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John Lindsay

Lindsay carrying in his budget in April 1966.

103rd Mayor of New York City[1]

In office

January 1, 1966 – December 31, 1973

Preceded by Robert F. Wagner, Jr.

Succeeded by Abraham D. Beame

Member of the U.S. House of Representatives

from New York's 17th district

In office

January 3, 1959 – December 31, 1965

Preceded by Frederic René Coudert, Jr.

Succeeded by Theodore Kupferman

Personal details

Born John Vliet Lindsay

 November 24, 1921

 New York City

Died December 19, 2000 (aged 79)

Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

Political

party

Republican, Liberal, Democratic

Spouse(s) Mary Harrison Lindsay (1949–2000;

his death)

Profession Attorney

John LindsayFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

John Vliet Lindsay (November 24, 1921 – December 19,

2000) was an American politician, lawyer and broadcaster 

who was a U.S. Congressman, Mayor of New York City,

candidate f or U.S. President and regular guest host of Good 

orning America.

During his political career, he served as a member of the

United States House of Representatives from 1959 to 1965

and as mayor of New York City from 1966 to 1973. He

switched fr om the Republican to the Democratic Party in

1971, and launched a brief but unsuccessful bid for the 1972

Democratic presidential nomination as well as the 1980

Democratic nomination for Senator from New York. He died

from Parkinson's disease and pneumonia in Hilton Head

Island, South Carolina on December 19, 2000.

Contents

1 Early life

2 Military service

3 Marriage and U.S. Congressman

4 Mayoralty

4.1 Labor issues4.2 Issues of Racial and Civil unrest

4.3 Blizzard

4.4 Re-election

4.5 Hard Hat Riots

5 Party switch and campaign for the Democr atic

 presidential nomination

6 Assessment

7 Later life

8 See also

9 References

10 Further reading

11 External links

Early life

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Religion EpiscopalianLindsay was born in New York City on West End Avenue,

to George Nelson Lindsay and the former Florence Eleanor 

Vliet.[2] He grew up in an upper-middle-class family of English and Dutch extraction.[3] Lindsay's paternal

grandfather migrated to the United States in the 1880s from the Isle of Wight,[2] and his mother was from an uppe

middle-class family that had been in New York since the 1660s. [3] John's father was a successful lawyer and

investment banker,[2] and was able to send his son to the Buckley School, St. Paul's School and Yale,[2] where he

was admitted to the class of 1944 and joined Scroll and Key.[4]

Military service

With the outbreak of World War II, Lindsay completed his studies early and in 1943 joined the United States

 Navy as a gunnery officer. He obtained the rank of lieutenant, earning five battle stars through action in the invasio

of Sicily and a series of landings in the Pacific theater.[5][6] After the war, he spent a few months as a ski bum[3] an

a couple of months training as a bank clerk [3] before returning to Yale, where he received his law degree in 1948,

ahead of schedule.[3]

Marriage and U.S. Congressman

Back in New York, Lindsay met his future wife, Mary Anne Harrison, at the wedding of Nancy Bush (daughter of

Connecticut's Senator Prescott Bush and sister of future President George H.W. Bush),[3] where he was an usher

and Harrison a bridesmaid.[3] A resident of Greenwich, Connecticut[4] and a graduate of Vassar College,[4]

Harrison was a distant relative of William Henry Harrison and Benjamin Harrison.[3] They married in 1949.[4] Tha

same year Lindsay was admitted to the bar, and rose to become a partner in his law firm four years later. [6]

He started gravitating toward politics, serving as one of the founders of the Youth for Eisenhower club in 1951 and

as president of the New York Young Republican club in 1952.

[7]

In 1958, with the backing of Herbert Brownell,Bruce Barton, John Aspinwall Roosevelt, and Mrs Wendell Wilkie,[3] Lindsay won the Republican primary and

went on to be elected to Congress as the representative of the "Silk Stocking" district, Manhattan's Upper East

Side.[7]

While in Congress, Lindsay established a liberal voting record increasingly at odds with his party.[8] He was an

early supporter of federal aid to education and Medicare;[3] and advocated the establishment of a federal

Department of Urban Affairs and a National Foundation for the Arts and Humanities. [3] He was called a

maverick,[2] casting the lone dissenting vote for a Republican- sponsored bill extending the power of the Postmast

General to impound obscene mail[3] and one of only two dissenting votes for a bill allowing federal interception of 

mail from Communist countries.[3] Also known for his wit, when asked by his party leaders why he opposedlegislation to combat communism and pornography, he replied they were the major industries of his district and if 

they were suppressed then "the 17th district would be a depressed area".[6] While serving in the United State

House of Representatives, John Lindsay was a strong supporter of civil rights. He was a leading member of a grou

of liberal and moderate Republicans in the House who voted for the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Mayoralty

