JLPT /EJU reading comprehension series JLPT /EJU l~i~l.~U~-*?i'H~Af§ JLPT/EJU bi~n phap a9c hieu lo9t

Japanese Language Proficiency Test NS Reading Compulsory Pattern B ig~g):r~iit N5 i~~~ t2;'1~~f~it Bai kiem tra trlnh a9 tieng NMt ban NS each a9c M6 hlnh bat bu('>c

JLPT /EJU reading comprehension series JLPT /EJU l~i~l.~U~-*?i'H~Af§ JLPT/EJU bi~n phap a9c hieu lo9t

Japanese Language Proficiency Test NS Reading Compulsory Pattern B ig~g):r~iit N5 i~~~ t2;'1~~f~it Bai kiem tra trlnh a9 tieng NMt ban NS each a9c M6 hlnh bat bu('>c

2

Foreword ~§ LC1i mo dau

EJ:$:~€10)~5l:1.t0)3!5, ~~~~1*0)~5l:Mrct1J\~o tl::W&cn -cl 1*91J\ ~n~~O)~~wrct~'tci:: G 10)1J'I~~7(c9 o c::.ruct, §7e~l:tJO)ioJ_tr;::::&;\~fci::, d50G 1fct~~11~~~5~0)~3£1J'®* o ~ fv cl 1~fJ\"J /c_b\ SfJ\=t:J GrL*iifvo ~7G~~:1J~-::J!10/c®0)~~5!~~3£ G L", ~fl~s\_J~~

~~O)~c fv0)1!R!L:lI."5/cG 1cl 13m~G1fJ\ S, t!Jtt&*f0)7Jq c~:1J G "LE* G/c1J\ J:: 3 t->

< ~§' -}£0) JJJZ~~ * c ®0Lc1J'CE * G JCo L O)~n~~:,; lj - A12r~c fv ! ;:::: d=3 JES !19 0 L:.c1J'cE00)[(t, El:$:~€;~5({,t0)~3£!L:1.iHJG LEJC~C G L"!~fvc 3(L:~gl.;G1L:.cC9o

L:.0)~5({,tO)~~§!ct, ~n~~:1J12rF='J®0/c®, Y5~IJH3~~I! G~fJ\S~~~O)Y11iJ!L:NP G/c~

~tJ'cE0J::3 !L:I~G/c<:.cc9 o *le, Y12r1'~JJJZ90a~~0)~1*12r~~~[L:J::"JcI!~~ c~0J:: 3 !L: G* Gica YO)JJJZIJ :ll5~12rJ:: (I!~~ G, ~~~Y:5!IW§12r0c-::J9"-::J=t:JO)!L:

G cl 1( J:: 3 !L:t~JJJZG, YO)~O)~~tci::Y5ftIW§12r~~!L:I!~~ G, ;~~!L:YO)~ct->Y)~IW

§O)m~ic12r~~BZ G cl I( J::3 (L:-::Jc®* G/co ~'G 9"-::J::::Z7 'Y7Y 'Y 7G~1J\S~~~~

®cl 1< <:.c!L:J:: o, cu/ctci::<x~O)I!~~::h~F='J®cl 1< <:.c1J'cE*9 o c:-:s.z, *~12r 5~m G -c, ~n~~1J~1$1~' G cl l"J c </eel 10

While there are many Japanese-language instructional materials that focus on conversational

relationships, there are still few study books about reading comprehension. This could be

because the development of study methods needed to improve one's reading ability, or to do so

in an effective way, had not been particularly advanced. We have worked together with various

publishers in order to fulfill our wish to be of use to ambitious and motivated students of Japanese

by developing study materials that can improve reading ability, and we have been able to

consolidate our results here at last. As someone who is engaged in the development of Japanese­

language teaching materials, it makes me truly happy to be able to present all of you with this

reading comprehension series.

What sets these materials apart is the way it has been designed, organizing grammar items

together while being based on real sample sentences in order to improve your reading

comprehension ability. We have also provided diagrams to allow you to understand the

relationship between the various elements used to construct sentences. We have worked to enable

you to thoroughly understand how sentences are organized, putting this book together in a way

that important grammatical items are presented one at a time so you can steadily understand

them as they appear in sentences, allowing you to then overcome long sentences and complex

grammar. By gradually increasing the level of material presented as you study, you will be able

to effectively improve your understanding of Japanese compositions. Please make full use of this

book to better your reading comprehension skills.

~~.~B~~M~.~*~~!J~~~Mlli~~~~.~~~~W~!J~~W~~o~lli

~~~~m~~~w~~hffi~~~~~~~~~~~~1J$~ill~~~H~oMH~m~~

i~§~h 8'J~:sJ1J5t, *~WJ~~~frR~B'JA 1i'J~ i'~~lli~, ~1i'J~ llig&U8'J&1l2:~PJ~JJ,

