john smee, ph.d. sr. director, engineering...

© 2015 QUALCOMM Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

North American School of Information Theory

August 2015

John Smee, Ph.D.

Sr. Director, Engineering

Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.

1


This presentation addresses potential use cases and views on characteristics of 5G technology and is not intended to reflect a commitment to the characteristics or commercialization of any

product or service of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. or its affiliates.

2

© 2015 QUALCOMM Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 3

Timeline and use cases


2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

5G timeline – Our view

4

Estimated 3GPP standardization timeline for 5G

4G evolution - LTE will evolve in parallel with 5G

5G

5G study items

5G work items 5G work items

5G commercialization timeline5G first deployments

5G Phase 2

4G evolution

• Continued evolution beyond R13

• Fully leverage LTE spectrum & investments

• For new spectrum opportunities before 2020

5G

• A new much more capable platform

for low and high (above 6Ghz) spectrum

• Enable wide range of new services and lower

cost deployment and operation

• For new spectrum available beyond 2020,

including legacy re-farming

In parallel: driving 4G and 5G

to their fullest potential

Rel 17 & beyond

5G evolution

3GPP Rel 13 Rel 14 Rel 15 Rel 16


Qualcomm view of the 5G timeline (cont.)

Release 15

a. First phase of 5G: mobile broadband

- licensed & unlicensed (<6GHz, mmWave

under industry consideration)

- FDD & TDD

- wideband (up to ~300 MHz)

- shorter TTI/RTT

- new subframe design

- 4G/5G dual connectivity with LTE anchor

for initial 5G deployments

- forward compatibility hooks

b. 5G study continues in parallel

- mmW, IOE, high reliability, standalone

operation (no LTE anchor)

c. LTE evolution continues in parallel

Release 16

a. Second phase of 5G: all other 5G

components

- 5G mobile broadband

standalone operations

- high reliability

- mmWave

- wide area IOE

b. LTE evolution continues in

parallel

c. Final submission to ITU for IMT-

2020

Release 14

a. 5G requirements study at RAN

level

b. 5G design study item: structure of

air interface to cover multiple areas

- mobile broadband

- internet of everything (IOE)

- high reliability

- high-frequency bands.

c. Parallel study on high-freq channel

models (>6 GHz)

d. LTE evolution to continue in

parallel (parallel sessions in 3GPP

RAN working groups

5


Wide Area IOE

Mobile broadband

High reliability services

Increased Indoor/ outdoor hotspot

capacity

Smart homes/buildings

Health & fitness, medical response

Sensing what’s around, autonomous

vehicles

Remote control, process

automation

5G targets a range of services and devices

Smart city, smart grid and infrastructure

Enhanced mobile

broadband


Enhanced mobile broadbandImmersive life-like experience for emerging communication, entertainment & other applications

7

Virtual reality• 720Mbps+ for multi-viewing angles

• <50ms e2e latency

Tactile Internet• 1ms e2e latency from action to feedback, e.g.

time from joy-stick action to virtual object

movement and haptic feedback

UHD video streaming• 120Mbps for compressed 8K video at 120fps.

Multi-Gbps for uncompressed 4K/8K videos

3D/UHD telepresence• 100’s of Mbps to multi-Gbps for video calls with

life audiovisual contents depending on quality

requirements

Ultra-fast media download• Multi-Gbps for fast delivery of high quality media,

e.g. downloading a 4K movie at a drive-in kiosk in

seconds

MBB in demanding conditions• Ultra-high user density, e.g. sports venues

• High speed mobility e.g. high-speed trains &

vehicle infotainment


Wide Area IoEUltra efficient and low cost communication for massive number of things

8

Sample use cases

Smart cities/buildings

Smart homes

Object tracking

Smart energy management

Wearables & fitness

Security & surveillance

Ultra-high density 100’s of thousands of low/medium-data rate devices per

cell

Low power consumption Multi-years battery life for remote sensors & devices,

weeks for wearables

High efficiency Low per-device CapEx/OpEx & system overhead, low-

cost remote sensors

High flexibility Effectively provision/manage diverse user, device &

subscription types

Long range Deep indoor coverage, e.g. for sensors located in

basements

Strong security Ensures data security/confidentiality and signaling

integrity, resilience to denial of service attack, etc.