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Congressman Lindsay speaking at

Board of Estimate meeting at City Hall

in April 1963

In 1965, Lindsay was elected Mayor of New York City as a Republican with the support of the Liberal Party of 

 New York in a three-way race. He defeated Democratic mayoral candidate Abraham D. Beame, then City

Comptroller, as well as National Review magazine founder William F. Buckley, Jr., who ran on the Conservativ

line. The unofficial motto of the campaign, taken from a Murray Kempton column, was "He is fresh and everyone

else is tired".[3][9]

Lindsay inherited a city with serious fiscal and economic problems left b

outgoing Democratic Mayor Robert F. Wagner, Jr., and turned it over t

his successor Abraham Beame in ever worse condition. The old

manufacturing jobs that supported generations of uneducated immigrant

were disappearing, millions of middle class residents were fleeing to the

suburbs, and public sector workers had won the right to unionize.

Labor issues

 Further information: 1966 New York City transit strike and New

York City teacher's strike of 1968

On his first day as mayor, Jan. 1, 1966, the Transport Workers Union o

America (TWU) led by Mike Quill shut down the city with a complete

halt of subway and bus service. The leader of the TWU had predicted a

nine-day strike at most, but Lindsay's refusal to negotiate delayed a

settlement and the strike lasted twelve days. Quill's mocking press

conferences gave the city the impression that Lindsay was not tough

enough to deal with the city's sources of power.

As New Yorkers endured the transit strike, Lindsay remarked, "I still think it's a fun city," and walked four miles

(6 km) from his hotel room to City Hall in a gesture to show it. [10] Dick Schaap, then a columnist for the New Yor

 Herald Tribune, coined and popularized the sarcastic term in an article titled  Fun City.[10][11] In the article,

Schaap sardonically pointed out that it wasn't.[10][11] The term continued to carry with it a derisive tone as the city

 became more dangerous and corporate headquarters began moving to suburban locations.[12]

The transit strike was the first of many labor struggles. In 1968 in an attempt to decentralize the city's school

system, Lindsay granted three local school boards in the city complete control over their schools, in an effort to

allow communities to have more of a say in their schools. The city's teachers union, the United Federation of 

Teachers (UFT), however, saw the breakup as a way of union busting, as a decentralized school system would

force the union to negotiate with 33 separate school boards rather than with one centralized body. As a result, in

May 1968 several teachers working in schools located in the neighborhood of Ocean Hill-Brownsville, one of the

neighborhoods where the decentralization was being tested, were fired from their jobs by the community-run scho

 board. Furious, the UFT demanded the reinstatement of the dismissed teachers, citing that the teachers had been

fired without due process. When their demands were ignored, the UFT called the first of three strikes, leading

ultimately to a protracted city-wide teachers' strike that stretched over a seven-month period between May and

 November.[13] The battle became a symbol of the chaos of New York City and the city's inability to deliver a

functioning school system. The strike was tinged with racial and anti-Semitic overtones, pitting Black and Puerto

Rican parents against Jewish teachers and supervisors.[14] Many thought the mayor had made a bad situation wor

 by taking sides against the teachers.[14] The episode left a legacy of tensions between blacks and Jews that went o

for years,[2] and Lindsay called it his greatest regret.[2]

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That same year, 1968, also saw a three-day Broadway strike and a nine-day sanitation strike.[15] Quality of life in

 New York reached a nadir during the sanitation strike as mounds of garbage caught fire and strong winds whirled

the filth through the streets.[16] In June 1968, the New York City Police Department deployed snipers to protect

Lindsay during a public ceremony, shortly after they detained a knife-wielding man who had demanded to meet the

mayor.[17] With the schools shut down, police engaged in a slowdown, firefighters threatening job actions, the city

awash in garbage, and racial and religious tensions breaking to the surface, Lindsay later called the last six months

of 1968 "the worst of my public life."[2]

The summer of 1971 ushered in another devastating strike, as over 8,000 workers belonging to AFSCME Distric

Council 37 walked off their jobs for two days. The strikers included workers on the city's drawbridges and sewer

 plants. Drawbridges over the Harlem River were locked in the "up" position, barring transit by automobile, and

hundreds of thousands of gallons of raw sewage flowed into area waterways.

In 1966 the settlement terms of the transit strike, combined with increased welfare costs and general economic

decline, forced Lindsay to lobby the New York State legislature for a new municipal income tax and higher water 

rates for city residents, plus a new commuter tax for people who worked in the city but resided elsewhere.

