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John Strand1/18/2002
1
Optical NetworkingCS 294-32/5/2002
John Strand
The Views Expressed In This Talk Are The Author’s. They Do Not Necessarily Represent The Views Of AT&T Or Any Other Corporation Or Individual.
AT&T Optical Networks Research [email protected]
U. of California - Berkeley - EECS [email protected]
John Strand1/18/2002
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SONET Rates
STS-1 OC-1 51.840
STS-3 OC-3 155.520
STS-12 OC-12 622.080
STS-48 OC-48 2,488.320
STS-192 OC-192 9,953.280
STS-768 OC-768 39,813.120
Level OpticalDesignation
Bit Rate(Mb/s)
STS = SYNCHRONOUS TRANSPORT SIGNALOC = OPTICAL CARRIER (“..result of a direct optical converions of the STS after synchronous scrambling” - ANSI)
EC (Not Shown) = ELECTRICAL CARRIER
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CPECentralOffice
Switch
"POTS"
PBX
Private Line (PL)
Basic Service Types
POTS: Plain Old Telephone Service
PSTN• ~ 100 Intercity Switches*
* ATT Network
Transport Network• Shared By Many Services• ~10x As Many Offices*
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Entering The Transport Network
MUX M
UX
POTS
POTS: "Plain Old Telephone Service"VG: Voice GradePL: Private Line
1 MUX24
OOOO
OO
64 kb/s 1.5 Mb/s 45 - 622 Mb/s
2.5 - 10Gb/s
WDM
BackboneFiber
Network
10 Gb WAN Ethernet• SONET Framed - 9.953 Gb/s• Asynchronous
*
1.5 Mb/s PL
45 - 2500 Mb/s PL[1Gb Ethernet]
2500 - 10,000 Mb/s PL, 10 Gb WAN Ethernet
&VG PL
John Strand1/18/2002
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Pure Glass Core
Glass Cladding
Inner Polymer Coating
Outer Polymer Coating
8.3 micron*
125 micron
250 micron
Single Fiber
Lightpack Cable Design
Protection Layers
Protects “core”Serves as a “Light guide”
* Single Mode Fiber; Multi-Mode Has A 50 Micron Core
Typical Loss: 0.2 – 0.25 dB/km Plus Connector Loss
Fiber Structure
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Transport Layer
Service Routing
Service Layer(e.g., POTS or PL)
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40 - 120 km(80 km typically)
Up to 10,000 km(600 km in 2001 basic commercial products)
OA OA
1
2
3
N
WDMMux
R
R
R
R
WDMDeMux
Frequency-registeredtransmitters
Receivers
WDM: Wavelength Division MultiplexOA: Optical Amplifier
All-Optical AmplificationOf Multi-Wavelength Signal!!!
Optical Amplifier/WDM Revolution
John Strand1/18/2002
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320
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
20
80
1280
5120
Gb/s
Single Fiber Capacity
Source: K. Coffman & A. Odlyzko, “Internet Growth: Is There A Moore’s Law For Data Traffic?” (research.att.com/~amo)
Capacity = (Bits / *Bandwidth
(Bandwidth/
Moore'sLaw
John Strand1/18/2002
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Transport Layer Model
Circuit/Packet Switching
Digital Transmission(SONET)
Optical Layer
Media Layer
DS3 or STS-N(<= 622 Mb/S)
STS-48 or 192(2.5 - 10 Gb/Sec)
Multi-Wavelength
(<= 400 Gb/s)
PL
PL
PL
Characteristic Technologies
RouterVoice Switch
Digital Cross-Connect (DCS)Add-Drop Multiplexer (ADM)
Wavelength Division Multiplexer (WDM)
Fiber
Optical Cross-Connect (OXC)
Single "wavelengths"
Multi-wavelength bundles
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Opaque Wavelength Path Crossconnect
Optical transport system(1.55 m)
Optical transport system(1.55 m)
Standardcross-office optics
(1.3 m)
FibersIn
FibersOut
-Mux
Add ports Drop ports
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Transparency= node-bypass
Wavelength PathCrossconnect
(Optical orElectronicInterior)