~~~3-~~~~o~i'~~~~~~~~~~.~~-i'B~~Mtf~~M~~.~~~

W8'J~~tH~o

~~M~~§~~3m~~~w~~h. B~~$~§~Piw. ~tt~~~~m~rrruillfi

~~~_t ~ 31~/\:B'JJ;IJ~o tt _§~~*0Jfi)Z~-:f-8'J&1cp~~@li~~4illfiI~U4o iJJUf~4~-:Y-8'J*0JJJ)Z'

~~m~a'JtB)tJm§~-~tf' #;@~1JO[jJf~4. ~~)$~B'JB~Rt(~-:f-EZ~~B'JtB)tJm§ 0 @li -~-~~~:sam~. ~~~h-~~~~m~o~mm~~. m~~~~~w~~ho

7_K~1~-:f-

Trong nhung tai li$u giao trlnh hQc tieng Nh~t, du da c6 nhieu tai li$u lien quan den h9i tho9i

du'Q'C xuat ban, nhung tai li$u ve dQC hieu th! khong c6 nhieu. Day c6 the la do vi$c nghien cuu

phu'O'ng phap hQC can thiet ho~c c6 fch de nang cao kha nang dQC hieu chua du'Q'C phat trien. TU

mong muon phat trien m<)t phu'O'ng phap hQC nham nang cao nang llfc dQC hieu nham giup CaC

hQC Vien c6 hoai bao hQC t~p, cung voi Slf hqp tac cua nha xuat ban, cuoi cung cCmg da d9t du'Q'C

m<)t ket qua nhat djnh. La m<)t nguoi tham gia nghien cuu ve giao trlnh tieng Nh~t, toi rat vinh dlf

khi CO the du'a du'Q'C b<) giao trlnh dQC hieu nay den cac b9n.

f)~c tru'ng cua b9 giao trlnh nay la giup b9n nang cao nang llfc dQC hieu bang each vua sap

xep l9i cac mau ngu phap, vua c6 the hQC dlfa tren cac vf d1:1 thlfc te. Ngoai ra, b<) sach cOng giup

b9n hieu du'Q'C moi quan h$ CUa cac yeu to cau thanh nen cau van thong qua cac SO' do giai thfch.

Thong qua giao trlnh nay b9n se c6 the dan dan Vu'Q't qua nhung do9n van dai ho~c Slf phuc t9P

cua cac mau ngu phap bang each hieu r6 cau true cau va Wng mau ngu phap quan tr9ng trong

cau. Voi vi$c tien tU'ng buoc nho m9t trong hQc t~p, b9n c6 the nang cao kha nang dQc hieu ma

khong c6 bat cu slf lang phf nao. Hi v9ng cac b9n c6 the nang cao kha nang d9c hieu cua mlnh

thong qua giao trlnh nay.

3

4

Table of Contents §3R

Foreword /§!j§/ Lai mo dau • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ~- • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2

fj!~\JJ -::>tJ' 1J'i<:.

How to Use This Book /2jS:~1l§WJ/ Huong dan su dt,1ng sach • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 8

t:. *J(,-Jll+ 1c: 1a: /v ;:::: c. < ~.i.? a 1a: /v e::.? '/J\ "'

Traits and Basic Rules of Japanese + The Key to Reading Comprehension 11 B i.BB~WHE, ~:¢:*9H!U&i.~~~r5 D~c tru'ng cua tieng Nh~t va cac nguyen tac cd ban+ chla khoa a9c hieu

! v ? 1t Iv (;. ? 'b\ \,\ 1!\ Iv v .i. ? ,... Iv

Try it for Real! Reading Comprehension Training: Composition Section ~Iii ! i.~M~illl£!i\ :$<:~~ Thl;tc tien! luy~n t~p a9c hieu T~p E>o~n van

_._ .. ICB'O#--" ~IJJI GJ:51Jt><

Omitting Subjects /:i:i.i§'.B~~mg/ Luqc bo chu ngu ..................... 24

f.fr±Jt .:c !-u"c!o\1-S\f-u

"There is/are" Sentences /fftt~/ eau ton t9i • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 26

fiJJl l}J:5lf/-u

Expressions Regarding Residence /fc51::EB~~WI./ each n6i noi o • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 28

~.Ire,© fiJJl 'Ef' t;A, l}J;5lf/-u

Interrogative Expressions /~JEfDJB~~W~/ each d~t cau hoi • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 30

ff~~~(}) fiJJ! lto \ GJo 5 UJ:5lf /-u

Expressing Form /ff~~7\B~~IW/ each n6i hlnh dang, tr9ng thai • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 32

:A:~(}) fiJJ! T.1-u ~ UJ:5lf/-u

Expressing Weather /~~e~~IW/ Dien ta thoi tiet • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 34

~Pfi~ fiJJ! f;f Gdo UJ:5lf/-u

Expressions Asking About a Location /i.'@fDJtm,Ptre~~lV~/ each hoi noi ch6n • • • • • • • 36

i~HR© fiJJ! tt 1-ui<:. < UJ:5lf /-u

Expressions of Choice /:iZWi~B~~IW/ Cach llja ch9n • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 38

··;;ii;;~ . ..,,_, fiJJ! UJ;Slf /-u

Expressions of Degree /l¥~8~~IW/ each n6i muc a(> • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 40

fiJJ! uni11v

Expressing Numbers and Colors /~l!&~Yl§.B!J~IW./ each n6i ve con so va mau sac • 42

§ 1 (Lesson 1-10) · · · · · · · · .. · · · · .... · ...... · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. · · · 44

Model Sentence Translations /fi:tex~BTI~ll~/ Phan d!ch cua do9n van mau · • 46

Review Answers /~3a3~/ Bap an bai on t~p • · · · · · · · · • • • · • · · • • • · · · 4 7

Expressions of Condition /~~~BTI~Wl./ each n6i tlnh tr9ng • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 48

Expression that an action is continuing /li;b1'FM=~~BTI~I!il,/ each n6i Sl/ lien tl,IC cua hanh d¢ng • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 50

