©john wiley & sons, inc. 2010 note to instructor: the following “basic powerpoint slides”...

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Note to Instructor:

The following “Basic PowerPoint slides” provide an extensive collection of figures, tables, core concepts, & key terms corresponding to Chapter 13 in Psychology in Action (9e). (If you prefer slides that contain additional photos, embedded links to the World Wide Web, and specific Wiley owned videos & animations, check out the “Enriched Power Points” available on the Instructor site at www.wiley.com/college/huffman.)


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Assessment Slides = Critical Thinking Slides = Psychology at Work Slides =


CHAPTER 13

Personality

PowerPoint Lecture Notes Presentation


Lecture Overview

Trait Theories Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theorie

s Humanistic Theories Social-Cognitive Theories Biological Theories Personality Assessment


Key Definition

Personality: Unique & relatively stable pattern of thoughts, feelings, & actions


Trait Theories

Trait: Relatively stable personal characteristic used to describe someone

Key Figures: Early Trait Theorists: Allport, Cattell,

Eysenck Modern Trait Theorists: McCrae &

Costa--Five-Factor Model (FFM)


Trait Theorists: The Five-Factor Model (FFM)

Openness (open to new ideas vs. conventional & narrow in interests)

Conscientiousness (responsible & organized vs. irresponsible & careless)

Extroversion (sociable & talkative vs. withdrawn & quiet)

Agreeableness (trusting & good-natured vs. suspicious & ruthless)

Neuroticism (emotionally unstable & moody vs. emotionally stable & easygoing)

OCEAN

Study Tip: Note the first letter of each factor


Pause & Reflect: Psychology at

Work

Psychology helps us understand personality & relationships. For example, place a dot on each line to indicate your traits of openness, extroversion, etc. Then do the same for your ideal romantic partner.


Trait Theorists: The Five-Factor Model (FFM)

Researchers asked over 10,000 men & women from 37 countries what they wanted in a mate.

They found: high degree of

agreement. five-factor traits are at

the top of both lists.


Evaluating Trait Theories Pro:

Five-factor model (FFM) helps describe & organize personality characteristics using the fewest number of traits.

Evolutionary, cross-cultural, & cross-species studies support five-factor model (FFM).

Con: Lacks explanation Stability vs. change Ignores situational effects


Pause & Reflect: Psychology at Work

Does Your Personality Match Your Work?


Pause & Reflect:

Assessment

1. A relatively stable personal characteristic used to describe someone is called a _____.

2. Tending to be withdrawn, quiet, passive, & reserved is known as _____ on the five-factor model (FFM).


Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories

Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Examine how unconscious mental forces interplay with thoughts, feelings, & actions

Early Key Figures: Founding Father--Freud Neo-Freudians--Adler, Jung, Horney


Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Levels of Consciousness

Conscious: Thoughts or motives person is currently aware of or remembering

Preconscious: Thoughts, motives, or memories that can be voluntarily brought to mind

Unconscious: Thoughts, motives, or memories blocked from normal awareness


Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Personality Structures

Id: Instinctual energy (pleasure principle)

Ego: Rational part of psyche (reality principle)

Superego: The conscience (morality principle)


Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Defense Mechanisms

Defense mechanisms: Ego’s protective method of reducing anxiety by distorting reality

ID IDEGO

SUPER EGO


Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Psychosexual Stages of Development

Psychosexual Stages: Freudian idea of five developmental periods key to personality development Oral Stage: birth-18 months Anal Stage: 18 months-3 yrs Phallic Stage: 3-6 yrs Latency Stage: 6 yrs-puberty Genital Stage: puberty-adulthood


Freud believed all children pass through five psychosexual stages. At each stage the id’s pleasure seeking energies focus on specific pleasure areas of the body (erogenous zones).


Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Neo-Freudian Theorists

Adler: Suggested that most people experience an inferiority complex, which later results in a “will-to-power” that can be either positive or negative



Jung: Proposed an inherited collective unconscious consisting of archetypes



Horney: believed some adults experience basic anxiety due to childhood feelings of helplessness and isolation


Evaluating Psychoanalytic/ Psychodynamic Theories

Pro: Emphasis on

unconscious, intrapsychic conflicts, development of influential therapy (e.g., psychoanalysis)

Modern psychodynamic theories use more empirical methods

Con: Difficult to test Overemphasizes biology &

unconscious forces Inadequate evidence Sexism Lack of cross-cultural

support


Pause & Reflect:

Assessment

1. Using the iceberg analogy, explain Freud’s three levels of consciousness.

2. Briefly describe Freud’s five psychosexual stages.


Humanistic Theories Emphasis:

Personality develops from internal experiences (feelings & thoughts) & individual feelings of basic worth.

People are innately good (or, at worst, neutral) with a positive drive toward self-fulfillment.

Key Figures: Rogers & Maslow


Humanistic Theories: Rogers’ Key Concepts Key component of

personality = the self, what a person defines as “I” or “me”

Mental health is related to the degree of congruence between the self-concept & life experiences.


Unconditional Positive Regard: Love & acceptance with no contingencies attached

Humanistic Theories: Rogers’s Key Terms (Continued)


Pause & Reflect:

Critical Thinking

As a child did you receive primarily conditional or unconditional positive regard? According to Rogers, how might this have affected your adult personality?


Humanistic Theories: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Hierarchy of Needs: Maslow’s proposal that basic physical necessities must be satisfied before higher-growth needs

Self-Actualization: Maslow’s term for the inborn drive to develop all one’s talents & capabilities


Humanistic Theories: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs


Evaluating Humanistic Theories

Pro: Many concepts

incorporated into successful therapy

Con: Naive

assumptions Poor testability &

inadequate evidence

Narrowness


Social-Cognitive Theories

Social Cognitive Theories

Personality reflects: individual’s interactions

with the environment how people think about

the world & interpret what happens to them

Key Figures: Bandura & Rotter


Social-Cognitive Theories: Bandura’s Key Terms

Self-Efficacy: Person’s learned expectation of success

Reciprocal Determinism: Cognitions, behaviors, & the environment interact to produce personality


Social-Cognitive Theories: Rotter’s Key Terms

Cognitive Expectancies: What people expect to happen

Reinforcement Value: Degree to which people prefer one reinforcer over another

Locus of Control: What people consider the source of life’s rewards & punishments (internal or external locus of control)


Evaluating Social-Cognitive Theories

Pro: Emphasizes how

environment affects & is affected by individuals

Meets most standards for scientific research

Con: Narrow focus Ignores

unconscious & emotional aspects of personality


Pause & Reflect:

Assessment

1. The _____ approach to personality emphasizes internal experiences & the basic goodness of the individual.

2. Rogers believed _____ is essential to a child’s healthy personality development.


Biological Theories

Three major biological contributors to personality:

• Brain Structures

• Neurochemistry

• Genetic Factors


Integrating the Perspectives

Biopsychosocial model suggests multiple theories provide different insights & contribute different proportions to personality.


Personality Assessment

Four methods to measure personality:

• Interviews• Observations• Objective Tests (MMPI)• Projective Tests (Rorschach, TAT)


Evaluating Methods of Personality Assessment

Interviews & Observations Pro: insights Con: time consuming &

expensive

Projective Tests Pro: insights Con: low reliability &

validity

Objective Tests Pro: standardized

information Con: possible

deliberate deception, social desirability bias, diagnostic difficulties, possible cultural bias, & inappropriate use


Two Key Criteria for Test Assessment

Reliability: Measure of the consistency & reproducibility of a test’s scores when test is given again

Validity: Ability of a test to measure what it was designed measure


Why Are Pseudo-Personality Tests So Popular?

Barnum Effect: We are predisposed to accept ambiguous, general statement. (e.g., “You’re sometimes shy when meeting new people.”)

Fallacy of Positive Instances: We remember confirming evidence & ignore disconfirming (e.g., Remembering certain astrological predictions & ignoring others)

Self-Serving Bias: We tend to prefer flattering descriptions. (e.g., “You’re well-liked by others.”)


End of CHAPTER 13

Personality

PowerPoint Lecture Notes Presentation

©john wiley & sons, inc. 2010 note to instructor: the following “basic powerpoint slides”...

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