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Opaque Wavelength Path Crossconnect(Electrical Fabric)
®
1-Bay Capacity: 640 Gb/s
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An 8 x 8 Switch
Chip size: 1 cm x 1 cmChip size: 1 cm x 1 cm
Source: L-Y. Lin
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Outline
• Transport - Traditional TDM Networks
• Optical Networking
• Optical Networking & IP
Concentrate On Intercity Networks• Time Constraint• Metro, Access Optical Networks More Complex, Less Mature
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Voice & OtherTDM-Based Services
Voice & OtherTDM-Based Services
Data Services(Mostly IP-Based)
Data Services(Mostly IP-Based)
Optical LayerOptical Layer
Media LayerMedia Layer
DS1 (1.5 Mb/Sec)
DS3 (45 Mb/Sec) -STM-4 (622 Mb/Sec)
STM-16c (2.5 Gb/Sec) -STM-64c (10 Gb/Sec)
Proprietary(20 Gb/Sec - 400+ Gb/Sec)
IP Transport
Transport For IP -Defining Functionality Of These Interfaces
Digital TransmissionLayer
Digital TransmissionLayer
Wideband & Broadband DCS Layers
Wideband & Broadband DCS Layers
IP For Transport -Introducing IP FunctionalityInto The Optical Layer
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Non-IPServices
IP Router
IPServices
Non-IPServices
OXC
OLXC Office Architecture
“Big Fat Router” Office Architecture
IP For TransportReplacing The OLXC With A Router
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Ports & Assumed Costs OLXC $x Per OC48 IP Router $y Per OC48
Through (
Terminating (1 –
IP Router
OLXC
OLXC Office Architecture
IP Router
“Big Fat Router” Office Architecture
IP For TransportComparing The Architectures
• OLXC Architecture Less Expensive If: OLXC Cost x
• Typical Values:• = 0.8• x/y << 0.2
Router Cost <y
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• Label Switched Path's (LSP's) Are LOGICAL, NOT PHYSICAL • Need Not Occupy Bandwidth
•Specific LSP’s Change At Each MPLS Node: z End-to-end connection defined at set-up
Physical Transmission System• SONET (STS-N)• OCh• Etc.
LSPX
LSPY
LSP s
LSP t
LSP u
LSP a
LSP s
LSP t
MPLS Transport Hierarchy
IPMPLS
X s
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MPLS Tunneling
LSP 7
LSP 11
LSP 42
LSP 3
LSP 88
POP 3PUSH
77
SWAP 7=>11PUSH 42
1142
SWAP 42 => 88
1188
POP 88SWAP 11=>3
3
• "Virtual" Muxing - No Utilization Penalty• This Is A Key Driver For Replacing TDM
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TDM Multiplexing
DS1
DS3
STS-48
DS3
DS3STS-48
Tunneling Using MPLS LSP's Is Analogous To TDM Multiplexing
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From MPLS To GMPLS
LSP 7
LSP 11
LSP 42
LSP 3
LSP 88
POP 3PUSH
77
SWAP 7=>11PUSH 42
1142
SWAP 42 => 88
1188
POP 88SWAP 11=>3
3
Implicit Label(1)
Implicit Label(2)
STS-192 (1) STS-192 (2)
GMPLS: Generalized MPLS
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1. Select source, destination, and service
Label Request MessageLabel Mapping Message
2. OSPF determines optimal route3. RSVP-TE/CR-LDP establishes circuit
Source: Sycamore OFC2000
GMPLS In An OXC Network
Vision:• Provisioning Time: Weeks To Milliseconds• Greatly Simplify Process
ISSUE: Standards Lagging Need - Proprietary Control Planes Are Being Deployed Rapidly
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GMPLS VisionMany Technologies - One Network
FS: Fiber SwitchedLS: Lambda Switched
PS: Packet Switched
FA: Forwarding Adjacency
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GMPLS Overlay Network Model
• Overlay Network– Optical Network (OXC) computes the path– Network Level Abstraction For IP Control Plane
RouterRouter RouterRouter
ConnectionRequests, etc.