Expressions of Quantity /~-IX~BTI~I!il/ each aem so to • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 52

Expressions of Distance /~e~BTI~IW./ each n6i clf ly • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 54

Expressions of Actions /filiDBTI~l!il/ each n6i hanh d¢ng • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 56

Weather-related Expressions CD/~fl~BTI~IW. CD/ each n6i thoi tiet CD· • • • · • • • • · · 58

Weather-related Expressions ®/~{l~BTI~IW, ®/ Cach n6i thoi tiet ® • • • · • • • · · · • 60

Expressions of Invitation /Sl;bi.~BTI~IW,/ each n6i ru re· • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 62

Expressions of Interest / W-!FID.BTI~IW,/ each n6i ve Sl/ quan tam • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 64

Verb - dictionary form /li;bt~J-1.~~..tBTI~Tf~/ 89ng W- the tu dien • • • • • • • • • • • 66

§ 2 (Lesson 11-20) · · · · · .. · · · · · · · .. · .. · .. · · · · · · · · · · · · 68

Model Sentence Translations /fi:tex~BTI~~i.~/ Phan djch cua do9n van mau • • 70

Review Answers /~3a3~/ Bap an bai on t~p • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 71

5

fiJJ! 0-J;5(f Iv

Unfinished Expressions /*iEJ"B!J~WU each n6i chva hoan thanh • • • • • • • • • • • • 72

.. .,.... ......... ,,, iiifl~ fiJJ! tflv ;::· tn5 lf Iv

Expressions About Before or After a Time /~mH1fBJ~Fo8!J~WU

Cach n6i quan h~ trVoc sau ve thoi gian • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7 4 g ~ij {l~ifli lb~\ G lA>5uJ;(

Noun Modifiers/:gi.~{l~t$/ Bo nghTa cho danh tu • • • • • • · • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 76 ,....,'It. ,....,'It. -ing and -ing /SZ. Vi :SZ. V 2 / luc thl ~ luc thl~ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 78

~ wa ~de/ N 1 ~ N2 /Day la ~con kia la~ • • • • • • • • • · • • • · • • • • • • • • • • • • • 80

-by way of [path] / ~~[~1?:] /~WO [IQ trlnh] • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 82

Without ~ /::f~ v / khong ~ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 84

+ Particle+ Particle /IDJi.~ + IDJi.~/ Trq tu+ trq W • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 86 ,....,~ [!IEE]

I'.) v,ll'.5

~c [Reason] /~c [l,El3] /vl~ [lydo] • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 88 ,....,1;tb~6

While~ /-:it!~/ vua ~ vua • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 90

11'< {Jig>? § 3 (Lesson 21-30) · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. · · · 92

=E7'J~j{~O) ~ Model Sentence Translations /~~~>z:~B!J~WiV Phan djch cua do9n van mau • • 94 13\ful_,J;'S ~<

13'\ < {J Jg) 50) tf;t Review Answers /~[:5(]~~/ Dap an bai on t~p • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 95 c:..rc.

Want~ /~Jl.~"" /muon c6 ~ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 96 ,....,-r: <ttal!,~ttA;:b' Could you please~ /~g::f~g~a~? / C6 the'"""' avqc khong 9? • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 98

Have'"""'/ V~/ Da '"""'san • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 100 ,....,1:

Is -ing / V~/ Dang'"""'··· • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 102

6

1:J'1t.-.. lndividual,who/1.11:, U~B1:u/Nguoi,ai • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 104

"-'l::. Ma ~

I asked~ /fOJ~ / H6i rang~ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 106

en< 6"' About how much /§;:'.J;', §;*B1rBJ/ Bao nhieu • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 108

"'l::."\? N AN called ~/~1'F~8~ N / N g9i la~······························ 110

~~iiH~fifli ( N ) ,\bl\ l_, (;ijJ5(;J;(

Noun modifier (N (])A) /:gi.qJ11~i1fi (N (])A) /Bo nghia cho danh W (N (])A) • • • 112

~~iijf1~fiflj ( N ) ,\bl\ l_, (;ijJ5(;J;(

Noun modifier (N (]) V) /:gi.q]il~t$ (N (]) V) / Bo nghia cho danh W (N (]) V) • • • • 114

13\< 'Sb? § 4 (Lesson 31-40) · · · .. · .. · · .... · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. 116

t7'Ji,,Jt@O) ~ Model Sentence Translations /f~nX'.:~B~im.~/ Phan djch cua doc;in van mau • 118 13\!vG.1:5 t-><

13'< 'Sb ~;t_ ReviewAnswers/~~~~/ Dapanbaiont~p· • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 120 L. ic

I .. LiJ:'5 Iii: '5 A. !u

Try it for Real! Reading Comprehension Training: Information Section 23 ~~ ! i.~M*1Jll~* 1l~f&~ Thl:(c tien! Luy~n t~p d<;>c hieu T~p Thong tin

~"\~gtJ\o -\'>9

What Day is it Cheap? /U~B~{~'.§'.? / Mua vao ngay nao sere nhat? • • • • • • • • • · • 122

