËiBNaG ÆËiBNbM ÁMjNaG (9 æ å æ ä å æ

ê ä å æ ä æ å æ ä æ ê

OÃC ÐiBNaG ÅÍiBNbM PjNaG (10 ê æ ä ê

æ ê ä ê

æ ä ê æ ä æ ê BÀNÃC AiBNaG ÆAiBNbM BÀMjNaG (11 å æ ä æ

ê ê æ ä å æ ä æ ê

ÅNÃC ÆjNaG ÆjNbM ÅMjNaG (12 ì å æ ä ä æ ä æ ê ä æ ä æ ä ì å æ ä æ ê

BÃC iBNaC PjNaG (13 ä å æ ä å æ ä æ ê

ÅZÃ iBNbÃ BÃjNaG (14 å æ ä å æ ä æ ä æ ê The same verbs constructed for the object (Passive Voice Verb):

LBVÍ ,KÎUC ½§B°»A ªiBzÀ»A ½¨°»A ÏyBÀ»A ½¨°»A Ò¬Îv»A å


å æ ê å ä ð å å ä ê

å

(¾ÌÈV¿) ÌÇ LBVÍ KÎUC (1 ä å å å ä ê å

BÀÇ ÆBIBVÍ BJÎUC (2 å ê å ê å

ÁÇ ÆÌIBVÍ AÌJÎUC (3 æ å ä å å å ê å

ÏÇ LBVM OJÎUC (4 ä ê å å æ ä ê å

BÀÇ ÆBIBVM BNJÎUC (5 å ê å ä ê å

ÅÇ ÅJVÍ ÅJUC (6 ì å ä æ ä å ä æ ê å

OÃC LBVM OJUC (7 ä æ ä å å ä æ ê å

BÀNÃC ÆBIBVM BÀNJUC (8 å æ ä ê å å æ ê å

ÁNÃC ÆÌIBVM ÁNJUC (9 æ å æ ä ä å å æ å æ ê å

OÃC ÅÎIBVM OJUC (10 ê æ ä ä ê å ê æ ê

å

BÀNÃC ÆBIBVM BÀNJUC (11 å æ ä ê å å æ ê å

ÅNÃC ÅJVM ÅNJUC (12 ì å æ ä ä æ ä å ì å æ ê å

BÃC LBUC OJUC (13 ä å å å æ ê

å

ÅZÃ LBVÃ BÄJUC (14 å æ ä å å æ ê å

ÂBŃnÍ ,ÁÎŃmC ½§B°»A ªiBzÀ»A ½¨°»A ÏyBÀ»A ½¨°»A Ò¬Îv»A å


å æ ê å ä ð å ä æ å ä ê å æ

å

(¾ÌÈV¿) ÌÇ ÂBŃnÍ ÁÎŃmC (1 ä å å ä æ å ä ê å æ å

BÀÇ ÆB¿BŃnÍ BÀÎŃmC (2 å ê ä æ å ê å æ å

ÁÇ ÆÌ¿BŃnÍ AÌÀÎŃmC (3 æ å ä å ä æ å å ê å æ å

ÏÇ ÂBŃnM OÀÎŃmC (4 ä ê å ä æ å æ ä ê å æ å

BÀÇ ÆB¿BŃnM BNÀÎŃmC (5 å ê ä æ å ä ê å æ å

ÅÇ ÅÀŃnÍ ÅÀŃmC (6 ì å ä æ ä æ å ä æ ê å æ å

OÃC ÂBŃnM OÀŃmC (7 ä æ ä å ä æ å ä æ ê å æ å

BÀNÃC ÆB¿BŃnM BÀNÀŃmC (8 å æ ä ê ä æ å å æ ê å æ å

ÁNÃC ÆÌ¿BŃnM ÁNÀŃmC (9 æ å æ ä ä å ä æ å æ å æ ê å æ å

OÃC ÅÎ¿BŃnM OÀŃmC (10 ê æ ä ä ê ä æ å ê æ ê å æ å

BÀNÃC ÆB¿BŃnM BÀNÀŃmC (11 å æ ä ê ä æ å å æ ê å æ å

ÅNÃC ÅÀŃnM ÅNÀŃmC (12 ì å æ ä ä æ ä ä æ å ì å æ ê å æ å

BÃC ÂBŃmC OÀŃmC (13 ä å ä æ å å æ ê å æ

å

ÅZÃ ÂBŃnÃ BÄÀŃmC (14 å æ ä å ä æ å æ ê å æ å

eB´ÄÍ ,fÎ´ÃC ½§B°»A ªiBzÀ»A ½¨°»A ÏyBÀ»A ½¨°»A Ò¬Îv»A å ê å ê å å æ ê ê å æ ê å ä ð å æ å ä ê

æ å

(¾ÌÈV¿) ÌÇ eB´ÄÍ fÎ´ÃC (1 ä å å æ å ä ê æ å

BÀÇ ÆAeB´ÄÍ AfÎ´ÃC (2 å ê æ å ê æ å

ÁÇ ÆËeB´ÄÍ AËfÎ´ÃC (3 æ å ä å æ å å ê æ å

ÏÇ eB´ÄM PfÎ´ÃC (4 ä ê å æ å æ ä ê æ å

BÀÇ eB´ÄM BMfÎ´ÃC (5 å å æ å ä ê æ å

ÅÇ Æf´ÄÍ Æf´ÃC (6 ì å ä æ ä æ å ä æ ê æ å

OÃC eB´ÄM Pf´ÃC (7 ä æ ä å æ å ä æ ê æ å

BÀNÃC ÆAeB´ÄM BÀMf´ÃC (8 å æ ä ê æ å å æ ê æ å

ÁNÃC ÆËeB´ÄM ÁMf´ÃC (9 æ å æ ä ä å æ å æ å æ ê æ å

OÃC ÅÍeB´ÄM Pf´ÃC (10 ê æ ä ä ê æ å ê æ ê æ å

BÀNÃC ÆAeB´ÄM BÀMf´ÃC (11 å æ ä ê æ å å æ ê æ å

ÅNÃC Æf´ÄM ÅMf´ÃC (12 ì å æ ä ä æ ä æ å ì å æ ê æ å

BÃC eB´ÃC Pf´ÃC (13 ä å æ å å æ ê æ

å

ÅZÃ eB´ÄÃ BÃf´ÃC (14 å æ ä å æ å æ ê æ å

iBNbÍ ,jÎNaC ½§B°»A ªiBzÀ»A ½¨°»A ÏyBÀ»A ½¨°»A Ò¬Îv»A å


å æ ê å ä ð å æ å ä ê

æ å

(¾ÌÈV¿) ÌÇ iBNbÍ jÎNaC (1 ä å å æ å ä ê æ å

BÀÇ ÆAiBNbÍ AjÎNaC (2 å ê æ å ê æ

å

ÁÇ ÆËiBNbÍ AËjÎNaC (3 æ å ä å æ å å ê æ å

ÏÇ iBNbM PjÎNaC (4 ä ê å æ å æ ä ê æ å

BÀÇ ÆAiBNbM BMjÎNaC (5 å ê æ å ä ê æ

å

ÅÇ ÆjNbÍ ÆjNaC (6 ì å ä æ ä æ å ä æ ê æ å

OÃC iBNbÍ PjNaC (7 ä æ ä å æ å ä æ ê æ å

BÀNÃC ÆAiBNbM BÀMjNaC (8 å æ ä ê æ å å æ ê æ

å

ÁNÃC ÆËiBNbM ÁMjNaC (9 æ å æ ä ä å æ å æ å æ ê æ å

OÃC ÅÍiBNbM PjNaC (10 ê æ ä ä ê æ å ê æ ê æ

å

BÀNÃC ÆAiBNbM BÀMjNaC (11 å æ ä ê æ å å æ ê æ

å

ÅNÃC ÆjNbM ÅMjNaC (12 ì å æ ä ä æ ä æ å ì å æ ê æ å

BÃC iBNaC PjNaC (13 ä å æ å å æ ê æ

å

ÅZÃ iBNbÃ BÃjNaC (14 å æ ä å æ å æ ê æ å

In other patterns, Weak Letters are treated as Sound Letters in all respects. They are able to hold

their own vowels and undergo no I'lal or alteration, as in: −

Ò¼R¿ ÞA LBJ»A è ä ê æ ä å

BÄÎÍlM ,ÅÍlÍ ,ÅÍk ÝÍÌ´M ¾Ì´Í ¾Ì³ :ÝÎ¨°M ,½¨°Í ,½¨¯ LBI ç ê æ

ä å ð ä å ä ì ä ç ê æ ä å ð ä å ä ì ä ç ê æ ä å ð ä å ä ì ä å

ÑjÍBn¿ ,jÍBnÍ ,jÍBm Ò»ËB´¿ ,¾ËB´Í ,¾ËB³ Ò¼§B°¿ ,½§B°Í ,½§B¯ LBI ç ä ä å å ê å ä ä ç ä ä ä å ê å ä ä ç ä ä ä å ê å ä ä å

BÄÍlM ,ÅÍlNÍ ,ÅÍlM ÜÌ´M ,¾ÌŃÍ ,¾Ì´M Ý¨°M ,½¨°NÍ ,½¨°M LBI ç í ä ä å ì ä ä ä ä ì ä ä ç

í ä ä å ì ä ä ä ä ì ä ä ç

í ä ä å ì ä ä ä ä ì ä ä å

AjÍBnM ,jÍBnNÍ ,jÍBnM ÜËB´M ,¾ËBŃÍ ,¾ËB´M Ý§B°M ,½§B°NÍ ,½§B°M LBI ç å ä å ä ä ä ä ä ä ç å ä å ä ä ä ä ä ä ç å ä å ä ä ä ä ä ä å

BzzÎIG ,|ÎJÍ ,|ÎIG AeeÌmG ,eÌnÍ ,eÌmG Ý¼¨¯G ,½¨°Í ,½¨¯G LBI ç ä ê æ ê í ä æ ä ä ä æ ê

ç ä ê æ ê í ä æ ä ì ä æ ê ç ä ê æ ê í ä æ ä ì ä æ ê å

ByBzÎIG ,~BÎJÍ ,~BÎIG AeAfÍÌmG ,eAÌnÍ ,eAÌmG Ý¼Î¨¯G ,¾B¨°Í ,¾B¨¯G LBI ç ê æ ê í æ ä ì æ ê

ç ê æ ê í æ ä ì æ ê

ç ä ê æ ê í æ ä ì æ ê å

L L L

:ÅN¿

BÀI ½N¨Í ÉÎ¯ fÍlÀ»A Å¿ Ë ©ÖBI Ë ÅÖBv· ÑlÀÈ»BI ½N¨Í ejVÀ»A ÏQÝR»A Å¿ ½§B°»A ÁmG Ë ê í ä æ å ê ê ê ê ä

ä ê ä ë ê

ä ë ê ä

ê ä æ ä ê í ä æ å ê ì ä å ð ê í ä ê ê ê å æ ê

ä

.iBNb¿ Ë eB´Ä¿ Ë ÁÎŃn¿ Ë KÎVÀ· ªiBzÀ»A ÉI ½N§C ë æ å ä ë æ å ä

ë ê ä æ å ä ë ê å ä å

ê å ê ê í ä æ å

ËAË ²ËhZÀ»A Ë .©ÎJ¿ Ë ÆÌvÀ· ²hZ»A Ë ½´Ä»BI ½N¨Í ejVÀ»A ÏQÝR»A Å¿ ¾Ì¨°À»A ÁmG Ë å å å æ ä ä ë ê

ä ä ë å ä ä ê æ ä ä ê

æ ì ê í

ä æ å ê ì ä å ð ê í ä ê ê å æ ä å æ ê ä

.s°aÞA ÅnZ»A ÏIC fÄ§ ½¨°»A ÅÎ§ Ë ÉÍÌJÎm fÄ§ ¾Ì¨°¿ ê ä æ ä

ê ä ä ê ä ä æ ê ê

æ ê å æ ä ä æ ä ä ê ä æ ê ë å æ ä

.ªÌÎJ¿ ÆÌ»Ì´Î¯ ,ÕFÎ»A ÆÌNJRÍ ÁÎÀM ÌÄI Ë è å æ ä ä å å ä ä ä ä å ê æ å

ë ê ä å ä ä

.iBNb¿ Ë eB´Ä¿ Ë ÂBŃn¿ Ë LBVÀ· É¼¨¯ ½N§A ÆG K¼´»A Ë ½´Ä»BI ½N¨Í ÉÎ¯ fÍlÀ»A Å¿ Ë ë æ å ä ë æ å ä

ë ä æ å ä ë å ä å å æ ê

ì å æ ê ê ê

æ ä ä ê æ ì

ê í ä æ å ê ê ê ê ä

ä ê ä

:ÒÀUjM [4.8] The Active Participle from the three-letter Primary Verb is altered by Hamzah, as in:

ÅÖBu ©ÖBI and . From the Derivative Verb, it is altered by that which alters it in the è ê è ê present-tense verb, as in: . iBNb¿ ,eB´Ä¿ ,ÁÎŃn¿ ,KÎV¿ è æ å è æ å è ê ä æ å è ê å

The Passive Participle from the three-letter Primary Verb alters the verb with the transfer

(of vowels) and elision, as in: . The elided letter of the pattern ( ) is Waw with ©ÎJ¿ ,ÆÌv¿ ¾Ì¨°¿ è ê ä è å ä è å æ ä −

Sibawaih and the second Original Letter with Abu-Hasan al-Akhfash. The Bani Tameem

maintain the Ya, therefore, they say: . ªÌÎJ¿ − è å æ ä

The Derivative Verb, it is altered by transfer (of a vowel) and conversion (of a letter), if its

verb is altered (in the same manner), as in: . iBNb¿ ,eB´Ä¿ ,ÂBŃn¿ ,LBV¿ è æ å è æ å è ä æ å è å

:`jq [4.8] The Active Participle of the three-letter Primary Verb is on the pattern of: . This pattern, ½ÖB¯ è

ê whose origin is , is accomplished by altering the Weak Letter to Hamzah, as in: . ½§B¯ ÅÖBu-ÆËBu è

ê ê ê The conversion of the second Original Letter to Hamzah is more appropriate for the Kasrah since the Weak Letter cannot maintain its own vowel in this pattern.

In the Derivative Verb, the same factors which form the present-tense verb also dictate the form of the Active Participle. As previously mentioned, in some patterns the vowel on the consonant preceding the Weak Letter determines which letter the Weak Letter is converted to. When preceded by Fathah, the Weak Letter is converted to Alif, when preceded by Kasrah, it is ± converted to Ya and when preceded by Dammah, it is converted to Waw, as in: − ± −

( ) on the pattern of: . KÎV¿ ½¨°¿ • è ê å è

ê æ å

( ) on the pattern of: . ÁÎŃn¿ ½¨°Nn¿ • è ê ä æ å è

ê æ ä æ å

( ) on the pattern of: . eB´Ä¿ ½¨°Ä¿ • è æ å è ê ä æ å

( ) on the pattern of: . iBNb¿ ½¨N°¿ • è æ å è ê ä æ å

Regarding the Passive Participle derived from the Primary Verb, it arrives at its form due to shifting the vowel forward and elision of the Weak Letter, as in:

( ) on the pattern of: . The vowel on the Weak Letter is shifted forward and the ÆÌv¿ ¾Ì¨°¿ • è å ä è å æ ä second Original Letter is elided.

( ) on the same pattern . Here the vowel on the Weak Letter is shifted forward, ©ÎJ¿ ¾Ì¨°¿ • è ê ä è å æ ä

then the Weak Letter is already appropriate for the Kasrah before it.

Two great scholars, Sibwaih and Abul-Hasan al-Akhfash were of differing opinions with regard to these patterns. Sibwaih was of the opinion that it was the Waw in the pattern which is elided − while Abu-Hasan was of the opinion that it was the second Original Letter which is elided. The

Bani Tameem formed words on the original pattern, as in: . ªÌÎJ¿ ,ÆÌÎv¿ è å æ ä è å æ ä

Regarding the Passive Participle derived from the Derivative Verbs, their patterns are derived from the Active Voice verb which have already undergone I'lal for its form. However, according − to the rule, whichever vowel precedes the Weak Letter determines the form of the Weak Letter, as in:

( ) on the pattern of ( ), its origin is: . The Fathah (in the pattern) is shifted LBV¿ ½¨°¿ KÎVÍ • è å è ä æ å å ê å ± forward and the Weak Letter is converted to Alif.

( ) on the pattern of ( ), its origin is: . Again, the Fathah (in the pattern) ÂBŃn¿ ½¨°Nn¿ ÁÎŃnÍ • è ä æ å è ä æ ä æ å å ê ä æ ä ± is shifted forward and the Weak Letter is converted to Alif.

( ) on the pattern of ( ), its origin is: . The Fathah on the second Original eB´Ä¿ ½¨°Ä¿ eB´ÄÍ • è æ å è ä ä æ å å æ ä ±

Letter is shifted forward.

( ) on the pattern of ( ), its origin is: . Again, the Fathah on the second iBNb¿ ½¨N°¿ iBNbÍ • è æ å è ä ä æ å å æ ä ±

Original Letter is shifted forward.