Issues of Racial and Civil unrest

Lindsay served on the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, known as the Kerner Commission. This

 body was established in 1967 by President Johnson after riots in urban centers of the US, including Newark and

Detroit. Lindsay maximized publicity and coverage of his activities on the commission, and while other 

commissioners made inconspicuous visits to riot-damaged sites, Lindsay would alert the press before his fact-

finding missions. Nonetheless, he was especially influential in producing the Kerner Report; its dramatic language o

the nation “moving toward two societies, one black, one white—separate and unequal” was his rhetoric.[18]

Following the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. on April 4, 1968, riots broke out across the country. ( see

 King assassination riots) However, in New York city, Mayor Lindsay traveled directly into Harlem, telling blackresidents that he regretted King's death and was working against poverty. He is credited for averting riots in New

York with this direct response, even as other major cities burned.[19] [20] David Garth, who accompanied Lindsay

that night, recalled: There was a wall of people coming across 125th Street, going from west to east ... I 

thought we were dead. John raised his hands, said he was sorry. It was very quiet. My feeling was, his

appearance there was very reassuring to people because it wasn't the first time they had seen him. He had 

one there on a regular basis. That gave him credibility when it hit the fan. [21]

This perspective of Lindsay as a calming influence is called into question, however; Vincent J. Cannato "argues tha

although New York did not erupt the way other places did, it suffered more unrest than myth allows. He questions

Lindsay's refusal to acknowledge sporadic riots with the r word and his tolerance of contained disturbances toforestall a larger conflagration. He deplores the mayor's appeasement of radical elements with donations and his

use of militant Muslim leaders and even a mobster, Albert Gallo, to pacify the poor and keep neighborhoods unde

control."[22]

Blizzard

See also: February 1969 nor'easter 

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Lindsay speaking at City Hall in

January 1966

On February 10, 1969, New York City was pummelled with 15 inches of snow. On the first day alone, 14 peopl

died and 68 were injured.[23] Within a day, the mayor was criticized for giving favored treatment to Manhattan at

the expense of the other boroughs.[24] Charges were made that a city worker elicited a bribe to clean streets in

Queens.[25] Over a week later, streets in eastern Queens still had

remained unplowed by the city, enraging the borough's residents, many

who felt that the city's other boroughs always took a back seat to

Manhattan.[26] Lindsay traveled to Queens, but his visit was not well

received. His car could not make its way through Rego Park, and even ina four-wheel-drive truck, he had trouble getting around.[27] In Kew

Gardens Hills, the mayor was booed; one woman screamed, “You

should be ashamed of yourself.”[27] In Fresh Meadows, a woman told

the mayor, “Get away, you bum.”[27] During the mayor’s walk through

Fresh Meadows, a woman called him “a wonderful man,” prompting the

mayor to respond, “And you’re a wonderful woman, not like those fat

Jewish broads up there,” pointing to women in a nearby building who had

criticized him.[27] The blizzard, dubbed the "Lindsay Snowstorm",[28]

 prompted a political crisis that became "legendary in the annals of 

municipal politics"[27] as the scenes conveyed a message that the mayor 

of New York was indifferent to the middle class and poor citizens of the

city.[2]

Re-election

In 1969, a backlash against Lindsay caused him to lose the Republican mayoral primary to state Senator John J.

Marchi, who was enthusiastically supported by William F. Buckley and the party conservatives. In the Democratic

 primary, the most conservative candidate, City Controller Mario Procaccino, defeated several more liberal

contenders and won the nomination with only a plurality of the votes. "The more the Mario," he quipped.

[29]

Despite not having the Republican nomination, Lindsay was still on the ballot as the candidate of the New York 

Liberal Party. In his campaign he said "mistakes were made" and called being mayor of New York "the second

toughest job in America."[30][31] Two television advertisements described his position: In one he looked directly in

the camera and said, "I guessed wrong on the weather before the city’s biggest snowfall last winter. And that was

mistake. But I put 6,000 more cops on the streets. And that was no mistake. The school strike went on too long

and we all made some mistakes. But I brought 225,000 more jobs to this town. And that was no mistake... And

we did not have a Detroit, a Watts or Newark. And those were no mistakes. The things that go wrong are what

make this the second toughest job in America. But the things that go right are those things that make me want it."

The second opened with a drive through the Holland Tunnel from lower Manhattan toward New Jersey and

suggested that, "Every New Yorker should take this trip at least once before election day..." followed by video of 

 Newark, New Jersey which had been devastated by race riots.[32][33]

While losing White ethnic, working-class voters, Lindsay was able to win with support from three distinct

groups.[34] First were the city's minorities, mostly African-Americans and Puerto Ricans, who were concentrated i

Harlem, the South Bronx and various Brooklyn neighborhoods, including Bedford-Stuyvesant and

Brownsville.[34][35] Second were the White and economically secure residents of certain areas of Manhattan.[34][3

Third were the Whites in the boroughs outside Manhattan who had a similar educational background and

"cosmopolitan" attitude, namely residents of solidly middle-class neighborhoods, including Forest Hills and Kew