What job can Carlos-san do? /~~1o~B~I1'F~U~B~? / C6ng vi~c c6 the lam duqc la cong vi~cnao? • • • • • · • · • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • · • • 123

What Room is Good? /1~~M~1i1t-t.*$8~JJ5rBJ? / Ch9n phong nao? • • • • • • • • • • • • 126

Who can Do It? /i.ifi V (§~ V)? /Ai c6 the thlfc hi~n duqc? • • • · • • • • • • • • • • • • 12 7

What Classes Will You Go to? /~U~Bi'\l~~C1~.mt~~1t~)? /

Nen tham gia lop h9c nao? • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 130

< lndex/~51/Chimt,K • • · • · • • • • • · • • • • • • • • • · • • • • • • • • · • • • • • • • • • • • 133

7

24

f::. Lti

*-i L f:o ~

Omitting Subjects ±1~8~~m~ LVQ'cb6 chu ngu

Nlcl:Nc9 ·~~O) ~DI§ N© N

u11> <:! L.i:5tJ'I'<

N [lcfL~] l~

0 Watashi wa E-daigaku no ryugakuse desu. @Kyonen no san-gatsu ni, nihon ni kimashita.

D * #- daigaku University/:*.·'¥/ truong a~i hqc D ~ J: ;/-1 ;\._, kyonen Lastyear/2':i'.1+/ nam ngoai

D m #-:1=- ryugakuse Exchange student/~~!±:/ lllu hQc sinh

@Used when saying N1 's name, nationality, occupation, and more. The l!d::J in IN1 !cl::J is a particle that

indicates the subject.

~i:Eflfil~±:g, ~*~-- EZ~Rill.~B\f{~fflo IN1 !cl::J 8~ l!cl::J ~§;JJi~' ~:iJ\:±'Foo ill 0La mau cau au'Q'C SU dt,mg khi gioi thi~u ve ten, qu6c tjch ho~c nghe nghi~p v.v .. cua N1. l!cl::J trong IN1 !cl::J la trQ'

W chi chu ngu.

(She is Vietnamese./~t!J~~i¥lAo / Co ay la nglloi Vi~t Nam.)

(My father is a doctor./1%9.*~EiS!±:o /Bo toi la bacsT.)

memorize the following structures:

(!h~i,C,{.±-r::l§l8~~~0

nho them cac d;;mg sau.

N2 clct® b [f§JE'.X] CN1 is not N2. [Negative sentence]/ N1 /!'~ N2o [I§'.iE~J / N1kh6ng phai la N2. [cauphuajnh]) D -CGV3\/1J

N2 cgtJ\o rn~ro~X] (Is N1 N2? [Interrogative sentence]/ N1~ N2 ~? [mi'OJ~] / N1 c6phaila N2khong?[caunghivan]) 'f'f t:Jfui3\fu

Omitting Subjects/±:1.gt!TI~mg/ luqc bo chu ngu

are often omitted when it is already clear what the subject is.

@i:EBJlfi/l±:tg~H~8~ 1l~/.5ff, :±tgDJ~~/)(~ffi~o

0Chu ngO' th Vong au'Q'C lu'Q'C b6 khi n6 eta Ou'Q'C lam r6 rang.

He is Carlos. (He is) myfriend./{tB~-TJ:J\93)1:1T, ~f%8Witl&:o /Vi d~: Anh ay la Calros. (Anh ay) lab~n cuat6i.)

this structure, one noun (N 1) modifies another noun (N2). The particle IO)J is used to indicate various things such as ownership, affiliation,. range, specific details, and more. Remember that the order for this is in "Modifying term=? modified term."

!@~~:t'ii~ CN1) 11~tffi:t'ii~ CN2) 8~-g~o 1~fflWJi~ IO)J, ~m?ff~ · ,5,ff~ • 58ffil~~fitP\J~EZ~1ili&1ijJ;@,![tl,o i~ic1± 111~ tffiti§=?:f$11~tffiti§J B~ii§ffo

\!#Danh W (N2) bo nghTa cho danh tu khac (N 1) . Trq W IO)J chi cac y nghTa nhu s6' huu, s6' thu(>c ve, phc;im vi, rn?i dung Cl,l the v.v .. Hay ghi nho voi thu w "danh tu bo nghia:::} danh w duqc bo nghTa".

b/c ~ (Myhome/fi~V nhatoi) (:: l_; J:: fJ\fv (Universitylibrary/:7':~8'9~-=t!Jffi/ thuvi¢ntrllongd~ih9c) \,\;'t

B::zJs:~BO) l.J f\j) =t{ J:: 3 (Japaneseclass/811§~/ giiJh9ctiengNh~t) IL: li!:fv L:

Ji\ T) l; (hotels inTokyo/:Bi:9:8'ilt&fc5/ khachs~n i'tTokyo)

To/at/etc. N [Location] / N [f3pfi] (;:::/ iJ N [nai ch6n]

~The particle l!t:::J is used to indicate locations (spots). For example. 187-Js:!t::: **9 (Come to Japan)J l.~R (;::: ~1:!'*9 (Arrive atthe station)J 1;;-77-(;:::: 9b0*9 (Sit on the sofa.)J.

@§;)Ji~ l!t:::J ~m~D 187-Js:!L: **9J rnR!t::: ~1:!'*9J 1~77-(;:::: 9b0*9J ~1$~-3'.-cp8~fiZi,6ffo

l!t:::J chi noi chon (dja diem) nhu IEl7-Js:IL: **9 (sang Nh~t)J l.~R!L: ~1:!'*9 (den nha ga)J 1~77-(;:::: 9 b 0 *9 (ngoi vao ghe so pha)J.

This takes the IN 1 let N2 c9 aJ sentence structure. N2 is a noun phrase, not a noun.

!@~~ IN1 let N2 c9 aJ ~~o N2 /f~:t'ii~, ~:t'ii~~o

\!#La mau cau IN 1 !ct N2 c9 aJ . Oday N2 kh6ng phai la danh W ma la c1,1m danh tu.

As the subject is the same as it is in 0, the subject is omitted. 11:!' J:GfvO) 3F.lJ is an adverbial phrase used to indicate time, and it modifies the main clause. l(btc l_;(;t) 87-Js:(;:::: ** utcJ .

-U.:!-'->D'IDl~1,:±:ii3:f$~ffi9cro 11:!'J:tl.fv0) 3FlJ ~~mBIJl'EiJB~~Ui~~ . .!3:±~ l(btcu(ct) 87-Js:(;:::: **L;tcJ 1§=*:J!o

\!#Vi cung m9t chu ngu VcJi cau I nen chU ngu duqc luqc bo. 11:!' J:tl.fvO) 3 F.lJ la c1,1m tr;;mg w bo nghla cho m~nh de chfnh la ICbtc u!ct) 87-Js:lt::: ** utcJ .

25

26

"There is/are" Sentences 1¥:(:E"q) Cau ton t(,li