UNI
OpticalNetwork
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GMPLS Peer Network Model
• Peer Network– Router computes the path
(Routers have enough information about the characteristics of the optical devices/network)
– Link-level abstraction For IP Layer Control Plane
RouterRouter RouterRouter
Topology &Capacity Information
NetworkSignalling
OpticalNetwork
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Canarie OBGP Vision
Dark Fiber
Customer OwnedDark Fiber
School
University X
Multi Home Router
Dark Fiber Mapped to
Dim Wavelength
ISP A
ISP B
ISP ControlledOptical Switch
Aggregating Router
ISP ControlledOptical Switch
Customer ControlledOptical Switch
University Y
IGP
IGP
IGP
IGP
BGP
OiBGP
OBGP OBGP
OBGP
BGP neighbors
B. St. Arnaud
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Optical Interworking Forum Services Concept
• Bandwidth On Demand - Connection Request Over UNI Specifying QoS Desired - Overlay Model• OVPN - Dedicated Subnet Configured By Customer - Peer Model
Customers buy managed service at the edge
Optical VLAN
Customer
ISP
AS 1
AS 2
AS 3
AS 1AS 4
BGP Peering is done at the
edge
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Examples of network views• View from domain A via a distance-vector or path-vector protocol
Domain 1ReachableAddress list
Domain 3ReachableAddress list
Domain 4ReachableAddress list
Domain 5ReachableAddress list
Domain 2ReachableAddress list
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Examples of Network views• View from any domain of the rest of the network via a link state protocol
Domain 1ReachableAddress list
Domain 3ReachableAddress list
Domain 4ReachableAddress list
Domain 5ReachableAddress list
Domain 2ReachableAddress list
Protection 1:N, N=3Available BW = …SRLG = …
Protection 1+1Available BW = …SRLG = …
Protection 1:N, N=10Available BW = …SRLG = …
Protection 1:N, N=7Available BW = …SRLG = …Protection 1+1
Available BW = …SRLG = …
Protection 1+1Available BW = …SRLG = …
Protection 1+1Available BW = …SRLG = …
John Strand1/18/2002
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Initial OIF NNI Target
User controlDomain
Control DomainA
Control DomainCUNI UNI
NNI
NNI Control Domain
B
firewall
firewall
L2/L3
L2/L3
LoadBalancer
LoadBalancer
User controlDomain
firewall
firewall
L2/L3
L2/L3
LoadBalancer
LoadBalancer
Single carrier’s network
User controlDomain
firewall
firewall
L2/L3
L2/L3
LoadBalancer
LoadBalancer
NNI
Why Single Carrier Multi-Domain First?• Standards Lag Deployment - Vendor Proprietary Control Planes• Rapid & Unpredictable Technological Change Makes It Unlikely That Standards Will Keep Up• Uncertain Business Model
Initial Multi-Carrier NNI Likely To Be LEC/IXC (JLS Opinion)
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1. Significant Differences In Technology, Economic Trade-Offs, & Services Supported
2. Likely To Be Multi-Vendor
3. Proprietary Or Customized IGP's Are Likely
4. Significant Operational Autonomy• Information Trust, Not Always Policy Trust• Domains Likely To Require Control Of The Use Of Their Resources
5. Routing• Carrier-Specific• NMS May Be Involved• High Unit Costs, Long Connection Times Make Economics An Important Consideration
6. Conduit & Fiber Cable Sharing Make SRG Information Across Domains Complex - Will Frequently Not Be Available
Metro/Core Characteristics
KY J
Metro Metro
Metro
oif2001.639 - Application-Driven Assumptions And Requirements
A
X
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1. Significant Differences In Technology, Economic Trade-Offs, & Services Supported
2. Likely To Be Multi-Vendor
3. Proprietary Or Customized IGP's Are Likely
4. Significant Operational Autonomy• Information Trust, Not Always Policy Trust• Domains Likely To Require Control Of The Use Of Their Resources
