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Grammar Dimensions 4 Textbook Answer Key

EXERCISE 5 (page 156) 1. The students should be given scholarships which cover all college expenses which include tuition and living. 2. I am amazed at the invention that the man created for some people who are disabled. 3. Most people did not buy chocolates that the youth were selling at a booth that was located outside a supermarket. 4. Salespeople require an official contract on which clients have provided their signatures that are legible. 5. She admires one teacher who knew her subject area and who was fair in grading. 6. A man was held hostage by thugs whose main interest was obtaining drugs that could be sold for thousands of dollars on the black market. 7. The women applauded the policy that the company instituted for pregnant employees who needed a three-month leave after their children were born. 8. The woman tightly clasped a locket which her son had given her before he left for an assignment that was in Saudi Arabia.


EXERCISE 5 (page 143) Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 1. who is, who is I changed the sentence to “… a person leaning toward the other members of the group and giving direct eye contact.” Because we can delete the relative pronoun and be in a clause containing be in a progressive construction. 2. that is I changed the sentence to “Body language composed of many gestures can…” because we can delete the relative pronoun and be in a passive construction. 3. who has been I changed the sentence to “Anyone working in the same position for a while will receive…” because we can delete the relative pronoun and be in a clause containing be in a progressive construction. 4. who is I changed the sentence to “A person dressing for success in an American business setting should worry…” because we can delete the relative pronoun and be in a clause containing be in a progressive construction. 5. that is I changed the sentence to “Generally, a suit made of an expensive wool appears authoritative.” because we can delete the relative pronoun and be in a clause containing be in a passive construction. 6. who is I changed the sentence to “If you are someone feeling unsatisfied with your personality, do not be discouraged.” because we can delete the relative pronoun and be in a clause containing be in a progressive construction. 7. who has --> with I changed the sentence to “Anyone with the determination to keep…” because we can delete the relative pronoun and paraphrase the word has in a relative clause with the word with.

EXERCISE 8 (page 160) Maya: …bank account which we closed… Luca: …personal taxes that you have no paid yet. Maya: …another idem that I do not need…. Luca: The accountant with whom I deal with is always asking me if I have any earnings that I neglected to mention. Maya: …book royalties that I earned in April and the horse race that I won in September.


EXERCISE 17 (pages 30-31) (2) was carrying (3) planned (4) saw; plucked (5) flowed; was (6) had fled; had taken (7) tried; found; were rooted (8) watched; grew; covered (9) came; reached (10) rushed; embraced; watered (11) had; had done (12) begged (13) told EXERCISE 19 (pages 33-34) Answers may vary. (3) takes off (4) needs (5) am driving (6) is he going (7) is meeting (8) is spending (9) finish (10) get (11) am going to have (12) will you do (13) graduate (14) will look (15) will find (16) will have saved (17) will have made (18) will have put (19) will be living (20) will have (21) will do (22) am not going to get (23) will take (24) buy (25) am going to quit


EXERCISE 3 (page 43) The words that students should circle are in bold. 1. one [in every two Americans] was 2. [who usually follow], are 3. frequency [of movie attendance] does 4. [along with John Grisham and Louis L’Amour] ranks 5. Stephen King [as well as romance novelist Danielle Steele,] remains 6. A person [who belong/belongs to one of the higher income groups] tends 7. activity [of reading books] seems; researchers [in universities and public agencies] express; people report 8. study [of people’s diaries about reading habits] reveals; they were 9. reference book [and not literature or serious nonfiction,] was 10. survey [of literary reading in America by the National Endowment for the Arts] concludes; reading [among almost all groups of Americans] is EXERCISE 5 (page 45) 1. makes a nice gift 2. are good choices 3. was 4. have 5. are 6. am 7. are 8. Does 9. is 10. are, have EXERCISE 8 (page 47) Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 1. The audience was… 2. An assortment of sweets was offered. 3. My family has a special birthday dinner. 4. The city government is planning employment opportunities for teens to reduce crime. 5. A swarm of bees has built a nest there. 6. The population of Phoenix is growing. 7. The variety of vegetables is amazing! 8. The young are very influential in setting the trends for casual clothes.


