jobs report 5-6-11

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Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until USDL-11-06228:30 a.m. (EDT) Friday, May 6, 2011

Technical information:Household data: (202) 691-6378 [email protected] www.bls.gov/cpsEstablishment data: (202) 691-6555 [email protected] www.bls.gov/ces

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 [email protected]

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION APRIL 2011

Nonfarm payroll employment rose by 244,000 in April, and the unemployment rate edged up to 9.0

percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Job gains occurred in several service-providing industries, manufacturing, and mining.

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0

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Apr-09 Jul-09 Oct-09 Jan-10 Apr-10 Jul-10 Oct-10 Jan-11 Apr-11

Thousands

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment over-the-monthchange, seasonally adjusted, April 2009 April 2011

Percent

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

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Apr-09 Jul-09 Oct-09 Jan-10 Apr-10 Jul-10 Oct-10 Jan-11 Apr-11

Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted,April 2009 April 2011

Household Survey Data

The number ofunemployed persons,at 13.7 million, changed little in April. The unemployment rateedged up from 8.8 to 9.0 percent over the month but was 0.8 percentage point lower than in November.The labor force also was little changed in April. (See table A-1.)

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates for adult men (8.8 percent), adult women(7.9 percent), teenagers (24.9 percent), whites (8.0 percent), blacks (16.1 percent), and Hispanics (11.8percent) showed little change in April. The jobless rate for Asians was 6.4 percent, not seasonallyadjusted. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.)

The number of persons unemployed for less than 5 weeks increased by 242,000 in April. The numberoflong-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks and over) declined by 283,000 to 5.8 million;their share of unemployment declined to 43.4 percent. (See table A-12.)

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The civilian labor force participation rate was 64.2 percent for the fourth consecutive month. Theemployment-population ratio, at 58.4 percent, changed little in April. (See table A-1.)

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons (sometimes referred to asinvoluntary part-time workers) was little changed over the month, at 8.6 million. These individuals wereworking part time because their hours had been cut back or because they were unable to find a full-timejob. (See table A-8.)

In April, 2.5 million persons were marginally attached to the labor force, about the same as a yearearlier. (These data are not seasonally adjusted.) These individuals were not in the labor force, wantedand were available for work, and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months. They were notcounted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey.(See table A-16.)

Among the marginally attached, there were 989,000 discouraged workers in April, a decline of208,000 from a year earlier. (These data are not seasonally adjusted.) Discouraged workers are personsnot currently looking for work because they believe no jobs are available for them. The remaining 1.5million persons marginally attached to the labor force in April had not searched for work in the 4 weeks

preceding the survey for reasons such as school attendance or family responsibilities. (See table A-16.)

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 244,000 in April, and the private sector added268,000 jobs. Employment rose in a number of service-providing industries, manufacturing, and mining.Since a recent low in February 2010, total payroll employment has grown by 1.8 million. Private sectoremployment has increased by 2.1 million over the same period. (See table B-1.)

In April, employment in retail trade rose by 57,000. Within the industry, employment in generalmerchandise stores increased by 27,000, offsetting a decline of similar magnitude in the prior month.Elsewhere in retail trade, April job gains occurred in electronics and appliance stores (+6,000), buildingmaterial and garden supply stores (+6,000), and automobile dealers (+5,000).

Employment in professional and business services continued to expand in April, with an increase of51,000. Job gains occurred in management and technical consulting services (+11,000) and in computersystems design and related services (+8,000). Employment in temporary help services was little changedover the month, following an increase of 34,000 in March.

Health care continued to add jobs in April (+37,000). Within health care, job gains continued inambulatory health care (+22,000) and hospitals (+10,000).

Employment in leisure and hospitality continued to increase in April (+46,000). Over the past 3

months, this industry added 151,000 jobs, with nearly two-thirds of the growth in food services anddrinking places.

Employment in both stategovernment and local government continued to trend down, with Aprillosses concentrated in the non-educational components. Elsewhere in the service-providing sector,employment in information, financial activities, and transportation and warehousing changed littlein April.

In the goods-producing sector of the economy, manufacturing employment rose by 29,000 in April.Since reaching an employment low in December 2009, manufacturing has added 250,000 jobs, including

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141,000 in 2011. Over the month, employment growth continued in machinery (+5,000), primary metals(+4,000), and computer and electronic products (+4,000).

Mining added 11,000 jobs in April. More than half of the gain occurred in support activities for mining.Since a recent low point in October 2009, employment in mining has increased by 107,000.

Construction employment was about unchanged in April. This industry has shown little net movement

since early 2010, after having fallen sharply during the prior 3 years.