ef::Jf.(J) ili < t: * ~ \ \ \ \ ttn{ ;h ') i-t 0

t:\ 1-!Jf < i; -/;' t:; t:;

f::. < ~ Iv \ \ i -t 0

N:b\ ®b~9 N© $Ii:

tJ:.1J' N:fJ\ l,\~9

~\ 'tt <7) i:r r: ~ n"-r.fn{ -tJ:-/J'

ODaigaku no chikaku ni okf ike ga arimasu. ~Koen no naka ni sakana ga takusan imasu.

D :ill< chikaku ni : Near/ll11iEi/ gan

D 7'.. -5- \ \ okz : large/:t:s'il/ to

D \ \ l t ike : pond/)fu±~/ ao

D ~ -Ir' fJ.' sakana : fish/:§/ ca

D f:::. < ~Iv takusan : many/11R3'/ nhieu

There is/are N2 in N1/ N1 ~ N2 / i1N 1 c6 N2

existence is indicated by IN1J" ®IJ*9J, while it exists in a location described by IN2J. "Ga" is a

particle used to indicate the subject. The verb I® IJ *9 J is used to indicate the existence of an inanimate object.

S:i:E8'9~~{Q]ffl IN1J' ®IJ*9J *;&m, S:i:E8'9f~pfTffl IN2J;&ma 17'.J'J ~Jl;JJi~;&m±:tga iitli~ l®IJ*9J ;&m ~f:±~{QJ8'9S:i:Ea

0IN1J" ® b *9 J bieu th! sv ton t<,li cua N, va IN2J bieu thi noi ton t(,li. 17'.J"J la trq W chi chU ngu. 8¢ng tu I® IJ *9 J chi sv ton t(,li cua nhung v~t khong phai d9ng v~t.

(There is a library in the town./llll~~ ---t~:f.it'El o / 0 thanh ph6 c6 thllvi~n.)

(There is a lake in the park./ 1}!m~~-1")fui~o / Vf d~ 2) 0 congvien c6 cai ao.)

(~While the verb l®IJ*9J is used to indicate the existence of an inanimate object, the verb IV\*9J is

used to indicate the existence of a something alive. As Japanese does not grammatically distinguish

between the a singular or plural number of N, l:Ll~lt::: },_1J\ L,, 1*9 J alone is not enough to tell you

whether there is one person in the park or multiple.

l®IJ*9J ;&m~f:~H{QJ8'9S:i:E. ITT.iiitli~ IL.1*9J D1U;&m±~{QJ8'9S:i:Eo #.§atgcp{:Etg)t_tN8'9*~ · ~~~m ~[2:§5LJ8'9, .SZDi:E l:Ll~lt::: A1J" L.1*9J ~-:fcp, Bim*~-1'-A.tt~~i&§7A.::t:5~Ma

0D¢ng tu I® IJ *9 J chi sv ton t(,li cua nhung v~t khong phai a¢ng v~t, con a¢ng tu IL. 1*9 J chi sv ton t9i cua sinh

v~t. Tren ngu phap tieng Nh~t, danh tu khong phan bi~t d9ng s6 ft va s6 nhieu, vi v~y khi n6i I :il~lt::: ),_1J\ L. 1*9 J, chUng ta se khong biet the duqc a cong vien chi c6 m9t ngu'oi hay c6 nhieu ngu'oi.

Cl_., J: ~±iJ\ d=Jd=JtfL, I 1.Jl<ttll

(There are many students in the library./~:f.i'(El~j!R3'~i±.o / 0 thllvi~n c6 nhieu sinh Vien.)

l '*' ~'.¥'.IL: ~*:ft±tJ' ~.t5G::i ®0 ~ ttfuttll (Aoki-sensei is in the classroom./EJ\ltE~:if;:~~fjjfr~~~o / Bay gio a phong hQc c6 thay Aoki.)

Inside N/tEN~/ bentrong N

c:j:il<::J ~mi:EN~81J±~Pffo 010) c:j:il<::J chi noi chon ben trong N.

r c =b b' L, I *9 0 (There is a child inside the car./:$~~1jl}~)Lo / Trongotoc6treem.) L.

*b\ ® tJ *9 0 (There are books inside the bag./~'Bl~~~o / Trongc~pc6quyensach.) lil'fv

'Also memorize the following structures.

@l;,(l'~~lli~ic1±o

nh6' them cac d9ng sau.

on

*fJ\ ® tJ *9 0 (Thereisabookontopofthedesk./~-j'.-_t~~o /Trenbanc6quyensach.) lil'fv

D'(d..'fuff1 ® tJ *9 0 (Thereisabagunderneaththechair./;!~EF"F~~Blo / Dllaighec6caic~p.)

nhis uses the IN 1 IL: N2 tf. ® IJ *9J sentence structure. Here, N1 is "(noun)+ no+ (noun)."

@~ IN, IL: N2 b\ ®IJ*9J 81J~~o iK~81J N, ~ 1::g1qi+O)+::giq]Jo

0La mau cau IN, IL: N2 b\ d51J*9J .Trang mau cau naythl N1 la m(>tc1,1m danh tU'd9ng"danh tu +O)+ danh tC(

This uses the IN, IL: N2 b\l,!*9J sentence structure. l/c(c!fvJ can be used either before or after l[N (creatures)] J .

@~ IN1 IL: N2b\l,1*9J 81J~~o l/c(c!fvJ qJ[;,(JJ!X:i:E l[N OMiJJ)JJ §ul§J, filq}UJJ!X:i:E~Fol§Jo

0LamaucaulN, IL: N2 b\l,1*9J .TU l/c(c!fvJ c6thed~ttru6'cho~csau l[N (sinhv~t)]J.

27

28

C:O) Expressions Regarding Residence 5118'.!J~lW each n6i noi a V +irti (It:)

*x

ob f: L ti 3 ~ rai ' : ()) mr l: titCn'tC i -1;

~ -td.-- 'J (J) mr ': \ \ i L f::. a i-/;

0 Watashi wa 3-nenkan, kono machi ni imasu. @l Kono machi ni kuru mae, tonari no machi ni imashita.

D '"'-'it-rai ~nenkan : Years/~:ti=/~ nam

D : (}) kono : kono: This/)2;(1') /nay

D !BJ mac hi : Town/ U!=F / thanh ph6

This/)2;(1') /nay

D fir mae : Before/§ti/ truck

D t fJ.' I) tonari : Neighboring/~Jn_/ ben c9nh

f:O), C\150), cO)J are known as demonstratives, and they modify nouns. Things close to the speaker/listener are referred to with IL.O)J, things close to the listener or that are brought up in conversation are referred to with lf:O)J, things far from both speaker and listener are referred to with I® O)j I and I cO)J is used to indicate that a question is being asked.