EXERCISE 4 (pages 65-66) 1. The brain cells are connected by a bundle of millions of fibers. 2. In visual processing, unfamiliar faces are registered by the right hemisphere of the brain; familiar ones are registered by the left hemisphere. 3. An exact replica of experience is not stored in memory. 4. Information is altered, organized, and transferred into one or more memory stores. 5. Certain facts that the multistore model cannot explain have been discovered (by psychologists). (Agent might be deleted if obvious from the context.) 6. Other ways in which we organize information in long-term memory are now being investigated. 7. The difference between recognition and recall has been demonstrated in numerous experiments. 8. Case studies of stroke victims were used to learn more about information storage. EXERCISE 5 (page 66) (2) In a series of experiments, university students were convinced that certain foods made them sick when they were children. (Note: Some students might include the agent by the research team. This would be acceptable also.) (4) In one experiment…strawberry ice cream, 131 students were asked to complete forms… (Note: For this sentence, the agent should be omitted since by this point it is obvious.) (5) The subjects were then given a computer analysis of their responses. (6) Some students were inaccurately told that strawberry ice cream had made them sick as children. (Agent unnecessary.) (7) …that they had been sickened by this kind of ice cream … (8) … students were encouraged to detail the imaginary ice cream episode. (11) … that this problem of limited influence could be resolved by additional feedback and drills. (13) … that serious ethical questions are raised by the deliberate implanting of false memories. (14) … that ethical issues need to be discussed (by scientists), but she notes that children are often told things that aren’t true by their parents. (Note: scientists would be an optional agent; parents would be needed to make meaning clear.)


EXERCISE 9 (page 251) Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 1. She could have misunderstood what she studied./ She might not have been concentrating on her work. 2. He could have been grading homework for another class. / He may not have been feeling well. 3. They could have gone out of town. / They might have had a previous invitation. 4. Some guests might have eaten before they came to the party. / We could have prepared too much food for the number of people who came. 5. He might have had an accident. / He may have stopped to visit someone. 6. They could have thought what she was saying was ridiculous./They may have disagreed with her. EXERCISE 10 (page 251) Note: Advisability modals are those in Focus 2 which express judgments about past situations. Modals expressing advisability: should have done (Henry); should have just laughed at yourself; might have thought; could have taken (Mr. Retrospect); should have responded (Sally) Inference modal: must have been great exercise (Mr. Retrospect) Modal expressing possibility: could have done; could have returned (Mr. Retrospect) could have said (Wild animal lover)


EXERCISE 16 (page 257) 1. should have emphasized 2. might have been 3. might have been 4. could have been 5. were supposed to 6. would have bought 7. might’ve left it there. 8. will have been married


EXERCISE 1 (page 199) Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 1. Yes, both President’s Day and Valentine’s Day are . . . 2. No, neither Cameroon nor Algeria is . . . 3. Yes, either honey or sugar can be . . . 4. No, not only whales but also dolphins are mammals . . . 5. No, Niagara Falls is situated neither in Venezuela nor in Columbia. 6. No, both Martin Luther King, Jr. and Jesse Jackson were prominent ministers. 7. Yes, you can travel from California to Hawaii by either boat or airplane. 8. No, both Ho Chi Minh City and Saigon refer to the same city in Vietnam. EXERCISE 2 (page 199) 1. . . . could not only dance but also sing very well. 2. improving not only pronunciation but also listening . . . 3. should no only exercise twice a week but also go . . . 4. has to not only take a test on Friday but also finish 5. was not only a great politician but also an… 6. dictionary shows not only the pronunciation of a word but also the 7. not only to locate an apartment but also get a 8. day not only last Tuesday but also last Wednesday. EXERCISE 3 (page 200) 1. Prepositional Phrase - The improvement of education has to do not only with content knowledge but also with higher order thinking skills. 2. Adjective Phrase - We think it is both appropriate and important to restate our position on the new performing arts center. 3. Clause - Not only is this an issue for students but also their parents should become involved. 4. Noun Phrase - I appreciate both the progress that has been made and the planning that went into the business school. 5. Clause - Either they will use the laboratory equipment now or they will use it later. 6. Verb Phrase - We tried to calculate what it will take not only to attract new students into the engineering program but also to keep them there. 7. Prepositional Phrase - They can shop for supplies either by phone or on the web. 8. Prepositional Phrase - We commend you both in terms of how the advertising was done in terms of how the ticket sales were made. 9. Noun Phrase - He is active in the club as not only the vice-president but also the activities