L L L

:ÅN¿

S»BR»A

ÂÝ»A ½N¨À»A å ì í ä æ å :ÌZÃ ,¹n°Ã Å§ PjJaC AgG ²jYC ÒÏiC Ó¼§ ÉÎyB¿ ÆÌ¸» ÒÏiÞA Ëg Ë w³BÄ»A É» ¾B´Í Ë å æ ä ä

ê æ ä æ ä ä æ ä æ

ä ê ë å æ

ä ê ä ä æ

ä Ð

ä ä ê ê ê æ ä ê ê ä ä æ

ä å ä å ê ì å ä å å ä

Ë Ôl¬· BÀÈ¼J³ B¿ \N°ÃA Ë BN·jZM AgG B°»C ÕFÎ»A Ë ËAÌ»A ÉÎ¯ K¼´M ejVÀ»B¯ .OÎ¿i Ë PËl« ä Ð ä ä å å æ ä ä ä ä æ ä ä ì ä ä ê

ç ê ä å ä å ê ê å

ä æ å å ì ä å ä å æ ä ä ä å æ ä ä

.ÓYi Ë Bv§ Ë Ó¿i ç ä ä ä ç ä ä Ð

ä ä

¾Ì¨°À»A ÁmG ¹»h· Ë .ÓvŃmA Ë ÔjNqA Ë Óñ§D· ÒQÝR»A Ó¼§ fÖAl»A ½¨°»A ¹»h· Ë ê å æ ä å æ ê ä

ê Ð ä ä

Ð ä æ ä æ ä Ð ä ä æ ä

Ð

ä æ ä ä ê ä ì

Ð

ä ä å ê ì å æ ê

ä ê Ð ä ä

Óñ¨Í :¹»Ì´· ªiBzÀ»A Å¿ É¼§B¯ ÁnÍ Á» AgG ¹»h· Ë .ÓvŃnÀ»A Ë ÔjNrÀ»A Ë Óñ¨À»B· Ð

ä æ å ä ê æ

ä ä ê ê

å ä ê å å

ê ì ä å æ ä ê ä

ê Ð ä ä

Ð ä æ ä æ å ä Ð ä ä æ å ä

Ð

ä æ å ä

.Ó¿jÍ Ë Ôl¬Í Ë Ð ä æ å ä Ð ä æ å ä

:ÒÀUjM Third

Mu'tall of the Third Original Letter

[4.9] It is called Naqis and possesses four (letters) due to its past-tense being comprised − ± of four letters when it informs regarding itself, as in: . Then, the Primary Verb OÎ¿i ,PËl« å æ ä ä å æ ä ä

converts the Waw and Ya to Alif when they are vowelled and that which precedes it is − −

vowelled with Fathah, like: . ÓYË ,Bv§ ,Ó¿i ,Ôl« ± ç ä ä ä Ð

ä ä Ð ä ä

Likewise, is the verb in excess of three letters, like: . Likewise is the ÓvŃmG ,ÔjNqG ,Óñ§C Ð ä æ ä æ ê Ð ä ä æ ê Ð

ä æ ä

Passive Participle, like: . Likewise, when (a verb's) subject is not ÓvŃnÀ»A ,ÔjNrÀ»A ,Óñ¨¿ Ð ä æ ä æ å Ð ä ä æ å Ð

ä æ å

mentioned in the present-tense, like your saying: . Ó¿jÍ ,Ôl¬Í ,Óñ¨Í Ð ä æ å Ð ä æ å

Ð

ä æ å

:`jq [4.9] Naqis is the term used to signify that the Weak Letter is the third Original Letter. It is also − ± said to possess four letters when the verb gives information about itself, as opposed to informing about others, such as they, them, etc. Characteristic of this group is that the Weak Letters Waw − and Ya are converted to Alif when either are preceded by a consonant vowelled with Fathah, as in − ± (the root word is in parenthesis):

(ÏYË) ÓYË ,(Ìv§) Bv§ ,(Ï¿i) Ó¿i ,(Ël«) Ôl« ç ä ä ä Ð ä ä Ð ä ä

The same rule is applicable for the Primary and Derivative Verbs, as in: . The ÓvŃmG ,ÔjNqG ,Óñ§C Ð ä æ ä æ ê Ð ä ä æ ê Ð

ä æ ä

Passive Participle also reflects this rule since it requires that the consonant preceding its final

consonant is vowelled with Fathah, as in: . ÓvŃnÀ»A ,ÔjNrÀ»A ,Óñ¨¿ ± Ð ä æ ä æ å Ð ä ä æ å Ð

ä æ å

This rule is also applicable in the present-tense Passive Voice Verb, Primary and Derivative,

when the verb is devoid of attached subject-markers, as in: . Ó¿jÍ ,Ôl¬Í ,Óñ¨Í Ð ä æ å Ð ä æ å

Ð

ä æ å

In the Active Voice past-tense verb, the verb reverts to the original third letter whenever the

pronoun of the subject is added, as in: . OÎyi ,OÎ¿i ,PËl« å æ ê ä å æ ä ä å æ ä ä

L L L

:ÅN¿

(BN¼¨¯) Ë (O¼¨¯) ¾BR¿ Ï¯ Ë B´¼ñ¿ (AÌ¼¨¯) ¾BR¿ Ï¯ ÉÄ¿ ÂÝ»A ²hZN¯ ,ÏyBÀ»A B¿C Ë ä ä ä ä æ ä ä ä ê ê ê ä

ç ä æ å å ä ä ê ê ê å æ ê ä ì å

ê æ ä ä

ê ì ä ä

:¾ÌŃ¯ ,BÇjÎ« Ï¯ OJRM Ë BÈ¼J³ B¿ \N°ÃA AgG å å ä ä

ê æ ä

ê å å æ ä ä ä æ ä ä ä ä æ

ê

,Ïyi Ë .ÊjaE Ó»G AÌ¿i ,BÎ¿i ,Ó¿i Ë .ÊjaE Ó»G ÆËl« ,BMl« ,Pl« ,AËl« ,AËl« ,Al« ä ê ä ä ê ê ê Ð

ä ê æ ä ä ä ä

Ð ä ä ä ê ê ê Ð

ä ê

ä æ ä ä ä ä æ ä ä æ ä ä ä ä ä

.ÊjaE Ó»G AËjm ,AËjm ,Ëjm ¹»h· Ë .ÊjaE Ó»G AÌyi ,BÎyi ê ê ê Ð

ä ê

æ å ä ä å ä å ä ä ê Ð ä ä ê ê ê Ð

ä ê

å ä ê ä

ËAË ÆÞ ,AËjm Ë AÌyi Ï¯ OÀy Ë AÌ¿i Ë AËl« Ï¯ jÎÀz»A ËAË ½J³ B¿ OZN¯ BÀÃG Ë ä ì ê ä

å ä å ä ê æ ì å ä æ ä ä ä æ ä ä ê ê ê ì ê å æ ä æ ä ê

å ì ê

ä

Ë ÒZN°»A Ó¼§ ÏÍC BÈ¼J³ B¿ \N°ÃG ÆH¯ ,ÂÝ»A ²hY fÏ w³BÄ»A ½¨°»BI O¼vMG AgG jÎÀz»A ä ê ä æ ä

Ð

ä ä ä ê æ å ä æ ä ä ä ä æ

ê æ ê ä

ê ì

ê æ ä ä æ ä

ê ê ì ê æ ê ê

æ ä ä ì ê ê ê ê ì

.Áy jn¸ÃA ËC ÁzÃA ÆG ì å ä ä ä æ ê ä ì ä æ ê ê

.ÅÎÄ·Bn»A ÕBŃ»â ÕFÎ»A O¯hY Ë eBz»A Ó»G ÕFÎ»A ÒÀy O¼´Ä¯ ,AÌÎyi ,AÌyi ½uC Ë ê æ ä ê ì ê ê

æ ê ê å ê

ä ê å ä ê ì

Ð

ä ê ê

å ì ä æ ä ê å

ä å ê ä å ä å æ ä ä

:ÒÀUjM [4.10] Regarding the past-tense, the third Original Letter is elided in the example of ( ), AÌ¼¨¯

å ä ä

without exception, and in the example of ( ) and ( ) when the preceding consonant is O¼¨¯ BN¼¨¯ æ ä ä ä ä ä ä

vowelled with Fathah. (The third Original Letter) remains in forms besides these. You'd ± say:

ÊjaE Ó»G AÌyi ,BÎyi ,Ïyi Ë ÊjaE Ó»G AÌ¿i ,BÎ¿i ,Ó¿i Ë ÊjaE Ó»G AËl« ,BMl« ,Pl« ,AËl« ,AËl« ,Al« ê ê Ð

ä ê

å ä ê ä ä ê ä ä ê ê ê Ð

ä ê æ ä ä ä ä

Ð ä ä ä ê ê ê Ð

ä ê

æ ä ä ä ä æ ä ä æ ä ä ä ä ä ä

Likewise, is: . ÊjaE Ó»G AËjm ,AËjm ,Ëjm ê ê ê Ð

ä ê å ä å ä ä ä å ä

That which precedes the Waw of the pronoun is vowelled with Fathah in ( ) and ( ). It AËl« AÌ¿i − ± æ ä ä æ ä ä

is vowelled with Dammah in ( ) and ( ) because the Waw of the pronoun, when it AÌyi AËjm ± å ä å ä −

attaches to the Naqis verb after the elision of the third Original Letter, if that which − ± precedes (the third Original Letter) is vowelled with Fathah, it remains vowelled with ± Fathah. If it is vowelled with Dammah or Kasrah, it will be vowelled with Dammah. The ± ± ± origin of ( ) and ( ). The Dammah of the Ya is transferred to the Dad and the Ya is AÌyi AÌÎyi å ä å ê ä ± − ± − −

elided due to the meeting of two Sakin letters. −

L L L

:`jq [4.10] In the past-tense verb, due to the necessity of preventing two Sakin letters from meeting, − the third Original Letter is elided in three forms of the verb, namely the third-person masculine

plural ( ), the third-person feminine singular ( ) and third-person feminine dual ( ). AÌ¼¨¯ O¼¨¯ BN¼¨¯ å ä ä æ ä ä ä ä ä ä

Originally, the verb would have been ( ) or ( ) in the masculine plural, however the AËËl« AÌÎ¿i æ ä ä æ ä ä meeting of two Sakin letters disallows this construction and the Weak Letter is elided, resulting in −

( ) and ( ). In the feminine singular, two Sakin letters are together since the Weak Letter does AËl« AÌ¿i æ ä ä æ ä ä −

not hold its own vowel in this situation, as in: . Again, the Weak Letter is elided OÎ¿i ,OÍl« æ æ ä ä æ æ ä ä

preventing the meeting of two Sakin letters. In the feminine dual, it was originally ( ) and BNÍl« − æ ä ä

( ). Since both the Weak Letter and the Ta are Sakin, the Weak Letter is elided, resulting in BNÎ¿i æ ä ä − −

( ) and ( ). The situation of the verb ( ) differs in the feminine singular since its Weak BMl« BN¿i Ïyi ä ä ä ä ä ê ä

Letter is preceded by Kasrah, it becomes since Sakin letters are not being joined together. OÎyi æ ä ê ä −

When the verb comes to the form of the third-person feminine plural, the third Original Letter reverts back to its origin, be it Waw or Ya, as in: − −

ÅÎyi ,BNÎyi ,OÎyi ,AÌyi ,BÎyi ,Ïyi Ë ÅÎ¿i ,BN¿i ,O¿i ,AÌ¿i ,BÎ¿i ,Ó¿i Ë ÆËl« ,BMl« ,Pl« ,AËl« ,AËl« ,Al« ä ê ä ä ê ä æ ä ê ä å ä ê ä ä ê ä ä ä æ ä ä ä ä æ ä ä æ ä ä ä ä Ð ä ä ä ä æ ä ä ä ä æ ä ä æ ä ä ä ä ä ä

L L L

:ÅN¿

ËAÌ»A \N°MË ÂlV»A Ï¯ Å¯hZÍ Ë ©¯j»A Ï¯ ÉÄ¿ ±»ÞA Ë ÕFÎ»A Ë ËAÌ»A Å¸nN¯ ,ªiBzÀ»A B¿C Ë å å ä æ å ä ê æ ä ê ä

æ ä æ å ä ê æ ì ê å æ ê

å ê ä ä å ä å å ä æ å ä å

ê å ì ä ä

Ò§BÀU ÆÌÃ ÜG PBÃÌÄ»A KuBÄ»A Ë ÂkBV»A ¡´nÍ Ë ±»ÞA OJRM Ë KvÄ»A Ï¯ ÕFÎ»A Ë ê ä ä ä å ì ê ê í å ê ì ä å ê

å ê æ å ä å ê

ä å ä æ å ä ê æ ì ê å ä

:¾Ì´N¯ ,SÃÛÀ»A å å ä ä ê ì ä å

.AËl¬Í Á» ,AËl¬Í Á» ,l¬Í Á» å æ ä æ ä ä å æ ä æ ä å æ ä æ ä

.AÌ¿jÍ Á» ,BÎ¿jÍ Á» ,ÂjÍ Á» Ë å æ ä æ ä ê æ ä æ ä

ê æ ä æ ä ä

.AÌyjÍ Á» ,BÎyjÍ Á» ,~jÍ Á» Ë æ ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä ä

.ÓyjÍ Å» Ë Ï¿jÍ Å» Ë Ël¬Í Å» Ë Ð ä æ ä æ ä ä ä ê æ ä æ

ä ä ä å æ ä æ ä ä

:ÒÀUjM [4.11] Regarding the present-tense verb, its (Weak Letter) Waw, Ya and Alif are Sakin in − − −

the nominative state and elided in the Jussive state. The Waw and Ya are vowelled with − −

Fathah in the accusative state. The Alif remains (as is). The jussive and accusative states ± drops the letters Nun, except for the Nun of the feminine plural. You'd say: − −

AÌyjÍ Á» ,BÎyjÍ Á» ,~jÍ Á» Ë AÌ¿jÍ Á» ,BÎ¿jÍ Á» ,ÂjÍ Á» Ë AËl¬Í Á» ,AËl¬Í Á» ,l¬Í Á» æ ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä ä å æ ä æ ä ê æ ä æ ä ê æ ä æ ä ä å æ ä æ ä ä å æ ä æ ä å æ ä æ ä

ÓyjÍ Å» Ë Ï¿jÍ Å» Ë Ël¬Í Å» Ë Ð ä æ ä æ ä ä ä ê æ ä æ ä ä ä å æ ä æ ä ä

:`jq [4.11] The Weak Letters, Waw, Ya and Alif are vowelless or Sakin in their normal state, meaning − − −

the nominative state, as in: . In the jussive state, the Weak Letters are elided to ÓyjÍ ,Ï¿jÍ ,Ël¬Í Ð ä æ ä ê æ ä å æ ä

indicate that the verb is Sakin at its end, as in: . However, in the accusative ~jÍ Á» ,ÂjÍ Á» ,l¬Í Á» − ä æ ä æ ä ê æ

ä æ ä å æ ä æ ä

state, the Waw and Ya are vowelled with Fathah, as in: . The Alif is unchanged as it Ï¿jÍ Å» ,Ël¬Í Å» − − ± ä ê æ ä æ

ä ä å æ ä æ ä

is unable to hold a vowel on its own in any state, as in: . ÓyjÍ Å» Ð ä æ ä æ ä

In both the jussive and accusative states, the Nuns, meaning the Nuns of the duals, the masculine − − plurals and the second-person feminine singular, are elided as an indicator of either the jussive or accusative states, as in:

ÓyjM Á» ,AÌyjÍ Á» ,BÎyjÍ Á» Ë Ï¿jÍ Á» ,AÌ¿jÍ Á» ,BÎ¿jÍ Á» Ë Ðl¬M Á» ,AËl¬Í Á» ,AËl¬Í Á» Ð ä æ ä æ ä æ ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä ä ê æ ä æ ä å æ ä æ ä ê æ ä æ ä ä ê æ ä æ ä å æ ä æ ä ä å æ ä æ ä

ÓyjÍ Å» ,AÌyjÍ Å» ,BÎyjÍ Å» Ë Ï¿jM Å» ,AÌ¿jÍ Å» ,BÎ¿jÍ Å» Ë Ðl¬Í Å» ,AËl¬Í Å» ,AËl¬Í Å» Ð ä æ ä æ ä æ ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä ä ê æ ä æ ä å æ ä æ ä ê æ ä æ ä ä ê æ ä æ ä å æ ä æ ä ä å ä æ ä

Only the Nun of the feminine plurals remain unchanged in both the jussive and accusative states, −

as in: . ÅÎyjÍ Å» ,ÅÎ¿jÍ Å» ,ÆËl¬Í Å» Ë ÅÎyjÍ Á» ,ÅÎ¿jÍ Á» ,ÆËl¬Í Á» ä æ ä æ ä æ ä ä ê æ ä æ ä ä å æ ä æ ä ä ä æ ä æ ä æ ä ä ê æ ä æ

ä ä å æ ä æ ä

L L L

:ÅN¿

½¨¯ Ë iÌ·h»A Ò§BÀU ½¨¯ Å¿ ²hZM Ë TBÃâA Ò§BÀU Ë ÅÎÄQâA ½¨¯ Ï¯ ½¨°»A ÂÜ OJRM Ë ê æ ê ä ê

å í ê ä ä

ê æ ê æ ê

å ä æ å ä ê ê ê ä ä ä ê æ ä æ ê ê

æ ê ê ê æ ê ä å

ê æ å ä

:¾Ì´N¯ ,ÒJ�BbÀ»A ÑfYAÌ»A å å ä ä ê ä

ä å ê ä ê

ÆËl¬M ,ÆAËl¬M ,ÅÍl¬M ,ÆËl¬M ,ÆAËl¬M ,Ël¬M ,ÆËl¬Í ,ÆAËl¬M ,Ël¬M ,ÆËl¬Í ,ÆAËl¬Í ,Ël¬Í ä å æ ä ê

