joe schwager and kevin whiting, juniper consultancy ... · juniper consultancy services ltd...

Juniper

European Waste Gasification :European Waste Gasification :

Technical & Public Policy Trends and Technical & Public Policy Trends and DevelopmentsDevelopments

Joe Schwager and Kevin Whiting, Juniper Consultancy Services Ltd

Gasification Technologies 2002,San Francisco, 28th October 2002

Juniper

SETTING THE SCENE

European solid waste productionCurrent incineration capacity

Drivers for change

“Novel” thermal treatment processes

Status of development

Juniper’s current perspective

Juniper

EUROPEAN MSW WASTE ARISINGS

05

101520253035404550

Aust

ria

Bel

gium

Den

mar

k

Finl

and

Fran

ce

Ger

man

y

Gre

ece

Irela

nd Italy

Net

herla

nds

Nor

way

Por

tuga

l

Spa

in

Swed

en

Sw

itzer

land UK

mill

ion

Tpa

Source: Various

Total MSW = 139 x 106 Tpa

Date Basis: Various

Juniper

EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL WASTE ARISINGS

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80Au

stria

Bel

gium

Den

mar

k

Finl

and

Fran

ce

Ger

man

y

Gre

ece

Irela

nd

Italy

Net

herla

nds

Nor

way

Portu

gal

Spa

in

Sw

eden UK

mill

ion

Tpa

Source: Various

Total Industrial waste = 324 x 106 Tpa

Date Basis: Various

No

data

Juniper

EUROPEAN HAZARDOUS WASTE ARISINGS

0123456789

10Au

stria

Bel

gium

Den

mar

k

Finl

and

Fran

ce

Ger

man

y

Gre

ece

Irela

nd Italy

Net

herla

nds

Nor

way

Por

tuga

l

Spa

in

Sw

eden UK

mill

ion

Tpa

Source: OECD 1997

Total Hazardous waste = 31.4 x 106 Tpa

Date Basis: Various

Juniper

SETTING THE SCENE

European solid waste production

Current incineration capacityDrivers for change




Juniper

NUMBER OF INCINERATORS IN THE EU

4

20

31

1

89

59

37

11 82

12

2014

0102030405060708090

100

Aust

ria

Bel

gium

Den

mar

k

Finl

and

Fran

ce

Ger

man

y

Italy

Net

herla

nds

Nor

way

Portu

gal

Spai

n

Swed

en UK

Num

ber o

f inc

iner

ator

s

Source: Juniper database

Juniper

SETTING THE SCENE


Current incineration capacity

Drivers for changeWhy the current interest in gasification?




Juniper

SOME DRIVERS FOR “NEW” TECHNOLOGIES

Not incineration

Greater energy efficiency

Less secondary wastes / more recyclable products

Optimised to specific waste streams

Economical at smaller scale

Integrate with MBT (Mechanical Biological Treatment)

Feedstock recycling

Less visual impact / smaller chimney

Juniper

WHY THE INTEREST IN GASIFICATION?

Alternative to incineration for waste processing

Seen by some political decision makers as the “Holy Grail” of waste management

Conversion of biomass or biomass fraction of MSW to renewable energy

End-of-life management of post-consumer goods

Search for more energy efficient processes

Search for higher recycling rates

Feedstock recycling

Juniper

FLEXIBILITY OF GASIFICATION

Methanol

Hydrogen

Fuel alcohol

FinalProducts

Electricity

Ammonia

ProcessingTechnology

Synthesis

Turbine

Synthesis

Engine

Boiler

PrimaryProducts

ConversionTechnology

Gasification

MHV Gas

LHV Gas

Combustion Flue Gas Boiler Steam & Electricity

Process Steam

Juniper

EU WASTE HIERARCHY

PREVENT

RE-USE

RECYCLE

DISPOSAL

SU

STA

INA

BILITY

MATERIALRECYCLING

ENERGYRECOVERY

INC

RE

AS

ING

NIM

BY

ATT

ITU

DE

S

CO

ST

GASIFICATION FORCHEMICALS

INCINERATION

Juniper

GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONEuropean solid waste production