5. Routing• Carrier-Specific• NMS May Be Involved• High Unit Costs, Long Connection Times Make Economics An Important Consideration
6. Conduit & Fiber Cable Sharing Make SRG Information Across Domains Complex - Will Frequently Not Be Available
Metro/Core Characteristics
KY J
Metro Y Metro
Metro
oif2001.639 - Application-Driven Assumptions And Requirements
A
John Strand1/18/2002
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ZA J K L
N P Q
S T U
M RB Y
Routing Costs: A(nodes) + B(distance)
Large A Small B
Small A Large B
1. Proprietary Or Customized IGP's Are Likely
2. Information & Policy Trust Not Likely To Be An Issue
3. Vendor-Specific Technologies & Constraints Not Captured In Standards Are Likely (E.g., All-Optical, Tunable Lasers, Adaptive Wavebands)
Multi-Vendors In Backbone - Characteristics
oif2001.639 - Application-Driven Assumptions And Requirements
A Z
N P Q
S T U
M RB Y Opaque
Network(Vendor A)
ExpressDomain of
Transparency(Vendor B)
J K L
N P Q
S T U
M R
LJ K
John Strand1/18/2002
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Voice & OtherTDM-Based Services
Voice & OtherTDM-Based Services
Data Services(Mostly IP-Based)
Data Services(Mostly IP-Based)
Optical LayerOptical Layer
Media LayerMedia Layer
DS1 (1.5 Mb/Sec)
DS3 (45 Mb/Sec) -STM-4 (622 Mb/Sec)
STM-16c (2.5 Gb/Sec) -STM-64c (10 Gb/Sec)
Proprietary(20 Gb/Sec - 400+ Gb/Sec)
IP Transport
Transport For IP -Defining Functionality Of These Interfaces
Digital TransmissionLayer
Digital TransmissionLayer
Wideband & Broadband DCS Layers
Wideband & Broadband DCS Layers
IP For Transport -Introducing IP FunctionalityInto The Optical Layer
John Strand1/18/2002
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Entering The Transport Network
1
24
OOOO
OO
1 o
o
o
o
28
POTS&
VG PL
1.5 Mb/s PL
64 kb/s 1.5 Mb/s
45 - 622 Mb/s PL
45 - 622 Mb/s
1 - 10 Gb/s PL
POTS: "Plain Old Telephone Service"VG: Voice GradePL: Private Line
2.5 - 10Gb/s
BackboneFiber
Network
BWGrowthRates
John Strand1/18/2002
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US Domestic Backbone (Mid-’99)268,794 OC-12 Miles
John Strand1/18/2002
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Voice & OtherTDM-Based Services
Voice & OtherTDM-Based Services
Data Services(Mostly IP-Based)
Data Services(Mostly IP-Based)
Optical Layer• Optical Transport Systems (DWDM, OA,OADM)
•"Optical Cross-Connects"
Optical Layer• Optical Transport Systems (DWDM, OA,OADM)
•"Optical Cross-Connects"
Media Layer•Fiber
•Conduit
Media Layer•Fiber
•Conduit
DS1 (1.5 Mb/Sec)
DS3 (45 Mb/Sec) -OC-12 (622 Mb/Sec)
OC-48c (2.5 Gb/Sec) -OC-192c (10 Gb/Sec)
Proprietary(20 Gb/Sec - 400+ Gb/Sec)
Transport Layering
Digital Transmission Layer• ADM's•Rings
Digital Transmission Layer• ADM's•Rings
Wideband & Broadband DCS Layers
Wideband & Broadband DCS Layers XXX
XFunctionality& Value Added
John Strand1/18/2002
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• Price - $/OC48/month
• Availability• How Quickly• Where
• Displacement Of Internal ISP Costs• Interfaces• Cost Of Reliability• Buffer Capacity
• Peak Loads• Traffic Shifts• Traffic Growth
• Network Management
• Differentiators• Availability• QoS
•Rapid Provisioning
• Optical Network Interworking•Heterogeneous Technologies• Metro/Core• Other Backbone Providers
•Flexible Bandwidth• Asymmetric Circuits• Concatenated Links• Virtual Concatenation • Inverse Multiplexing
•Additional Customer Restoration Options• Re-Provisioning• Customer Control• Speed Options
• Sub-OC48 Functionality
• Layer 1 Interface Enhancements
Customer Drivers Possible Solution Elements
Transport For IP
John Strand1/18/2002
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OpticalLayer
OpticalLayer
ServicesLayers
ServicesLayers
DigitalTransmission
Layer