å æ ä ä ê æ ä ä å æ ä

ê å æ ä å æ ä ä å æ ä ê

å æ ä å æ ä ä å æ ä ê å æ ä å æ ä

.Ël¬Ã ,Ël«C å æ ä å æ ä

ÆkÌ¯ ,jÍf´N»A Ï¯ ±¼NbÍ Ë ÒJÎ¬»A Ë LBñb»A Ï¯ TBÃâA Ë iÌ·h»A Ò§BÀU ¥°» ÉÎ¯ ÐÌNnÍ Ë å æ ä ä ê ê æ ì ê

å ê ä

æ ä ä ê ä æ ä ä ê ê ê ê ê ä ê

å í ê ä ä å æ ä

ê ê ê ä æ ä ä

:¾Ì´M Ë .(Å¼¨°M) Ë (Å¼¨°Í) SÃÛÀ»A ÆkË Ë ,(ÆÌ¨°M) Ë (ÆÌ¨°Í) j·hÀ»A å å ä ä ä æ å æ ä ä ä æ å æ ä ê ì ä å å æ ä ä ä å æ ä ä ä å æ ä ê

ì ä å

,ÆBÎ¿jM ,ÅÎ¿jM ,ÆÌ¿jM ,ÆBÎ¿jM ,Ï¿jM ,ÅÎ¿jÍ ,ÆBÎ¿jM ,Ï¿jM ,ÆÌ¿jÍ ,ÆBÎ¿jÍ ,Ï¿jÍ ê ê æ ä ä ê æ ä ä å æ ä ê ê æ ä ê æ ä ä ê æ ä ê ê æ ä ê æ ä ä å æ ä ê ê æ ä ê æ ä

.AÌyjI ½¨¯ B¿ ÉI ½¨°¯ ,ÆÌÎ¿jÍ (ÆÌ¿jÍ) ½uC Ë .Ï¿jÃ ,Ï¿iC ,ÅÎ¿jM å ä ê ä

ê å

ê ê ä

ê å ä ä å ê æ ä ä å æ ä å æ ä ä ê æ ä ê æ

ä ä ê æ ä

:ÒÀUjM [4.12] The third Original Letter remains in the duals and feminine plurals. It is elided in the

masculine plurals and second-person feminine singular. You'd say:

Ël¬Ã ,Ël«C ÆËl¬M ,ÆAËl¬M ,ÅÍl¬M ,ÆËl¬M ,ÆAËl¬M ,Ël¬M .ÆËl¬Í ,ÆAËl¬M ,Ël¬M ,ÆËl¬Í ,ÆAËl¬Í ,Ël¬M å æ ä å æ ä ä å æ ä ê å æ ä ä ê æ ä ä å æ ä ê å æ ä å æ ä ä å æ ä ê å æ ä å æ ä ä å æ ä ê å æ ä å æ ä

The verbs of the masculine and feminine plurals in the second and third-person are the

same, however, they differ in estimation. The patterns of the masculine are ( ) and ÆÌ¨°Í ä å æ ä

( ). The patterns of the feminine are ( ) and ( ). You'd say: ÆÌ¨°M Å¼¨°Í Å¼¨°M ä å æ ä ä æ å æ ä ä æ å æ ä

Ï¿jÃ ,Ï¿iC ,ÅÎ¿jM ,ÆBÎ¿jM ,ÅÎ¿jM ,ÆÌ¿jM ,ÆBÎ¿jM ,Ï¿jM ,ÅÎ¿jÍ ,ÆBÎ¿jM ,Ï¿jM ,ÆÌ¿jÍ ,ÆBÎ¿jÍ ,Ï¿jÍ ê æ ä ê æ ä ä ê æ ä ê ê æ ä ä ê æ ä ä å æ ä ê ê æ ä ê æ ä ä ê æ ä ê ê æ ä ê æ ä ä å æ ä ê ê æ ä ê æ ä

The origin of ( ) was ( ), then whatever was done to ( ) is done to it. ÆÌ¿jÍ ÆÌÎ¿jÍ AÌyi ä å æ ä ä å ê æ ä å ä

:`jq [4.12] In some forms of the present-tense verb, the third Original Letter is elided in some forms due to the meeting of two Sakin letters wherein it is the Weak Letter which is always elided. The −

third Original Letter remains in the third-person singulars, like ( ), the third-person duals Ël¬M ,Ël¬Í å æ ä å æ ä

( ), the second-person masculine singular ( ), the second-person duals ( ) ÆAËl¬M ,ÆAËl¬Í Ël¬M ÆAËl¬M ,ÆAËl¬M ê ä å æ ä ê ä å

æ ä å æ ä ê ä å æ ä ê ä å

æ ä

and the first-person verbs, singular and plural ( ). The third Original Letter is elided in the Ël¬Ã ,Ël«C å æ ä å æ ä

forms of the masculine plurals ( ) and the second-person feminine singular ( ). In ÆËl¬M ,ÆËl¬Í ÅÍl¬M ä å æ ä ä å æ ä ä ê æ ä

these two forms, the Waw and Ya are indicators of the verb's pronoun of the subject, not the − − Original Letter.

The forms of the masculine and feminine plurals are the same in form, however, they differ in the estimation of their original patterns. The masculine plurals were originally on the pattern of

( ), however, due to the meeting of two Sakin letters, as in: , the Weak ÆÌ¼¨°M ,ÆÌ¼¨°Í ÆËËl¬M ,ÆËËl¬Í ä å å æ ä ä å å æ ä − ä å æ ä ä å æ ä

Letter (the third Original Letter) is elided resulting in ( ). In the second-person feminine ÆËl¬M ,ÆËl¬Í ä å æ ä ä å æ ä

singular, the verb was originally on the pattern of ( ). Again, due to the meeting of two Sakin ÅÎ¼¨°M ä ê å æ ä −

letters, as in: , the Weak Letter is elided and the vowel is changed to Kasrah thereby forming ÅÍËl¬M ä æ å æ ä

a long vowel resulting in ( ). ÅÍl¬M ä ê æ ä

L L L

:ÅN¿

Ë Ï§fNnÍ Ë ÐjJÄÍ Ë ÏVMjM Ë ÏUBÄÍ Ë ÐfÈÎ· AiÌn¸¿ É¿Ü ½J³ ÆB· B¿ Á¸Y Ah¸Ç Ë ä ê æ ä æ ä ä ê ä æ ä ä ê

ä æ ä ä ê å ä ê æ ä ä ç å æ ä ê ê

å æ ä ä å æ å ä Ð ä

.ÐiËj¨Í Ë ÐÌ§jÍ ê æ ä æ ä ä ê ä æ ä

:¾Ì´M Ë å ä ä

,ÅÎyjM ,ÆÌyjM ,ÆBÎyjM ,ÓyjM ,ÅÎyjÍ :ÆBÎyjM ,ÓyjM ,ÆÌyjÍ ,ÆBÎyjÍ ,ÓyjÍ ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä ê ä æ ä Ð

ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä ê ä æ ä Ð

ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä ê ä æ ä Ð

ä æ ä

.ÓyjÃ ,ÓyiC ,ÅÎyjM ,ÆBÎyjM Ð ä æ ä Ð

ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä ê

ä æ ä

.Ón¼ŃÍ Ë ÓIBvNÍ Ë ÓñÀNÍ :ÌZÃ ,BYÌN°¿ É¿Ü ½J³ ÆB· B¿ ½· pBÎ³ Ah¸Ç Ë Ð ä æ ä ä ä ä Ð ä ä ä Ð

ì ä ä ä å æ ä ç å æ ä ê ê å æ ä ä ð å å ê

ä Ð ä

±¼Nb¿ jÍfŃ»A Ë ,ÓyjÍ Ë Ï¿jÍ ÏIBI Ï¯ ©ÀV»A ¥°¼· LBñb»A Ï¯ SÃÛÀ»A ÑfYAÌ»A ¥°» Ë è

ê ä æ å å ê

æ ì ä Ð

ä æ ä ä ê æ ä æ ä ê ê æ ä ê

æ ä ä ê ê ê ê ì ä å ê ä ê

å æ ä ä

.(Å¼¨°M) Ë (Å¼¨°M) ©ÀV»A ÆkË Ë (ÅÎ¨°M) Ë (ÅÎ¨°M) ÑfYAÌ»A ÆkÌ¯ ä æ ä æ ä ä ä æ ê æ ä

ê æ ä å æ ä ä ä æ ä æ ä ä ä ê

æ ä ê ä ê å æ ä ä

:ÒÀUjM [4.13] Likewise, is the ruling of the verb whose consonant preceding its end is vowelled

with Kasrah, like:

.ÐiËj¨Í Ë ÐÌ§jÍ Ë Ï§fNnÍ Ë ÐjJÄÍ Ë ÏVMjÍ Ë ÏUBÄÍ Ë ÐfÈÍ ê æ ä æ ä ä ê ä æ ä ä ê æ ä æ ä ä ê ä æ ä ä ê ä æ ä ä ê å ä ê æ ä

You'd say:

,ÓyiC ÅÎyjM ,ÆBÎyjM ,ÅÎyjM ,ÆÌyjM ,ÆBÎyjM ,ÓyjM ,ÅÎyjÍ ,ÆBÎyjM ,ÓyjM ,ÆÌyjÍ ,ÆBÎyjÍ ,ÓyjÍ Ð ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä ê ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä ê ä æ ä Ð ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä ê ä æ ä Ð ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä ê ä æ ä Ð ä æ ä ÓyjÃ Ð ä æ ä

Likewise, is the analogy of every verb whose consonant preceding its end is vowelled

with Fathah, as in: . The feminine singular in the second-person is .Ón¼ŃÍ Ë ,ÓIBvNÍ Ë ÓñÀNÍ ± Ð ä æ ä ä ä ä Ð ä ä ä ä Ð ì ä ä ä

like the form of the plural in the pattern group of ( ) and ( ), however, the estimation Ï¿jÍ ÓyjÍ ê æ ä Ð ä æ ä

(of its original pattern) differs. The (patterns of the second-person) feminine singulars are:

. The (patterns of the feminine) plurals are: . ÅÎ¨°M Ë ÅÎ¨°M Å¼¨°M Ë Å¼¨°M ä æ ä æ ä ä ä ê æ ä ä æ ä æ ä ä ä æ ê æ ä

:`jq [4.13] Based on the rules mentioned in the previous sections, an analogy can be made regarding

Naqis verbs whose consonant preceding its end is vowelled with Fathah, as in: ,ÓIBvNÍ ,ÓñÀNÍ − ± ± Ð ä ä ä

Ð

ì ä ä ä

Ón¼´NÍ Ó¼¨°NÍ ,½§B°NÍ ,½¨°NÍ , on the patterns of: ( ), respectively. Essentially, since the consonant Ð ä æ ä ä ä Ð

ä æ ä ä ä å ä ä ä å ì ä ä ä preceding its end is vowelled with Fathah, the Weak Letter will be converted to Alif, meaning Alif ±

Maqsurah, even if the Weak Letter was originally Waw, as in: . Its root is ( ). ÓñÀNÍ Ìñ¿ ± − − Ð

ì ä ä ä

If Kasrah precedes the Weak Letter, the Weak Letter is considered to be Ya as Alif Maqsurah − ± −

requires that it is preceded by Fathah, therefore, ( ) is terminated with Alif and ( ) is ÓñÀNÍ Ï¿jÍ ± Ð

ì ä ä ä ê æ ä terminated with Ya. −

Another analogy which can be made is that when the original pattern of the Naqis verb has a − ± Kasrah or Fathah preceding its final consonant, the patterns of the second-person feminine ± singular and the feminine plurals are on the following patterns: ( ) and ( ), for ÅÎ¨°M ,ÅÎ¨°M Å¼¨°M ,Å¼¨°M ä æ ä æ ä ä ê æ ä ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ê æ ä

the feminine singular and feminine plurals, respectively, as in: and . As ÅÎyjM ,ÅÎ¿jM ÅÎyjM Ë ,ÅÎ¿jM ä æ ä æ ä ä ê æ ä ä æ ä æ ä ä ä ê æ ä

previously mentioned, both verbs are apparently the same, however, it can be seen that the estimation of the original pattern for each is different.

L L L

:ÅN¿

:BÈÄ¿ j¿ÞA Ë æ ê å æ ä ä

.ÆËl«C ,AËl«C ,Ðl«C ,AËl«C ,AËl«C ,l«C ä å æ å ä å æ å ê æ å å æ å ä å æ å å æ å

.ÅÎ¿iG ,BÎ¿iG ,Ï¿iG ,AÌ¿iG ,BÎ¿iG ,ÂiG Ë ä ê æ ê ê æ ê ê æ ê å æ ê ê æ ê ê

æ ê ä

.ÅÎyiG ,BÎyiG ,ÏyiG ,AÌyiG ,BÎyiG ,~iG Ë ä æ ä æ ê ä æ ê æ ä æ ê æ ä æ ê

ä æ ê ä æ ê

ä

:ÒÀUjM [4.14] The Command Verbs (derived from these verbs are):

,AÌyiG ,BÎyiG ,~iG Ë ÅÎ¿iG ,BÎ¿iG ,Ï¿iG ,AÌ¿iG ,BÎ¿iG ,ÂiG Ë ÆËl«C ,AËl«C ,Ðl«C ,AËl«C ,AËl«C ,l«C æ ä æ ê ä æ ê

ä æ ê ä ä ê æ ê ê æ ê ê æ ê å æ ê ê æ ê ê æ ê ä ä å æ å ä å æ å ê

æ å å æ å ä å æ å å æ å

.ÅÎyiG ,BÎyiG ,ÏyiG ä æ ä æ ê ä æ ê æ ä æ ê

:`jq [4.14] The Command Verb derived from the Naqis verb will have the final consonant elided, − ±

meaning the third Original Letter, in the masculine singular form ( ) and the feminine ~iG ,ÂiG ,l«C ä æ ê ê æ ê

å æ å

singular ( ). ÏyiG ,Ï¿iG ,Ðl«C æ ä æ ê ê æ ê ê æ å

Therefore, the Command Verbs on the patterns of ( ), respectively, are: ½¨¯G ,½¨¯G ,½¨¯C æ ä æ ê æ

ê æ ê æ å æ å

ÆËl«C ,AËl«C ,Ðl«C ,AËl«C ,AËl«C ,l«C ä å æ å ä å æ å ê æ å å æ å ä å æ å å æ å

ÅÎ¿iG ,BÎ¿iG ,Ï¿iG ,AÌ¿iG ,BÎ¿iG ,ÂiG Ë ä ê æ ê ê æ ê ê æ ê å æ ê ê æ ê ê æ ê ä

ÅÎyiG ,BÎyiG ,ÏyiG ,AÌyiG ,BÎyiG ,~iG Ë ä æ ä æ ê ä æ ê æ ä æ ê æ ä æ ê

ä æ ê ä æ ê ä

L L L

:ÅN¿

Ë ÅÎ¿iG Ë ÆAËl«C ,ÆËl«C :¾Ì´N¯ Ò¯ËhZÀ»A ÂÝ»A PfÎ§C fÎ·DN»A ÆÌÃ BÈÎ¼§ O¼aeC AgG Ë ä ì ä ä æ ê ä ð å æ å ì ä å æ å å å ä ä å ä å æ ä å ì ê ä ê

å ê ê

æ ì ä å æ ä ä ä æ ä æ ä ê

ä

.ÅÎyiG ì ä ä æ ê

:ÒÀUjM [4.15] When the Nun of Takeed is entered upon (the Naqis Command Verb), the elided − − ±

third Original Letter returns, you'd say: . ÅÎyiG ,ÅÎ¿iG ,ÆAËl«C ,ÆËl«C ì ä ä æ ê ì ä ä æ ê ð å æ å ì ä å æ å

:`jq [4.15] The Naqis Command Verb with the Nun of Takeed attached is as follows: − ± −

ÆBÄÎ¿iG ,ÆBÎ¿iG ,Å¿iG ,Å¿iG ,ÆBÎ¿iG ,ÅÎ¿iG Ë ÆBÃËl«C ,ÆAËl«C ,Æl«C ,Æl«C ,ÆAËl«C ,ÆËl«C ð ê æ ê ð ê æ ê ì ê æ ê ì å æ ê ð ê æ ê ì ä ê æ ê ä ð å æ å ð ä å æ å ì ê

æ å ì å æ å ð ä å æ å ì ä å æ å

ÆBÄÎyiG ,ÆBÎyiG ,ÅyiG ,ÅyiG ,ÆBÎyiG ,ÅÎyiG Ë ð æ ä æ ê ð ä æ ê ì ê æ ê ì å æ ê ð ä æ ê ì ä ä æ ê ä

The complete conjugation of the verbs ( ) are below: ÓyjÍ ,Ïyi Ë Ï¿jÍ ,Ó¿i Ë Ël¬Í ,Ôl« Ð ä æ ä ä ê ä ä ê æ ä Ð