Key requirements

Remote sensors/actuators


High reliability servicesDelivery of data & control signaling under stringent timing constraints

9

Energy/Smart Grid

• Substation protection & control1

− e2e latency as low as 3ms

− Rate of lost command as low as 1e-8

Industrial Automation

• Process automation2


− Packet loss rate as low as 1e-4

• HMI (tactile Internet & augmented reality)2


− Data rate up to Gbps range

Automotive

• Cooperative vehicles and other vehicle safety

related functions3


Aviation & Robotics

• UAS command & control - e2e latency as low as

50ms4

• Robots for remote handling with haptic feedback:

e2e latency as low as 25ms5

1: IEC61850 and IEC60834. 2. Industry sources. 3. NHTSA, “Vehicle Safety Communications Project Task 3 Final Report”, March 2005. 4. Qualcomm internal research. 5. “Experimental Investigation of Radio Signal Propagation in Scientific

Facilities for Telerobotic Applications” Intech intl’ Journal for Adv. Robotics System. 2013, Vol. 10, 364:2013


5G system design


Technology enablers for improved system designs

11

Technology

Improved RF/antenna capabilities

Improved radio processing

Improved baseband processing

Virtualized Network Elements

Air Interface Impact

New mmWave bands, and Massive MIMO

with new PHY/MAC design across bands

Faster narrow/wide bandwidth switching

and TDD switching

Lower latency and faster turn around,

new PHY/MAC algorithms

Dynamically move processing between

cloud and edge

• Drive fundamental improvements in user experience, coverage, and cost efficiency

• Deliver high quality of experience and new services across topologies and cell sizes

• New designs below 6 GHz and above 6 GHz including mmWave


Unified 5G design across spectrum types and bandsFrom narrowband to wideband, licensed & unlicensed, TDD & FDD

12

5G

Range of application requirements

Diverse spectrum typesBand

Single component

carrier channel

Bandwidth examples

Target

Characteristics

FDD/TDD <3 GHz 1, 5, 10, 20MHz

Deep coverage, mobility,

high spectral efficiency,

High reliability, wide area IoE

TDD

≥3GHz

(e.g. 3.8-4.2, 4.4-

4.9)

80, 160MHzOutdoor & indoor, mesh,

Peak rates up to 10gbps

TDD 5GHz 160, 320MHz Unlicensed

TDD mmWave 250, 500 MHz, 1, 2 GHz Indoor & outdoor small cell,

access & backhaul


5G design across servicesEnabling phased feature rollout based on spectrum and applications

13

5G Enhanced Broadband

• Lower latency scalable numerology across bands and

bandwidths, e.g. 160 MHz

• Integrated TDD subframe for licensed, unlicensed

• TDD fast SRS design for e.g. 4GHz massive MIMO

• Device centric MAC with minimized broadcast

…

mmWave

• Sub6 GHz & mmWave

• Integrated MAC

• Access and backhaul

• mmWave beam tracking

Wide area IoE

• Low energy waveform

• Optimized link budget

• Decreased overheads

• Managed mesh

High reliability

• Low latency bounded delay

• Optimized PHY/pilot/HARQ

• Efficient multiplexing of low

latency with nominal


Designing Forward Compatibility into 5GEnabling flexible feature phasing

14

WAN D2D

hig

h r

elia

bilit

y

WAN

Compatible frame structure design for multiple

modes (5Gsub6, high reliability, D2D, mmW, etc.)

− Enable future features to be deployed on a different

frequency in a tightly integrated manner, e.g. 5Gsub6

control for mmW

Vertical service multiplexing on the same carrier

Hig

h r

elia

bilit

y

mmWave & 5Gsub6

5Gsub6

mmWave

Blank subframes and blank frequency resources

− Minimized broadcast

− Enable future features to be deployed on the same

frequency in a synchronous and asynchronous manner


Multi connectivity across bands & technologies4G+5G multi-connectivity improves coverage and mobility

15

Rural area

4G+5G

Sub-urban area4G+5G

Leverage 4G investments to enable phased 5G rollout

4G & 5G

small cell coverage

Macro5G carrier aggregation with

integrated MAC across

sub-6GHz & above 6GHz

Smallcell

multimode device

Simultaneous connectivityacross 5G, 4G and Wi-Fi

Urban area

4G & 5G macro coverage


5G targeting enhanced mobile broadband requirements

16

Key requirements

• Uniform user experience

• Increased network capacity

• Higher peak rates

• Improved cost & energy efficiency

Technical considerations

• Scalable numerology and TTI to support various

spectrum and QoS requirements

• Massive MIMO to achieve high capacity, better

coverage, and low network power consumption

• Self-contained TDD subframes to enable massive

MIMO and other deployment scenarios

• Device centric MAC to reduce network energy

consumption & improve mobility management


5G scalable numerology to meet varied deployment/application/complexity requirements