@IL.O), i:O), C\150), cO)J ~{1~tffi:t5i~8'9:t~mi~o ~15H6.A · DJT13.AJfr8'915t IL.O)J a ~DJT13.A$~JfrsJU~N.13~cp~BiJ15t l..:C O)Jo ~15t13.ADDJT13.A~B$~~8'91.5t, l®O)J, ~m~JEfDJBiJffl I cO)Jo

f:O), C\150), cO)J la nhung W chi djnh bo nghTa cho danh W. Dung IL.O)J khi chi do v~t gan ca hai nguoi n6i va nguoi nghe, dung l..:CO)J khi chi do v~t gan nguoi nghe ho~c do v~t dang duqc nhac den va dung l®O)J khi chi do v~t xa tu ca hai ngu'oi n6i va nguoi nghe, con I cO)J thl SU dt,mg khi d~t cau h6i.

ffiJ IL:: * * G JC 0 ( I came to this town./*~UJZ i't~..t J' o / Toi da aen thanh ph6 nay.) a;-15 ~

A I cJ:: CL. ! L:: l ~ * g 1J \ 0 (Where is that person? /f.l~f A. tEO]~) ~? / Ngllai day dang (J dau?) 0-C:

LlJ Id:: (@] l Y"C'g 0 (That mountain istall./f.!Bg[Ll.Ji~~o / Nilikiacao.) ~* '/dJ1

::k~ IL:: :fr E * g 1J \ 0 (Which university will you attend?/ 18\:z!:;:O]~i'A:~? / B9n ell trllang cl9i h9c nao?) '/C.L,VJ\( L,)

V + Before/V +§ti/ trllackhiV

(.:,Dictionary form is used when discussing something before an action whether the sentence uses the present tense or past tense.

@:tE~1'-ii:!J1'!=iG~;Z§D, 7C1i?;~I.ffi tE:i\;iI~J1:l;::i\;~Bffii~~~8'9®:%o

0Khi n6i ve hanh d(>ng xay ra tru'oc m9t hanh d9ng khac nao d6, du d6 la cau hi~n t<;ii hay cau qua khu deu SU dt,mg thew dien.

L:lctfv~ ITTJIL =¥~ ® Sl '*9 o Cmi:E) a::x. c:: l:ffv~l,)

(I wash my hands before I eat.(Present)/Ozt&M).lt=J'o /Ti\iruataytrucrckhi an co'm. (thl hi~nt~i))

~0)5 ITTJIL *1a: ~'ie#* Gtc.o (Jlfil~) a:;x_ lil'!v cJ:: D' L.

(I read a book before sleeping yesterday. (Past)/ll'f~tlj'lll:§U'@~ 3 o /Hom qua toi a9c sach trllac khi di ngu. (thl qua khu))

Even when discussing what happened yesterday, l~tc Ml<=* la::~nd:f* utcJ is not used.

(~HIP1f~WF~8~$, ::fi.lt l~tc Ml<= *la: ~nd:f* utcJ o 0Du n6i ve chuy~n da xay ra vao ngay horn qua, nhung kh6ng n6i la l~tc MIL: *la: ~7GO':fa:; utcJ.

In addition to indicating existence, IL,1a:;9j can also indicate continuously being in a

as it does in the model sentence. It can also indicate being in a given location temporarily.

@lt.,1a:;9J ~*J'~mS:tE~;9~. if~m~D11tl~ lfr*±~.Pff:t~~~S:t:EJ~ ~ lt:E*±~.Pff-B\ffl:t:EJo sl,t ton tc;ii ra, ll 1a:;9 J c6 the bieu th! ''st! c6 m~t lien t1,1c a m<;>t dja diem nao d6': Ho~c cCmg c6 the bieu

th! ''st! c6 m~t trong m(>t thoi diem nhat djnh a m<;>t dja diem nao d6':

-Tc=BOJ c~tJ'S *;:rtlL L. C::5~J;5

(I have been in Tokyo since I was a child./ f).ij)JLB\tlli!t1±:i±:3'.f\"5i:o / Vf d~ l)Ti\i llTokyotukhi con nho.)

~ l '*' !RO) ITTJIL 0 x_~ a::x.

(I am in front of the station right now./I.ffii±:i±:$-lir'.i§Uo /VI d~ 2) Bay giatoi dang lltrllcrcnha ga.)

0

subject/·::t'::~L/ chu ngil

G abbreviation/· f~lifl:\./ ltrqc bo

·The subject of both 1*.QJ and IL, 1a:; utcJ is lbtc L_,J . It is omitted because it can be figured out in the course of the sentence. ef@ While "I was in the neighboring town" is past tense, verbs prior to IM l<:::J, before, are always in present tense. l*tdul<:::J is not used.

~D fl, 1a:; utcJ 8~±tMB~ lbtc L_,J o J-.k~§7Rcf:iDJtJJiit!JE'., ,Pff~±t~H&z~IB&o •I c:fcJ: ~J 0 fllJIZ l \12_ ZcJ $~~D:tnn, 112 l§Dl<=J §!Jill8%tri~~jN~l~t:En, /fi5t l*tc Ml<=J o

0ca hai a(>ng tU l*.QJ va ll 1a:; utcJ deu c6 chu ngu la lbtc L_,J . Chung ta biet duqc nhu v~y la vi dl,ta vao ngu canh, cho nen chu ngu da duqc luqc b6 .• "£)a a thanh ph6 ben cc;inh" la chuy~n xay ra trong qua khu,

nhung a<;>ng W a truoc IMl<:::J phai dung thl hi~n tc;ii, chu khong n6i l*tc Ml<:::J.

30

Interrogative Expressions ~mOJs!l~rm each a~t cau hoi

@ ~ (J) 1 ' Mn' J( \ \ i L f: n' 0 ~ t> f: L ti M t J( \ \ i -tL~.1 -r-- L -r.;:1: n' -r,;: 1: n'

@Kina, nanika kaimashita ka? ~ Watashi wa nani mo kaimasenndeshita.

h.Hl·;: ..

D ~ <l) -) kini5 : Yesterday/Bi=~/ horn qua D 1i1J t nanimo : Nothing/1t:Z_ill/ batcucaigl

D J{ \ \ i -f kaimasu : Will buy/~/ mua D 1PJ iJ' nanika : Something/ H:Z_~/ cai gl d6

The interrogative "ka"/~[0]~8'9 l1J1J / l1J1J bieu thj cau h6i

~i!PWhen asking a question, the particle lb\J is used at the end of the sentence. This applies for sentences

that use interrogative words such as ltJ:!L:J as well as for those that do not.

@~ff\~JEl'OJB'.t~ffi/JD_t.ElJ.JiED lb\J, 7Gi~*~IEl'OJ1ED ltct:lc::J 8'9~3tt~::f*~IEl'OJ1ED8'9~3~B-1*ffl.ElJJ1ED lb\J o 0Trq tU lfJ\j au'Q'C SU d1.,mg a cu6i cau khi a~t cau hoi. Trong ca nhung cau c6 nhung tU nghi van nhu' ltct:!L:J I cCmg