ä ä ä å æ ä ä ä

AËl« Ël¬Í ,Al« ½§B°»A jyBZ»A j¿ ÞA ªiBzÀ»A ½¨°»A ÏyBÀ»A ½¨°»A Ò¬Îv»A å


å æ ê å ä ð ç æ ä å æ ä ä

ÌÇ Ël¬Í Al« (1 ä å å æ ä ä

BÀÇ ÆAËl¬Í AËl« (2 å ê ä å æ ä ä ä ä

ÁÇ ÆËl¬Í AËl« (3 æ å ä å æ ä å ä

ÏÇ Ël¬M Pl« (4 ä ê å æ ä æ ä ä

BÀÇ ÆAËl¬M BMl« (5 å ê ä å æ ä ä ä

ÅÇ ÆËl¬Í ÆËl« (6 ì å ä å æ ä ä æ ä ä

OÃC l«C Ël¬M PËl« (7 ä æ ä å æ å å æ ä ä æ ä ä

BÀNÃC AËl«C ÆAËl¬M BÀMËl« (8 å æ ä ä å æ å ê ä å æ ä å æ ä ä

ÁNÃC AËl«C ÆËl¬M ÁMËl« (9 æ å æ ä å æ å ä å æ ä æ å æ ä ä

OÃC Ðl«C ÅÍl¬M PËl« (10 ê æ ä ê

æ å ä ê æ ä ê æ ä ä

BÀNÃC AËl«C ÆAËl¬M BÀMËl« (11 å æ ä ä å æ å ê ä å æ ä å æ ä ä

ÅNÃC ÆËl«C ÆËl¬M ÅMËl« (12 ì å æ ä ä å æ å ä å æ ä ì å æ ä ä

BÃC Ël«C PËl« (13 ä å æ ä å æ ä ä

ÅZÃ Ël¬Ã BÃËl« (14 å æ ä å æ ä æ ä ä

(ÒÍB¿i) BÎ¿i ,Ï¿jÍ ,Ó¿i ½§B°»A jyBZ»A j¿ ÞA ªiBzÀ»A ½¨°»A ÏyBÀ»A ½¨°»A Ò¬Îv»A å


å æ ê å ä ð ç ä ê

ç æ ä ê æ ä Ð ä ä

ÌÇ Ï¿jÍ Ó¿i (1 ä å ê æ ä Ð ä ä

BÀÇ ÆBÎ¿jÍ BÎ¿i (2 å ê ê æ ä ä ä

ÁÇ ÆÌ¿jÍ AÌ¿i (3 æ å ä å æ ä æ ä ä

ÏÇ Ï¿jM O¿i (4 ä ê ê æ ä æ ä ä

BÀÇ ÆBÎ¿jM BN¿i (5 å ê ê æ ä ä ä

ÅÇ ÅÎ¿jÍ ÅÎ¿i (6 ì å ä ê æ ä ä æ ä ä

OÃC ÂiG Ï¿jM OÎ¿i (7 ä æ ä ê æ ê ê æ ä ä æ ä ä

BÀNÃC BÎ¿iG ÆBÎ¿jM BÀNÎ¿i (8 å æ ä ê æ ê ê ê æ ä å æ ä ä

ÁNÃC AÌ¿iG ÆÌ¿jM ÁNÎ¿i (9 æ å æ ä å æ ê ä å æ ä æ å æ ä ä

OÃC Ï¿iG ÅÎ¿jM OÎ¿i (10 ê æ ä ê æ ê ä ê æ ä ê æ ä ä

BÀNÃC BÎ¿iG ÆBÎ¿jM BÀNÎ¿i (11 å æ ä ê æ ê ê ê æ ä å æ ä ä

ÅNÃC ÅÎ¿iG ÅÎ¿jM ÅNÎ¿i (12 ì å æ ä ä ê æ ê ä ê æ ä ì å æ ä ä

BÃC Ï¿iC OÎ¿i (13 ä

ê æ ä å æ ä ä

ÅZÃ Ï¿jÃ BÄÎ¿i (14 å æ ä ê æ ä æ ä ä

Byi ,ÓyjÍ ,Ïyi ½§B°»A jyBZ»A j¿ ÞA ªiBzÀ»A ½¨°»A ÏyBÀ»A ½¨°»A Ò¬Îv»A å


å æ ê å ä ð ç ä

Ð

ä æ ä ä ê ä

ÌÇ ÓyjÍ Ïyi (1 ä å Ð ä æ ä ä ê ä

BÀÇ ÆBÎyjÍ BÎyi (2 å ê ä æ ä ê ä

ÁÇ ÆÌyjÍ AÌyi (3 æ å ä æ ä æ ä æ å ä

ÏÇ ÓyjM OÎyi (4 ä ê Ð ä æ ä æ ä ê ä

BÀÇ ÆBÎyjM BNÎyi (5 å ê ä æ ä ä ê ä

ÅÇ ÅÎyjÍ ÅÎyi (6 ì å ä ê æ ä ä æ ê ä

OÃC ~iG ÓyjM OÎyi (7 ä æ ä ä æ ê Ð ä æ ä ä ê ä

BÀNÃC BÎyiG ÆBÎyjM BÀNÎyi (8 å æ ä ä æ ê ê ä æ ä å ê ä

ÁNÃC AÌyiG ÆÌyjM ÁNÎyi (9 æ å æ ä æ ä æ ê ä æ ä æ ä æ å ê ä

OÃC ÏyiG ÅÎyjM OÎyi (10 ê æ ä æ ä æ ê ä æ ä æ ä ä ê ä

BÀNÃC BÎyiG ÆBÎyjM BÀNÎyi (11 å æ ä ä æ ê ê ä æ ä å ê ä

ÅNÃC ÅÎyiG ÅÎyjM ÅNÎyi (12 ì å æ ä ä ê æ ê ä ê æ ä ì å ê ä

BÃC ÓyiC OÎyi (13 ä

Ð ä æ ä å ê ä

ÅZÃ ÓyjÃ BÄÎyi (14 å æ ä Ð

ä æ ä ê ä

L L L

:ÅN¿

Ë ÂAi ¹»h· Ë .kAÌ« Ë PBÍkB« ÆBNÍkB« ÒÍkB« ÆËkB« ÆBÍkB« kB« :BÈÄ¿ ½§B°»A ÁmG Ë ä ë

ä ê Ð ä ä ë

ä ä è ê ê ê

è ä ê ä å

ê ê ë æ ê ê ê å æ ê ä

.Ðl« Ï¯ OJ¼³ BÀ· BÈ¼J³ B¿ iBn¸ÃG Ë BÈ¯jñN» ÕFÍ ËAÌ»A OJ¼´¯ ËkB« kB« ½uC Ë .~Ai ä ê å

ê æ ä ê å ä ä æ ä ê ê æ ê

ä ê í ä ä ê ç å ê ä ä ä ä è ê ë

å æ ä ä ë

.ÒÍiB� ÕFN»A Ë j·hÀ»A ªj¯ SÃÛÀ»A ÆÞ ,ÒÍkB« :AÌ»B³ ÁQ è ä ê å ì ä ê

ì ä å å æ ä ä ì ä å ì ê ä è ä ê

å ì å

:ÒÀUjM [4.16] The Active Participle of (the Naqis verb) is: . kAÌ« ,PBÍkB« ,ÆBNÍkB« ,ÒÍkB« ,ÆËkB« ,ÆBÍkB« ,kB« − ± ë

ä è ê ê ê

è ä ê ä å ê ê ë

Likewise, is ( ) and ( ). The origin of ( ) is ( ), the Waw is converted to Ya due to its ÂAi ~Ai kB« ËkB« ë ë ë è ê − −

(appropriateness for the preceding Kasrah). That which precedes (the Weak Letter) is

vowelled with Kasrah just as it is converted in ( ). Then, you'd say: ( ), because the Ðl« ÒÍkB« ä ê å è ä ê

feminine is a branch of the masculine and the Ta is non-essential. −

:`jq

[4.16] The Active Participle is on the pattern of ( ), however, in the Naqis verb, the last letter is ½§B¯ è ê − ±

elided and replaced with Tanween, as in: . The original pattern is . The Tanween is found on kB« ËkB« ë è ê the Weak Letter which cannot hold its own vowel. The Weak Letter is elided and the Tanween is

changed from Dammah to Kasrah and moved forward to the second Original Letter, as in: ,ÂAi ,kB« ± ë ë ~Ai . Whenever the Tanween is removed, such as when the noun becomes definite, then the Ya ë −

will return, as in: . ÏyAj»A ,Ï¿Aj»A ,ÐkB¬»A ê ì ê ì ê

The masculine singular, dual and plural forms are: , the feminine singular, dual ÆËkB« ,ÆBÍkB« ,kB« ä å ê ê ë

and plural forms are: , with the broken plural of: . In the feminine singular PBÍkB« ,ÆBMBÍkB« ,ÒÍkB« kAÌ« è ê ê ê

è ä ê ë ä

( ), the Ya is added in this form whether its origin is Ya or Waw. As the Ya is found in the ÒÍkB« è ä ê − − − −

feminine form and elided in the masculine form, it is considered non-essential to the pattern. Consider the Active Participles of the three examples:

kAÌ« ,PBÍkB« ,ÆBNÍkB« ,ÒÍkB« ,ÆËkB« ,ÆBÍkB« ,kB« ë ä è ê ê ä ê

è ä ê ä å ê ê ë

ÑB¿i ,PBÎ¿Ai ,ÆBNÎ¿Ai ,ÒÎ¿Ai ,ÆÌ¿Ai ,ÆBÎ¿Ai ,ÂAi è å è ê ê ä ê è ä ê ä å ê ê ë

ÑByi ,PBÎyAi ,ÆBNÎyAi ,ÒÎyAi ,ÆÌyAi ,ÆBÎyAi ,~Ai è å è ê ê ä ê è ä ê ä å ê ê ë

L L L

:ÅN¿ B¿ jn¸Í Ë AÕFÍ ËAÌ»A K¼´M Ï¿j¿ ÏÖFÎ»A Å¿ Ë ,Ël¬¿ :ÐËAÌ»A Å¿ ¾Ì¨°À»A Ï¯ ¾Ì´M Ë å ä æ å ä ç å å ä æ å ï ê æ ä ê ä ê ä ï å æ ä ê ä ê ê å æ ä ê

å å ä ä

AÕFÍ ËAÌ»A K¼´M ÒÄ·Bm BÀÈÄ¿ Ó»ËÞA Ë ÑfYAË ÒÀ¼· Ï¯ BN¨ÀNUA AgG ÕFÎ»A Ë ËAÌ»A ÆÞ ,BÈ¼J³ ç å å ä æ å è ä ê å æ ê Ð

ä å ä ë ä ê ë ä ê ä

ê ä ä ä æ ê ä ä ä ì ê

ä ä æ ä

.ÕFÎ»A Ï¯ ÕFÎ»A OÀ«eC Ë ê ê å ê ä ê æ å ä

:ÒÀUjM [4.17] The Naqis noun on the pattern of the Passive Participle with Waw is ( ) and the Ël¬¿ − ± − ï å æ ä

Passive Participle with Ya is on the pattern of ( ). The Waw is converted to Ya and that Ï¿j¿ − ï ê æ ä − −

which precedes it is vowelled with Kasrah, because the Waw and Ya when combined in − −

one word, the first of the two is Sakin and the Waw is converted to Ya, then the Ya is − − − −

contracted into the (second) Ya. −

L L L

:`jq

[4.17] The Passive Participle from the Naqis noun with Waw is ( ). Its original pattern is ( ) Ël¬¿ ËËl¬¿ − ± − ï å æ ä è å æ ä and the two letters Waw are contracted into one written with Shaddah. The Passive Participle with −

Ya is ( ), its origin is ( ). The letter Waw is converted to Ya with the letter preceding it Ï¿j¿ ÐÌ¿j¿ − ï ê æ ä è å æ ä − −

vowelled with Kasrah, as in ( ). The two letters Ya are contracted into one letter written with ÏÎ¿j¿ è ê æ ä −

Shaddah ( ). Ï¿j¿ ï ê æ ä

L L L

:ÅN¿

Å¿ Ë ÏJu ÐËAÌ»A Å¿ ½Î¨¯ Ï¯ Ë Ï¬I ÏÖFÎ»A Å¿ Ë Ëf§ ÐËAÌ»A Å¿ ¾Ì¨¯ Ï¯ ¾Ì´M Ë ä ê ä ï ê ä ê ä ê ë ê

ä ê ä ï ê ä ê ä ê ä ï å ä ê ä ê ë å ä ê

å å ä ä

.Ðjq ÏÖFÎ»A ï ê ä

ê

B¿ÌÀz¿ BÈ¼J³ B¿ Å¸Í Á» Ë Af§Bv¯ Ò¨IAi O¨³Ë ËAË ½· ÆÞ ,AÕFÍ ÊËAË K¼´M ÉÎ¯ fÍlÀ»A Ë ç å æ ä ä æ ä æ å ä æ ä ä ç ê

ç ä ê

æ ä ä ä ë ì å ì ê

ä ç å å å ä æ å ê ê å ê ä ä

:¾Ì´N¯ ,AÕFÍ K¼´M å å ä ä ç å ä æ å

Ë ,OÎñ§C :jÎÀz»A ©¿ ¾Ì´M Ë ,ÏqjNnÍ ,ÓqjNmA Ë ,ÐfN¨Í ,ÔfN§A Ë ,Óñ¨Í ,Óñ§C ä å æ ä æ ä ê ê ì ä ä å å ä ä ê æ ä æ ä Ð

ä æ ä æ ä ê ä æ ä Ð ä ä æ ä Ð

ä æ å Ð

ä æ ä

.BÄÎUAjM Ë BÄÍkB¬M :¹»h· Ë .OÎqjNmA Ë OÍfN§A æ ä ä ä æ ä ä ä ê Ð ä ä å æ ä æ ä æ ä å æ ä ä æ

:ÒÀUjM [4.18] You'd say for (nouns) on the pattern of from the (Naqis) with Waw is ( ). From ¾Ì¨¯ Ëf§ å ä − ± − ï å ä

the (Naqis) with Ya, it is ( ). In the pattern from the (Naqis) with Waw is ( ) and Ï¬I ½Î¨¯ ÏJu − ± − ï ê ä ê ä − ± − ï ê ä

from Ya, it is ( ). Ðjq − ï ê ä

In a Derivative, its Waw is converted to Ya because each Waw occurs as the fourth letter − − −

or more. That which precedes it is not vowelled with Dammah and is converted to Ya. ± −

You'd say: . ÏqjNnÍ ,ÓqjNmA Ë ÐfN¨Í ,ÔfN§A Ë Óñ¨Í ,Óñ§C ê æ ä æ ä Ð ä æ ä æ ä ê ä æ ä Ð ä ä æ ä Ð ä æ å

Ð

ä æ ä

With a pronoun (of the subject, it is): . Likewise, is: . OÎqjNmA Ë OÍfN§A Ë OÎñ§C BÄÎUAjM Ë BÄÍkB¬M å æ ä æ ä æ ä å æ ä ä æ ä å æ ä æ ä æ ä ä ä æ ä ä

:`jq [4.18] The Naqis noun with Waw on the pattern of is ( ) and from Ya, it is ( ). Its original ¾Ì¨¯ Ëf§ Ï¬I − ± − å ä ï å ä − Ý ê ä

pattern is ( ) and ( ). In the first, the two letters Waw are contracted into one letter vowelled ËËf§ ÐÌ¬I è å ä è ê ä −

with Shaddah. In the second, the Waw is converted to Ya with the preceding consonant being − − vowelled with Kasrah. Then, the two letters Ya are contracted into one written with Shaddah. −

In Derivative verbs, the Naqis verb with Waw will have that Waw always converted to Ya as the − ± − − −

Weak Letter does not occur following a letter vowelled with Dammah. Therefore, the Waw is ± −

converted to Alif when the preceding letter is vowelled with Fathah, as in: . Or ÔfN§G ,Óñ§C ± Ð ä ä æ

ê Ð

ä æ ä

converted to Ya when the preceding letter is vowelled with Kasrah, as in: . In the ÏqjNnÍ ,ÐfN¨Í − ê æ ä æ ä ê ä æ ä past-tense forms which have a pronoun of the subject attached, the Weak Letter Alif or Ya will −

become Sakin, as in: . OÎqjNmG ,OÍfN§G ,OÎñ§C − å æ ä æ ä æ ê

å æ ä ä æ ê å æ ä æ ä

Similarly, other Derivative patterns will be formed along similar lines, as in:

ÅÎz´ÄÍ ,BÎz´ÄM ,Óz´ÄM ,ÆÌz´ÄÍ ,ÆBÎz´ÄÍ ,Ïz´ÄÍ Ë ÅÎz´ÃG ,BNz´ÃG ,Oz´ÃG ,AÌz´ÃG ,BÎz´ÃG ,Óz´ÃG ä ê ä æ ä ä ä æ ä Ð ä ä æ ä ä å ä æ ä ê ê ä æ ä ê ä æ ä ä ä æ ä ä æ ê ä ä æ

ê æ ä ä æ

ê ä ä æ

ê ä ä æ

ê Ð ä ä æ ê

L L L

:ÅN¿

©IAj»A

ÂÝ»A Ë ÅÎ¨»A ½N¨À»A å ì ä å æ ä í ä æ å ,ÔÌ´Í ,ÐÌ³ Ë BÎ¿i ,Ï¿jÍ ,Ó¿i :½R¿ BÎq ,ÐÌrÍ ,ÔÌq :¾Ì´N¯ ,ÆËj´À»A ±Î°¼»A É» ¾B´Í Ð ä æ ä ä