17

160MHz bandwidth

Sub-carrier spacing = 8NIndoor

Wideband

(e.g. unlicensed)

Sub-carrier spacing = 2N

80MHz

Normal CP

(e.g. outdoor

picocell)

500MHz bandwidth

Sub-carrier spacing = 16N

mmWave

Note: not drawn to scale ECP

FG

NCP

ECP

ECP

FG

NCP

TTI k TTI k+1 TTI k+2

Numerology Multiplexing

5G mmW synchronized to 5Gsub6 at e.g. 125us TTI level for common MAC, along

with scaled subcarrier spacing, and timing alignment with 1ms LTE subframes


Driving down air-interface latency & enabling service multiplexing

18

Order of magnitude lower HARQ RTT − Faster processing time and shorter TTI

− Driving down HARQ latency and storage

Self-contained TDD subframes− Integrated approach to licensed spectrum,

Massive MIMO, unlicensed spectrum, D2D

− Decoupling UL/DL data ratio from latency

− Very low application layer latency

High reliability

High reliability

High reliability

Nominal short

Nominal medium

Nominal long

2N scaling of TTI

Provides various levels of QoS, hence bundled

TTI design for latency/efficiency tradeoff

− Short TTI traffic with low latency and high reliability

− Long TTI for low latency and higher spectral efficiency

Service aware TTI multiplexing

0 1 0 1

ACK0

Data

ACKACK

1ACK

0

Data GP

ACK

FDD

TDD

HARQ RTT

TTI

TTI


Self-contained TDD subframesDecouple HARQ processing timeline from uplink/downlink configuration

19

Cellular DL or mesh/D2D

transmission scheduled subframe

Control

(Tx)

Data

(Tx) Gu

ard

P

eri

od Uplink

(Rx)

• To transmit control, data

and pilots

• To receive ACK and other

uplink control channels

Enhanced subframeAdditional headers/trailers for advanced deployment scenarios

PDCCH

(Tx)

Data

(Tx) Gu

ard

P

eri

od

Uplink(Rx)

• To support massive MIMO/ unlicensed/D2D/mesh/COMP

• E.g. headers associated with Clear Channel Assessment (CCA),

hidden node discovery protocol for 5G unlicensed spectrum

access

Note: Multiple users are typically multiplexed over each control/data region in FDM/TDM/SDM manner


5G modulation and access techniques

20

OFDM for enhanced mobile broadband access

− 5G broadband access requires the following

− Low latency

− Wide channel bandwidth and high data rate

− Low complexity per bit

− OFDM is well suited to meet these requirements due to the following characteristics

− Scalable symbol duration and subcarrier spacing

− Low complexity receiver for wide bandwidth

− Efficiently supports MIMO spatial multiplexing and multiuser SDMA

− OFDM implementations allow for additional transmit/receiver filtering based on link and adjacent

channel requirements

In addition, resource spread multiple access (RSMA) waveforms have advantages for

uplink short data bursts such as low power IoE− Supports asynchronous, non-orthogonal, contention based access

− Reduces IoE device power overhead


5G coverage layer improvements (1.7km intra-site distance)with 4GHz massive MIMO & new TDD SF design

21

• Gains of 4 GHz Massive MIMO with 80MHz compared to 2GHz with 2Tx DL over 20 MHz

• Leverage same cell tower locations and same transmit power as legacy systems (no new cell planning)

• Cell-edge user @ 1km cell radius still able to scale up throughput with bandwidth (for ~80 Mbps)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1 10 100 1000

CD

F

User Throughput (Mbps)

2Rx devices

80MHz bandwidth, 24x2


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1 10 100 1000

User Throughput (Mbps)

4Rx devices



Assumptions: 46 dBm Tx power


mmWave enables 5G Extreme Mobile Broadband

22

Challenges• Higher path-loss at mmWave

frequencies, susceptibility to blockage

• Robust beam search & tracking

• System design with directional

transmissions

• Device cost and RF challenges at

mmW

Opportunities• Availability of large bandwidth from

100s of MHz up to 9 GHz

• Extreme data-rates (e.g. up 10 Gbps)