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls remained at 34.3 hours in April.The manufacturing workweek for all employees, at 40.4 hours, also was unchanged over the month,while factory overtime increased by 0.1 hour to 3.3 hours. The average workweek for production andnonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls was unchanged in April at 33.6 hours. (Seetables B-2 and B-7.)

In April, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 3 cents,or 0.1 percent, to $22.95. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings increased by 1.9 percent. InApril, average hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees rose by 5

cents, or 0.3 percent, to $19.37. (See tables B-3 and B-8.)

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for February was revised from +194,000 to +235,000,and the change for March was revised from +216,000 to +221,000.

______________

The Employment Situation for May is scheduled to be released on Friday, June 3, 2011, at 8:30

a.m. (EDT).

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HOUSEHOLD DATASummary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

CategoryApr.2010

Feb.2011

Mar.2011

Apr.2011

Change from:Mar. 2011-Apr. 2011

Employment status

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . 237,329 238,851 239,000 239,146 146

Civilian labor force. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . 154,520 153,246 153,406 153,421 15

Participation rate. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 65.1 64.2 64.2 64.2 0.0

Employed. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . 139,382 139,573 139,864 139,674 -190Employment-population ratio.. .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . 58.7 58.4 58.5 58.4 -0.1

Unemployed. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15,138 13,673 13,542 13,747 205

Unemployment rate.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.8 8.9 8.8 9.0 0.2

Not in labor force. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 82,809 85,605 85,594 85,725 131

Unemployment rates

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.8 8.9 8.8 9.0 0.2

Adult men (20 years and over). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.0 8.7 8.6 8.8 0.2

Adult women (20 years and over). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 8.0 7.7 7.9 0.2

Teenagers (16 to 19 years). .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . 25.4 23.9 24.5 24.9 0.4

White.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.0 8.0 7.9 8.0 0.1

Black or African American.. .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . . 16.5 15.3 15.5 16.1 0.6

Asian (not seasonally adjusted).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 6.8 7.1 6.4

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . 12.4 11.6 11.3 11.8 0.5

Total, 25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 7.6 7.4 7.6 0.2

Less than a high school diploma. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. 14.7 13.9 13.7 14.6 0.9

High school graduates, no college.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5 9.5 9.5 9.7 0.2

Some college or associate degree.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 7.8 7.4 7.5 0.1

Bachelors degree and higher.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 4.3 4.4 4.5 0.1

Reason for unemployment

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 9,237 8,334 8,209 8,144 -65

Job leavers.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933 898 896 942 46

Reentrants. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 3,749 3,352 3,262 3,375 113

New entrants. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,217 1,337 1,360 1,346 -14

Duration of unemployment

Less than 5 weeks. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 2,695 2,390 2,449 2,691 242

5 to 14 weeks. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 3,000 3,094 2,914 2,907 -7

15 to 26 weeks. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 2,274 2,179 1,957 2,006 49

27 weeks and over. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 6,659 5,993 6,122 5,839 -283

Employed persons at work part time

Part time for economic reasons. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9,146 8,340 8,433 8,600 167

Slack work or business conditions. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 6,247 5,630 5,595 5,689 94

Could only find part-time work. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 2,492 2,415 2,332 2,480 148

Part time for noneconomic reasons. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . 18,035 18,220 18,417 18,282 -135

Persons not in the labor force (not seasonally adjusted)

Marginally attached to the labor force. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 2,432 2,730 2,434 2,466

Discouraged workers. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . 1,197 1,020 921 989

- Over-the-month changes are not displayed for not seasonally adjusted data.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will notnecessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually withthe release of January data.

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ESTABLISHMENT DATASummary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

CategoryApr.2010

Feb.2011

Mar.2011p

Apr.2011p

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY(Over-the-month change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 277 235 221 244

Total private. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 229 261 231 268

Goods-producing. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 61 81 37 44

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5 13 10

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 39 2 5Manufacturing. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . 38 37 22 29

Durable goods1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 28 21 19

Motor vehicles and parts. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 5.0 -0.5 2.5 2.9

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 9 1 10

Private service-providing1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 180 194 224

Wholesale trade. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.3 15.8 16.1 7.0

Retail trade. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 15.9 0.1 -3.2 57.1

Transportation and warehousing. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 17.0 3.0 4.1

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -2 -3 -2 2

Financial activities. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. 5 -1 5 4

Professional and business services1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 38 86 51

Temporary help services. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . 21.1 11.5 34.4 -2.3

Education and health services1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 43 33 49