DCSLayers
DCSLayers
Restoration RefresherKey Trade-OffRestoration Granularity Unit Capacity Cost
Connection
STS-1 => STS-12
STS-48+
l or Fiber
• Services Layer (IP) Can Restore Exactly The Right Connections• Optical Layer More Economical If Large Bundles Of Connections Need To Be Restored
John Strand1/18/2002
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ISP Peering Relationships
Peer Peer (Frequently) No $$
CustomerProvider EXPENSIVE
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A Z
R
C X
B Y
Toll Switching Hierarchy Internet ISP Hierarchy
Local ISP
Regional ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Transport For IPReducing The BGP Hop Count
Hi-UsageTrunks Optical
Direct Connects
Typical Transit Cost (Telia): $1K - 10K / Mbps /Year
John Strand1/18/2002
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References• T. E. Stern & K. Bala, Multiwavelength Optical Networks, Addison-Wesley, 1999• J. L. Strand, “Optical Network Architecture Evolution”, chapter in I. Kaminow and T. Li (eds.), Optical Fiber Telecommunications IV, Academic Press, to appear March 2002• R. Ramaswami and K. N. Sivarajan, Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective, San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann, 1998.• R. H. Cardwell, O. J. Wasem, H. Kobrinski, “WDM Architectures and Economics in Metropolitan Areas", Optical Networks, vol. 1 no.3, pp. 41-50 • O. Gerstel and R. Ramaswami, "Optical Layer Survivability: A Services Perspective", IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 38 no. 3, March 2000, pp. 104-113.• R. D. Doverspike, S. Phillips, and Jeffery R. Westbrook, "Future Transport Network Architectures", IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 37 no. 8, August 1999, pp. 96-101.• R. Doverspike and J. Yates, "Challenges for MPLS in Optical Network Restoration", IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 39 no. 2, Feb. 2001, pp. 89-96. • M. W. Maeda, "Management and Control of Transparent Optical Networks", IEEE J. on Selected Areas In Communications, vol. 16, no. 7, Sept. 1998, pp. 1008-1023. • J. L. Strand, J.; A. L. Chiu, , R. Tkach,. “Issues For Routing In The Optical Layer”, IEEE Communications Magazine, 2/2001, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 81 –87 • John Strand, Robert Doverspike, Guangzhi Li, “Importance of Wavelength Conversion In An Optical Network” , Optical Networks Magazine, vol. 2 No. 3 (May/June 2001), pp. 33-44•R. W. Tkach, E. L. Goldstein, J. A. Nagel, J. L. Strand, “Fundamental limits of optical transparency”, OFC '98, pp. 161 -162 •A. L. Chiu, J. L. St,rand, “Joint IP/Optical Layer Restoration After A Router Failure”, OFC 2001, vol. 1, pp. MN5_1 -MN5_2.
John Strand1/18/2002
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Some Relevant U.S. Web Sites
“Tier 1” Inter City Service Providers• AT&T http://www.att.com• MCI Worldcom http://www.wcom.com• Sprint http://www.sprint.com
New Entrants• Qwest http://www.qwest.com• Level3 http://www.Level3.com• Frontier http://www.frontiercorp.com• Williams http://www.williams.com
Major Equipment Providers• Lucent http://www.lucent.com• Alcatel http://www.alcatel.com• Nortel http://www.nortel.com• Cisco http://www.cisco.com• NEC http://www.nec.com
New Equipment Vendors• Ciena & Lightera http://www.ciena.com• Cisco & Monterey http://www.montereynets.com• Avici http://www.avici.com• Juniper http://www.juniper.net• Sycamore http://www.sycamore.com
Government Sites:• FCC http://www.fcc.gov• NTIA http://www.ntia.doc.gov
Standards Organizations• ITU http://www.itu.int• T1 http://www.t1.org• OIF http://www.oiforum.com• IETF http://www.ietf.org• ATM Forum http://www.atmforum.com
New Business Models• Band-X http://www.band-x.com•Arbinet http://www.arbinet.com