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Lindsay speaking at a senior citizens

rally October 1965

Gardens in Queens and Brooklyn Heights in Brooklyn.[34] This third category included many traditionally

Democratic Jewish Americans, who had been put off by Procaccino's conservatism. This created a plurality

coalition (42%) in Lindsay's second three-way race. His margin of victory rose from just over 100,000 more vote

than his Democratic opponent in 1965 to over 180,000 votes over Procaccino in 1969, despite appearing on just

one ballot line (see New York City Mayoral Elections) [34] [35]

Hard Hat Riots

 Main article: Hard Hat Riot 

On May 8, 1970, near the intersection of Wall Street and Broad Street

and at New York City Hall, a riot started when about 200 construction

workers mobilized by the New York State AFL-CIO attacked about

1,000 high school and college students and others protesting the Kent

State shootings, the American invasion of Cambodia and the Vietnam

War. Attorneys, bankers, and investment analysts from nearby Wall

Street investment firms tried to protect many of the students but were

themselves attacked, and onlookers reported that the police stood byand did nothing. Although more than seventy people were injured,

including four policemen, only six people were arrested.[36][37] [38] The

following day, Lindsay severely criticized the police for their lack of 

action.[39] Police Department organization leaders later accused Lindsay of "undermining the confidence of the

 public in its Police Department" by his statements[40] and blamed the inaction on inadequate preparations and

"inconsistent directives" in the past from the Mayor's office.[41] Several thousand construction workers,

longshoremen and white-collar workers protested against the mayor on May 11 and again on May 16. Protesters

called Lindsay "the red mayor, a "traitor," "Commie rat" and "bum." The Mayor described the mood of the city as

"taut."[42][43]

Party switch and campaign for the Democratic presidential

nomination

In 1971, Lindsay and his wife cut ties with the Republican Party by registering with the Democratic Party. Lindsay

said, "In a sense, this step recognizes the failure of 20 years in progressive Republican politics. In another sense, it

represents the renewed decision to fight for new national leadership."[44] Lindsay then launched a brief and

unsuccessful bid for the 1972 Democratic presidential nomination. He attracted positive media attention and was a

successful fundraiser. Lindsay did well in the early Arizona caucus, coming in second place[45] behind Edmund

Muskie and ahead of eventual nominee George McGovern. Then in the March 14 Florida primary he placed aweak 5th place, behind George Wallace, Muskie, Hubert Humphrey, and Scoop Jackson (though he did edge out

McGovern).[46] Among his difficulties was New York City's worsening problems, which Lindsay was accused of 

neglecting; a band of protesters from Forest Hills, Queens who were opposed to his support for a low income

housing project in their neighborhood, followed Lindsay around his aborted campaign itinerary to jeer and heckle

him.[47][48] His poor showing in Florida effectively doomed his candidacy. Meade Esposito called for Lindsay to

end his campaign with the much-publicized comment "I think the handwriting is on the wall; Little Sheba better 

come home."[49] After a poor showing in the April 5 Wisconsin primary, Lindsay formally dropped out of the race

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Lindsay at the first public hearing on

 proposed executive capital budget in

February 1966

Assessment

In a 1972 Gallup poll, 60% of New Yorkers felt Lindsay's administratio

was working poorly, nine percent rated it "good," and not one person

thought its performance excellent.[50] By 1978, The New York Times

called Lindsay "an exile in his own city".[51]

Lindsay's record remained controversial after he left politics. HistorianFred Siegel, calling Lindsay the worst New York City mayor of the 20th

century, said "Lindsay wasn't incompetent or foolish or corrupt, but he

was actively destructive".[52] Journalist Stuart Weisman observed

"Lindsay's congressional career had taught him little of the need for subtl

 bureaucratic maneuvering, for understanding an opponent's self-interest

or for the great patience required in a sprawling government."[53]

Lindsay's budget aide Peter C. Goldmark, Jr. told historian Vincent

Cannato that the administration "failed to come to grips with what a neighborhood is. We never realized that crime

is something that happens to, and in, a community." Assistant Nancy Seifer said "There was a whole world outthere that nobody in City Hall knew anything about. . . If you didn't live on Central Park West, you were some kin

of lesser being."[54] While many experts traced the city's mid-70's fiscal crisis to the Lindsay years, Lindsay

disagreed, insisting that it may have come sooner if he had not imposed new taxes.[2]

An alternate assessment was made by journalist Robert McFadden who said that "By 1973, his last year in office,

Mr. Lindsay had become a more seasoned, pragmatic mayor."[2] McFadden also credited him for reducing racial

tensions, leading to the prevention of riots that plagued Detroit, Newark, Los Angeles, and other cities.[2]