Health care and social assistance. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.5 27.6 39.0 41.8

Leisure and hospitality. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 35 54 51 46

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 14 6 1

Government. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 48 -26 -10 -24

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEESAS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2

Total nonfarm women employees. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 49.9 49.6 49.6 49.5

Total private women employees. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. 48.4 48.1 48.1 48.1

Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . 82.4 82.4 82.4 82.4

HOURS AND EARNINGSALL EMPLOYEES

Total private

Average weekly hours. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . 34.1 34.3 34.3 34.3

Average hourly earnings. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . $ 22.52 $ 22.88 $ 22.92 $ 22.95

Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . $767.93 $784.78 $786.16 $787.19

Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.6 93.1 93.3 93.6

Over-the-month percent change. .. .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.3

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)

4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98.3 101.6 102.0 102.4Over-the-month percent change. .. .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.4

HOURS AND EARNINGSPRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES

Total private

Average weekly hours. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . 33.4 33.6 33.6 33.6

Average hourly earnings. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . $ 18.98 $ 19.32 $ 19.32 $ 19.37

Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . $633.93 $649.15 $649.15 $650.83

Index of aggregate weekly hours (2002=100)3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98.6 100.2 100.5 100.7


Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2002=100)4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125.0 129.4 129.7 130.4


DIFFUSION INDEX(Over 1-month span)5

Total private. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . 63.9 70.8 64.4 64.6

Manufacturing. .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . 66.7 67.9 63.0 65.4

1 Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providingindustries.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current months estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate hours.

4 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current months estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual averageaggregate weekly payrolls.

5 Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balancebetween industries with increasing and decreasing employment.

p Preliminary

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Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of employment

and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series has a smaller

margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household survey because ofits much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about 100,000 is statistically

significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically significant change in thehousehold survey is about 400,000. However, the household survey has a more expansive scope than

the establishment survey because it includes the self-employed, unpaid family workers, agricultural

workers, and private household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The householdsurvey also provides estimates of employment for demographic groups.

Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the

establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore, itis not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does notcollect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which identify

the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the foreign born.

Why does the establishment survey have revisions?

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporatingadditional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates.

The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding

2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated

seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visitwww.bls.gov/ces/cesrevinfo.htm.

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchorsestimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax records.

The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more information

on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/cesbmart.htm.

Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments with

fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the reliability of the

total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all size classes and industries are appropriately sampled

to achieve that goal.

Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net employment

change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an econometric model that

forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based on the actual past values of thenet impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages. The

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establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this purpose because the survey is not

immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There is an unavoidable lag between the birth

of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and availability for selection. BLS adds newbusinesses to the survey twice a year.

Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment insurance

benefits?

No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons who

are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the unemployed. (Peopleon temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There is no requirement or

question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey.

Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who have stopped looking for work?

Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job, including

those who have stopped looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged workers). Inaddition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include discouraged workers and

other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each month in The EmploymentSituation news release.

How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th

of the month.

Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than on employ-

ment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including pay forholidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates typically, but

not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some employees may be offwork for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, while some workers, such as

those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours.

In order for severe weather conditions to reduce the estimate of payroll employment, employees have tobe off work without pay for the entire pay period. About half of all employees in the payroll survey have

a 2-week, semi-monthly, or monthly pay period. Employees who receive pay for any part of the pay

period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll employment figures. It is not possible to quantify theeffect of extreme weather on estimates of employment from the establishment survey.

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th

of themonth. Persons who miss the entire weeks work for weather-related events are counted as employed

whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the number of

persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours, or had a job but were not at work the entireweek, due to bad weather. Current and historical data are available on the household surveys most

requested statistics page at http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.

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Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from two major

surveys, the Current Population Survey (household survey)

and the Current Employment Statistics survey (estab-

lishment survey). The household survey provides informa-

tion on the labor force, employment, and unemployment

that appears in the "A" tables, marked HOUSEHOLDDATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 households

conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau

of Labor Statistics (BLS).

The establishment survey provides information on

employment, hours, and earnings of employees on non-

farm payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked

ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each

month from the payroll records of a sample of nonagricul-

tural business establishments. The sample includes about

140,000 businesses and government agencies representing

approximately 440,000 worksites and is drawn from a sam-

pling frame of roughly 9 million unemployment insurance

tax accounts. The active sample includes approximately

one-third of all nonfarm payroll employees.

For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a

particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the

reference period is generally the calendar week that

contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment

survey, the reference period is the pay period including the

12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the

calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between

surveys

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect

the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on

responses to a series of questions on work and job search

activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample

household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in

the labor force.

