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Joint context analysis

TANZANIA

Final Report

JCA-NGA group for Tanzania

Oct 2015

Dislaimer/neutrality

The text of the JCA is meant to reflect the exchanges among organisations about their point of view

from a technical and operational perspective.

Specific viewpoints, based on the information in this context analysis, are only binding whenever it’s

explicitly referred to as an organisation’s viewpoint; hence they are no shared points of view for all

participating organisations.

Moreover, the information that is cited cannot be considered as a political or ideological judgment of

the organisations.

Legal base

This Joint Context Analysis of Tanzania leans on the law on Belgian Development cooperation

(19/03/2013 altered by the law of 09/01/2014) art 2- 6°/7 and the Royal Decree of April 24th 2014,

art 14 § 1 & 2.

The Law on Development Cooperation art. 2-6°/7 states: "The context analysis aimed at civil society,

the decentralised administrations and public institutions and the conditions which enable their

strengthening, prepared by several ANGC based on their own context analyses and similar exercises

conducted in the country or the region"

This Joint Context Analysis aims at an analysis of the context in Tanzania and of the opportunities to

collaborate for the non-governmental actors (NGAs) from 2017 until 2026. This document should

primarily be seen as an opportunity to identify possible ways of cooperation, complementarity and

synergy. This document is not a presentation of specific programmes or projects but a projection

excerise for the mid- to long-term.

If this document will be approved, this JCA will become an important reference for:

• The programmes that will be submitted to DGD, in which each specific objective will need to

demonstrate how it takes into account at least one JCA;

• A report on the implementation of the, in this document identified, opportunities for

complementarity and synergy, to be submitted in 2019;

• The allocation of DGD funding related to synergy initiatives.

Together the participating NGAs submit this JCA for approval to the Belgian minister of Development

Cooperation.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 4

1.1. General process and structure description ........................................................................... 4

1.2. Concrete process flow & people involved ............................................................................ 6

1.3. Sources used ......................................................................................................................... 7

2. PROJECTS & PROGRAMMES (of the past five years) .................................................................. 8

2.1. Thematic geographical overview .......................................................................................... 8

2.2. Actor-specific list of objectives/target groups/intervention models .................................... 9

3. CURRENT SOCIO-POLITICAL, ECONOMIC & ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION ............................. 17

3.1. Political context ................................................................................................................... 17

3.2. Economic context ................................................................................................................ 18

3.3. Social cultural context ......................................................................................................... 23

3.4. Environmental context ........................................................................................................ 30

4. DESCRIPTION OF THE CIVIL SOCIETY & PUBLIC AUTHORITIES ................................................. 31

4.1. Local civil society ................................................................................................................. 31

4.2. Public authorities ................................................................................................................ 33

4.3. Financial partners ................................................................................................................ 36

5. ANALYSIS OF THE CIVIL SOCIETY & THE PUBLIC AUTHORITIES................................................. 38

5.1. Civil society .......................................................................................................................... 38

5.2. Public authorities ................................................................................................................ 40

6. RELEVANT ACTORS IN DEVELOPMENT ..................................................................................... 42

6.1 Agriculture ........................................................................................................................... 42

6.2 Entrepreneurship ................................................................................................................ 44

6.3 Education ............................................................................................................................. 45

6.4 Health .................................................................................................................................. 48

6.5 Environment ........................................................................................................................ 49

6.6 Human rights, governance& justice .................................................................................... 50

7. LOCAL PARTNERS FOR BELGIAN NON-STATE ACTORS ............................................................. 52

7.1 Agriculture ........................................................................................................................... 52


7.3 Education ............................................................................................................................. 52

7.4 Health .................................................................................................................................. 53

7.5 Environment ........................................................................................................................ 53

7.6 Human rights, governance,.. ............................................................................................... 53

8 AREAS OF FUTURE INTERVENTION ........................................................................................... 54

8.1 Agriculture ........................................................................................................................... 54


8.3 Education ............................................................................................................................. 57

8.4 Health .................................................................................................................................. 59

8.5 Environment ........................................................................................................................ 61


9 RISK- AND OPPORTUNITY ASSESSMENT ................................................................................... 66

9.1 agriculture ........................................................................................................................... 66


9.3 Education ............................................................................................................................. 68

9.4 Health .................................................................................................................................. 69

9.5 Environment ........................................................................................................................ 70


10 POTENTIAL FOR SYNERGIES & COMPLEMENTARY WORK ........................................................ 74

10.1 Current collaborations ........................................................................................................ 74

10.2 Mapping of geographical intervention areas and collaborations ....................................... 74

10.3 Potential themes & approaches for cooperation................................................................ 76

10.4 Ideas and commitments of how to cooperate (~‘how’) ..................................................... 77

1. Bibliography ........................................................................................................................ 81

2. Detailed programme description (annex to chapter 2) ...................................................... 85

3. List of participating NGAs and contact information ............................................................ 94

4. Executive Summary in Dutch: Gezamenlijke Context Analyse ............................................ 96

1

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ACIST Arusha Community Initiatives Support Trust