Succeeded by Abraham Beame as Mayor, John Lindsay left the office of Mayor of New York on December 31,

1973. It was said that when he left, he broke down and cried over the fact he did not do more as Mayor.

Later life

After leaving office, Lindsay returned to the law, but remained in the public eye as a commentator and regular gues

host for ABC's Good Morning America. In 1975, Lindsay made a surprise appearance on The Tony Awards

telecast in which he, along with a troupe of celebrity male suitors in tuxedos, sang "Mame" to Angela Lansbury. He

 presented the award for Best Director Of A Play to John Dexter for the play Equus. Lindsay also tried his hand a

acting, appearing in Otto Preminger's Rosebud ;[55] the following year his novel, The Edge, was published (Lindsa

had earlier authored two non-fiction memoirs). Attempting a political comeback in 1980, Lindsay made a long-sho

 bid for the Democratic nomination for U.S. Senator from New York, and finished third. He was also active in NewYork City charities, serving on the board of the Association for a Better New York, and as chairman of the Linco

Center Theater. On his death, The New York Times said he was credited with a significant role in the theatre's

rejuvenation.[56]

Medical bills from his Parkinson's Disease, heart attacks and stroke depleted Lindsay's finances and he found

himself without health insurance. In 1996 Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani appointed the former Mayor to two largely

ceremonial posts to make him eligible for municipal health insurance coverage.[57] He and his wife Mary moved to

retirement community in Hilton Head Island, South Carolina in November 1999, where he died the next year at the

age of seventy-nine of complications from pneumonia and Parkinson's disease.[37] His wife Mary died in 2004.

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In 2000, Yale Law School created a fellowship program named in Lindsay's honor. In 1998, a park in Brooklyn,

Lindsay Triangle, was named in his honor, and in 2001, the East River Park was renamed in his memory. [58] He is

featured on a poster picture with Governor Rockefeller at the groundbreaking of the former World Trade Center i

the city history section of the Museum of the City of New York at Fifth Avenue and 103rd Street. A Mitchell-

Lama Development in the Williamsburg section of Brooklyn has been erroneously thought to be named after Mayo

Lindsay (Lindsay Park). This development was actually named after Congressman George W. Lindsay (1865– 

1938) (no relation.)

See also

List of mayors of New York City

References

1. ^ "The Green Book: Mayors of the City of New York"

(http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcas/html/features/greenbook_mayors.shtml) on the official NYC website

2. ^ a b c d  e  f   g  h i   j  k  l  Robert D. McFadden (December 21, 2000). "John V. Lindsay, Mayor and Maverick, Dies a79" (http://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/21/nyregion/john-v-lindsay-mayor-and-maverick-dies-at-79.html?

sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all). New York Times. Retrieved May 19, 2009.

3. ^ a b c d  e  f   g  h i   j  k  l  m n Cannato, Vincent (June 20, 2001). The Ungovernable City (http://books.google.com/?

id=Upv5ezVPBOMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Ungovernable+City). Basic Books;. p. 720. ISBN 0-465-

00843-7 978-0465008438 Check |isbn= value (help).

4. ^ a b c d  "Mary A. Harrison, Lawyers Fiance. Vassar Graduate Will Be Bride of John V. Lindsay, Former Lieutena

in the Navy" (http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=FA0A17F8355F167B93C3A8178BD95F4C8485F9)

 New York Times. October 11, 1948. p. 29. Retrieved May 23, 2009.

5. ^ "LINDSAY LACKED PARTY'S BACKING; Surprise G. O. P. Victory in 17th Congressional District Based on

Liberal Plea" (http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=FB0D15F63D5A117B93C1A81783D85F4C8585F9

 New York TImes. August 13, 1958. p. 18. Retrieved September 19, 2008.

6. ^ a b c "And Still a Winner. John Vliet Lindsay" (http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?

res=F50817FD355E1A7B93C7A9178AD95F4D8685F9). New York Times. November 5, 1969. p. 32. Retrieved

September 19, 2008.

7. ^ a b "LINDSAY VICTORY PUTS HIM IN FORE; He Is Seen as G.O.P. Hope in Election to Congress From 17th

District" (http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F00717FF3F59107B93C7A9178AD95F4C8585F9). Ne

York Times. November 5, 1958. p. 31. Retrieved September 19, 2008.

8. ^ Warren Weaver (May 30, 1965). "Lindsay's Voting Veers From G.O.P.; House Record Also Shows a Shift Fro

Conservatives" (http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?

res=F20D15FF385812738DDDA90B94DD405B858AF1D3). New York Times. p. 30. Retrieved May 19, 2009.

9. ^ PURNICK, JOYCE (December 21, 2000). "Metro Matters; Remembering A Mayor, Faults and All"

(http://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/21/nyregion/metro-matters-remembering-a-mayor-faults-and-all.html). New

York Times. Retrieved May 23, 2009.