ê ä ä ç æ ä ê æ ä Ð

ä ä å æ ê

ç é ä ê æ ä Ð ä ä å å ä ä å å æ ä å

ê ì å ä å å

.ÆBÍi ÌÈ¯ BÎyi ,ÓyjÍ ,Ïyi ½R¿ BÍi ,ÔËjÍ ,ÐËi Ë ÑÌ³ è é ä ä å ä ç æ ä Ð

ä æ ä ä ê ä å æ

ê ç é ä Ð ä æ ä ä

ê ä ä ç ì å

ÌÈ¯ ÑBÎY ÓÎZÍ ,ÏY Ë Ïyj· ÏÎY Ë .Óñ§D· ÔËiC Ë Órñ§ Ë ÆBrñ§ ½R¿ ÓÍi ÑCj¿G Ë ä å ä ç ä Ð ä æ ä ì ä ä ä ê ä

ä ä ê ä ä

Ð

ä æ ä ä Ð ä æ ä ä

Ð

ä æ ä ä è æ ä å æ ê Ð ì ä è ä ä æ ê

ä

.ÕBÎYC ÁÈ¯ AÌÎÎY Ë AÌÎY Ë ÆBÎY BÀÈ¯ BÎÎY Ë BÎY Ë ÏY è æ ä æ å ä å ê ä ä

í ä ä ê é ä å ä

ê ä ä é ä ä ï ä

,BÍBY Ë Óñ¨Í Óñ§D· ÓÎZÍ ,ÓÎYC Ë ~iH· ÏYG j¿ÞA Ë AÌyj· ±Î°bN»BI AÌÎY kÌVÍ Ë ä Ð

ä æ å Ð

ä æ ä ä Ð ä æ å Ð ä æ

ä ä ä æ ê ä ä æ

ê å æ ä ä å ä ä ê ê

æ ì ê å ä å å ä ä

.ÕBÎZNmG ,ÏÎZNnÍ ,BÎZNmAË ÑBÍBZ¿ ,ÏÖBZÍ ç æ ê æ ê ê æ ä æ ä æ ä æ ä ç å ê å

Ï¯ ieC Ü AÌ»B³ BÀ· ¾BÀ¨NmâA ÑjR¸» ¹»g Ë ÕBZNmG ,ÏZNnÍ ,ÓZNmG :¾Ì´Í Å¿ ÁÈÄ¿ Ë ê ê æ ä å ä

ê æ ê æ ê ê ä æ ä

ê ä

ê Ð ä ç ê æ ê ê ä æ ä Ð

ä ä æ ê

å å ä æ ä æ å æ ê ä

.ÐieC Ü ê æ ä

:ÒÀUjM The Fourth

Mu'tall of the Second and Third Original Letters

[4.19] It is called Lafeef Maqrun, then you'd say: , like: . (Also): BÎq ,ÐÌrÍ ,ÔÌq BÎ¿i ,Ï¿jÍ ,Ó¿i − ç é ä ê

æ ä Ð ä ä ç æ ä ê æ ä Ð ä ä

BÍi ,ÔËjÍ ,ÐËi Ë ÑÌ³ ÔÌ´Í ,ÐÌ³ ÆBÍi ÌÈ¯ BÎyi ,ÓyjÍ ,Ïyi ÓÍi ÆBrñ§ , like: . The feminine of ( ) is like ( ) and ç é ä Ð ä æ ä ä ê ä ä

ç ì å Ð ä æ ä ä ê ä è ä ä ä å ä ç æ ä Ð

ä æ ä ä ê ä Ð é ä è æ ä

( ). Likewise, ( ) is like ( ). ( ) is like ( ): Órñ§ ÔËiC Óñ§C ÏÎY Ïyi Ð ä æ ä Ð ä æ ä Ð

ä æ ä ä ê ê ä ê ä

ÕBÎYC ÌÈ¯ AÌÎÎY Ë AÌÎY Ë ÆBÎY BÀÈ¯ BÎÎY Ë BÎY Ë ÏY ÌÈ¯ ÑBÎY ÓÎZÍ ,ÏY è æ ä ä å ä å ê ä ä í ä ä ê é ä å ä ê ä ä é ä ä ï ä ä å ä ç ä Ð ä æ ä ì ä

( ) is allowed due to Takhfeef, like ( ). The Command Verb is ( ) like ( ). ( AÌÎY AÌyi ÏYG ~iG ,ÓÎYC å ä å ä ä æ ê ä æ ê Ð ä æ ä

ÏÎZÍ Ïñ¨Í ,Óñ§C ÕBÎZNmG ,ÏÎZNnÍ ,BÎZNmA Ë ÑBÍBZ¿ ,ÏÖBZÍ ,BÍBY ) is like ( ) and ( ). ê æ å ê æ å Ð

ä æ ä ç æ ê æ ê ê æ ä æ ä æ ä æ ä ç å ê å

From these verbs is he who would say: due to excessive usage, just as ÕBZNmG ,ÏZNnÍ ,ÏZNmG ç ê æ ê ê æ ä æ ä Ð

æ ä æ ê they say ( ) for ( ). ieC Ü ÐieC Ü ê æ

ä ê æ

ä

:`jq [4.19] The fourth type of weak verb has the Weak Letters as the second and third Original Letters. It is referred to as Lafeef Maqrun due to the Weak Letters existing side by side, as opposed to the − next group (Mafruq). As shown in the examples, the Lafeef Maqrun verb is like Naqis verb in all − − − ± respects since it is only the third Original Letter which functions as a Weak Letter. The second Original Letter, although a Weak Letter, functions like a sound letter in this configuration.

Therefore, the verb ( ) is the same as ( ). The verb ( ) is like ( ). ÐÌrÍ ,ÔÌq Ï¿jÍ ,Ó¿i ÔËjÍ ,ÐËi ÓyjÍ ,Ïyi ê æ ä Ð ä ä ê æ ä Ð

ä ä Ð ä æ ä ä ê ä Ð ä æ ä ä ê ä

In the instances where the second and third Original Letters are the same, Takhfeef may occur in

some forms, meaning that one of the two similar letters may be elided, as in: . Originally it AÌÎY å ä

was . This Takhfeef also occurs in the Derivative Verb as well ( ), their AÌÎÎY ÕBZNmG ,ÏZNnÍ ,ÏZNmG å æ ä ç ê æ ê ê æ ä æ ä Ð

æ ä æ ê originals were ( ). This Takhfeef is due to excessive usage in this manner. ÕBÎZNmG ,ÏÎZNnÍ ,ÓÎZNmG ç æ ê æ ê ê æ

ä æ ä Ð ä æ ä æ ê

The verbs ( ) are fully conjugated below: ÏÎZNnÍ ,ÓÎZNmG Ë ÏÎZÍ ,ÏY Ë ÔËjÍ ,ÐËi ê æ ä æ ä Ð ä æ ä æ ê ä ê æ ä ì ä ä Ð ä æ ä ä ê ä

BÍi ,ÔËjÍ ,ÐËi ½§B°»A jyBZ»A j¿ ÞA ªiBzÀ»A ½¨°»A ÏyBÀ»A ½¨°»A Ò¬Îv»A å


å æ ê å ä ð ç é ä Ð ä æ ä ä

ê ä

ÌÇ ÔËjÍ ÐËi (1 ä å Ð ä æ ä ä ê ä

BÀÇ ÆBÍËjÍ BÍËi (2 å ê ä æ ä ê ä

ÁÇ ÆËËjÍ AËËi (3 æ å ä æ ä æ ä å ä

ÏÇ ÔËjM OÍËi (4 ä ê Ð ä æ ä æ ä ê ä

BÀÇ ÆBÍËjM BNÍËi (5 å ê ä æ ä ä ê ä

ÅÇ ÅÍËjÍ ÅÍËi (6 ì å ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ê ä

OÃC ËiG ÔËjM OÍËi (7 ä æ ä ä æ ê Ð ä æ ä ä ê ä

BÀNÃC BÍËiG ÆBÍËjM BÀNÍËi (8 å æ ä ä æ ê ê ä æ ä å ê ä

ÁNÃC AËËiG ÆËËjM ÁNÍËi (9 æ å æ ä æ ä æ ê ä æ ä æ ä æ å ê ä

OÃC ÐËiG ÅÍËjM OÍËi (10 ê æ ä æ ä æ ê ä æ ä æ ä ä ê ä

BÀNÃC BÍËiG ÆBÍËjM BÀNÍËi (11 å æ ä ä æ ê ê ä æ ä å ê ä

ÅNÃC ÅÍËiG ÅÍËjM ÅNÍËi (12 ì å æ ä ä æ ä æ ê ä ä æ ä ì å ê ä

BÃC ÔËiC OÍËi (13 ä


ÅZÃ ÔËjÃ BÄÍËi (14 å æ ä Ð ä æ ä ê ä

BÎY ,ÏÎZÍ ,ÏY ½§B°»A jyBZ»A j¿ ÞA ªiBzÀ»A ½¨°»A ÏyBÀ»A ½¨°»A Ò¬Îv»A å


å æ ê å ä ð ç é ä ê

æ ä ì ä

ÌÇ ÓÎZÍ ÏY (1 ä å Ð ä æ ä ì ä

BÀÇ ÆBÎZÍ BÎY (2 å ê æ ä ì ä

ÁÇ ÆÌÎZÍ AÌÎY (3 æ å ä æ ä æ ä å ä

ÏÇ ÓÎZM OÎY (4 ä ê Ð ä æ ä æ ì ä

BÀÇ ÆBÎZM BNÎY (5 å ê æ ä ì ä

ÅÇ ÅÎÎZM ÅÎÎY (6 ì å ä æ ä æ ä ä ê ä

OÃC ÏYG ÓÎZM OÎÎY (7 ä æ ä ä æ ê Ð ä æ ä ä ê ä

BÀNÃC BÎYG ÆBÎZM BÀNÎÎY (8 å æ ä æ ê ê æ ä å ê ä

ÁNÃC AÌÎYG ÆÌÎZM ÁNÎÎY (9 æ å æ ä æ ä æ ê ä æ ä æ ä æ å ê ä

OÃC ÏÎYG ÅÎÎZM OÎÎY (10 ê æ ä æ ä æ ê ä æ ä æ ä ê ê ä

BÀNÃC BÎYG ÆBÎZM BÀNÎÎY (11 å æ ä æ ê ê æ ä å ê ä

ÅNÃC ÅÎÎYG ÅÎÎZM ÅNÎÎY (12 ì å æ ä ä æ ä æ ê ä æ ä æ ä ì å ê ä

BÃC ÓÎYC OÎÎY (13 ä


ÅZÃ ÓÎZÃ BÄÎÎY (14 å æ ä Ð ä æ ä ê ä

ÕBÎZNmG ,ÏÎZNnÍ ,BÎZNmG ½§B°»A jyBZ»A j¿ ÞA ªiBzÀ»A ½¨°»A ÏyBÀ»A ½¨°»A Ò¬Îv»A å


å æ ê å ä ð ç æ ê æ ê ê

æ ä æ ä æ ä æ ê

ÌÇ ÏÎZNnÍ ÓÎZNmG (1 ä å ê æ ä æ ä Ð ä æ ä æ ê

BÀÇ ÆBÎÎZNnÍ BÎÎZNmG (2 å ê ê æ ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ê

ÁÇ ÆÌÎZNnÍ AÌÎZNmG (3 æ å ä å æ ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ê ÏÇ ÏÎZNnM OÎZNmG (4 ä ê ê æ

ä æ ä æ ä æ ä æ ê BÀÇ ÆBÎÎZNnM BNÎZNmG (5 å ê ê æ

ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ê ÅÇ ÅÎÎZNnÍ ÅÎÎZNmG (6 ì å ä ê æ

ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä æ ê OÃC ÏZNmG ÏÎZNnM OÎÎZNmG (7 ä æ ä

ê æ ä æ ê ê æ

ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä æ ê BÀNÃC BÎÎZNmG ÆBÎÎZNnM BÀNÎÎZNmG (8 å æ ä

ê æ ä æ ê ê ê æ

ä æ ä å æ ä æ ä æ ê ÁNÃC AÌÎZNmG ÆÌÎZNnM ÁNÎÎZNmG (9 æ å æ ä å æ ä æ ê

ä å æ ä æ ä æ å æ ä æ ä æ ê OÃC ÏZNmG ÅÎÎZNnM OÎÎZNmG (10 ê æ ä

ê æ ä æ ê ä ê æ

ä æ ä ê æ ä æ ä æ ê BÀNÃC BÎÎZNmG ÆBÎÎZNnM BÀNÎÎZNmG (11 å æ ä

ê æ ä æ ê ê ê æ

ä æ ä å æ ä æ ä æ ê ÅNÃC ÅÎÎZNmG ÅÎÎZNnM ÅNÎÎZNmG (12 ì å æ ä ä ê æ

ä æ ê ä ê æ ä æ ä ì å æ ä æ ä æ ê

BÃC ÏÎZNmC OÎÎZNmG (13 ä

ê æ ä æ ä å æ ä æ ä æ ê

ÅZÃ ÏÎZNnÃ BÄÎÎZNmG (14 å æ ä ê æ ä æ ä æ ä æ ä æ ê

L L L

:ÅN¿

o¿Bb»A

ÂÝ»A Ë ÕF°»A ½N¨À»A å ì ä å í ä æ å

,¶ :ÉÄ¿ j¿ÞA Ë .jaE Ó»G ÆÌ´Í ,ÆBÎ´Í ,Ï´Í ,Ó¿j· ,Ó³Ë :¾Ì´N¯ ,¶Ëj°À»A ±Î°¼»A É» ¾B´Í Ë ê å æ ê å æ

ä ä ê ê Ð

ä ê ä å ä ê ê ä ê ä Ð

ä ä ä Ð

ä ä å å ä ä å å æ ä å ê ì å ä å å ä

,ÆBÎ³ ,ÅÎ³ :fÎ·DN»A Ï¯ ¾Ì´M Ë ,É³ :ÌZÃ ±³Ì»A Ï¯ ÕFÈ»A É¿l¼Í Ë fYAË ²jY Ó¼§ jÎvÎ¯ ð ê ì ä ê ê ê æ ì ê

å å ä ä æ ê å æ ä ê æ ä ê å å å ê

æ ä ä ë ê ë æ ä Ð ä ä å ê ä

ä

:ÓyjÍ Ïyj· ÓUÌÍ ,ÏUË Ï¯ ¾Ì´M Ë .Å³ ,Å³ ,ÅÎ³ :Ò°Î°b»BI Ë ,ÆBÄÎ³ ,ÆBÎ³ ,Å³ ,Å³ Ð ä æ ä ä ê ä

ä Ð

ä æ ä ä ê ä ê å å ä ä æ ê æ å æ ä ê ê

ä ê ä

ê ä ð ê ð ê ì ê ì å

.~iH· WÍG ä æ ê ä ä æ

ê

:ÒÀUjM Fifth

Mu'tall of the First and Third Original Letter

[4.20] It is termed Lafeef Mafruq, then you'd say ( ) like ( ), ( ), until the Ó³Ë Ó¿i ÆÌ´Í ,ÆBÎ´Í ,Ï´Í − Ð ä ä Ð

ä ä ä å ä ê ê ä ê ä

end. The Command Verb is ( ), it becomes one letter which requires Ha in halting, as in: ¶ ê −

É³ ÆBÄÎ³ ,ÆBÎ³ ,Å³ ,Å³ ,ÆBÎ³ ,ÅÎ³ Å³ ,Å³ ,ÅÎ³ . You'd say in (the Nun of) emphasis: . With Takhfeef: . æ ê − ð ê ð ê ì ê ì å ð ê ì ä ê æ ê æ å æ ä ê You'd say in ( ), like ( ) and ( ) is like ( ). ÓUÌÍ ,ÏUË ÓyjÍ ,Ïyi WÍG ~iG Ð

ä æ ä ä ê ä Ð ä æ ä ä ê ä ä ê

ä æ ê

:`jq [4.20] The fifth type of weak verb is the Lafeef Mafruq, meaning that the Weak Letters are −

separated from one another by the second Original letter, as in: . With regard to its first ÓUjÍ ,ÏUË Ð ä æ ä ä ê ä

Original Letter, if the verb is on the pattern of ( ), the first Original Letter will be elided as ½¨°Í ,½¨¯ å ê æ ä

ä ä ä

is the usual case in the Mithal Verb, for example: . Otherwise, the Lafeef Mafruq verb is Ï´Í ,Ó³Ë − ê ä Ð ä ä −

like the Naqis verb in all other respects. The verb ( ) is conjugated below: Ï´Í ,Ó³Ë − ± ê ä Ð ä ä

B§Ì³Ë ,Ï´Í ,Ó³Ë ½§B°»A jyBZ»A j¿ ÞA ªiBzÀ»A ½¨°»A ÏyBÀ»A ½¨°»A Ò¬Îv»A å


å æ ê å ä ð ç å å ê ä Ð

ä ä

ÌÇ Ï´Í Ó³Ë (1 ä å ê ä Ð ä ä

BÀÇ ÆBÎ´Í BÎ³Ë (2 å ê ê ä ä ä

ÁÇ ÆÌ´Í AÌ³Ë (3 æ å ä å ä å ä

ÏÇ Ï´M O³Ë (4 ä ê ê ä æ ä ä

BÀÇ ÆBÎ´M BN³Ë (5 å ê ê ä ä ä

ÅÇ ÅÎ´Í ÅÎ³Ë (6 ì å ä ê ä ä æ ä ä

OÃC ¶ Ï´M OÎ³Ë (7 ä æ ä ê ê ä ä æ ä ä

BÀNÃC BÎ³ ÆBÎ´M BÀNÎ³Ë (8 å æ ä ê ê ê ä å æ ä ä

ÁNÃC AÌ³ ÆÌ´M ÁNÎ³Ë (9 æ å æ ä å ä å ä æ å æ ä ä

OÃC Ï³ ÅÎ´M OÎ³Ë (10 ê æ ä ê ä ê ä ê æ ä ä

BÀNÃC BÎ³ ÆBÎ´M BÀNÎ³Ë (11 å æ ä ê ê ê ä å æ ä ä

ÅNÃC ÅÎ³ ÅÎ´M ÅNÎ³Ë (12 ì å æ ä ä ê ä ê ä ì å æ ä ä

BÃC Ï³C OÎ³Ë (13 ä

ê ä å æ ä ä

ÅZÃ Ï´Ã BÄÎ³Ë (14 å æ ä ê ä æ ä ä

L L L

:ÅN¿ peBn»A

ÅÎ¨»A Ë ÕF°»A ½N¨¿ ê æ ä ä ê í ä æ å ½¨¯ ÉÄ¿ ÓÄJÍ Ü Ë ½ÍË Ë ÂÌÍ Ë ÆB¸¿ ÁmG Ï¯ ÅÎÎ· è æ ê å æ ê Ð ä æ å ä ë æ ä ä ë

æ ä ä ë ä ê

æ ê ê ê ä ä

:ÒÀUjM Sixth

Mu'tall of the First and Second Original Letters

[4.21] Like ( ) in the Noun of a Place and ( ) and ( ). Verbs are not constructed from ÅÎÍ ÂÌÍ ½ÍË æ ä æ ä æ ä

(these words).