Aids Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

ANSAF Agricultural Non-State Actors’ Forum

ASF Avocats Sans Frontières

BA Business Association

BAKITA (National Kiswahili Council)

BASATA National Arts Council

BDS Business Development Services

BTC Belgian Development Agency (formally Belgian Technical Cooperation)

CAMARTEC Centre for Agricultural Mechanisation and Rural Technology

CBE College of Business Education

CCBRT Comprehensive Community-Based Rehabilitation in Tanzania

CCM (Revolutionary Party)

CCROs Certificates of Communal Rights of Occupancy

CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women

CET Common External Tariff

CHADEMA (A Party for Democracy and Development)

CHESO Children Education Society

CHRAGG Commission for Human Rights and Good Governance

CIDA Canadian International Development Agency

COMESA Common Markets for Eastern and Southern Africa

COSOTA Copyright Society of Tanzania

CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child

CSI Civil Society Index

CSO Civil Society Organisation

DADEP District Agriculture Development Plans

DAICO District Agriculture Irrigation and Cooperative Officer

DC District Commissioner

DEO District Educational Officers

DEZA Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation

DFPA Department of Fine and Performing Arts of University of Dar es Salaam

DGD Belgian Directorate General for Development Cooperation

DREAM Drug Resource Enhancement against AIDS and Malnutrition

DSNEO District Special Needs Educational Officer

EAC East African Community

EAGC East African Grain Council

EALS East Africa Law Society

EC Echos Communication

EMA Environmental Management Act

ESDP Education Sector Development Programme

FA(s) Farmers Association(s)

Faida MaLi Faida Market Link

FBO Faith-Based Organisation

FDC Folk Development College

FF Family Farmer

FGM Female Genital Mutilation

FIDE Friends in Development

GA Grassroot Association

2

GDP Real Gross Domestic Product

GFS Gallapo Farmers SACCOs

GOT Government Of Tanzania

GVC Global Value Chains

HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus

ICPD Cairo Declaration on Population and Development

IDA International Development Association

IDP Iles de Paix

ILO International Labour Organisation

IMF International Monetary Fund

IPIS International Peace Information Service (IPIS Research)

KCMC Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre

KICORA Kigoma Community College by Radio

LCDO Longido Community Development Organisation

LD Louvain Coopération au Développement

LFTW Light For The World

LGAs Local Government Authorities

LHRC Legal and Human Rights Centre

MANET (Environment) Network – Tanzania

MDG Millennium Declaration and Development Goal

MdM BE Médecins du Monde Belgique

MKUKUTA (National Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy)

MMH Miel Maya Honing

MNS Mlimani Ngarash SACCOs

MUCCOBS Moshi University College of Cooperatives and Business

MUVI (Rural Entrepreneurship Development Programme)

MVIWAMO (Network of Farmers’ Groups in Monduli district)

MVIWATA (Network of Farmers’ Groups in Tanzania)

MWEDO Maasai Women Development Organisation

NACP National Aids Control Programme

NEMEC National Environment Management Council

NFRA National Food Reserve Agency

NHRC National Human Rights Commission

NM-AIST Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology

NPRS National Poverty Reduction Strategies

OEA Oikos East Africa

ONGEA Oil, Natural Gases & Environmental Alliance

PACJA Pan African Climate Justice Alliance

PMCD Participatory Media for Community Development

PMO RALG Prime minister's Office Regional Administration & Local Government

PWC Pastoral Women’s Council

RA Regional Administration

REO Regional Education Officers

SACCOs Savings and Credit Cooperatives

SADAC Southern Africa Development Community

SAGCOT Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania

SIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency

SIDO Small Industries Development Organisation

SME Small to Medium Enterprise

3

SSE Smale-Scale Entrepreneur

SUA Sokoine University of Agriculture

SYN4LED Synergy for Local Economic Development

SOS CV SOS Children’s Villages

TACAIDS Tanzanian Commission for Aids

TAHA Tanzanian Horticulture Association

TANAPA Tanzania National Parks Authority

TANLET Tanzania Legal Education Trust

TANTRADE Tanzania Trade Development Authority

TANU Tanganyika African National Union

TaSUBa Art and Culture Institution - Bagamoyo

TAWLA Tanzania Women Lawyers’ Association

TBS Tanzania Bureau of Standards

TCCIA Tanzania Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture

TEMDO Tanzania Engineering and Manufacturing Design Organisation

TEOSA Tanzania Edible Oils Associations

TIC Tanzania Investment Centre (TIC)

TIRDO Tanzania Industrial Research Development Organisation

TMF Tanzania Media Fund

TNRF Tanzania Natural Resource Forum

TNRI Tanzania Northern Rangeland initiative

TOSCI Tanzania Official Seed Certification Institute

TPSF Tanzania Private Sector Foundation

TRA Tanzania Revenue Authorities,

TSB Tanzania Society for the Blind

TVETDP Technical and Vocational Education Development Programme

TWCC Tanzania Women Chamber of Commerce

TzTc Tanzania Theatre Centre

UCLGA United Cities and Local Governments of Africa

UCRT Ujamaa Community Resource Trust

UDSM University of Dar es Salaam

UN United Nations

UN-SC United Nations Security Council

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

USAID United States Agency for International Development

USD Untied States Dollars

VDB VIA Don Bosco

VECO Vredeseilanden

VETA Vocational Education and Training Authority

VICOBA Village Community Bank

VLIR-UOS Vlaamse Interuniversitaire Raad - Universitaire Ontwikkelingssamenwerking