10. ^ a b c The Fun City, New York Herald Tribune, January 7, 1966, , pg. 13:

11. ^ a b DANIEL B. SCHNEIDER ,F.Y.I. (http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?

res=9B07E5DF113FF930A35752C0A96F958260) , NY Times, January 3, 1999

12. ^ Exodus from Fun City (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899450,00.html) , Time

 Magazine,Feb. 24, 1967

13. ^ Damon Stetson A Most Unusual Strike; Bread-and-Butter Issues Transcended By Educational and Racial

Concerns

(http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html,.=F4091EFE3555157493C6A81782D85F4C8685F9&scp=3&sq=tea

ers+strike+racial&st=p), NY Times, September 14, 1968

 

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14. ^ a b Maurice Carroll Lindsay in Retrospect (http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?

res=FB061FFB3B5D127A93C3AA1789D95F478785F9), NY Times, December 31, 1973, Page 7

15. ^ STETSON, DAMON (February 11, 1968). "GARBAGE STRIKE IS ENDED ON ROCKEFELLER'S TERMS;;

MEN BACK ON JOB" (http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?

res=FB0A14FE3F5F127A93C3A81789D85F4C8685F9). New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved May 19, 2009.

16. ^ PERLMUTTER, EMANUEL (February 5, 1968). "SHOTS ARE FIRED IN REFUSE STRIKE; FILTH LITTER

CITY; Shotgun Blasts Shatter 2 Panes at Home of Foreman Who Continues to Work MAYOR TOURS STREETS

Mounting Garbage Is 'Very Serious,' Lindsay Says -Pact Talks Due Today Garbage Piles Up in Streets as Strike

Grows 'Very Serious'" (http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=FA0C1EF73B5C147493C7A91789D85F4C8685F9). New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved May 19, 2009.

17. ^ "Antisniper Police Protect City Hall; Lindsay Guard Tightened—Man With Knife Seized"

(http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60E15FD3E5D137A93C0A8178DD85F4C8685F9), The New

York Times. June 12, 1968. Page 1. Retrieved March 16, 2011.

18. ^ http://books.google.com/books?

id=QpbvsXCdtVIC&lpg=PA78&ots=ypQsjwynUO&dq=lindsay%20kerner%20commission&pg=PA78

19. ^ Risen, Clay (2009). "April 4: U and Fourteenth".  A nation on f ire : America in the wake of the King 

assassination. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-17710-5.

20. ^ online excerpt from Clay Risen 2009 http://www.themorningnews.org/article/the-night-new-york-avoided-a-rio

21. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/21/nyregion/metro-matters-remembering-a-mayor-faults-and-all.html

22. ^ The Last Mayor of Fun City By Joyce Purnick Published: July 15, 2001. BOOK REVIEW: The UngovernableCity: John Lindsay and His Struggle to Save New York http://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/15/books/the-last-

mayor-of-fun-city.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm

23. ^ SYLVAN FOX, A PARALYZED CITY DIGS OUT OF SNOW; 14 DEAD, 68 HURT;

(http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F30C11F63E59147493C3A81789D85F4D8685F9), NY Times,

Feb. 11, 1969.

24. ^ RICHARD PHALON, Political Foes and Voters Score Lindsay on Cleanup;

(http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F30C11F63E59147493C3A81789D85F4D8685F9) , NY Times,

Feb. 12, 1969. P1

25. ^ THOMAS F. BRADY BRIBERY CHARGED IN SNOW REMOVAL; CITY DRIVER HELD

(http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F50D1EF7395D137A93C4A81789D85F4D8685F9), NY Times,

February 16, 1969.26. ^ Now Is the Winter of Discontent in Queens; Snow Mess Makes Baysiders Feel City Couldn't Care Less About

Them (http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F40614FD3959147493C2AB1789D85F4D8685F9), NY 

Times, February 20, 1969

27. ^ a b c d  e Chan, Sewell (February 10, 2009). "Remembering a Snowstorm That Paralyzed the City"

(http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/02/10/remembering-a-snowstorm-that-paralyzed-the-city/). NY Times.

Retrieved March 18, 2009.

28. ^ MORITZ, OWEN (October 22, 1998). "WINTER OF DISCONTENT LINDSAY'S SNOWSTORM, 1969"

(http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/1998/10/22/1998-10-22_winter_of_discontent_lindsay.html). Daily

 News. Retrieved June 9, 2009.

29. ^ Pileggi, Nicholas (April 14, 1969). "The More the Mario". New York Magazine.

30. ^ DOUGHERTY, PHILIP (November 11, 1969).  New York Times. p. 73 Campaignhttp://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive Campaign (http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive) |url= missing title

(help). Retrieved September 19, 2008.