EXERCISE 7 (page 204) 3. Not only The New York Times but also The Los Angeles Times carried . . . 4. …both in English and in sociology./…major in both English and sociology 5. Either the Boston Red Sox or the Detroit Tigers… 6. …neither her watch nor her wallet… 7. OK 8. …either cancel or postpone… 9. …not only to the dentist but also to… 10. …either quit her job or rearrange… 11. …both well-rehearsed and calm… 12. …neither saw nor talked… 13. Both a bank card and cash are… 14. Neither my two daughters nor my . . . EXERCISE 8 (page 205) 3. Now having to choose between either a family… 6. Not only are couples having fewer children, but they are also… 7. …are deciding to either raise their own or adopt… 8. …choosing not only to form binding relationships but also… 9. …either to achieve personal satisfaction or to… 10. Today both the husband and… 12. Now either the husband or the wife might do the cooking and cleaning. 13. Because of both the greater stress of modern life and the… 14. Neither the rich nor the… 17. Not only do many people get divorced but these…


EXERCISE 18 (page 103) 1. between the rich and the poor 2. Most of the world’s AIDS cases and HIV-infected people are in Ø developing countries. 3. . . . still a meaningless concept . . . 4. The drug AZT… for most of the people… 5. . . . contributions to AIDS in the developing world . . . 6. Ø Last year, … 7. The total budget. . .is less than the medical cost … with AIDS in the United States EXERCISE 19 (page 103) 2. an 3. Ø 4. Ø 5. Ø 6. Ø 7. Ø 8. the 9. Ø 10. the

11. Ø 12. Ø 13. Ø/the 14. a 15. Ø/the 16. Ø 17. Ø 18. Ø 19 the

20. Ø/the 21. Ø 22. a 23. a 24. Ø 25. the 26. the

EXERCISE 20 (page 104) 2. Ø joy – idiom: verb + object + preposition: tidings of joy 3. the holiday season – modifier makes noun specific 4. Ø researchers – plural noun 5. the species – generic count noun 6. the wild – unique noun 7. an uphill battle – single noun; represents a type of battle 8. Ø human interference – noncount noun 9. Ø Monterey pine (pinus radiate) – Concrete noncount noun pertaining to all the representatives of a class. 10. a Christmas tree – single noun; represents a type of tree 11. Ø landscaping enhancement – abstract noncount noun 12. the West Coast – section of a country 13. a hard – working timber producer – single noun; represents a type distinct from another type. 14. the southern hemisphere – section of the Earth. 15. Ø Refinements of – plural noun 16. the original California stock – modifier makes noun specific. 17. Ø forestry experts – plural noun representing a group 18. Ø Australia – place name; phrases joined by in 19. Ø Chile – place name; phrases joined by in 20. Ø New Zealand – place name; phrases joined by in 21. Ø Spain – place name; phrases joined by in 22. Ø straight-trunked “workhorse” trees – plural noun representing a group 23. the lumber industry – modifier makes noun specific 24. plantations – plural count noun


