John Vlachopoulos, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics Chern. Eng., McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (First Edition 1984, revised internet edition (2016), \Vww.polydynamics.com)

This 808 page undergraduate-graduate textbook is available for downloading from

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1.

CONTENTS

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS (111- 1/20)

1.1 Introduction 1.2 The Equation of State 1.3 Viscosity 1.4 Non-Newtonian Fluids 1.5 Surface Tension 1.6 The No-Slip Condition 1. 7 Vapor Pressure of Liquids 1.8 Compressibility of Fluids 1.9 Lamjnar Versus Turbulent Flow

2. FLUIDS STATICS (2/1- 2/28)

2.1 Pressure Distribution in a Fluid at Rest

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111

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2/1

This 808 page undergraduate-graduate textbook is available for downloading from theLIBGEN website, which has over one million sci-tech books free for downloading. It is currently operating at libgen.io, however, due to actions from publishers, it may changethe .io domain. The new domain for Library Genesis (LIBGEN) will likely appear in Wikipedia.

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2.2 The Hydrostatic Paradox2.3 Absolute and Gage Pressure

2.4 Manometers2.5 Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces2.6 Center of Pressure for Plane Surfaces2.7 Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces

2.8 Buoyancy2.9 Stability of Immersed and Floating Bodies

zuNEMATICS OF FLOW (3lL - 3120)

3.1 Introduction3.2 Material or Substantial Derivative3.3 The System and Control Volume Concepts

3.4 Reynolds Transport Theorem3.5 Pathlines, Streamlines and Streaklines3.6 Rotation, Vorticity and Circulation3.7 One-, Two- or Three-Dimensional Flow

CONSERVATION OF MASS (411- 4lt0)

4.t The Differential Continuity Equation4.2 The Integrated Continuity Equation

BASrC CONCEPTS OF FLUID DYNAMICS (si 1 - 5i 10)

5.1 Introduction5.2 Definition and Notation of Stress

5.3 Problem Solving in Fluid Dynamics5.4 Similarity and Modelling

CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM (6lL - 6/38)

6.7 The Linear Momentum Balance

6.2 Application of the Linear Momentum Balance6.2.1 Force on a Nozzle

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6.2.2 Force on a Pipe Bend6.2.3 Force Exerted by a Jet on a Moving Blade

6.2.4 Momentum Balance in Rocket Expulsion6.3 Generalization of the Linear Momentum Balance6.4 An Alternative Derivation of the Differential Equation

of Momentum6.5 Navier-Stokes Equations6.6 Fluid Statics Revisited - Uniform Linear Acceleration6.7 The Angular Momentum Balance

6.8 Dimensionless Groups6.9 Flow Problems and Their Solution

7 . T.INIDIRECTIONAL LAMINAR VISCOUS FLOW (7ll - 7ls4)

7.1 Infroduction7.2 Pressure-Driven Flow Between Two Flat Plates

7.3 Pressure-Driven Flow in a Tube

7.4 The Direct Differential Momentum Balance Versus

the Simplification of the Navier-Stokes Equation

7.5 Drag Flow Between Parallel Plates

7.6 Cornbined Pressure and Drag Flow Between Parallel Plates

7.7 Pressure-Driven Flow in an Annulus

7.8 Flow a Falling Liquid Film7.9 Pressure-Driven Flow of Two Immiscible Fluids Between

Two Parallel Plates7.10 Tangential Drag Flow in an Annulus7.11 Shape of Liquid Surface in a Rotating Vessel

7.12 Radial Flow Between Concentric Spheres

7.13 Some Pressure- and Gravity-Driven Flows

T.L4Diameter of a Free Liquid Jet

7.15 Flow Near a Plate Suddenly Set in Motion7.16Unsteady Flow Between Parallel Plates

7.17 The Usual Types of Boundary Conditions7.18 Some Numerical ExamPles

8. LOW REYNOLDS NUMBERFLOW (8/1 - 8t42)

8.1 Introduction

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8.2 Squeeze Film Flow8.3 The Slider Bearing Problem8.4 Slow Viscous Flow Around a Sphere

8.5 Flow Through Porous Media

LAMINAR BOLTNDARY LAYERS (9lr -q40)

9.1 Introduction9.2 Boundary LaYet on a Flat Plate

9.3 Laminar Entry Flow9.4 Laminar Jets

9.5 Further Comments on Similarity Solutions

9.6 The Integral Momentum Approximation9.7 Further Remarks on Laminar BoundaryLayet Flow

10. TURBULENT FLOW (10/1 - 1{}174}

10.1 Introduction10.2 Fluctuations, Eddies and Time-Averaging10.3 The Time-Averaged conservation Equations for an

IncomPressible Fluid10.4 Reynolds Stresses and Eddy Viscosity10.5 Problem Solving in Turbulent Flow10.6 Turbulent Flow in a Tube. The Law of the WalllO.7 Turbulent Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate

10.8 Entry Length for Turbulent Pipe Flow10.9 Turbulent Jets, Wakes an MixingZones

10.9.1 Axisymmetric Turbulent Jet

10.9.2 Two-Dimensional Wakes

10.10 Statisticai Theories of Turbulence

11. INVISCID INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW (11i 1 - 11/50)

1 1.1 Introductionll.2 Two-Dimensional Potential Flows

1 1.3 SimPle Potential Flowsll.4 Cornbination of SimPle Flows

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11.5 Potential Flow Around a CylinderlL.6 Potential Flow Around a Cylinder with Circulationll.7 Potential Flow Around a Sphere