31. ^ Lindsay was not the first to refer to the office in this way; see the list of references in Popik, Barry. "'Second

toughest job in America' (NYC mayor)"

(http://www.barrypopik.com/index.php/new_york_city/entry/second_toughest_job_in_america_nyc_mayor/) The

 Big Apple (December 31, 2007)

32. ^ . 2011. Text "from WNET-TV13" ignored (help); Text "1969 Campaign Commercials" ignored (help); Unknow

 parameter |http://www.thirteen.org/lindsay/video/sample-3/11/title= ignored (help); Missing or empt

|title= (help)

33. ^ "Mistakes Campaign" (http://www.politicker.com/2011/06/07/what-an-anthony-weiner-campaign-ad-could-look

" " "

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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lindsay 10

. , . , .

Weiner Campaign Ad Could Look Like [Update]" ignored (help)

34. ^ a b c d  e LIZZI, MARIA C. (September 18, 2008). "'My Heart Is as Black as Yours': White Backlash, Racial

Identity, and Italian American Stereotypes in New York City's 1969 Mayoral Campaign"

(http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jaeh/27.3/lizzi.html). Journal of American Ethnic History 27 (3).

35. ^ a b c PETER KIHSS Poor and Rich,Not Middle-Class, The Key to Lindsay Re-Election

(http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F60816FA3E591A7493C4A9178AD95F4D8685F9) November 6

1969

36. ^ Foner, U.S. Labor and the Vietnam War, 1989.

37. ^ a b Robert D. McFadden (October 4, 1996). "Peter Brennan, 78, Union Head and Nixon's Labor Chief"

(http://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/04/nyregion/peter-brennan-78-union-head-and-nixon-s-labor-chief.html?

 pagewanted=1). New York Times. Retrieved March 17, 2010.

38. ^ Fink, Biographical Dictionary of American Labor, 1984.

39. ^ MAURICE CARROLL Police Assailed by Mayor On Laxity at Peace Rally

(http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F10A15FB3D5417768FDDA90994DD405B808BF1D3)  NY 

Times, May 10, 1970, Page 1

40. ^ DAVID BURNHAM, 5 Police Groups Rebut Critical Mayor (http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?

res=FB0C17FD395910728DDDAB0994DD405B808BF1D3), NY Times, May 12, 1970, Page 18

41. ^ MICHAEL T. KAUFMAN P.B.A BLAMES CITY IN REPLY TO MAYOR ON LAXITY CHARGE; City Hall

Directive Called 'Inconsistent' as Guide in Attack by Workers (http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?

res=F10F12FF3F5D137B93C3A8178ED85F448785F9) May 11, 1970, Page 1

42. ^ Homer Bigart (May 12, 1970). "Thousands Assail Lindsay In 2d Protest by Workers; Thousands Assail Lindsay

at City Hall" (http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?

res=F40C16FD395910728DDDAB0994DD405B808BF1D3). New York Times. Retrieved March 17, 2010.

43. ^ Homer Bigart (May 16, 1970). "Thousands in City March To Assail Lindsay on War"

(http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20911FD3F5D137B93C4A8178ED85F448785F9). New York 

Times. Retrieved March 17, 2010.

44. ^ http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1971/12295509436546-1/#title "1971 Year in Review,

UPI.com"

45. ^ Muskie Wins Arizona Vote As Lindsay Places Second (http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?

res=F60F11FD3B591A7493C3AA178AD85F468785F9), New York Times, January 31, 1972

46. ^ WALDRON, MARTIN (March 15, 1972,). "NIXON MARGIN BIG; Governor Captures 75 of 81 Delegates in

Dramatic Victory Wallace Gets 42%," (http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?

res=F50615F63F591A7493C7A81788D85F468785F9). NY Times. p. 1. Retrieved March 17, 2009.

47. ^ LINDSAY 72' BASE CLOSED TO PRESS; Mayor's Supporters Work Behind Locked Doors

(http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F70D14FF3A5C1A7493CAAB1789D95F458785F9),  NY Times,

December 28, 1971

48. ^ LINDSAY ATTACKS NIXON OVER CRIME; Asserts He Is 'Soft' on Law Enforcement– Mayor Is Heckled in

Miami Beach (http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=FA0B15FF3F591A7493C4A81789D85F468785F9

 NY Times, February 16, 1972

49. ^ Esposito Advises Mayor to Quit Race (http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?

res=F10E13FD3A5C1A7493CAAB1788D85F468785F9), New York Times, March 28, 1972

50. ^ Jeff Greenfield (July 29, 1973). "3 Hail and farewell; Reading John Lindsay's face Lindsay"

(http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F20C14F83C54177388DDA00A94DF405B838BF1D3).  New Yo

Times. Retrieved March 17, 2010.