EXERCISE 21 (page 104) 1. In the past, the family practitioner responded to all of the family’s medical needs (e.g., childbirths, surgeries, diseases, etc.). 2 The doctor relied on natural remedies to alleviate pain. 3. The doctor’s role was more of an onlooker as nature took its course. 4. Today, doctors play a more active role in healing. 5. With their more specialized training, they are able to prescribe wonder drugs and perform surgeries on patients. 6. Prolonging life has been the ideal goal. 7. Sometimes lifesaving/ enhancing procedures come in conflict with well-established social, religious, and moral values. 8. Thus, there is a need for medical ethics. 9. This is a field that considers the ethical implications of medical procedures and argues the reasonable rights and limits doctors should have in making decisions about improving, prolonging, or saving lives.


EXERCISE 6 (page 288) 1. Back in the old days, we left our house unlocked unless we were going on a vacation. 2. We couldn’t have ice cream for dessert unless it was a special occasion. 3. We couldn’t go out after dinner unless we had cleaned up the kitchen. 4. In high school we weren’t permitted to stay overnight at our friend’s house unless the parents had met each other. 5. We weren’t allowed to go to house parties unless they were chaperoned by adults.


EXERCISE 14 (page 296) (2) Even though these studies (3) have been done is it wise (4) involved is large (5) Even if (6) important only if


EXERCISE 10 (page 310) Answers may vary. Possible answers include: 1. James pet the dog while the dog was barking. / While barking, the dog was petted by James. 2. While Mary was having a bath, the water leaked over the sides of the tub. / While having a bath, I allowed the water to leak over the sides of the tub. 3. Being driven from their homes, people were terrified by the hurricane. / The hurricane terrified people as they were being driven from their homes. 4. When amused by their children’s naughty pranks, parents should keep a straight face. / When parents are amused by their children’s naughty pranks, a straight face is always a good solution. 5. Slithering along the path, a snake was spied by me. / While a snake was slithering along the path, I spied it. 6. Nearly suffocated by the heat, the people were packed in the room. / Because the room was packed with people, they nearly suffocated in the heat. 7. Having prepared for the winter, the family was able to survive on their canned fruits and jams. / The canned fruits and jams, having been prepared in the summer, helped the family survive in the winter. 8. Sobbing and wailing, many survivors were located by the search party. / Because the survivors were sobbing and wailing, the search party was able to locate many of them. 9. Sitting on the beach, Martin perceived the waves as huge. / Because Martin was sitting on the beach, the waves seemed huge to him. 10. After carefully reading the diary over, it is important to revise it for gaps and inconsistencies. / After carefully reading the diary over, people should revise it for gaps and inconsistencies. / After it is read over, it should be revised for gaps and inconsistencies.


EXERCISE 3 (page 335) Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 1. To be presented 2. Saying/to say 3. To have/Having/To have had 4. studying 5. to see 6. Being scolded/To have been scolded 7. reading 8. Having read 9. Having seen 10. to be 11. Being married 12. to arise/arising 13. Writing 14. Not having received 15. to be selected/being selected


EXERCISE 7 (page 341) The gerunds that the students should circle are shown in italics. (4) to attend (7) to distrust and become (8) teaching (9) to prosper (10) feeling (11) to leave (12) to matriculate (13) to enter, to apply (16) studying; to teach, to think (17) to matriculate (21) to obtain (22) to reward (25) to take hold, to destroy (2) to speak (3) saying (7) to distrust / (to)become (8) teaching (10) feeling (11) to leave (12) to matriculate (13) to enter / to apply (15) to prepare (16) studying (17) to matriculate (21) to obtain (22) to reward (25) to take hold / to destroy EXERCISE 8 (page 342) Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 1. to impress 2. to teach 3. to do 4. studying 5. to leave 6. feeling 7. joining 8. to study 9. to enter 10. failing

11. to give 12. thinking 13. to become 14. admiring 15. to question

EXERCISE 11 (page 345) Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 1. correct 2. to interview 3. telling 4. to attend 5. correct 6. Terry’s getting 7. talking 8. Did he suggest our going to a good restaurant? 9. correct 10. to join 11. For them to be traveling 12. to work 13. correct 14. I don’t mind Tai’s arriving late to the meeting. 15. Would you care to have a drink before we eat dinner? 16. going 17. to take 18. Her coming late to the appointment was a disappointment. 19. Some schools decide to participate every year. 20. Correct 21. Has he not offered to resign? 22. Their complaining about discrimination is understandable. 23. Your starting a fight will have a negative end. 24. My hope is for my children to earn a good living. 25. I disliked Tom’s repetitive questions all through the meeting.