11.8 Complex Variables and Conformal Mapping Methods forPotential Flow Problems

1 1.9 Some Worked Out Examples

12. LIFT AND DRAG (lzlt - 12t34)

12.I Introduction12.2 The Momentum Equation Along a Streamline Outside

the Boundary LaYer12.3 Pressure Distribution Around an Airfoil12.4 Friction and Form Drag12.5 Vortex Shedding from a Cylinder in Cross-Flow12.6 Apparent or Virtual Mass of Accelerating Bodies

12.7 Lift of Airfoils

13. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY (13/1 - 13126)

13.1 The Total Energy EquationI3.2 The Mechanical Energy Equation13.3 The Thermal EnergY Equation13.4 A Simplified Derivation of the Thermal Energy

Equation for an Incompressible Fluid13.5 Problem Solving in Non-isothermal Newtonian Flow13.6 The Dimensionless Groups of Heat Transfer

THE BERNOULLI EQUATION FOR DUCT FLOWS (r4lt - t4/42)

14.l Introduction1,4.2 Derivation of the Bemoulli Equation14.3 Frictional Losses in Tubes

L4.4 Problem Solving with the Help of the Moody Friction Chart

L4.5 Fitting Losses14.6 The Bemoulli Equation for a Pipeline With a Pump

(or Turbine)

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14.7 Some Comments Regarding the Application of theBernoulli Equation 14126

14.8 Multiple-Pipe System 14128

14.9 The Bernoulli Equation for Gases l4l3l14.10 Torricelli's Equation for Tank Draining 14132

14.11 The Bernoulli Equation for Unsteady Flows 14134

L4.LZ Pressures Lower than the Vapor Pressure of Liquids 14136

14.13 Optimal Pipe Diameter 14138

1,4.14 Further Comments on Friction Factors and Loss Coefficients 14140

15. COMPRESSTBLE FLOWS (15/1 - 15/s8)

15.1 Introduction1,5.2 Speed of Sound15.3 Compressibility and Mach Number15.4 One-Dimensional Frictionless Flow Through a Duct

With Varying Cross-Section15.5 The Bernoulli Equation for Isentropic Gas Flow15.6 Mach Number Relations for Isentropic Flow15.7 Mass Flow Rate15.8 Operation of a Converging-Diverging Nozzle15.9 Normal Shock Waves

15.10 Compressible Pipe Flow with Friction15.11 Oblique Shocks, Expansion Waves and the Sonic Boom15.12 Effect of Compressibility on Dragi5.13 Pressure Waves in Liquids - The Waterhamer

1,5 .14 Concluding Remarks

t6. OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW (16/L - 16t34)

16.1 Introduction16.2 Flow Configuration and ClassificationL6.3 Laminar Flow Over an Inclined Swface16.4 Friction Loss in Uniform Flow: The Chezy and

Manning Formulas16.5 Hydraulically Optimal Cross Sections

16.6 Speed of Gravity Waves and Froude Number16.7 Frictionless Flow Over an Obstacle

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16.8 Hydraulic Jump16.9 Lake and Ocean Currents

17. MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS (1711-17116)

17.l Introduction17.2 Conservation of Mass and MomentumL7 .3 Hydromagnetic Pressure-Driven Flow Between

Two Flat PlatesL7.4 Hydromagnetic Laminar Boundary Layer Flow17.5 Conservation of Energ17.6 Further Comments on MI{D

18. MEASUREMENTS IN FLITID MECHAMCS (1811- 18124)

18.1 Introduction18.2 Measurement of Viscosity18.3 Measwement of Presswe18.4 Measurement of Velocity18.5 Measurement of Flow Rate

18.6 Flow Visualization

19. PUMPS AND TURBINES (19/1 - 19/38)

19.1 Introduction19.2 Positive-Displacement Pumps19.3 Centrifugal Pumps19.4 Performance Characteristics of Centrifugal Pumps19.5 Cavitation19.6 Axial- and Mixed-Flow Pumps19.7 Pump Selection19.8 Compressors19.9 Turbines19.10 Wind Twbines

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20. CONSTITUTIVE EQUAIONS (2011 * 20112)

20.1 Introduction20.2 Rate of Rotation and Rate of Deformation2A3 The Newtonian Constitutive Equation

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2t. NON - NE\MTONIAN FLOW (21 I | - 21 154)

21.1 Introduction2I.2 Viscosity of Suspensions

21.3 Shear-Thiruring Behavior of Polymers2L.4 Power-Law Fluid in Three-Dimensional Flow21.5 Pressure-Driven Flow of a Power-Law Fluid Between

Two Flat Plates2t.6 Pressure-Driven Flow of a Power-Law Fluid in a Tube

21.7 Capillary Viscometer Analysis21.8 Pressure Drop for Flow of a Power-Law Fluid Through

a Tapered Tube21.9 Pressure Driven Flow of a Bingham Fluid in a Tube

2t .L 0 Extensional (or Elongational) Viscosity

2l.lt Flow in a Sudden Contraction21.12 Viscoelasticity2L .13 Hele-Shaw Flow Approximation

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Appendix AAppendix B

Appendix C

Appendix DAppendix E

Appendix F

Subject Index

APPENDICES

Vectors and Tensors

Finite Difference and Finite Element Methods

Fluid Property Data

The Conservation Equations

Geometrical Relations

Unit Conversion Factors

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INDEX I_INDEX 14