• Dense spatial reuse can enable

extreme network capacity

• Beamforming to overcome poorer

propagation

• Flexible deployment with integrated

backhaul (200m – 500m) and access

(100m- 150m)

Solutions • Tight integration with 5Gsub6

increases robustness

• Smart beam search & tracking

algorithms

• Antenna management &

reconstructive beam forming

algorithms

• Coordinated scheduling for proximal

user interference management

• Phase noise mitigation in RF

components for cheaper devices


mmW deployment scenarios

Stand alone mmW access Collocated mmW + 5Gsub6 access

mmW integrated access & backhaul relayNon-collocated mmW + 5Gsub6 access

5Gsub6 mmW23


Millimeter Wave: Opportunities and ChallengesMassive bandwidths and spatial reuse counter-balanced by robustness and device aspects

24

Availability of large bandwidths

Dense spatial reuse

Beamforming advantage

Coverage through reflections and LoS

Characteristics

Robust beam search & tracking

Device and RF challenges at MMW

Effective fallback to low frequency

System design with directional

transmissions

Key System Challenges

Example: Outdoor Deployment

MWB – ~100-200 m cell sizeIntegrated

Backhaul

UE-relay

Mobile

mmwB or UE

LOS

NLOS

Indoor distribution


Overview of mmWave System Design Aspects

25

Challenge System Design Aspect

Higher path loss/shadowing Beam formed transmissions exploiting array gain even for

initial acquisition

Robustness to hand/body

blocking

Enhanced path diversity and smart, closed-loop beam

switching/steering/tracking

Poorer RF Specs Improve PA efficiency, architectures and baseband

mitigation techniques

Fast system acquisition and call

continuity

Tight interworking with lower frequency anchor carrier for

bootstrapping/control and fallback as needed

Inherently small cell footprints Improve deployment flexibility by allowing integrated access

and backhaul


Penetration Loss: An ExampleOut-to-in penetration loss for a tinted external window

26

• Out-to-in penetration loss can be challenging

• Suburban areas impacted heavily by foliage

• Windows with metallic tint tend to reflect rather than allow signal to pass through

• Insulation wrapped in metal foil can also cause reflections and reduce penetrability


Material Response: An Example

27

Sample: Two layered dry

wall, separated by air gap

• Structure construction can create deep notches, so just as important to consider as pure reflectivity

• Wide bandwidth frequency notches can occur and require path diversity to overcome


Outdoor Propagation: Measurements

Radar cross section effect

29GHz 2.9GHz

10dB/div

500ns/div

Directional RMS delay spread not necessarily small for alternate (NLOS) paths → Important when the LOS

path is blocked

Response of omnidirectional antennas

20 dB Horn antenna pointed

towards the LOS direction

20 dB Horn antenna pointed away

from the LOS direction

Near objects

(cars, people etc.)

Far objects

(Mall)

29GHz

Path loss:

128dB

Path loss:

142dB


Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) CDF vs. Distance

SNR (dB)

F(x

)

Coverage: An Example

29

Directional beamforming for coverage and minimizing interference

Both very high and low SINRs observed

Interference seems to matter at 100-200m ISD, but not at all at 300m

28GHz: Outdoor to Outdoor Path Loss & Coverage, Manhattan 3D Map

Approx. Outage Regime

* Results from ray-tracing


Path and Angular Diversity

30

• Rich diversity of paths when multiple base stations are considered (note: results don’t consider clutter/foliage)

• Substantial difference in 2nd best path from serving base station vs. all base stations, particularly in outage region

• Angular separation between 1st and 2nd path (not shown) was also found to be fairly spread implying protection against path blocking/shadowing events


Spectral Efficiency Comparison: An ExampleNatural spatial separation could yield good spectral efficiencies on top of higher bandwidth

31

10-1

100

101

102

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

bit/sec/Hz

F(x

)

Empirical CDF

Dominating ray beamforming 28GHz

Multi stream 28GHz

MIMO waterfilling 2GHz

MIMO equal weight 2GHz

SVD beamforming 2GHz

b/s/Hz

CD

F

• 28GHz was assumed degraded by an additional 10dB relative to ray-tracing to account for clutter/blockage etc.