nhu' trong nhung cau kh6ng c6 w nghi van nao thl aeu SU d1.,mg a cu6i cau.

/cflC:. ~L., )*g1J\0 (Who are you meeting?/1IBRIR1U11lEii? / B~nseg~pai?) 115

~0)5 ::td.Q Ml<= :Tl.JI:::'~ ffe!* B':X. iJ}

(Did you watch W before sleeping yesterday?/81=~Hifiliilu18\~E13t.!ll 3 ~? / Hom qua b~n da xem ti vi truclc khi di ngu phai khong?)

Interrogative+ "ka"/~fDJ1~8'9 + f 1JiJ / tllnghivan+ l1J1J

~IiAdding lb'J to the interrogative l{DJJ makes it into a word that means "something unspecified." The

same can be said of other interrogative words, too.

@i:E l{DJJ ~i'DJ@§/JO_t lb'J ~ff\ [Tliitl'.l'.E8'9Jo ~1tB~i'DJ1EDlliPlt$o

\!f D9ng ghep W nghi van l{DJJ v6'i trQ' tu lb'J bieu th[ y"cai gl a6 chu'a au'Q'C xac a[nh''. Cac tu nghi van khac cCing v~y.

foJ What/ H:Z_/ Cai gl J'ci;IL:

-®cc /cfl who/tV Ai

--A-~!<=

CL. Where/l!!IB)L/ dau

E!:/'\.*g 0 (!will eat something later./-~JLOz!1'?,JL1t:Z_o / Latnuat6iseancaigld6.) tc

l.,) * g 0 (There is someone in the room./.D3fEiJ~1§1t:Z_.Ao / ~trong phimg c6 ai d6.)

fr~* g 0 (I will go somewhere tomorrow./BJ3~1:;;1t:Z_±l31-J o / Ngay mai toi se di dau d6.) l,\

Interrogative+ "mo"/~f6Jii!i+ rtiJ / tlinghivan+ li:JJ

~~?'Adding lt.JJ to the interrogative 11DJJ, and then a negative cva:::tt!v I etc.) will act as a negative statement.

8ft~~m~~~ro~J~~~~Na:::tt1v. ~c)-~~mB~~-~o ghep tU nghi van 11DJJ voi trq tu lt.iJ di voi the phu ajnh (nhv v a:::tt!v) la bieu th! y phu ajnh.

{DJ -- ~ft.lid: ~A:.*t!:"fv 0 (ididn'teatanythinginthemorning./!f!..t1t~-tB/fOZo /Buoisangtoikhonganglca.) tel:!<: ®e's: le

tcfl -- A..f-:>(L: G )*t!:"fv 0 (Thereisn'tanyoneintheroom./~IBJ~1l1B3~~o /(1trongphongkhongcoai.)

1va:::g-J indicates an action taking place in the present, while 1va::: L;tcJ indicates an action taken in the past.

To negate an action in the present, use IVa:::tt!vJ, and to negate an action in the past, use IVa:::ttfv clJtcJ. 81Va:::9J ~mIJi!ft8%1.JfJ=, IVa:::utcJ ~mJ1ti8%/Jf!=o IJi!ftB'JB~ffl IVa:::ttfvJ, DttiB~ffl IVa:::ttfvclJtcJa

bieu th! hanh a(rng xay ra trong hi~n t9i, con IV a;: L;tcJ bieu th! hanh d9ng xay ra trong qua khu. D9ng

phu djnh trong thl hi~n t9i la IV a:::ttfvJ I con d9ng phu ajnh trong thl qua khu la IV a:::ttfv c utcJ.

(I will go to university today./~:7<::n:*:~o / Hilm naytoi aentrllang a9i h9c.)

(I went to university today./ ~:7<::n '3 7c~o / Hom nay toi aa aen trllilng a9i h9c.)

(I will not go to university today./~:7<::/fn7c~o /Hom naytoi khong aen trllilng d\li h9c.)

(I did not go to university today./~:7<::3~n7c~o/ Hom nay toi aa khong aen tnlong a9i h9c.)

subject/_}C:"if\ / chu ngu

l/J'J is added to the end of interrogative sentences. However, in many cases when talking to ""'rn"'''"'n""

close to the speaker, the l/J'J is omitted and the speaker's tone will rise at the end of the sentence.

8i:E~!EfoJ'c~J"~?K-ffi~~1JD l/J'J, DJ~:*:*c~$~~ili:8'J.A2JBJDJ~ tgj~ l/J'J, 3'fr~3K:t~~i.g~o l/J'J duqc d~t vao cu6i cau h6i. Tuy nhien trong hQi tho9i voi nguoi c6 quan h~ than m~t, l/J'J c6 the

duqc luqc b6 va len cao gi9ng cu6i a cau.

I ten I ct=t.i~a:::ttfvJ indicates a complete denial.

1~n1ct=~~a:::ttfvJ~m~OOB~a

I ten I c <= t.i~a:::ttfvJ di en ta y nghia phu ajnh hoan toan.

32

Expressing Form ff~~7\8~~.Um each n6i hlnh dang, trc;ing thai

•-Id: -tJ' C.futJ. NA+©

t: L ti r: ~--~n~-r.t mrn{ -t ~ -c·-t 0 @-C' t.. ~~ti L ;t-t;

([) n { \ '\ ' -r--t o e ~ < i:, ~ £ ii.. r..,, £ -r~f ~ ~ n { -t ~ -c·-t n ~ o

(fl Watashi wa nigiyakana machi ga suki desu. @Demo, heya wa shizukana no ga 1 desu. @ Sakura-san wa donna heya ga suki desu ka.

D I: ~--J('f]>(i"J.') nigiyaka (na) : Lively/IBl'illl/ naonhi~t

D Lf-IJ'(-/-J.') shizuka(na): Ouiet/~~/yent1nh

D -9 ~ (-tJ.-) suki (na) : Like/~X!J:'.8'9/thfch

D ~ ~ heya : Room/03fBJ/ phong

D ~-- /.v -f-J-' donna : What kind/ 1+~1$8~/ nhllthe nao

sentence lbic 01ct Vsr1J\tJ r-...>p1J\ 9'iYc9J indicates that the speaker likes 10 9"1J\1d: r-...>p J. This I ~let ~ti\~ J form is often used.

@fE lbic01ct 09"1J\tJ r-...t:>ti' 9~c9J '2IJcp l09"1J\tJr-...t:>J ~m~x!R8'9x':t~o 1~1ct ~ti' ~J 8'9'2Il'!M~m1~!tlo

0Trong cau lbic 01ct 0 9"1J\tJ r-...>f->1J' 9~c9J,10 9"1J\1d: r-...>p J chi doi tuqng duqc u'a thlch. Mau cau I ~let ~ti'~ J thu'ong hay duqc su dt,1ng.

ffitj:I~ fvl~ ~ )( gz!C'g 0 (Tanaka-sanlikesdogs./EEcp@)!X~~o / B~nTanakathfchconch6.) tc. tf.1J'