People are classified as employedif they did any work

at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked

in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or

worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or

farm. People are also counted as employed if they were

temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad

weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal

reasons.

People are classified as unemployedif they meet all ofthe following criteria: they had no employment during the

reference week; they were available for work at that time;

and they made specific efforts to find employment

sometime during the 4-week period ending with the

reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting

recall need not be looking for work to be counted as

unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the

household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for

or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and

unemployed persons. Those not classified as employed or

unemployed are not in the labor force. The unemployment

rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the labor

force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force

as a percent of the population, and the employment-popu-lation ratio is the employed as a percent of the population.

Additional information about the household survey can be

found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are

drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories,

offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local

government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are

those who received pay for any part of the reference pay

period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are

counted in each job they hold.Hours and earnings data are

produced for the private sector for all employees and for

production and nonsupervisory employees. Production and

nonsupervisory employees are defined as production and

related employees in manufacturing and mining and

logging, construction workers in construction, and non-

supervisory employees in private service-providing in-

dustries.

Industries are classified on the basis of an estab-

lishment's principal activity in accordance with the 2007

version of the North American Industry Classification

System. Additional information about the establishment

survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/#technical.

Differences in employment estimates. The num-

erous conceptual and methodological differences between

the household and establishment surveys result in impor-tant distinctions in the employment estimates derived from

the surveys. Among these are:

The household survey includes agriculturalworkers, the self-employed, unpaid family

workers, and private household workers among the

employed. These groups are excluded from the

establishment survey.

The household survey includes people on unpaidleave among the employed. The establishment

survey does not.

The household survey is limited to workers 16years of age and older. The establishment survey isnot limited by age.

The household survey has no duplication ofindividuals, because individuals are counted only

once, even if they hold more than one job. In the

establishment survey, employees working at more

than one job and thus appearing on more than one

payroll are counted separately for each appearance.

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Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor

force and the levels of employment and unemployment

undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may

result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays,

and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such

seasonal variation can be very large.

Because these seasonal events follow a more or lessregular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a

series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal

variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal

developments, such as declines in employment or increases

in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to

spot. For example, in the household survey, the large

number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely

to obscure any other changes that have taken place relative

to May, making it difficult to determine if the level of

economic activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the

establishment survey, payroll employment in education

declines by about 20 percent at the end of the spring term

and later rises with the start of the fall term, obscuring theunderlying employment trends in the industry. Because

seasonal employment changes at the end and beginning of

the school year can be estimated, the statistics can be

adjusted to make underlying employment patterns more

discernable. The seasonally adjusted figures provide a

more useful tool with which to analyze changes in month-

to-month economic activity.

Many seasonally adjusted series are independently

adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys.

However, the adjusted series for many major estimates,

such as total payroll employment, employment in most

major sectors, total employment, and unemployment are

computed by aggregating independently adjustedcomponent series. For example, total unemployment is

derived by summing the adjusted series for four major age-

sex components; this differs from the unemployment

estimate that would be obtained by directly adjusting the

total or by combining the duration, reasons, or more

detailed age categories.

For both the household and establishment surveys, a

concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in

which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using

all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current

month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are

used to adjust only the current month's data. In the

establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are

used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly

estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to

incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated

seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year

revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the household and establishment

surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling

error. When a sample rather than the entire population is

surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may

differ from the "true" population values they represent. The

exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the

particular sample selected, and this variability is measured

by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-

percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate

based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard

errors from the "true" population value because of samplingerror. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-

percent level of confidence.

For example, the confidence interval for the monthly

change in total nonfarm employment from the

establishment survey is on the order of plus or minus

100,000. Suppose the estimate of nonfarm employment

increases by 50,000 from one month to the next. The 90-

percent confidence interval on the monthly change would

range from -50,000 to +150,000 (50,000 +/- 100,000).

These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by

these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent

chance that the "true" over-the-month change lies within

this interval. Since this range includes values of less thanzero, we could not say with confidence that nonfarm

employment had, in fact, increased that month. If, however,

the reported nonfarm employment rise was 250,000, then

all of the values within the 90-percent confidence interval

would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at least

a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm employment had, in fact,

risen that month. At an unemployment rate of around 5.5

percent, the 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly

change in unemployment as measured by the household

survey is about +/- 280,000, and for the monthly change in

the unemployment rate it is about +/- 0.19 percentage point.