Drivers for change

“Novel” thermal treatment processesProcess configurationsWaste stream applicabilityRegulatory statusTechnical challenges



Juniper

POSSIBLE GASIFICATION PROCESS ROUTES

GASIFICATIONPROCESS

INTERMEDIATEPRODUCT

FLUE GAS

'DIRTY'SYNGAS

'CLEANED'SYNGAS

SLAG

CHAR

ASH

TECHNOLOGYTYPE

G, T

G, T

C

G (AIR)

T

G (O2)

C = Close-coupled combustion G = Gasification T = Thermal gasification

GAS PHASE

SOLID PHASE

GOVERNED BY CHEMICAL & PHASE EQUILIBRIA

END PRODUCT

CHEMICALS,POWER

END PRODUCT

HOT FLUE GAS

HOT FLUE GAS

RECYCLATE

RECYCLATE,RESIDUE

RESIDUE

Juniper

80+ TECHNOLOGY SUPPLIERS !Shell

Solena

Sumitomo

Takuma

Technip

Techtrade

Texaco

Thermochem

Thermogenics

Thermoselect

Thide

TPS

Traidec

UET

Voest-Alpine

Von Roll

Waste Gas Technology

Waste to Energy

Weidleplan

Wellman

NESA/UM Engineering

Nippon Steel

NKK

Noell

Novera Energy

Nykomb

Organic Power

Peat

PKA

Plasma Energy Corp.

PRME

Pyrovac

Pyroarc

Pyrogenesis

REL Waterwide

Resorption

Retech

RGR Ambiente

Sacone

Serpac

ESI/Enersludge

Ferco/Battelle

Foster Wheeler

GEM

Global Energy

Global Olivine

GTS Duratek

Hebco

Heuristic/Envirocycler

Host

IET

JND

Kobe Steel

Krupp Polysius

Krupp Prenflo

Lurgi

Marick

MFU

Mitsui

MTCI

AAE

Alcyon

B9 Energy

Babcock Borsig

Babcock & Wilcox Vølund

Balboa

Brightstar Environmental

BPI

BTG

Brind

ChemRec

Compact Power

Conrad/Kleenair

Destec

Dynamotive

Ebara

Eco Logic

Enerkem

Ensyn

EPI


Juniper

WASTE TYPES SUITABLE FOR GASIFICATION

MPW (Mixed Plastics Waste)ASR (Auto Shredder Residue)WEEE (Waste Electrical & Electronic Equipment)

POST-CONSUMER WASTES

Used auto tyresSludges (heavy metal and paper mill)Chemical wastesRefinery residuesBlack liquor (from paper manufacture)Mixed commercial and hazardous waste streams from industrial sourcesContaminated soils

INDUSTRIAL WASTES

MSWRDFBiosolids (sewage sludge)MRF (Materials Recovery Facility) residual waste

MUNICIPAL WASTES

Juniper

EU Incineration Directive definition of an incineration plant includes:

“other thermal treatment processes such as pyrolysis, gasification or plasma processes, in so far as the substances resulting from the treatment are subsequently incinerated”

Source: OJ 28Dec2000 : 2000/76/EC L332/91

Most current projects involve combustion of the syngas to generate electricity.

In our view, such projects will fall within the EU Incineration Directive definition.

In these circumstances, NIMBY and other opposition may be as significant as for a conventional project

Our research indicates that this aspect is not fully appreciated by project developers yet

In our view, systems that derive products (such as syngas for chemicals) that are used as raw materials, and not as fuel, would not be included in the definition

Could favourably impact demand for processes of this type

REGULATORY POSITION

Currently, in Europe there is considerable uncertainty about the regulatory status of these processes …… in general, gasification projects will be regulated as though they were an incinerator

but, arguably, some systems could escape …

Juniper

EU WASTE HIERARCHY

PREVENT

RE-USE

RECYCLE

DISPOSAL

SU

STA

INA

BILITY

MATERIALRECYCLING

ENERGYRECOVERY

INC

RE

AS

ING

NIM

BY

ATT

ITU

DE

S

CO

ST

INCINERATION

GASIFICATION FORELECTRICITY

=

Juniper

TECHNICAL CHALLENGES

Power production efficiencyBoiler, gas engine, gas turbine, fuel cell or IGCC

Syngas cleaning to required specification

Production of a vitrified slag

Juniper


Power production efficiency

Syngas cleaning to required specificationParticulatesAlkali compoundsTarsHydrogen halides (HF + HCl)Sulphur compounds (H2S + COS + CS2)Nitrogen compounds (NH3 + HCN)