l_j cl::; 5 q Cg 0 (She is good at playing the piano./!z1M~WJ~~1®1&!z::Jo / co ay chdi piano gioi.)

{~Adjectives that end with ltJJ before N such as 10 9"1J\tJJ are known as "na-adjectives." l~fll.,"\tJJ ltJ -:J(cftJJ are other examples of these. The ltJJ is not used for these adjectives before lc9 J.

l09"1J\tJJ J;Z;f$ N 8'9§u[§Jffl ltJJ 1~~~8'9%m~%!.llf!=)%'.§i~o ~D l~fll1\1d:J llJ-:Jld'.'tJJ ~o 1~iZ*$8'97f~'.§i~~ lc9 J B\j, ~~1* ltJJ o

0Nhung tfnh tu c6 duoi lta:J nhu' 10 9"1J\1d:J duqc g<;>i la tfnh W du6i NA. Vf dt,1 nhu' l~fl.G \tJJ , llJ -:J l<ftJJ . ltJJ duqc luqc b6 khi dung truoc lc9 J.

~~ (a prettypark/)~~B~~lm/ congvieni!~p) L. 3X.fu

(This park is pretty./12; 1'~1m1m~~o / C6ng vien nay i!~p.)

(That classroom is quiet./12; i'~!r~1&~o / Phong hQc i!6 yen tinh.)

represents a previously mentioned noun.

@IO)J ~~m§u[§Ji~LZ8'9:tSi~o \!)"NO" chi danh W duqc nhac a phan tru'oc.

fJ'(d..'fvff. ® IJ *91J\ (Do you have a bag?/~~'§~? / C6caic~pkhong?)

--(cJ:l 1, ® IJ *9 0 (Yes,aprettyone./~. ~)~~8'90 / C6,c6mgtcairata~p.)

fflJ( L: (:: l.; J: D'fv(cJ: ® IJ *9fJ' 0 (ls there a library in yourtown?/IHJ~~~~t€;~? / Trongthanh ph6c6thlfvi~n khong? 5'"15

--(cJ:l 1, ® IJ *9 0 Yes,asplendidone./~. ~-1'~1=ml58'9C~~ffi) /C6,c6mgtcairatt6t.)

A demonstrative asking about the nature or form of N.

@N ~~J'qJil'imf:&m~7\8~t~m1~a

\'Ila W chi djnh de h6i tfnh chat ho~c hlnh dang cua N.

® IJ *91J' 0 (What kind of bag do you have?/~H~m'9~'§? / C6caic~pnhuthenao?)

(What kind of university is it?/ ~1+~1$8'9/\:~? / La trlfong a9i hqc nhlfthe nao?)

The subject is lbtc GJ , while l!t::~'-f-i:fJ\~ ffiJJ is the object of the feeling 19~J.

@±t~~ lbtcGJ, l!t::~'t-:>Ma; ffiJJ ~ l9~J 8~x1~o \!I Chu ngu la lbtc GJ I con 11<::~'-f-i:tJ\~ ffiJJ la d6i tuqng cua tam trc;mg l9~J.

By making I "'--f-l J into the subject ofthe entire sentence, it becomes easier to understand. IG 9":1J' ~+O)J functions as a noun.

!~~~~~~~±~~~. ~~g~W~o IG9"~~+~~~~~~fflo

l"'--f-l J c6 the coi la chu de cua toan b9 cau. IG 9-':fJ\fcr:+O)J dong vai tro la danh W.

Placing the interrogative I cfv~J before a noun creates the interrogative sentence with the structure I c'fv~ Nb' ~c91J\J .

I cfv~J ~1u1Jot:t~1~§u, ~m I cfv~ N :tJ' ~ c9:1J\J ~~ct%it8~~JEl'OJo

\!ITU nghi van I cfv~J di truck danh tu se tc,io thanh cau hoi I cfv~ Nb' ~ c9:1J\J

33

34

Expressing Weather ~~B~~IW. Dien ta thoi tiet

A+N

N+=tJ

~ J: 7 ( i \ \ \ \ ~~ -c-r 0 ?1~ t ~ t' < 1-d.~ \ \ '"t-t 0 @lt::E t r ~ J: --u,, ~ -1:' t {:[,{.,-I±\\

-J(i t-rt \\\\~~-c-tnJ t "§\\;t Lf:o -r A, ~ \ \

Kyo wa z tenki desu. Soto mo samukunai desu. 0 Sense mo "Kyo wa totemo z tenki desu ne" to zmashita.

D J:..~ tenki : Weather/7:::!=j,/ thoitiet

D :9~ so to : Outside/ 9~J1J./ ben ngoai

D ~ t' \ \ samui : Cold/)~/ l~nh

D ('.'. T t totemo : Very/:1&/ rat, lam

D §\ \ i-t 'fmasu: Tosay/l,~/n6i

IL-\\.; IJ in IG \\.; \ 3i::'5irJ is an i--adjective and is immediately followed by N. If it is used at the end of a

sentence, it is immediately followed by lc9 J. 3i::'5irJ c\=J8'9 IGIGIJ ~1Jtj~>i~, lH~~ N a:t~o ~;t][:t~H~ lc9Jo

trong IG \\.;I 3i::~J la tf nh tu du6i I, ngay sau n6 la N. 0 cu6i cau, n6 dung ngay tru'oc lc9 J.

(cold room/*)~8'9JJ§f8J/ phong l~nh) :*:~ (spacious college/J'l118'9:*:~/ tntong a~i hgc r(lng) tct,YfJ\(

negative form of an i--adjective is I ~(tcJG\J. @ 1 %'.@1~8'9?§Jf'.J:\;~ I~< ~G lj o D~mg phu ajnh cua tf nh tU du6i I la I~< tcJG 1J .

~ J: "3 lct (It is not cold today./ :57:::/l')~ o / Hom nay troi khong l~nh.)

b/c uO) A,,t>(ct (My room is not spacious. /fi8'9JJ§f8J::f:*:o / Phbngt6i khong r(lng.)

~·»et-;n1A1o 1, 1or for IGIG\j , the IG\j is turned into a I ctJ to make I ct(tcJGIJ. @ R~ IL- IG 1J 8'9?§Jf'.B-;J, ~~ IG IJ ~JJ)Z I ctJ , ?§Jf'.i\;)J I ct< ~G IJ o

nhien trong tniong h<;jp tfnh tU IG \\.; \J I thl I ctJ thay the IG \j vase thanh I ct< tcJ\.; IJ

(This store is not good./iR%r.:5::fl6-o / Vf d~) Clla hang nay khong tot.)

ltiJ in l""-t:'O) 5ttiJ is a particle used to mean "exists in a similar way to others."

@I ""-t:'O) 5ttiJ 8'9 ltiJ ~Wm rn.t~1ilifg{$J JR~cp~JitJ,8'9filli~o

trong I ""-t:'O) 5ttiJ la trq tu mangy nghla la "tuong w nhu cai khac':

Jb L, '\Cg 0 (This park is spacious, too./iR-i"~fm1:B1&:*:o / C6ng vien nay cung r(lng.) 03

7c_~O) ~±Cg 0 (I too am a university student./fi1:B~:*:~8'9~!:l:.o /Toi cilng la sinh vien d~i hgc.) tct,\fJ\( fJl(ttt,I