In general, estimates involving many individuals or

establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the

size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a

small number of observations. The precision of estimates

also is improved when the data are cumulated over time,

such as for quarterly and annual averages.

The household and establishment surveys are also

affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many

reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the

population, inability to obtain information for all

respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of

respondents to provide correct information on a timely

basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in

the collection or processing of the data.

For example, in the establishment survey, estimates

for the most recent 2 months are based on incompletereturns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled

preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive

revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample

reports have been received, that the estimate is considered

final.

Another major source of nonsampling error in the

establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely

basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for

this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an

estimation procedure with two components is used to

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account for business births. The first component excludes

employment losses from business deaths from sample-

based estimation in order to offset the missing employment

gains from business births. This is incorporated into the

sample-based estimation procedure by simply not reflecting

sample units going out of business, but imputing to them

the same employment trend as the other firms in the

sample. This procedure accounts for most of the net

birth/death employment.The second component is an ARIMA time series

model designed to estimate the residual net birth/death

employment not accounted for by the imputation. The

historical time series used to create and test the ARIMA

model was derived from the unemployment insurance

universe micro-level database, and reflects the actual

residual net of births and deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment

survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to

universe counts of payroll employment obtained from

administrative records of the unemployment insurance

program. The difference between the March sample-based

employment estimates and the March universe counts is

known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough

proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also

incorporate changes in the classification of industries. Over

the past decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total

nonfarm employment have averaged 0.3 percent, with arange from -0.7 to 0.6 percent.

Other information

Information in this release will be made available to

sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone:

(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

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HOUSEHOLD DATATable A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age


Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Apr.2010

Mar.2011

Apr.2011

Apr.2010

Dec.2010

Jan.2011

Feb.2011

Mar.2011

Apr.2011

TOTAL

Civili an n on in stit ut io na l p opu la ti on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 37, 32 9 23 9, 00 0 23 9, 14 6 23 7, 32 9 23 8, 88 9 23 8,70 4 23 8,85 1 23 9,00 0 23 9,14 6

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153,911 153,022 152,898 154,520 153,690 153,186 153,246 153,406 153,421

Participation rate. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . 64.9 64.0 63.9 65.1 64.3 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139,302 138,962 139,661 139,382 139,206 139,323 139,573 139,864 139,674

Employment-population ratio. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 58.7 58.1 58.4 58.7 58.3 58.4 58.4 58.5 58.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. 14,609 14,060 13,237 15,138 14,485 13,863 13,673 13,542 13,747

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5 9.2 8.7 9.8 9.4 9.0 8.9 8.8 9.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 83,418 85,977 86,248 82,809 85,199 85,518 85,605 85,594 85,725

Persons who currently want a job. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. 5,865 6,250 6,482 5,928 6,471 6,410 6,410 6,509 6,539

Men, 16 years and over


Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . 82,014 81,491 81,354 82,355 81,845 81,544 81,720 81,674 81,684


Employed. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . 73,315 73,187 73,761 73,526 73,600 73,800 74,122 74,108 73,973


Unemployed. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . 8,699 8,304 7,593 8,829 8,245 7,744 7,598 7,566 7,712




Ci vi li an n on in stit ut io na l p opu la ti on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 06, 30 1 10 7, 38 1 10 7, 46 9 10 6, 30 1 10 7, 21 6 10 7,20 3 10 7,29 2 10 7,38 1 10 7,46 9



Employed. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 71,226 71,207 71,822 71,348 71,480 71,589 71,954 71,959 71,939


Unemployed. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . 7,895 7,581 6,880 7,931 7,426 6,917 6,841 6,805 6,917



Women, 16 years and over




Employed. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 65,988 65,775 65,900 65,856 65,605 65,523 65,451 65,756 65,702


Unemployed. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . 5,910 5,756 5,644 6,309 6,240 6,119 6,075 5,976 6,035

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 8.0 7.9 8.7 8.7 8.5 8.5 8.3 8.4Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 50,521 51,481 51,535 50,253 51,313 51,234 51,418 51,280 51,342





Employed. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 63,746 63,681 63,733 63,501 63,428 63,392 63,319 63,566 63,479


Unemployed. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . 5,355 5,223 5,130 5,665 5,599 5,447 5,483 5,332 5,417



Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,962 16,827 16,809 16,962 16,780 16,863 16,845 16,827 16,809

Civilian labor force. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . 5,689 5,331 5,333 6,074 5,757 5,841 5,649 5,744 5,669


Employed. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 4,330 4,075 4,106 4,533 4,298 4,341 4,300 4,339 4,255Employment-population ratio. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 25.5 24.2 24.4 26.7 25.6 25.7 25.5 25.8 25.3