EXERCISE 3 (page 355) 1. (a) to have been (b) to have written (c) to have loved; to have loved 2. (a) to have given (b) to have been so able to (c) to have gone 3. (a) to have believed (b) to have convinced 4. (a) to have made (b) to have had (c) to have received

EXERCISE 5 (page 357) 1. ...to have discovered... 2. To have endured what is unendurable... 3. ...to have failed; to have won 4. ...to have learned... 5. ...to have been happy...to have lived... 6. ...to have studied wisdom; ...to have practiced... EXERCISE 6 (page 358) 1. Our English teacher expects us to have finished our oral reports... 2. Josh would prefer to have been the last one to present... 3. Isela believes herself to have been greatly misinformed... 4. We would like to have heard more... 5. Jocelyn hoped to have been given a chance... 6. Gerard claims to have been sent… 7. Sandra reported Angelina Jolie, her favorite actress, to have been… 8. Ty considers himself to have gotten... 9. Berta would like to have been eating dinner... 10. I will be relieved to have presented…

EXERCISE 7 (page 360) 1. he appeared not to have been out of town the last weekend in April 2. for Dr. Moreau not to have told his housekeeper he would be away the weekend the murder occurred. 3. to have stayed in that weekend. 4. never to have known the victim, Horace Bix. 5. Dr. Moreau not to have given the police truthful answers to most of their questions.


EXERCISE 9 (page 362) Answers may vary. Possible answers include: 1. I would like to have taken... 2. I would hate to have forgotten... 3. I would prefer to have gone... 4. I would not like to have been... 5. I would like to have been given... 6. I would prefer to have studied... 7. I would like to have walked...found out..

EXERCISE 14 (page 366) Answers will vary. Possible answers include: 1. I seem to have forgotten my application. 2. You appear not to have gotten enough sleep last night. 3. I seem to have lost my notebook. 4. The author appeared to have forgotten how to write by the end of that book. 5. I’m sorry. I seem to have done the wrong assignment.


EXERCISE 2 (page 388) 1. people are having greater exposure to ultraviolet rays 2. fair-headed people have less natural protection against the sun’s rays 3. thousands of people have malignant melanoma 4. people to stay out of the sun altogether 5. people to slip on a shirt, slop on some sunscreen, and slap on a hat EXERCISE 3 (page 388) 1. Leaf pigments (which assist some plants during photosynthesis) becoming visible when the leaf dies in the fall explains the observation that the leaves of some trees change color and fall to the ground during cold weather. 2. Bits of interplanetary matter (meteorites) entering the earth’s atmosphere and burning up explains the observation that stars shoot across the sky. 3. A groundwater table near the roots of palms and other plants explains the fact that there are oases. 4. Rainfall not filling the air over a large enough area accounts for the fact that there is only a partial rainbow. 5. Troubled breathing during mild exercise in the mountains illustrates the idea that activity is difficult at high altitudes. 6. An ice cube melting in a glass of water illustrates the law that heat flows from a warm place to a cooler place. 7. The sun and the moon appearing larger than normal is explained by the fact that the eye evaluates the size of the sun and the moon against the size of objects on the earth near the horizon, e.g., trees, hills, buildings, etc. 8. A person’s reflection appearing upside down is explained by the fact that the concave parts of a spoon act as a lens. If the spoon were flat, it would reflect like a mirror.

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