51. ^ Stein, Howard (January 8, 1978, Sunday). "An Exile In His Own City; Lindsay"

(http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F00710FB385A13728DDDA10894D9405B888BF1D3).  New Yo

Times. pp. The New York Times Magazine, Page SM3. Retrieved May 19, 2009.

52. ^ John Tierney (January 15, 2000). "The Big City; The Greatest? Give Mayor A Mirror"

(http://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/15/nyregion/the-big-city-the-greatest-give-mayor-a-mirror.html). New York 

Times. Retrieved June 8, 2009.

53. ^ Weisman, Steven R (April, 1972). "Why Lindsay Failed as Mayor". The Washington Monthly. p. 50.

54. ^ Cannato, 391

 

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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lindsay 1

55. ^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0512245/bio

56. ^ McFadden, Robert D. (December 21, 2000). "John V. Lindsay, Mayor and Maverick, Dies at 79"

(http://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/21/nyregion/john-v-lindsay-mayor-and-maverick-dies-at-79.html?

sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all). The New York Times. Retrieved May 6, 2010.

57. ^ Ailing Lindsay Is Given Posts To Get City Health Insurance (http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?

res=9803E4D61739F930A35756C0A960958260&scp=1&sq=lindsay+giuliani+lawyer&st=nyt),  NY Times, May 3

1996

58. ^ Mayor Giuliani Signs Bill Renaming Manhattan's East River Park John V. Lindsay/East River Park 

(http://www.nyc.gov/html/om/html/2001b/pr389-01.html)

Further reading

Buckley, William F. The Unmaking of a Mayor (http://books.google.com/books?

id=3Us8AAAAIAAJ&pgis=1). New York: Viking Press, 1966.

Button, Daniel E. Lindsay: A Man For Tomorrow (http://books.google.com/books?

id=mxxCAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1). New York: Random House, 1965.

Carter, Barbara. The Road to City Hall: How John V. Lindsay Became Mayor 

(http://books.google.com/books?id=zxxCAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall,1967.

Citron, Casper. John V. Lindsay and the Silk Stocking Story. New York: Fleet Publishing Corp., 1965.

Gottehrer, Barry. The Mayor’s Man. (http://books.google.com/books?id=D8RWAAAACAAJ) Garden

City, NY: Doubleday, 1975.

Hentoff, Nat. A Political Life: The Education of John V. Lindsay. (http://books.google.com/books?

id=Ckw8AAAAIAAJ&pgis=1) New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969.

Klein, Woody. Lindsay’s Promise: The Dream That Failed; A Personal Account.

(http://books.google.com/books?id=u408AAAAIAAJ&pgis=1) New York: Macmillan, 1970.

Lindsay, John Vliet Journey into politics (http://books.google.com/books?

id=zYNKAAAAMAAJ&pgis=1) Dodd, Mead, 1967Lindsay, John Vliet The City (http://books.google.com/books?id=QVKEHQAACAAJ) New York: W.W

 Norton and Company, 1970.

Lindsay, John Vliet The Edge (http://books.google.com/books?id=qy2wGQAACAAJ) New York: W.W

 Norton and Company, 1976.

External links

John Lindsay (http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=L000326) at the Biographical 

 Directory of the United States CongressJohn Vliet Lindsay (http://www.nyc.gov/html/nyc100/html/classroom/hist_info/mayors.html#lindsay) at

nyc.gov (http://www.nyc.gov)

John Lindsay’s Bright, Shining Failure, City Journal online, October 6, 2010 (http://city-

 journal.org/2010/bc0610fs.html)

John Vliet Lindsay (http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_gx5229/is_2003/ai_n19148184/?tag=content;col1)

UXL Encyclopedia of World Biography

Triple Canopy (http://www.canopycanopycanopy.com/6/he_is_fresh_and_everyone_else_is_tired)

John Lindsay (http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6628761) at Find a Grave

La Guardia and Wagner Archives/The Lindsay Collection

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(http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/COLLECTIONS.aspx?ViwType=1&ColID=10)

United States House of Representatives

Preceded by

Frederic Coudert, Jr.

Member of the U.S. House of Representatives

from New York's 17th congressional district

1959–1965

Succeeded by

Theodore Kupferman

Political offices

Preceded by

Robert F. Wagner, Jr.

Mayor of New York City

1966–1973

Succeeded by

Abraham D. Beame

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Lindsay&oldid=559197667"

Categories: 1921 births 2000 deaths St. Paul's School (Concord, New Hampshire) alumni

Yale Law School alumni Mayors of New York City

Members of the United States House of Representatives from New York Deaths from Parkinson's disease

 New York lawyers United States presidential candidates, 1972 New York Republicans

 New York Democrats American Episcopalians Liberal Party of New York politicians

American military personnel of World War II United States Navy officers

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