Unemployed. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . 1,358 1,257 1,227 1,542 1,460 1,500 1,350 1,405 1,413

Unemployment rate. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . . 23.9 23.6 23.0 25.4 25.4 25.7 23.9 24.5 24.9


1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

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HOUSEHOLD DATATable A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age


Employment status, race, sex, and age


Apr.2010

Mar.2011

Apr.2011

Apr.2010

Dec.2010

Jan.2011

Feb.2011

Mar.2011

Apr.2011

WHITE


Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,062 124,156 124,140 125,739 124,700 124,192 124,237 124,497 124,650


Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114,302 113,877 114,597 114,465 114,079 114,197 114,330 114,706 114,652


Unemployed. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . 10,760 10,279 9,542 11,275 10,620 9,995 9,907 9,791 9,998






Employed. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . 59,460 59,254 59,869 59,528 59,484 59,586 59,860 59,850 59,903


Unemployed. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . 5,932 5,635 5,035 6,072 5,557 5,086 5,059 5,014 5,129





Employed. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 51,174 51,169 51,275 51,091 50,920 50,878 50,816 51,184 51,138

Employment-population ratio. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 55.9 55.7 55.8 55.8 55.3 55.4 55.3 55.7 55.6Unemployed. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . 3,797 3,730 3,606 4,025 3,994 3,808 3,860 3,766 3,833





Employed. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 3,668 3,454 3,453 3,846 3,676 3,732 3,654 3,672 3,610


Unemployed. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,031 913 901 1,178 1,070 1,100 987 1,011 1,036


BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,624 29,005 29,035 28,624 28,896 28,947 28,976 29,005 29,035



Employed. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 15,020 14,965 14,966 14,996 15,119 15,048 15,124 15,067 14,966


Unemployed. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . 2,848 2,740 2,799 2,971 2,839 2,809 2,741 2,769 2,882Unemployment rate. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . . 15.9 15.5 15.8 16.5 15.8 15.7 15.3 15.5 16.1





Employed. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 6,635 6,635 6,688 6,672 6,764 6,723 6,745 6,758 6,731


Unemployed. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . 1,446 1,458 1,403 1,440 1,341 1,331 1,309 1,361 1,382





Employed. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 7,971 7,953 7,877 7,904 7,993 7,966 7,993 7,923 7,836


Unemployed. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . 1,181 1,037 1,155 1,270 1,211 1,179 1,192 1,127 1,217



Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635 623 642 681 648 658 627 668 682


Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 378 402 420 361 359 386 387 398


Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 245 241 261 287 299 241 281 284


ASIAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,138 11,301 11,378

See footnotes at end of table.

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HOUSEHOLD DATATable A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age Continued


Employment status, race, sex, and age


Apr.2010

Mar.2011

Apr.2011

Apr.2010

Dec.2010

Jan.2011

Feb.2011

Mar.2011

Apr.2011

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,300 7,410 7,295

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.5 65.6 64.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,806 6,881 6,832

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.1 60.9 60.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494 529 463

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 7.1 6.4 Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,838 3,892 4,083


- Data not available.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are introducedannually with the release of January data.

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HOUSEHOLD DATATable A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age




Apr.2010

Mar.2011

Apr.2011

Apr.2010

Dec.2010

Jan.2011

Feb.2011

Mar.2011

Apr.2011

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninst itutional population.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,498 34,155 34,233 33,498 34,188 34,001 34,079 34,155 34,233

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,554 22,585 22,672 22,674 22,868 22,823 22,519 22,676 22,798

Participation rate.. .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . 67.3 66.1 66.2 67.7 66.9 67.1 66.1 66.4 66.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 19,872 19,896 20,124 19,854 19,906 20,099 19,912 20,105 20,110

Employment-population ratio. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 59.3 58.3 58.8 59.3 58.2 59.1 58.4 58.9 58.7

Unemployed. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 2,682 2,690 2,548 2,820 2,962 2,724 2,606 2,571 2,688

Unemployment rate.. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . 11.9 11.9 11.2 12.4 13.0 11.9 11.6 11.3 11.8

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 10,944 11,570 11,561 10,824 11,320 11,178 11,561 11,479 11,435


Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,838 12,889 12,899

Participation rate.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.4 81.6 81.4

Employed. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,405 11,452 11,568

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.2 72.5 73.0

Unemployed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,433 1,437 1,331

Unemployment rate.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 11.1 10.3


Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,754 8,788 8,896

Participation rate.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.6 58.7 59.3 Employed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,786 7,825 7,884


Unemployed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969 963 1,012



Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 961 909 878

Participation rate.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.7 26.8 25.9

Employed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681 619 672


Unemployed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 290 206



- Data not available.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the releaseof January data.