:`jq [4.21] This category of weak words does not include any verbs. Only a limited number of nouns

are formed from this group, such as ( ), the name of a place, ( ) meaning and ( ) ÅÎÍ ÂÌÍ ½ÍË A day æ ä æ ä æ ä meaning ). Woe (upon you

:ÅN¿ ©IBn»A

ÂÝ»A Ë ÅÎ¨»A Ë ÕF°»A ½N¨À»A å ì ä å æ ä ä å í ä æ å

.ÅÎ¯jZ»A ÏÀmÞ ÕFÍ Ë ËAË ¹»gË ê æ ä æ ä ä æ ê

ä è ä è ä ä ê

Ð ä

:ÒÀUjM Seventh

The Mu'tall of the First, Second and Third Original Letters

[4.22] That is Waw and Ya for the names of two letters. − −

:`jq [4.22] The seventh type of weak word only exists for the names of letters in the alphabet, as in:

ÕFÍ Ë ËAË . è ä è

L L L

:ÅN¿ ½v¯

±°bM f³ BÈÄ¸_» \ÎZu ²jY ÑlÀÈ»A ÆÞ ,\ÎZv»A Á¸Z· É¼¨¯ ±ÍiBvM Ï¯ kÌÀÈÀ»A Á¸Y å ì ä å æ ä ì ê Ð è ê ä è æ ä ä ä æ ä ì ê

ä ê ê ì ê

æ å ä ê ê æ ê ê ê ê ê å æ ä å æ å

:¾ÌŃ¯ ,μ¼Z»A Óv³C Å¿ fÍfq ²jY BÈÃÞ ,¾ËC jÎ« O¨³Ë AgG å å ä ä

ê æ ä

Ð ä æ ä æ ê è ê

ä è æ ä ì ê ä

ë ì ä ä æ ä æ ä ä ä

ê

ÑfYAË ÒÀ¼· Ï¯ BNŃ»G AgG ÅÎMlÀÈ»A ÆÞ ,AËAË ÑlÀÈ»A K¼Í ½¿ËC ,jvÄÍ ,jvÄ· ½¿DÍ ,½¿C ë ä ê ë ä ê ä

ê ä ä æ

ê ê ê æ ä ä æ ä ì ê

ä ç ê ä æ ä ê

æ ä ê æ å å å å æ ä ä ä ä ä å å

æ ä ä ä ä

ÑlÀÇ Ó»ËÞA OÃB· ÆH¯ ,BÃBÀÍG Ë Å¿ËC Ë Å¿F· BÈ¼J³ B¿ Ò·jZI BÈJ¼³ KUË ÒÄ·Bm BÀÈNÎÃBQ ä ä æ ä

Ð

ä å ê ä æ

ê ä ç

ê ä ä ê

å ä ä ä ä ä æ ä ê ä ä ä ä å æ ä ä ä ä è ä ê å å ä ê

.BÈ¼J³ B¿ \N°ÃA AgG ½uÌ»A fÄ§ ÒÎÃBR»A eÌ¨M ½uË ä æ ä ä ä ä æ

ê ê æ ä ä æ ê

å ä ê ì å å å ë æ ä

:ÒÀUjM SECTION

[5.0] The ruling of the Mahmuz in the conjugation of its verb is like the ruling of the sound −

word because the Hamzah is a sound letter, however, it is sometimes lessened when it

occurs as other than the first (Original Letter) and because it is a difficult letter (to

pronounce) from the furthest point in the throat, you'd say ( ) like ( ) and ½¿DÍ ,½¿C jvÄÍ ,jvÃ å å æ ä ä ä ä å å æ ä ä ä ä

( ) with the conversion of the Hamzah to Waw, because the two Hamzahs when they ½¿ËC æ å å −

meet in one word, the second of the two is Sakin and it is required to convert it to the −

vowel preceding it, like ( ). If the first Hamzah is Hamzah al-Wasl, the second BÃBÀÍG Ë Å¿ËC ,Å¿E ç ê ä ä ê

å ä ä ±

Hamzah returns with the connection when the preceding (consonant) is vowelled with

Fathah. ±

:`jq [5.0] The Mahmuz word is that word which contains Hamzah as one of its Original Letters. I'lal − − or alteration does not occur in the Mahmuz word, rather Takhfeef occurs wherein one of the − letters is elided for a purpose. This is the case when the Hamzah occurs as other than the first Original Letter. The Hamzah, being a glottal sound, emanates from the furthest point in the throat and is one of the difficult letters to properly pronounce.

For example, the verb ( ) is on the pattern of ( ). Its Command Verb is ( ) on the ½¿DÍ ,½¿C jvÄÍ ,jvÃ ½¿ËC å å æ ä ä ä ä å å æ ä ä ä ä æ å å

pattern of ( ). Originally, it was ( ) with the second Hamzah being Sakin. The Hamzah is jvÃC ½¿ÚC æ å æ å æ å æ å −

elided in favor of the letter Waw which forms a long vowel with the preceding letter. This is one −

instance of Takhfeef. At times, two Hamzahs are written as one with Maddah, as in: , which Å¿E ä ä

was originally ( ), the third-person singular of the past-tense. ÅÀÖC ä ä æ ä

L L L

:ÅN¿ j¿ËC ØÎVÍ f³ Ë ¾BÀ¨NmâA ÑjR¸» ,pBÎ´»A jÎ« Ó¼§ j¿ Ë ½· Ë ha Ï¯ ÑlÀÈ»A AÌ¯hY Ë æ å

å å ê ä

æ ä ä ê æ ê æ ê ê ä æ ä

ê ê ê ê æ ä Ð

ä ä æ å ä æ å ä æ å ê ä ä æ ä å ä ä ä

.ÑÝv»BI ¹¼ÇC j¿A Ë :Ó»B¨M É»Ì´· ½uÌ»A fÄ§ ½uÞA Ó¼§ ê ì ê ä ä æ ä æ å Ô ä Ð

ä ä ê ê ä ä

ê æ ä ä æ ê ê

æ ä Ð

ä ä

:ÒÀUjM [5.1] The Hamzah is elided in ( ), ( ) and ( ), contrary to the analogy due to excessive ha ½· j¿

æ å æ å æ å

usage. At times, ( ) comes upon the original form with a connection (to another word), j¿ËC æ å å

as in His, the Exalted's saying: . {ÑÝv»BI ¹¼ÇC j¿AË} 10 ê ì ê ä ä æ ä æ å Ô ä

:`jq [5.1] A few Mahmuz Command Verbs are formed contrary to the expected rules in that they are −

not formed using Hamzah as is normal. For example, the Command Verb taken from ( ) would haDM å å æ ä

be expected to be ( ), however, both the Hamzah attributed to the Command Verb and the haËC æ å å

original Hamzah are elided, what remains is ( ) on the pattern of ( ). This exception is most ha ½§ æ å æ å

notable in the verbs ( ), ( ) and ( ). ha ,haDÍ ,haC ½· ,½·DÍ ½·C j¿ ,j¿DÍ ,j¿C æ å å å æ ä ä ä ä æ å å å æ ä ä ä ä æ å å å æ ä ä ä ä

AhaC ,haDÍ ,haC ½§B°»A jyBZ»A j¿ ÞA ªiBzÀ»A ½¨°»A ÏyBÀ»A ½¨°»A Ò¬Îv»A å


å æ ê å ä ð ç æ ä å å æ ä ä ä ä

ÌÇ haDÍ haC (1 ä å å å æ ä ä ä ä

BÀÇ ÆAhaDÍ AhaC (2 å ê å æ ä ä ä

ÁÇ ÆËhaDÍ AËhaC (3 æ å ä å å æ ä å ä ä

ÏÇ haDM PhaC (4 ä ê å å æ ä æ ä ä ä

BÀÇ ÆAhaDM BMhaC (5 å ê å æ ä ä ä ä

ÅÇ ÆhaDÍ ÆhaC (6 ì å ä æ å æ ä ä æ ä ä

OÃC ha haDM PhaC (7 ä æ ä æ å å å æ ä ä æ ä ä

BÀNÃC Aha ÆAhaDM BÀMhaC (8 å æ ä å ê

å æ ä å æ ä ä

ÁNÃC AËha ÆËhaDM ÁMhaC (9 æ å æ ä å å ä å å æ ä æ å æ ä ä

OÃC Ðha ÅÍhaDM PhaC (10 ê æ ä ê å ä ê å æ ä ê

æ ä ä

BÀNÃC Aha ÆAhaDM BÀMhaC (11 å æ ä å ê

å æ ä å æ ä ä

ÅNÃC Æha ÆhaDM ÅMhaC (12 ì å æ ä ä æ å ä æ å æ ä ì å æ ä ä

BÃC haE PhaC (13 ä å å å æ ä ä

ÅZÃ haDÃ BÃhaC (14 å æ ä å å æ ä æ ä ä

L L L

:ÅN¿

,¾Dm Ë ,LeËC Âj¸Í ,Âj¸· LeDÍ ,LeC Ë ,ilÍG LjzÍ ,Ljz· DÄÈÍ ,DÄÇ Ë ikDÍ ,ikC Ë ä ä ä ä æ å å å å æ ä ä å ä ä å å æ ä ä å ä ä æ ê ê

å ê æ ä ä ä ä ä

å ê æ ä

ä ä ä ä å ê æ ä ä ä

ä ä

Ûm ,ÕÌnÍ ,ÕFm Ë LC ,LÛÍ ,LE Ë ½m ,¾BnÍ ,¾Bm kÌVÍ Ë .½×mG ©ÄÀÍ ,©ÄÀ· ¾DnÍ æ å å å ä ä ä æ å å å ä ä ä æ ä å ä ä å å ä ä æ ä æ ê å ä æ ä ä ä ä ä å ä æ ä

ÌmDÍ ,BmC Ë ,ÕFU Ë ÕFm ÌÈ¯ ,½· ,½Î¸Í ,¾B¸· ØU ,ØÎVÍ ,ÕFU Ë Åu ,ÆÌvÍ ,ÆBv· å æ ä ä ä ë ä ë ä å ä æ ê

å ê ä

ä ä æ ê

å ê ä ä ä æ å å å ä ä ä

.OÍG ,Ï¿jÍ ,Ó¿j· ÏMDÍ ,ÓMC Ë Ì§fÍ ,B§f· ê ê ê æ ä Ð ä ä ä ê

æ ä Ð

ä ä ä å æ ä ä ä

:ÒÀUjM [5.2] The verbs ( ) and ( ) are like ( ), the Command Verb being ( ). ikDÍ ,ikC DÄÈÍ ,DÄÇ LjzÍ ,Ljy ilÍG å ê

æ ä ä ä ä å ê æ ä

ä ä ä å ê æ ä ä ä ä æ ê ê

( ) is like ( ), the Command Verb being ( ). ( ) is like ( ), the LeDÍ ,LeC Âj¸Í ,Âj· LeËC ¾DnÍ ,¾Dm ©ÄÀÍ ,©Ä¿ å å æ ä ä å ä å å æ ä ä å ä æ å å å ä æ ä ä ä ä å ä æ ä ä ä ä

Command Verb being ( ). ( ) is (also) permissible. ( ) and ( ½×mG ½m ,¾BnÍ ,¾Bm LC ,LÛÍ ,LE ,ÕÌnÍ ,ÕFm æ ä æ ê æ ä å ä ä æ å å å ä ä å å ä ä

Ûm Åu ,ÆÌvÍ ,ÆBu ØU ,ØÎVÍ ,ÕFU ½· ,½Î¸Í ,¾B· ÕBU ,ÕBm ) are like ( ). ( ) is like ( ). (Their Masadir) are ( ). æ å æ å å å ä ä æ ê å ê ä ä æ ê å ê ä ä

± − ë ë ( ) is like ( ) and ( ) is like ( ), the Command Verb being ( ). ÌmDÍ ,BmC Ì§fÍ ,B§e ÏMDÍ ,ÓMC Ï¿jÍ ,Ó¿i OÍG å æ ä ä å æ ä ä ê

æ ä Ð

ä ä ê æ ä Ð ä ä ê ê

:`jq [5.2] The verbs ( ) and ( ) resemble the verb ( ) and their Command Verb is ikDÍ ,ikC DÄÈÍ ,DÄÇ LjzÍ ,Ljy å ê

æ ä ä ä ä å ê æ ä

ä ä ä å ê æ ä ä ä ä

( ) and ( ), respectively. The verb ( ) is like ( ) and its Command Verb is ilÍG ØÄÇG LeDÍ ,LeC Âj¸Í ,Âj· æ ê ê æ ê æ ê å å æ ä ä å ä å å æ ä ä å ä

( ). The verb ( ) has two forms, the first being ( ). The second is ( ) LeËC ¾Dm ¾DmG ,¾DnÍ ,¾Dm ½m ,¾BnÍ ,¾Bm æ å æ å ä ä ä æ ä æ ê å ä æ ä ä ä ä æ ä å ä ä

with Takhfeef, meaning that the Hamzah is elided and the letter is pronounced as a long vowel.

The verb ( ), its origin is ( ) the second Hamzah is elided and the first is written with LC ,LÛÍ ,LE KÖC æ å å å ä ä ä ä ä

Maddah ( ). Like ( ) it resembles ( ). The verb ( ) resembles LE Øm ,ÕÌnÍ ,ÕFm Åu ,ÆÌvÍ ,ÆBu ØU ,ØÎVÍ ,ÕFU ä æ å å å ä æ å å å ä ä æ ê å ê ä ä the verb ( ). The Masadir of the last two verbs are ( ) and ( ), respectively. The verb ½· ,½Î¸Í ,¾B· ÕBm ÕFU æ ê å ê ä ä

± − è è

( ) resembles ( ), its Command verb is ( ). The verb ( ) resembles the verb ÌmDÍ ,BmC Ì§fÍ ,B§e pËC ÏMDÍ ,ÓMC å æ ä ä å æ ä ä å å ê æ ä

Ð ä ä

( ) with the Command Verb of ( ). Ï¿jÍ ,Ó¿i OÍG ê æ ä Ð ä ä ê ê

L L L

:ÅN¿

,ÐÌr· BÍG ,ÐËDÍ ÔËC Ë ,Ï´Í ,Ó³Ì· ÙDÍ ,ÔCË Ë .hbI É» BÈÎJrM P :¾Ì´Í Å¿ ÁÈÄ¿ Ë Ð ä ä ä ç é ê ê æ ä Ð ä ä ä ê ä Ð

ä ä ä ê æ ä Ð

ä ä ä æ å ê å ä ç

ê æ ä ê

å å ä æ ä æ å æ ê ä

.ÌqH· ÌÍG ,BÎq ,ÐÌrÍ ê æ ê ä

ê ê ç é ä ê

æ ä

²hY Ó¼§ O¨ÀNUG f³ Lj¨»A Å¸_» .ÔCjÍ ,ÔCi pBÎ³ Ah· Ë Ó§jÍ ,Ó§j· ÐDÄÍ ,ÐDÃ Ë ê æ ä

Ð

ä ä æ ä ä ä æ ê

æ ä ä ä ä ì ê Ð Ð

ä æ ä Ð

ä ä å ê

ä ä Ð

ä æ ä Ð ä ä ä Ð

ä æ ä Ð

ä ä ä

Ï¯ μ°MG Ë .ÊjaE Ó»G ÅÍjÍ ,ÆBÍjM ,ÔjM ,ÆËjÍ ,ÆBÍjÍ ,ÔjÍ :AÌ»B´¯ ,É§iBz¿ Å¿ ÑlÀÈ»A ê ä ä ì ê

ä ê ê ê Ð

ä ê

ä æ ä ä ê ä ä Ð ä ä ä ä ä ê ä ä Ð ä ä å ä ê ê ê å æ ê ê ä æ ä

Pj¿C AgH¯ ,Å¼°M ©ÀV»A Ë ÅÎ°M ÑfYAÌ»A ÆkË Å¸_» ©ÀV»A Ë ÑfYAÌ»A ¥°» SÃÛÀ»A LBñb»A ä æ ä ä