Effect of Beam Co-ordinationCo-ordinated scheduling can help fully exploit spatial multiplexing in dense deployments

32

0 dB 5 dB 10 dB 15 dB 20 dB 25 dB 30 dB0

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Interference measure (SNR - SINR)

No coordination

Limited coordination

Full coordination


5G device centric MACControl plane improvements for energy efficiency and mobility

33

Zone 1

coverage

Coverage for zone 2

Serving cluster

Device side: light weight mobility

− Transparent mobility within a device centric zone

− Coordinated control plane processing for tightly

coupled cluster

Network energy saving with less broadcast

− On-demand system info. transmission

− When no devices are around, base station only

provides a low periodicity beacon for initial

discovery

− When a few devices enter coverage, base station

provides system information via on demand unicast

− When many devices are present (or SI changes),

base station can revert to broadcast

Zone 3

coverage

Transmit

periodic sync

Transmit

SIB

No SIB

Transmission

SIB transmission request No SIB transmission request

http://www.istockphoto.com/stock-illustration-11638078-mobil-phone.php

http://www.istockphoto.com/stock-illustration-11638078-mobil-phone.php


5G targeting high reliability service requirements

34

Key requirements

• High reliability and availability

• Low end-to-end latency

• Minimal impacts to nominal traffic while

meeting reliability and latency

requirements

Technical considerations

• Integrated nominal/high-reliability system design

- New PHY coding, New FEC, and link-adaptation framework

for efficient traffic multiplexing

• Low latency design

- Efficient HARQ structure for fast turn-around

- Scalable TTI for latency, reliability & efficiency tradeoff

• High reliability design

- Large diversity orders to support bursty high-reliability traffic

- New link adaptation paradigm for lower error rates


Hard latency bound and PHY/MAC design

35

2nd tx queue

1st tx queue

Residual RTT

Poisson arrivals

3rd tx queue

nth tx queue

time

freq.

...

1st Tx HARQ

2nd Tx HARQ

3rd Tx HARQ

nth Tx HARQ

Packet drop at Rx

Successful

transmission

Failed transmission

Failed 1st Tx

Failed 2nd Tx

Failed (n-1)th Tx

...

Highest

priority

Lowest

priorityPa

ck

et lo

ss a

t Tx

• Causes of packet drop1. Last transmission fails at Rx2. Delay exceeds deadline at Tx queues

Single-cell multi-user evaluation/queueing model


Increased reliability benefits from wideband multiplexing

36

Wider bandwidth provides significant capacity benefits

• FDM of high-reliability/nominal traffic is sub-optimal

At lower bandwidth, achieving very low latency bound

requires drop in reliability

Notes: e.g. 256 bit control every 10ms: 40 machines is 1 Mbps.

Packet Error Rate (PER) results based on -3dB cell edge worse case scenario.

Reliability = 1e-4

Reliability, Capacity, Latency, Bandwidth Tradeoff

0 0.5ms 1ms 1.5 2ms 2.5ms 3ms0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

Hard delay bound

Hig

h r

elia

bili

ty c

apacity (

Mbps)

total BW = 20MHz

total BW = 10MHz

~3X gain

0 0.5ms 1ms 1.5ms 2ms 2.5ms 3ms0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

Hard delay bound

Hig

h r

elia

bili

ty c

apacity (

Mbps)

Asymptotic capacity

reliability 1e-2

reliability 1e-4

BW = 10 MHzReliability = 1e-4


5G targeting wide area IOE requirements

37

Key requirements

• Superior coverage for supporting

remote and deep indoor nodes

• Low power consumption to

enable longer battery life

• Better support low rate bursty

communications from multiple

device types including

smartphone bursty traffic

• Scalability to enable massive

number of connections

Technical Approaches

IOE

IOE

IOEIOE

IOE

Direct access on

licensed e.g. FDD

Mesh on unlicensed or

partitioned with uplink FDD

Uplink IOE

Non-Orthogonal

Distributed Scheduling

Downlink IOE

Orthogonal

Centralized Scheduling

Non-orthogonal RSMA

• Resource spread multiple

access

• Avoids energy cost of

establishing synchronism

• Distributed scheduling

Uplink mesh downlink direct

• Leverage DL sync

• Coverage extension


Perspectives on

5G system architecture


5G system architecture: overall principlesSupport & strengthen the operator’s existing business & its expansion of business