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HOUSEHOLD DATATable A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment


Educational attainment

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.2010

Mar.2011

Apr.2011

Apr.2010

Dec.2010

Jan.2011

Feb.2011

Mar.2011

Apr.2011

Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . 12,225 11,565 11,703 12,079 11,758 11,383 11,317 11,652 11,567

Participation rate. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 46.8 45.7 46.1 46.2 46.0 45.1 45.5 46.1 45.5

Employed. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . 10,447 9,809 10,000 10,303 9,963 9,770 9,749 10,059 9,876

Employment-population ratio. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . 40.0 38.8 39.4 39.4 39.0 38.7 39.2 39.8 38.9

Unemployed. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . 1,778 1,756 1,703 1,776 1,795 1,613 1,568 1,593 1,691

Unemployment rate.. . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 14.5 15.2 14.5 14.7 15.3 14.2 13.9 13.7 14.6

High school graduates, no college1



Employed. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . 34,723 33,604 33,886 34,763 34,465 33,972 33,965 33,654 33,881


Unemployed. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . 4,056 3,937 3,599 4,091 3,738 3,541 3,560 3,517 3,626

Unemployment rate.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5 10.5 9.6 10.5 9.8 9.4 9.5 9.5 9.7

Some college or associate degree



Employed. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . 33,590 33,708 33,829 33,625 33,821 33,878 33,919 33,938 33,907Employment-population ratio. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . 65.1 64.1 64.3 65.1 64.5 64.6 64.1 64.6 64.5

Unemployed. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . 2,957 2,811 2,634 3,025 2,988 2,963 2,865 2,715 2,730


Bachelors degree and higher2



Employed. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . 43,778 44,943 44,976 43,641 44,095 44,322 44,588 44,843 44,789


Unemployed. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . 2,015 2,036 1,937 2,198 2,217 1,941 2,003 2,076 2,109


1 Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2 Includes persons with bachelors, masters, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

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HOUSEHOLD DATATable A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,and sex, not seasonally adjusted


Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Total Men Women

Apr.2010

Apr.2011

Apr.2010

Apr.2011

Apr.2010

Apr.2011

VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . 22,093 21,697 20,310 19,898 1,783 1,799

Civilian labor force. . .. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . .. . 11,742 11,318 10,632 10,191 1,110 1,128

Participation rate. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 53.1 52.2 52.4 51.2 62.2 62.7Employed. .. .. . . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. . 10,679 10,445 9,669 9,427 1,010 1,018

Employment-population ratio. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 48.3 48.1 47.6 47.4 56.6 56.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,064 873 964 764 100 110

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 7.7 9.1 7.5 9.0 9.7

Not in labor force. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . 10,351 10,379 9,678 9,707 673 671

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 2,101 2,466 1,748 1,996 353 470

Civilian labor force. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,694 1,962 1,441 1,646 254 315

Participation rate. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 80.6 79.5 82.4 82.5 71.9 67.1

Employed. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 1,472 1,748 1,249 1,454 223 293


Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 214 192 192 31 22

Unemployment rate. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. 13.1 10.9 13.3 11.7 12.0 6.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 505 308 350 99 155

Gulf War-era I veteransCivilian noninstitutional population. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 2,989 2,855 2,500 2,417 489 437



Employed. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 2,397 2,248 2,047 1,953 350 296


Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 158 179 135 33 23


Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 449 274 330 106 119

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . 11,103 10,529 10,725 10,201 377 327



Employed. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 3,726 3,354 3,614 3,235 112 119


Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 229 289 209 4 19

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 6.4 7.4 6.1 3.4 13.9Not in labor force. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 7,083 6,946 6,822 6,758 262 189

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 5,900 5,847 5,336 5,283 564 565



Employed. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 3,084 3,095 2,759 2,786 325 309


Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 273 303 227 32 45


Not in labor force. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 2,481 2,479 2,274 2,270 207 210

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206,378 208,727 90,114 91,652 116,264 117,075

Civilian labor force. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . . 140,337 139,957 70,471 70,399 69,867 69,558


Employed. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . 127,291 128,072 63,007 63,803 64,284 64,269Employment-population ratio. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 61.7 61.4 69.9 69.6 55.3 54.9

Unemployed. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . . .. .. 13,046 11,885 7,463 6,596 5,583 5,289


Not in labor force. .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 66,041 68,771 19,644 21,253 46,397 47,518