ê ä ä æ ä ä å æ ä ä ä æ ä ä ê ä ê å æ ä æ ê Ð ê

æ ä ä ê ä ê ê æ ä

ê ì ä å ê ê

,AËi ,BÍi ,Êi :ÌZÃ ±³Ì»A Ï¯ É¿l¼Í Ë i ²hZ»A Ó¼§ Ë ªiH· ,ÕiG ½uÞA Ó¼§ O¼³ ÉÄ¿ æ ä ä æ ä å æ ä ê æ ä ê å å ê

æ ä ä ä ê æ ä

Ð

ä ä ä ä æ ê ä ä æ ê ê

æ ä Ð

ä ä ä æ å å æ ê

.ÅÍi ,BÍi ,Ði ä æ ä ä æ ä

:ÒÀUjM [5.3] Among (the 'Arabs) is he who says ( ) in likeness with ( ). ( ) is like ( ). P ha ÐDÍ ,ÐCË Ï´Í ,Ó³Ë ê

æ å ê æ ä Ð

ä ê ä Ð

ä ä

( ) is like ( ) and ( ) is like ( ). BÍG ,ÐËDÍ ,ÔËC BÎq ,ÐÌrÍ ,ÔÌq ÌÍG ÌqG ç é ê ê æ ä Ð ä ä ç é ä ê

æ ä Ð ä ä ê ê ê æ ê

( ) is like ( ), likewise is the analogy with ( ). However, the 'Arabs have a ÔDÄÍ ,ÔDÃ Ó§jÍ ,Ó§i ÔCi Ð ä æ ä Ð

ä ä Ð

ä æ ä Ð ä ä Ð

ä ä

consensus on eliding Hamzah in the present-tense. They say: , ÅÍjÍ ,ÆBÍjM ,ÔjM ,ÆËjÍ ,ÆBÍjÍ ,ÔjÍ ä æ ä ä ê ä ä Ð ä ä ä æ ä ä ê ä ä Ð ä ä

until its end. It is coincidental that the second-person feminine singular and (feminine)

plural are one word, but the pattern of the singular is ( ) and the plural is ( ). When ÅÎ°M Å¼°M ä æ ä ä ä æ ä ä

you (form a) Command from this verb, you'd say, according to its origin ( ), like ( ). With ÕiG ªiG ä æ ê ä æ ê

elision, it becomes ( ) and it requires ( ) in halting, as in: . i BÇ ÅÍi ,BÍi ,Ði ,AËi ,BÍi ,Êi ä ä æ ä ä æ ä æ ä ä æ ä

:`jq [5.3] Some 'Arabs make an analogy with the verb ( ) whose Command Verb is ( ) and haDM ha

å å æ ä æ å

the say ( ) as the Command Verb from ( ). Here, the Hamzah is elided due to Takhfeef P ÏMDÍ ê ê æ ä

and the Ya at its end is elided to indicate the jussive state, resulting in ( ). P − ê

The verb ( ) is like the verb ( ) whose first Original Letter is elided due to being ÐDÍ ,ÔCË Ï´Í ,Ó³Ë ê æ ä Ð

ä ä ê ä Ð ä ä

on the pattern of ( ). The verb ( ) is like the verb ( ) and the ½¨°Í ,½¨¯ BÍG ,ÐËDÍ ,ÔËC BÎq ,ÐÌrÍ ,ÔÌq å ê æ ä

ä ä ä ç ì ê ê æ ä Ð ä ä ç é ä ê

æ ä Ð ä ä

Command Verb ( ) is like the Command Verb ( ). ÌÍG ÌqG ê ê ê æ ê

The verb ( ) is like the verb ( ). A similar analogy can be made with the verb ÔDÄÍ ,ÔDÃ Ó§jÍ ,Ó§i Ð ä æ ä Ð

ä ä Ð

ä æ ä Ð ä ä

( ) except that the 'Arabs routinely elide the Hamzah from the present-tense pattern ÔCi Ð ä ä

which becomes ( ). This verb is conjugation below: ÔjÍ ,ÔCjÍ Ð ä ä Ð ä æ ä

BÍCi ,ÔjÍ ,ÔCi ½§B°»A jyBZ»A j¿ ÞA ªiBzÀ»A ½¨°»A ÏyBÀ»A ½¨°»A Ò¬Îv»A å ê ê å ê å å æ ê ê

å æ ê å ä ð ç æ ä Ð ä ä Ð

ä ä

ÌÇ ÔjÍ ÔCi (1 ä å Ð ä ä Ð ä ä

BÀÇ ÆBÍjÍ BÍCi (2 å ê ä ä ä ä

ÁÇ ÆËjÍ AËCi (3 æ å ä æ ä ä æ ä ä

ÏÇ ÔjM PCi (4 ä ê Ð ä ä æ ä ä

BÀÇ ÆBÍjM BMCi (5 å ê ä ä ä ä

ÅÇ ÅÍjÍ ÅÍCi (6 ì å ä æ ä ä ä æ ä ä

OÃC i ÐjM OÍCi (7 ä æ ä ä Ð ä ä ä æ ä ä

BÀNÃC BÍi ÆBÍjM BÀNÍCi (8 å æ ä ä ê ä ä å æ ä ä

ÁNÃC AËi ÆËjM ÁNÍCi (9 æ å æ ä æ ä ä æ ä ä æ å æ ä ä

OÃC Ði ÅÍjM OÍCi (10 ê æ ä æ ä ä æ ä ä ê æ ä ä

BÀNÃC BÍi ÆBÍjM BÀNÍCi (11 å æ ä ä ê ä ä å æ ä ä

ÅNÃC ÅÍi ÅÍjM ÅNÍCi (12 ì å æ ä ä æ ä ä æ ä ä ì å æ ä ä

BÃC ÔiC OÍCi (13 ä

Ð ä ä å æ ä ä

ÅZÃ ÔjÃ BÄÍCi (14 å æ ä Ð ä ä æ ä ä

L L L

:ÅN¿

.ÆÌ§Ai ,ÆBÎ§Ai ,ªAj· ÆÚAi ,ÆBÎÖAi ,ÕAi ÌÈ¯ ,ÆBÄÍi ,ÆBÍi ,ÅÍi ,ÆËi ,ÆBÍi ,ÅÍi fÎ·DN»BI Ë ä å ê ê ë

ä ä å ê ê ë ä å ä ð æ ä ð ä ì ê ä

ì å ä ð ä ì ä ä ê ê æ ì

ê ä

Ë ÕAiG ,ÐjÍ ,ÔiC :¾Ì´N¯ ,BzÍC ÉMAÌaÞ ±»Bb¿ ÉÄ¿ ½¨¯C ÕBÄI Ë .Ï§jÀ· ÏÖj¿ ºAg Ë ä ç ê ê å Ð ä ä å å ä ä ç æ ä ê ê

ä ê ä è

ê å å æ ê ä ä æ ä å ê ä ï ê æ ä

ä ï ê æ ä

ä ä

,iC :ÉÄ¿ j¿ÞA Ë .PBÍj¿ ,ÆBMAj¿ ,ÑAj¿ ,ÆËj¿ ,ÆBÍj¿ ,Ôj¿ ºAg Ë j¿ ÌÈ¯ ÒÍAiG Ë ÒÖAiG ê ä å æ ê å æ

ä ä è ä å ê å è å ä æ ä å ê æ å ç ä å ä ä ë å ä å ä ç ä

ê ä ç ä

ê :ÏÈÄ»A Ï¯ Ë .ÆBÄÍiC ,ÆBÍiC ,ÆiC ,ÆiC ,ÆBÍiC ,ÅÍiC :fÎ·DN»BI Ë .ÅÍiC ,BÍiC ,ÐiC ,AËiC ,BÍiC ê

æ ä ê ä ð ê ä

ð ê ä ì

ê ä ì å

ä ð ê

ä ì ä ê ä

ê ê æ ì

ê ä ä

ê ä

ê ä

ê ä

å ä

ê ä

Ü ,ÆBÍjM Ü ,ÅÍjÍ Ü ,ÆjÍ Ü ,ÆBÍjÍ Ü ,ÅÍjÍ Ü :fÎ·DN»BI Ë .ÊjaE Ó»G AËjÍ Ü ,BÍjÍ Ü ,jÍ Ü ð ê å ì ä ê å

ì å å ð ê å ì ä ê ä ê ê æ ì

ê ä ê ê ê Ð

ä ê å å ê å ê å

.ÓzN³H· Ó¼NÍG Ë iBNaH· ¾BNÍG :ÕF°»A kÌÀÈ¿ Å¿ ½¨N¯G Ï¯ ¾Ì´M Ë .ÆBÄÍjÍ Ð ä ä æ

ê ä Ð

ä ä ê

ä ä æ ê ä ä

ê ê ê å æ ä æ ê

ä ä ä æ ê ê

å å ä ä ð ê å

:ÒÀUjM [5.4] With Takeed (the Command Verb of ) is: . Then, (is the ÔjM ÆBÄÍi ,ÆBÍi ,ÅÍi ,ÆËi ,ÆBÍi ,ÅÍi ÕAi Ð ä ä ð æ ä ð ä ì ê ä ì å ä ð ä ì ä ä ë Masdar) and ( ) is like ( ). (The Active Participle) is like ( ). ÆËÚAi ,ÆBÎÖAi ÆÌ§Ai ,ÆBÎ§Ai ,ªAi ÏÖj¿ Ï§j¿ ±

ä å ê ê ä å ê ê ë ï ê æ ä ï ê æ ä

The construction of the pattern ( ) from this verb also differs from its sisters. You'd say: ½¨¯C ä ä æ ä

PBÍj¿ ,ÆBMAj¿ ,ÑAj¿ ,ÆËj¿ ,ÆBÍj¿ ,Ôj¿ ºAg Ë j¿ ÌÈ¯ ;ÒÍAiG Ë ÒÖAiG Ë ÕAiG ,ÐjÍ ,ÔiC è ä å ê å è å ä æ ä å ê ä å ç å ä ä ë å ä å å ç ä ê ä

ç ä ê ä ç ê ê å Ð ä ä

The Command Verb: . With Takeed: . The ÅÍiC ,BÍiC ,ÐiC ,AËiC ,BÍiC ,iC ÆBÄÍiC ,ÆBÍiC ,ÆiC ,ÆiC ,ÆBÍiC ,ÅÍiC ä ê ä

ê ä

ê ä å ä ê

ä ê ä ð ê

ä ð ê ä ì ê

ä ì å ä ð ê ä ì ä ê

ä

Verb of Prohibition: , until its end. (The Verb of Prohibition) with Takeed: AËjÍ Ü ,BÍjÍ Ü ,jÍ Ü å å ê å ê å

ÆBÄÍjÍ Ü ,ÆBÍjM Ü ,ÅÍjM Ü ,ÆjÍ Ü ,ÆBÍjÍ Ü ,ÅÍjÍ Ü ð ê å ð ê å ì ä ê

å ì å å ð ê å ì ä ê å

In ( ) of the Mahmuz of the first Original Letter is ( ), like ( ), and ( ) is like ½¨N¯G ¾BNÍG iBNaG Ó¼NÍG ä ä ä æ ê − ä

ê ä æ ê Ð

ä ä ê

( ). ÓzN³G Ð ä ä æ

ê

:`jq [5.4] With Takeed, the Command Verb of ( ) is: . Its Active Participle ÔjÍ ÆBÄÍi ,ÆBÍi ,ÅÍi ,ÆËi ,ÆBÍi ,ÅÍi Ð ä ä ð æ ä ð ä ì ê ä ì å ä ð ä ì ä ä

is: , like: . Its Passive Participle is ( ) like ( ). ÆÚAi ,ÆBÎÖAi ,ÕAi ÆÌ§Ai ,ÆBÎ§Ai ,ªAi ÏÖj¿ Ï§j¿ ä å ê ê ë ä å ê ê ë ê æ ä ï ê æ ä

The derivative pattern ( ) is constructed differently than the Primary Verb ( ). Its patterns ½¨¯C ÔjÍ ,ÔCi ä ä æ ä Ð ä ä Ð ä ä

are ( ) for the past and present-tense; ( ) are various patterns of the Masdar; ( ) ÐjÍ ,ÔiC ÒÍAiG ,ÒÖAiG ,ÕAiG j¿ ê å Ð ä ä ç ä ê ç ä

ê ç ê ± ë å

the Active Participle; ( ) the Passive Participle; ( ) the forms of the Ôj¿ PBÍj¿ ,ÆBMAj¿ ,ÑAj¿ ,ÆËj¿ ,ÆBÍj¿ ç å è ä å ê å è å ä æ ä å ê ä å Passive Participle.

The Command Verbs of ( ) are: . With the Nun of Takeed, the Command ÐjÍ ÅÍiC ,BÍiC ,ÐiC ,AËiC ,BÍiC ,iC ê å ä ê ä

ê ä

ê ä å ä ê

ä ê −

Verbs are The patterns of the Verb of Prohibition: , ÆBÄÍiC ,ÆBÍiC ,ÆiC ,ÆiC ,ÆBÍiC ,ÅÍiC AËjÍ Ü ,BÍjÍ Ü ,jÍ Ü . ð ê ä ð ê

ä ì ê ä ì å ä ð ê

ä ì ä ê ä å å ê å ê å

until its end. The Verb of Prohibition with the Nun of Takeed is: −

ÆBÄÍjÍ Ü ,ÆBÍjM Ü ,ÅÍjM Ü ,ÆjÍ Ü ,ÆBÍjÍ Ü ,ÅÍjÍ Ü ð ê å ð ê å ì ä ê

å ì å å ð ê å ì ä ê å

The construction of the pattern ( ) wherein the Hamzah is the first Original Letter is ( ) like ½¨N¯G ¾BNÍG ä ä ä æ ê ä

ê the verb ( ). The verb ( ) which has Hamzah as its first Original Letter and Alif as its final iBNaG Ó¼NÍG ä æ

ê Ð

ä ä ê

letter is similar to the verb ( ). ÓzN³G Ð ä ä æ

ê

L L L

:ÅN¿

½v¯

ÆB¸À»A Ë ÆB¿l»A ÓÀmG ÕBÄI Ï¯ ê ä ä ê ì

ê ä æ ê ê ê ê

½¨°Í Å¿ Ë OÎJÀ»A Ë o¼VÀ»B· ÅÎ¨»A iÌn¸¿ ½¨°¿ Ó¼§ ÅÎ¨»A jn¸I ½¨°Í Å¿ ÌÇ Ë å ä æ ä æ ê ä ê ê ä ä ê ê æ ä

ä ê æ

ä ê å æ ä ê ê æ ä

Ð

ä ä ê æ

ä ê æ

ä ê å

ê æ ä æ ê ä å ä

hq Ë .ÂB´À»A Ë LjrÀ»A Ë ½N´À»A Ë KÇhÀ»B· ÅÎ¨»A `ÌN°¿ ½¨°¿ Ó¼§ BÈÀy Ë ÅÎ¨»A \N°I ì ä ä

ê ä ä ê ä

æ ä ä ê ä æ ä ä ê

ä æ ä ä ê æ

ä ê

å æ ä ê

ä æ ä Ð

ä ä ð ä ä ê æ ä

ê æ ä ê

Ë ¹nÄÀ»A Ë Å¸nÀ»A Ë ¶j°À»A Ë μ¯jÀ»A Ë ilVÀ»A Ë ©¼ñÀ»A Ë Lj¬À»A Ë ¶jrÀ»A Ë fVnÀ»A ä å ê æ ä ä å ê æ ä ä å ê æ ä ä å ê æ ä ä å ê

æ ä ä å ê æ ä ä å

ê æ ä ä å ê

æ ä ä å ê æ ä

½¨°»A ÆB· AgG AhÇ .BÈ¼· BÈÎ¯ \N°»A lÎUC Ë BÈzÏ Ï¯ \N°»A Ï¸Y Ë .¡ńÀ»A Ë OÄJÀ»A å æ ê ä

ê Ð ð å ê å æ

ä ä ê å ä ê æ ä ê å æ

ä ä ê å ä å

ê æ ä ä å ê æ ä

.ÂÝ»A Ë ÕF°»A \ÎZu ê ì ä ê ä ê ä

:ÒÀUjM Construction of the Nouns of Time and Place

[6.0] (The noun of time and place) are constructed from ( ) with the second Original ½¨°Í å ê æ ä

Letter vowelled with Kasrah on the pattern of ( ) with the second Original Letter also ½¨°¿ è ê æ ä

vowelled with Kasrah, like ( ). (Or) it is constructed from ( ) with the second ©ÎJ¿ ,o¼V¿ ½¨°Í è ê ä è ê æ ä å ä å æ ä

Original Letter vowelled with Fathah and Dammah on the pattern of ( ) with the ½¨°¿ ± ± è ä æ ä

second Original Letter vowelled with Fathah, like ( ). Exceptions ÂB´¿ ,LjrÀ»A ,½N´À»A ,KÇhÀ»A ± å ä å ä æ ä å ä æ ä å ä æ ä

are:

¡ńÀ»A ,OÄJÀ»A ,¹nÄÀ»A ,Å¸nÀ»A ,¶j°À»A ,μ¯jÀ»A ,ilVÀ»A ,©¼ñÀ»A ,Lj¬À»A ,¶jrÀ»A ÑfVnÀ»A å

ê æ ä å ê æ ä å ê æ å å ê æ ä å ê æ ä å ê æ ä å ê æ ä å ê

æ ä å ê æ ä å

ê æ ä å

ê æ ä

Fathah is narrated in some of these words while permitted in each of them. This is the ± case when the verb is sound (with regards to) the first Original Letter and last Original

Letter.

