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Johdatus ympristpolitiikkaan Introduction to environmental policy Janne I. Hukkinen, ympristpolitiikan professori Valtiotieteellinen tdk Bio- ja ympristtieteellinen tdk Maatalous-metstieteellinen tdk, Helsingin yliopisto janne.i.hukkinen@helsinki.fi

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Outline Background to environmental policy What is environmental policy? Evolution of environmental issues What is sustainability? Rules that guide environmental policy Environmental institutions Systems of environmental regulation Environmental policy tools Impact assessment and life cycle analysis Eco-efficiency tools Outlook on sustainability Economic growth and the environment

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What is environmental policy? Environmental politics: The art of conducting public environmental affairs Environmental policy: Plan or course of action with which an organization pursues sustainability by transforming itself, its operations or its environment Environmental polity: A particular organizational and institutional framework pursuing a specific environmental policy

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Evolution of environmental issues 1960-70 pollution 1970-80 limits to growth 1980-90 large systems 1990- sustainability (www.earthportal.org/forum/?cat=28; janne hukkinen; www.solcomhouse.com/nuclear.htm; www.ew.govt.nz/enviroinfo/air/climatechange.htm)www.earthportal.org/forum/?cat=28www.solcomhouse.com/nuclear.htmwww.ew.govt.nz/enviroinfo/air/climatechange.htm

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Evolution of environmental issues 1960-701970-801980-901990- dominant environ- mental discourse pollution, carson limited natural resources, club of rome complex techno- logical systems, nuclear power sustainable development, brundtland institutionenvironment al officials regulate pollution environmental concern to sectoral organi- zations self-regulation of complex systems complex institu- tional innovation with mix of instruments techno- logy end-of-the- pipe process-specific end-of-the-pipe clean techno- logy minimizing material flows industrial ecology

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What is sustainability? Raise or lower water level in lake?

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What is sustainability? Sustainability is a set of preferred pathways of development socially constructed by people: Different social groups hold well-reasoned but different views of sustainabilitydifficult to choose correct or optimal objectively constrained by ecology: Ecosystem may have several locally stable, ecologically sustainable states Which path to choose? Deliberate!

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Outline Background to environmental policy Rules that guide environmental policy Environmental institutions Systems of environmental regulation Environmental policy tools Outlook on sustainability

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Rules that guide environmental policy: environmental institutions SOCIETYGAME Institutions (laws, regulations, customs) Rules of the game OrganizationsTeams playing the game IndividualsPlayers Policies and strategiesStrategies

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Systems of environmental regulation command and control agreements economic instruments Taxes Tradeable pollution permits organizational reform

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Command and control ambient standards effluent standards technological performance standards

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Economic instruments Technosystem Ecosystem

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Outline Background to environmental policy Rules that guide environmental policy Environmental policy tools Impact assessment and life cycle analysis Eco-efficiency tools Outlook on sustainability

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Environmental policy tools: Impact assessment Analytical framework to minimize potential adverse social and ecological impacts of new developments at the planning, design, and development stage Difference between social and ecological impact assessment: revealing possibility of social impact will alter social behavior no such link between ecosystem impact and ecosystem behavior

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Environmental policy tools: Impact assessment (Leopold matrix) Proposed actions (Aj) A1A2A3A4 Environmental characteristics (Ei) E1 E2 E3Mij/Iij E4 Mij = Effect: magnitude of impact i caused by activity j (-1010) Iij = Significance: importance of impact i caused by activity j (110)

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extract manufacture transport distribute use dispose ECOSOCIAL IMPACTS matter energy matter ECOSOCIAL IMPACTS Life cycle analysis

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Indicators of eco-efficiency eco-efficiency, material efficiency (service/material intensity) MIPS (material intensity/service) ecological rucksack (weight of natural resources used to produce product) ecological footprint (land area required to produce product) In all indicators life cycle analysis used as analytical tool Challenge: Rebound effect

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Outline Background to environmental policy Rules that guide environmental policy Environmental policy tools Outlook on sustainability Economic growth and the environment

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What does it look like out there? Ehrlich and Holdren: I=PAT, where Impact (kg), Population (cap), Affluence (eur/cap), Technology (kg/eur) (NOTE: this is MIPS) CO2 goal: Stabilize I in 40 yrs Population (1800-2100) Affluence (1960-2008) Technology MIPS (1980-2006)

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What does it look like out there? Trend of past 40 yrs: P up, A up, T only modestly down Prognosis for next 40 yrs: P up A up T down radically? Need to take degrowth (A down) seriously!

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Degrowth will happen, want it or not therefore: (Jackson 2009; Latouche 2007; Hukkinen 2010) Absolute limits to use of natural resources and ecosystem services Investment in green infrastructure and work Limits on drivers of consumption (advertising, bank loans) Development of indicators for GDP, well-being and happiness Work sharing and limiting Advancing socio-economic equality (min and max wages) Non-profit organizational experiments North-South equalization Ecological tax reform Macro-economics for the reality of absolute ecosystem limits

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Lukupaketti Hukkinen, J.I. (2012) Sietmtn kohtuutalous. Elm velaksi vai luonnonvaratalouden nousu? in P. Borg (ed.) Polkuja metsn. Helsinki: Into Kustannus, pp. 213-219. Hukkinen, J.I. (2011) Ihmiskunnan pelastaminen on jokaisen vastuulla, in P. Harju-Autti, A. Neuvonen, L. Hakkarainen (eds) Ympristtietoisuussuomalaiset 2010-lukua tekemss. Helsinki: Ympristministeri ja Rakennustieto, pp. 20-29. Hukkinen, J. (2004) Lsnolo luonnonvarojen kestvn kytn edellytyksen, in J. Heinonen, G. von Hertzen, O. Kuusi (eds) Nyt on ennen huomistatutkielmia lsnolosta. Saarijrvi: Gummerus, Ekosti ja Sypsti, pp. 157-174.