Production of a vitrified slag

Juniper


Power production efficiency

Syngas cleaning to required specification

Production of a vitrified slagInternally within the gasification reactorExternally in a separate melting device

Juniper

STATUS OF TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS



Drivers for change


Status of development“Real” or “Cinderella” technologies


Juniper

COMMERCIAL STATUS – JUNIPER RULES

Bench scale - Laboratory scale tests

Pilot - tests which must capture the key dynamics/risk factors of a full scale plant

Demonstrator - a single semi-commercial installation operated by the process developer to prove the technology

Semi-Commercial - a first full scale plant operating for a a customer on normal commercial basis.

Fully Commercial - multiple full scale plants have been delivered to more than 1 customer and these have operated satisfactorily for more than 2 years

Juniper

80+ TECHNOLOGY SUPPLIERS !Shell

Solena

Sumitomo

Takuma

Technip

Techtrade

Texaco

Thermochem

Thermogenics

Thermoselect

Thide

TPS

Traidec

UET

Voest-Alpine

Von Roll

Waste Gas Technology

Waste to Energy

Weidleplan

Wellman

NESA/UM Engineering

Nippon Steel

NKK

Noell

Novera Energy

Nykomb

Organic Power

Peat

PKA

Plasma Energy Corp.

PRME

Pyrovac

Pyroarc

Pyrogenesis

REL Waterwide

Resorption

Retech

RGR Ambiente

Sacone

Serpac

ESI/Enersludge

Ferco/Battelle

Foster Wheeler

GEM

Global Energy

Global Olivine

GTS Duratek

Hebco

Heuristic/Envirocycler

Host

IET

JND

Kobe Steel

Krupp Polysius

Krupp Prenflo

Lurgi

Marick

MFU

Mitsui

MTCI

AAE

Alcyon

B9 Energy

Babcock Borsig

Babcock & Wilcox Vølund

Balboa

Brightstar Environmental

BPI

BTG

Brind

ChemRec

Compact Power

Conrad/Kleenair

Destec

Dynamotive

Ebara

Eco Logic

Enerkem

Ensyn

EPI


Juniper

DEVELOPMENT STATUS OF PROCESSES

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Benchscale

Pilot

Demonstration

Semi-commercial

Fullycommercial

% of Processes

Source: Juniper analysis

Juniper

OPERATING GASIFICATION PLANTS

2PossibleYesPyrolysis + gasification + melting (optional)PKA

1NoNoPyrolysis + gasification + combustionCompact Power

1NoYes2 stage gasificationBrightstar Environmental

1YesNoPyrolysis + 2ndary combustion + smeltingVon Roll

2YesYesPyrolysis + gasification + meltingThermoselect

2NoPossibleThermal gasificationTechnip

2YesNoPyrolysis + 2ndary combustion + meltingMitsui

9YesNoGasification/melting + 2ndary combustionNippon Steel

1YesNoFB gasification + 2ndary combustion + meltingEbara

MSW/RDF/RESIDUAL WASTE

No. of Plants

SlagSyngasTypeProcess


Juniper

OPERATING GASIFICATION PLANTS FOR MSWNippon Steel Mitsui

Technip PyropleqBrightstar Environmental

Thermoselect

Juniper


1NoPossibleThermal gasificationThide

2YesYesEntrained flow gasificationNoell (BBP)