:`jq [6.0] The Nouns of Time ( ) and the Nouns of Place ( ) are both constructed on the ÆB¿l»A ÁmG ÆB¸À»A ÁmG ê ì å æ ê ê ä å æ ê same pattern when derived from the Primary Verb. When the Primary verb is on the pattern of

( ), then the Nouns of Time and Place are on the pattern of ( ), like ½¨°Í ½¨°¿ o¼V¿ A time or place of å

ê æ ä è

ê æ ä è ê æ ä

sitting . When the verb is on the pattern of ( ) and ( ), then the Nouns of Time and Place are ½¨°Í ½¨°Í å ä æ ä å å æ ä

on the pattern of ( ), like . ½¨°¿ ½N´¿ The time or place of killing è ä æ ä è ä æ ä

There are a number of exceptions to these patterns wherein the second Original Letter is vowelled

with Kasrah instead of Fathah, like . Others are, as mentioned: ¶jr¿ The time or place of sunrise ± è ê æ ä

¡´nÀ»A ,OÄJÀ»A ,¹nÄÀ»A ,Å¸nÀ»A ,¶j°À»A ,μ¯jÀ»A ,μ¯jÀ»A ,ilVÀ»A ,©¼ñÀ»A ,Lj¬À»A ,¶jrÀ»A ÑfVnÀ»A å

ê æ ä å ê æ ä å ê æ å å ê æ ä å ê æ ä å ê æ ä å ê æ ä å ê æ ä å ê

æ ä å ê æ ä å

ê æ ä å

ê æ ä

While the pattern of ( ) is permissible for these patterns, some have been narrated on this ½¨°¿ è ä æ ä pattern exclusively when both the first and third Original Letters are sound letters.

L L L

:ÅN¿

.©yÌÀ»A Ë f§ÌÀ»B· AfIC iÌn¸¿ ÕF°»A ½N¨À»A ÅÀ¯ ÊjÎ« Ï¯ B¿C Ë ê ê æ ä ä ê ê æ ä ä ç ä ä è å æ ä ê ð ä æ å ä ê

ä ê ê æ

ä ê ì ä ä

SÎÃDN»A ÕFM BÈz¨I Ó¼§ ½afM f³ Ë .ÔËDÀ»A Ë Ó¿jÀ»B· AfIC `ÌN°¿ ÂÝ»A ½N¨À»A Å¿ Ë ê ê æ ì å ê æ ä Ð

ä ä å å æ ä æ ä ä Ð ä æ ä ä Ð

ä æ ä ä ç ä ä è å æ ä ê ì ð ä æ å ä ê ä

ÒQÝR»A Ó¼§ eAk BÀ¿ Ë .ÒÀz»BI Ò³jrÀ»A Ë ÑjJ´À»A hq Ë .Ò³jrÀ»A Ë ÑjJ´À»A Ë ÒÄ¤À»B· ê ä ì

Ð

ä ä ä ì ê ä ê ì ì ê å ä å æ ä ä å ä å æ ä ì ä ä ê

ä ê æ ä ä ê ä ä

æ ä ä ê ì ä ä ä

ÏQÝR»A Å¿ Ò¼¨°¿ ÉÎ¯ ½Î³ ÆB¸À»A Ï¯ Õ Ïr»A jR· AgG Ë .ÂB´À»A Ë ½afÀ»B· ¾Ì¨°À»A ÁmH· 6 ê í ä ê è ä ä æ ä ê ê

ä ê ê ä ê å ì ä å ä ê

ä ê

å ä ê ä æ å ä

ê å æ ä ê

æ ê ä

.ÑDR´¿ Ë ÒbñJ¿ Ë ÒJÖh¿ Ë ÑfmD¿ Ë Ò¨Jn¿ ~iC :¾Ì´Î¯ ,ejVÀ»A è æ ä æ ä ä è ä ä æ ä ä è ä ä æ ä ä è ä ä æ ä ä è ä ä æ ä è æ

ä å å ä ä ê ì ä å

:ÒÀUjM [6.1] Regarding words other than the sound word, then from words with a Weak Letter as

the first Original Letter, (the pattern has the second Original Letter) always vowelled with

Kasrah, like ( ). Words with the Weak Letter as the third Original Letter, (the ©yÌ¿ ,f§Ì¿ è ê æ ä è ê æ ä

second Original Letter is always vowelled with) Fathah, like ( ). ÔËDÀ»A ,Ó¿jÀ»A ± Ð ä æ ä Ð

ä æ ä

At times, the Feminine Ta is entered upon some words, like ( ). Ò³jrÀ»A ,ÑjJ´À»A ,ÒÄ¤À»A − å ä

ê æ ä å ä ä æ ä å ì ä ä

Exceptions are ( ) written with Dammah. Words exceeding three letters are like Ò³jrÀ»A ,ÑjJ´À»A å ä å æ ä å ä å æ ä ±

the Passive Participle, like ( ). ÂB´¿ ,½af¿ è å è ä æ å

When something exists in abundance in a place, it is said that its pattern is ( ) from the Ò¼¨°¿ è ä ä æ ä

three-letter Primary Verb. You'd say a land is ( ). ÑDR´¿ ,ÒbñJ¿ ,ÒJÖh¿ ,ÑfmD¿ ,Ò¨Jn¿ è æ ä æ ä è ä ä æ ä è ä ä æ ä è ä ä æ ä è ä ä æ ä

:`jq [6.1] The Nouns of Time and Place among unsound words will have the second Original Letter

always vowelled with Kasrah when the first Original Letter is a Weak Letter, as in: . ©yÌ¿ ,f§Ì¿ è ê æ ä è ê æ ä When the third Original Letter is a Weak Letter, the second Original Letter will always be

vowelled with Fathah, as in: . ÔËD¿ ,Ó§j¿ ± Ð ä æ ä Ð

ä æ ä

The pattern ( ) has been mentioned for the Noun of Place wherein something is found in Ò¼¨°¿ è ä ä æ ä

abundance, as when you would say that the land is: ( ) Ò¨Jn¿ A place of many carnivorous animals è ä ä æ ä

( ); ( ) ( ); ( ) ( ); ( ) ©Jm ÑfmD¿ fmC ÒJÖh¿ KÖg ÒbñJ¿ A place of many lions A place of many wolves A place of è å ä è ä ä æ ä è ä ä è ä ä æ ä è æ ê è ä ä æ ä

many melons A place of many cucumbers ( ); ( ) ( ). cÎñI ÑDR´¿ ÕBR³ è ð ä è æ ä æ ä è ì ê

L L L

:ÅN¿ Ë K¼Z¿ Ó¼§ ØÎVÎ¯ ,ÉÎ»G jQÞA ¾ÌuÌ» ¾Ì¨°À»A ½§B°»A ÉI W»B¨Í B¿ ÌÈ¯ :Ò»àA ÁmG B¿C Ë ä ë

ä æ ê Ð ä ä å

ê ä ä

ê æ ä ê ê

ä ä ê å å ê

ä å æ ä å ê ê ê

å ê å ä å ä ê ä å æ ê

ì ä ä

Ë .ÆB¸À»A ÉI eAiC ÁÎÀ»A \N¯ Å¿ Ë .AhÇ Ó¼§ ÑB³j¿ :AÌ»B³ Ë .ÑB°v¿ Ë `BN°¿ Ë ÒZn¸¿ ä ä ä ê ê ä ä

ä ê ä ä ä æ ä ä Ð Ð

ä ä è æ ê å ä ë æ ê ä ë

æ ê ä ë ä ä

æ ê

ÕFU Ë ÅÎ¨»A Ë ÁÎÀ»A Ò¿ÌÀz¿ ÒyjZ¿ Ë Ò¼Z¸¿ Ë ½bÄ¿ Ë ¶f¿ Ë ¡´n¿ Ë ÅÇf¿ hq ä ä ê æ ä ä

ê ê ä ä å æ ä è ä å æ å ä è ä å æ å ä è å æ å ä ï å å ä è å æ å ä è å æ å ì ä

.pBÎ´»A Ó¼§ Ò³f¿ Ë ¶f¿ ê ê Ð

ä ä è ì ä ê ä ï ä ê

:ÒÀUjM [6.2] Regarding the Noun of Instrument, it is that in which the subject manipulates the

object in order to arrive at an effect in the object. It comes (on the pattern of) ,ÒZn¸¿ ,K¼Z¿ è ä ä æ ê è ä æ ê ÑB°v¿ ,`BN°¿ ÑB³j¿ . They say ( ) based on this. Those who vowel the Meem with Fathah, intend è ê è æ ê è æ ê ±

the Noun of Place. Exceptions are ( ) with the Meem and ÒyjZ¿ ,Ò¼Z¸¿ ,½bÄ¿ ,¶f¿ ,¡´n¿ ,ÅÇf¿ è ä å æ å è ä å æ å è å æ å ï å å è å æ å è å æ å

second Original Letter being vowelled with Dammah. By analogy, ( ) are also Ò³f¿ ,¶f¿ ± è ì ä ê ï ä ê

found.

:`jq [6.2] The Noun of Instrument is a noun in which the subject utilizes the object in order to achieve an affect in the object itself. It is a noun which signifies the instrument by which an action is

accomplished, as in: . The patterns for the Noun Instrument are on the ÒZn¸¿ `BN°¿ A broom, A key è ä ä æ ê è æ ê

following patterns: . Exceptions to these patterns will have the Meem and second ¾B¨°¿ ,Ò¼¨°¿ ,½¨°¿ è æ ê è ä ä æ ê è ä æ ê

Original Letter vowelled with Dammah, as in ( ). ½¨°¿ ± è å æ å

L L L

:ÅN¿

Ë .Ò¿Ì³ OÀ³ Ë ÒIjy ,OIjy :¾Ì´M ,\N°»BI Ò¼¨¯ Ó¼§ ejVÀ»A ÏQÝR»A ifv¿ Å¿ ÑjÀ»A ä ç ä æ ä å æ å ä ç ä æ ä å æ ä ä å å ä ê

æ ä ê ë

ä æ ä Ð

ä ä ê ì ä å ð ê í ê ä æ ä æ ê

å ì ä

±uÌ»B¯ BÀÈÄ¿ SÎÃDN»A ÕFM ÉÎ¯ B¿ ÜG Ò³ÝñÃâA Ë ÒÖBñ§âB· ÕFÈ»A ÑeBÍlI eAk BÀ¿ å æ ä ä å æ ê ê ê

æ ì å ê ê ì ê ê

ä ê æ ê

ä ê ä æ ê

ä ê ê ä ê ê

ä ì ê

Å¿ ªÌÄ» Ñjn¸»BI Ò¼¨°»A Ë ,ÑfYAË ÒUjYe ÉNUjYe Ë ÑfYAË ÒÀYi ÉNÀYi :¹»Ì´· ÑfYAÌ»BI ä ê ë æ ä ê ê ä æ

ä ê å ä æ ä ä ç ä ê

ç ä ä æ ä å å æ ä æ ä ä ç ä ê ç ä æ ä å å æ ê ä

ä ê æ

ä ä ê ä ê ê

.Òn¼V»A Ë ÒÀ¨ñ»A ÅnY ÌÇ :¾Ì´M ,½¨°»A ê ä æ ê ä ê ä æ ð å ä ä ä å å å ä

ê æ ê

:ÒÀUjM [6.3] The Noun of Number from the three-letter Primary Verb is on the pattern of ( ) with Ò¼¨¯ è ä æ ä

Fathah. You'd say: . Of the words which exceed three (letters) is that Ò¿Ì³ ,OÀ³ Ë ÒIjy ,OIjy ± ç ä æ ä å æ å ä ç ä æ ä å æ ä ä

with the extraneous Ha, like: , except in those words wherein there is the Ò³ÝñÃâA ,ÒÖBñ§âA − å ä ê æ ê

å ä æ ê

Feminine Ta, then the description in the (feminine) singular is like your saying: ÒÀYi ,ÉNÀYi − ç ä æ ä å å æ ê ä

ÑfYAË ÑfYAË ÒUjYe ÉNUjYe . I showed him a (single) mercy, I rolled it with one roll ç ä ê ç ä ê ç ä ä æ ä å å æ ä æ ä

(The pattern) with Kasrah is for the Masdar of Kind (derived) from the (Primary Verb). Ò¼¨°»A å ä æ ê ±

You'd say: . Òn¼V»A Ë ÒÀ¨ñ»A ÅnY A good (kind of) meal and a good (manner of) sitting ê ä æ ê ä ê ä æ ð å ä ä

:`jq [6.3] This final section is related to two patterns of nouns, the Noun of Number ( ) and the ÑjÀ»A ÁmG ê ì ä å æ ê Masdar of Kind ( ). The noun of number is derived from the three-letter Primary verb on ªÌÄ»A ifv¿ ± ê æ

ì å ä æ ä

the pattern of ( ). It signifies that an action has been performed once, as in: Ò¼¨¯ ÒIjy ÉNIjy I struck è ä æ ä ç ä æ ä å å æ ä ä

him with one strike . This is the case except in words which already possess a Feminine Ta. Such −

words must be emphasized with a number, as in: ÑfYAË ÒÀYi ÉNÀYi I showed him a (single) mercy or ç ä ê ç ä æ ä å å æ ê ä

I showed him mercy once .

The Masdar of Kind is that word which signifies a type or kind of action and is based on the ± pattern ( ). This Masdar signifies the type of an action depicted as opposed to the action itself, Ò¼¨¯ è ä æ ê ±

as in the examples ( ) meaning a good kind of food. ( ) ÒÀ¨ñ»A ÅnY Òn¼V»A ÅnY A good meal, A good ê ä æ ð å ä ä ê ä æ ê å ä ä

sitting, meaning of good manner of sitting or a good session while being seated.

L L L

FOOTNOTES

1. According to the Hans Wehr diction: Tasreef means: "...Change, alteration, inflection, declension, ± conjugation.." pg. 513.

2. According to the American Heritage Dictionary, morphology is: "The study of the structure and form of

words in language or a language, including inflection, derivation, and the formation of compounds."

3. The difference in meaning between the words ( ) and ( ) is that Tahweel is Taghyeer Tahweel jÎÎ¬M ½ÍÌZM è ê æ ä

± è

ê æ ä

±

more specific in that it refers to particular processes implied in derivation, particularly that of I'lal −

( ) or phonetic alteration which occurs in the unsound word ( ), meaning a word containing ¾Ý§G Á»Bn»A jÎ« è æ

ê ê ê ì å æ ä

a weak letter ( ), Hamzah or a doubled Original Letter. Ô ,Ð ,Ë

4. A minority of scholars, mostly among the Kufiyyeen grammarians, regarded the verb to be the root −

word as opposed to the noun. Scholars from each school of thought have put forth their theories and

examples. It is a matter worthy of investigation.

5. The plural of Masdar ( ) ieBv¿ ± å ê ä

6. Tanween or Nunation is the doubling of the final vowel on some nouns, as in: LBN· ,BIBN· ,LBN· . − ë ê ç

ê è ê

Tanween indicates that a noun is indefinite.

7. Surah Yusuf 12:13. − −

8. These verbs are found in the following verses: Surah 'Abasa 80: 6; Surah al-Lail 92:14; Surah al-Qadr − − −

97:4.

9. Estimation of the pattern, meaning estimation of the original pattern. The verbs mentioned are all

Mu'tall in that most have a doubled consonant and the others have a weak letter at their end. Due to

these factors, the vowel preceding the last letter cannot follow the rules of the original pattern

following the verb's alteration ( ) in form from its original pattern. K¼³ è æ ä

10. Surah Ta Ha 20:132. − ±

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Kitab at-Tasreef (The Book Of Tasreef) from The Collection Of Preliminary Books (Jami' − ± ± −

al-Muqaddimat) with notes by Mudarris Afghani, Volume One.Hijrah Publishing Foundation, Qum, − −

I.R. Of Iran. 1993 (Arabic).

Shahr Kitab at-Tasreef (Commentary On The Book Of Tasreef) from The Collection Of Preliminary ± − ± ± Books (Jami' al-Muqaddimat) with notes by Mudarris Afghani, Volume One. Hijrah Publishing − − −

Foundation, Qum, I.R. Of Iran. 1993 (Arabic).

al-Kalam al-Lateef (Commentary on The Book of Tasreef) by Sayyid Muhammad Jawad Zhahini − ± ± ± −

Tehrani. Muassasah Nashr Wa Matbu'at Hazhiq. Tehran, I.R. Of Iran. Circa 1989 (Arabic/Persian). − ± − − ± −

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by Muhammad Husain al-Husaini al-Jalali. Muassasah al-A'la Lil-Matbu'at, Beirut, Lebanon, 1988 ± ± − ± − − −

(Arabic).

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al-Fikr. Beirut Lebanon 1987. (Arabic).

Shazh al-'Arf Fi Fan as-Sarf by Ahmad Hamlawi. I'tisam and Anwar al-Huda Publishers, Qum, I.R. ± ± ± − − −

Of Iran. 1994. (Arabic).

A Grammar Of The Arabic Language by W. Wright (1874). Librairie Du Liban, Beirut, Lebanon

1974, 3rd Edition. (English/Arabic).

Lisan al-'Arab by Ibn Mazhur. Originally compiled in 1290 CE. Published by The Research Center − −

Of Islamic Sciences, Qum, I.R. of Iran. Electronic Version. (Arabic). −

al-Munjid Fil-Lughah (An Arabic Dictionary). Dar al-Mashriq (Publishers), Beirut, Lebanon 1973. −

21st Edition. (Arabic).

A Dictionary Of Modern Written Arabic by Hans Wehr. Librairie du Liban (The Library Of Lebanon)

1980. (English/Arabic).

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York 1978. (English/Arabic).

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