39

Towards service providers

− Dynamic Service Creation

− Configurable connectivity: “Smart bit pipe”

Into new verticals

With flexible/dynamic subscription models

Mobile

Operator

VerticalVertical Vertical Vertical

Service

provider

Service

provider

S S S S S


Expansion towards new service providers

40

Enable operators to enhance value of connectivity towards OTT providers

Characteristics of required connectivity (and additional features on top of it)

may change depending on the specific service provider

The operator’s 5G mobile network should be a “toolbox” that can be

monetized adequately towards those service providers

Goal: Design 5G architecture such that it provides corresponding tools

− Dynamic service creation

− Configurable connectivity – “Smart bit pipe”


Expansion into new verticals

41

Verticals in EPC

− Require changes to existing architecture mechanisms for the

support of the new class of devices

− Introduced as gradual enhancements

− E.g., single MME function becoming more complex over time

New verticals proposed for 5G & more expected to come

Goal: Introduce ability to support new verticals

− With minimal impact on existing devices

− Without being burdened by other verticals

Rel-10

Rel-9

Rel-8

4G CN per release


Expansion into new verticals (cont.)

42

Define a nominal MME mode for broadband access

− Nominal MME function enhanced in each release as before

Allow separate Feature MMEs across services

− Optimized to support the service

− MME selection based on service and device type, as well as for load

balancing and/or RAN sharing

− Enable support of dedicated “NAS” functionality

− Network slicing per vertical using NFV/SDN

Rel-10

Rel-9

Rel-8

4G CN per release

Rel-0

Rel-1

CN

IOE

CN

Ultra

Reliable

CN

5G CN per release & feature


Support more diverse connectivity management models

43

Current limitations

− Single connectivity context between user device & connectivity management in the network

− Unless dedicated hardware is present for multiple connectivity via multiple SIM cards

− Tight connection between the use of the access link & the connectivity context

− Subscriber is closely tied to the device

Goals:

− Separate concept of radio connectivity subscription from service subscription

− Enable devices with multiple “personalities” to simultaneously connect to multiple core

networks as needed

− Multiple subscriptions simultaneously active on a device over a single physical connection

− One subscription possibly being active over multiple devices simultaneously


5G network architecture: overall principlesEnable seamless mobility and aggregation across RATs for best user experience

44

Multi-access CN platform

− Single CN to support multiple simultaneous RATs

− Common OAM and RRM

• Multi-RAT multi connectivity

− Opportunistically aggregate for both collocated

and non-collocated access nodes across RATs

With dynamic C/U-plane based on UE

context

LTE

eNBs

5G

ANs

WLAN

APs

Multi-access CN

C-plane

RAN

aggregation

and traffic

offloading

across RATs

U-plane

C/U-plane

at edge or

in core

Multi-Access

CN

UE


Dynamic C/U-plane – legacy centralized network topology

45

3G/4G introduced traffic offload to the edge in Rel-10

But the C-plane still resides in the CN

− Impacts latency and still requires a significant signaling load

especially for small data

Most devices and data connections are for stationary

users

− Ideally the 5G would move the C/U-plane to the edge for

devices that are stationary or have only nomadic service

− While enabling processing deeper in the network and

mobility when devices are mobile

PGW

eNodeB

HSS

RRC PDCP/RLC

MME SGW

PGW

eNodeB

HSS

RRC PDCP/RLC

MME

SGW

Controlplane

Userplane

Controlplane

Userplane

LTE(Rel-8)

LTE-Advanced(Rel-10)


In 5G, Context and active services can be used to

determine device requires mobility

For stationary devices and nomadic services move

the whole CN to edge

− Reduces MME and U-plane load

− Fewer tunnels and capacity required to CN

− Approaches the WLAN cost structure

For mobile devices optionally keep the CN function in

the core

− Cellular cost structure only needed for very few mobile

devices and services

Optimized centralized to edge CN HO for when

devices change context

Dynamic C/U-plane – mobility based network topology

46

PGW

Base station

AAA

RRC PDCP/RLC

MME SGW

PGW

Base station

AAA

RRC PDCP/RLC

MME SGW

Controlplane

Userplane

Controlplane

Userplane

Mobile deviceStationary or

nomadic device


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used with permission. Other products or brand names may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.

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