1YesYesFixed bed slagging gasificationLurgi

2YesYesEntrained flow gasificationKrupp Uhde

1YesYesFixed bed/entrained flow gasification hybridGlobal Energy

INDUSTRIAL WASTE

No. of Plants



Juniper


1NoYesPyrolsis + thermal gasificationAlcyon

6YesNoFB gasification + 2ndary combustion + meltingEbara

1NoYesFB gasificationEnerkem

1NoPossibleFB gasificationFoster Wheeler

1YesYesFixed bed slagging gasificationLurgi

1YesNoPyrolysis + 2ndary combustion + meltingTakuma

39YesYesEntrained flow gasificationTexaco

POST-CONSUMER WASTE

No. of Plants



Juniper


1NoYesFB gasificationTPS

1NoYesFB gasification (steam reforming)MTCI Thermochem

1YesYesEntrained flow gasificationChemrec

5NoPossibleFB gasificationFoster Wheeler

1NoYesCFB gasificationBattelle Ferco

FOREST, PAPER & PULP WASTE

No. of Plants



Juniper

OTHER GASIFICATION PLANTS – VARIOUS WASTESBattelle Ferco Thide/Hitachi

TPS Alcyon

SVZ Schwarze Pumpe

Juniper

HOW REAL ARE THE “NEW” TECHNOLOGIES?

Many systems show promiseothers are not viable long-term solutions in our view

Moving from conceptual to demonstrator in Europedemonstrated in Japanconceptual in North America

Economics vary significantly

Key test will be performance of demonstrator projects over next 2 years

Meanwhile, ‘not yet proven’ = ‘not bankable’ to private sector

Juniper

GASIFICATION PROCESSES MEETING US EPA REGS

26 Processes nearest to commercial availability

1518

8

Syngas Slag Syngas + Slag

Source: Juniper analysis

Juniper

THE JUNIPER PERSPECTIVE



Drivers for change



Juniper’s current perspective“Optimism” or “Pessimism”

Juniper

1st Generation Plants Operational

IS THE GLASS HALF FULL?

80+Technologies

SHOULD WE BE OPTIMISTIC?

Juniper

Many Projects Not Considered Bankable

IS THE GLASS HALF EMPTY?

TechnologiesNot Yet Fully

Proven

SHOULD WE BE PESSIMISTIC?

Juniper

A POSSIBLE FUTURE SCENARIO?OIL/CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES

Gasification is a well proven technology (40+ years in chemicals)

A number of operating plants processing refinery residues

Embraced syngas cleaning processes and associated costs

Implemented IGCC projects

Progress has been slow

WASTE INDUSTRY

Has taken many years to move from “landfill mindset” to “waste-to-energy mindset”

Driven by market forces, “landfill cost equivalence mindset” and project bankability

Government intervention necessary to alleviate “risk issues”

Next step will take many more years

Juniper

Landfill

Waste-to-Energy

Gasification

H2Economy

SU

STA

INAB

ILIT

Y F

OC

US

STR

ATEG

IC V

ISIO

N

MA

RK

ET FO

RC

ES

THE PARADIGM PYRAMID

Juniper

CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS

Gasification processes offer an alternative to incineration

Gasification allows greater flexibility to process specific wastes

Their main disadvantage is the risk associated with less proven technology, particularly for heterogeneous feeds like MSW –currently considered “not bankable”

Economics are far from clear

We do not expect the “new” processes to displace incineration for large scale MSW applications without further government intervention

They can benefit from society’s interest in mitigating climate change

Juniper

CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS

Material recycling to chemicals is feasible

This requires syngas cleaning to a high level involving chemicalindustry processes and increased costs

High efficiency energy recovery via IGCC or fuel cells is feasible

This requires syngas cleaning to a high level involving chemicalindustry processes and increased costs

SVZ Schwarze Pumpe has shown that both methanol and power generation from waste materials via IGCC is possible

This is the only example in the world at present

Their market penetration will depend upon successful demonstrator sites

Juniper

www.juniper.co.uk

Joe Schwager Dr Kevin Whiting

Juniper Consultancy Services Ltd, Sheppards Mill, Uley, Glos, GL11 5SP

Tel: +44 1453 860750 email: [email protected]

[email protected]

joe schwager and kevin whiting, juniper consultancy ... · juniper consultancy services ltd...

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