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S.Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-Augus2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other timeperiods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the selected wartime periods andanother period are classified only in the wartime period. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

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HOUSEHOLD DATATable A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonallyadjusted



Persons with a disability Persons with no disability

Apr.2010

Apr.2011

Apr.2010

Apr.2011

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . . 26,590 27,603 210,739 211,543

Civilian labor force. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 5,897 5,699 148,015 147,199

Participation rate. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 22.2 20.6 70.2 69.6

Employed. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . . 4,999 4,873 134,303 134,789

Employment-population ratio. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 18.8 17.7 63.7 63.7

Unemployed. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 897 827 13,712 12,410

Unemployment rate.. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . 15.2 14.5 9.3 8.4

Not in labor force. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . 20,693 21,904 62,725 64,344

Men, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 2,731 2,591 75,654 74,820


Employed. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 2,258 2,172 67,665 67,901


Unemployed. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 473 418 7,989 6,920

Unemployment rate.. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . 17.3 16.1 10.6 9.2

Not in labor force. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 4,496 4,929 15,316 16,399

Women, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 2,393 2,229 66,545 66,156


Employed. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 2,035 1,890 61,148 61,012


Unemployed. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 358 339 5,397 5,144

Unemployment rate.. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . 14.9 15.2 8.1 7.8

Not in labor force. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 5,227 5,497 26,395 27,047

Both sexes, 65 years and over

Civilian labor force. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 773 879 5,816 6,223


Employed. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 707 810 5,490 5,876


Unemployed... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 69 326 347Unemployment rate.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6 7.8 5.6 5.6

Not in labor force. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . 10,970 11,478 21,014 20,898

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty seeingeven when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition;has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as visiting a doctors office orshopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

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HOUSEHOLD DATATable A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted


Employment status and nativity

Total Men Women

Apr.2010

Apr.2011

Apr.2010

Apr.2011

Apr.2010

Apr.2011

Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . 34,996 35,737 17,581 17,848 17,415 17,889

Civilian labor force. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 23,916 23,915 14,179 14,174 9,737 9,741

Participation rate.. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. 68.3 66.9 80.7 79.4 55.9 54.5

Employed. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 21,816 21,741 12,940 12,911 8,876 8,830

Employment-population ratio. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. 62.3 60.8 73.6 72.3 51.0 49.4

Unemployed... .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. 2,100 2,174 1,239 1,263 861 911

Unemployment rate.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.8 9.1 8.7 8.9 8.8 9.3

Not in labor force. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11,080 11,822 3,402 3,674 7,678 8,148

Native born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 202,333 203,409 97,329 98,219 105,003 105,191

Civilian labor force. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . 129,995 128,984 67,834 67,180 62,161 61,804

Participation rate.. .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. 64.2 63.4 69.7 68.4 59.2 58.8

Employed. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . 117,486 117,920 60,374 60,850 57,112 57,070

Employment-population ratio. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. 58.1 58.0 62.0 62.0 54.4 54.3

Unemployed. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 12,509 11,063 7,460 6,330 5,049 4,733

Unemployment rate.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 8.6 11.0 9.4 8.1 7.7

Not in labor force. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . . 72,337 74,425 29,495 31,039 42,843 43,387

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States orone of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born in theUnited States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. Updatedpopulation controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

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HOUSEHOLD DATATable A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status

[In thousands]

Category

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.2010

Mar.2011

Apr.2011

Apr.2010

Dec.2010

Jan.2011

Feb.2011

Mar.2011

Apr.2011

CLASS OF WORKER

Agriculture and related industries. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. 2,210 2,145 2,061 2,242 2,176 2,256 2,255 2,251 2,087

Wage and salary workers1 . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . . 1,343 1,303 1,198 1,386 1,384 1,390 1,340 1,423 1,245

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. .. . .. . .. 837 824 830 825 775 861 889 835 818

Unpaid family workers.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 17 33

Nonagricultural industries.... .... .... .... .... .... ... . 137,092 136,818 137,601 137,134 137,001 137,088 137,443 137,738 137,595

Wage and salary workers1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128,031 128,060 128,814 128,107 128,043 128,151 128,664 128,800 128,840

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 21,844 21,082 21,112 21,403 20,759 20,740 20,933 20,858 20,726

Private industries.... .... .... .... .... .... .... ... . 106,187 106,978 107,702 106,720 107,303 107,409 107,681 107,946 108,186

Private households.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711 695 671

Other industries.... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... . 105,476 106,283 107,031 105,995 106,665 106,774 106,965 107,251 107,510

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . .

jobs report 5-6-11

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