VSF-B Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Belgium

VTC Vocational Training Centre

WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene promotion

WEDAC Women Empowerment Development Agency Company

WLAC Women’s Legal Aid Centre

WMA Wildlife Management Area

ZIFF Zanzibar International Film Festival

4

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. GENERAL PROCESS AND STRUCTURE DESCRIPTION

1.1.1. START OF THE JOINT CONTEXT ANALYSIS IN TANZANIA

Belgian non-governmental actors (NGAs) meet in Tanzania on a regular base with the aim being to

exchange information, share common concerns and consult with the Embassy of Belgium and the

Resident Representative of the Belgian Development Agency (BTC) on issues and themes related to

international development cooperation. At the beginning of February ’15, the NGA’s were informed

by their head quarters that a Joint Context Analysis for Tanzania had to be elaborated. Trias was

indicated as the lead agency for this exercise in Tanzania and 20 NGAs (see annex 3 list of all NGAs)

were interested in participating.

During the start-up meeting in Brussels on March 30th, the NGAs agreed on the template to be used,

the methodology, the way forward and identified 6 thematic areas and indicated a sub-lead agency

for each of the themes:

1. Education : Via Don Bosco

2. Health : Red Cross

3. Human Rights, Justice and Governance: Avocats Sans Frontières (ASF)

4. Entrepreneurship: Trias

5. Agriculture, incl. agro-forestry and Livestock: Trias

6. Environment: Trias

1.1.2. GATHERING INFORMATION

In the first phase of data collection, Trias elaborated formats in order to facilitate the data collection

and each NGA provided information related to their own activities and the activity sector. Trias also

collected global data and documents related to the political, social and economic situation of the

country, context analyses elaborated by other international donors and by Tanzanian civil society

organisations (CSOs).

By April 20th, 2 consultants from a local consultancy agency (Match Makers Association) were

recruited and started the elaboration of a first draft, gathering and consolidating primary inputs in

order to identify information lacking, elaborate research questions, locate relevant documents and

contact resource persons together with Trias.

1.1.3. CONSULTATIONS OF PARTNERS AND STAKEHOLDERS

Several meetings took place in Brussels and in Arusha aiming to inform participating NGAs and gather

remarks and information, but mostly to identify areas & models of future interventions (Chapter 8)

and opportunities for synergies (Chapter 10)

• March 30th ’15: start of the exercise, methodology, time frame and division of tasks.

• June 2nd ’15: meeting in Tanzania with Belgian Embassy, BTC, representatives of NGA’s and

partners.

- Presentation of the main findings of the Tanzania Chamber of Commerce, Industry and

Agriculture (TCCIA)

- Overview of focus of Belgian bilateral cooperation and EU road map for CSOs

- Thematic mapping of collaboration

- Presentation & group work on the possibilities for synergies

• July 8th ’15: NGA meeting in Brussels identifying areas & models of future interventions

(Chapter 8) and opportunities for synergies (Chapter 10)

5

• August 27th ’15: Stakeholders meeting in Arusha where relevant actors from the local civil

society active in the themes discussed their points of view on the areas & models of future

interventions (Ch8) and opportunities for synergies (Ch10).

Several versions of the report were elaborated and the NGAs, their local representatives and their

partners had the opportunity to provide information, clarify their points of view and formulate

suggestions.

Partners and relevant stakeholders have participated in the meetings, delivered additional

information and were involved in the writing of the report at every stage of the process.

1.1.4. ELABORATION OF FINAL DRAFT

On July 22th, NGAs were invited to comment on the draft with the explicit request to consult their

partners in order to deliver final comments and suggestions.

The following people and institutions were actively involved, through meetings or written feedback,

in the elaboration of this document. This list doesn’t include international and local staff of NGAs:

Adolf R. Olomi TCCIA - Arusha

Damian James Sulumo MVIWATA - Arusha

Deo Baribwegure KICORA

Domina Maro KCMC Hospital

Henri van der Land MMA –LTD

Hildagard Okoth AgriProFocus

Jimmy Ebong MMA –LTD

Juma Bruno Ngomu EAGC Tanzania

Kartarina Mungure AgriProFocus

Linus Munishi NM-AIST

Luc Junior Content BFFS

Machemba DC TCCIA HQ Dar es Salaam

Mary R. Birdi Arusha African Film Festival

Mathias Lardinois BTC/Maisha Mora

Prof. Aurelia Kamuzora Mzumbe University

Revocatus Machunda NM-AIST

Celestine Kongor Via Don Bosco (VDB) Planning and Development Office

(PDO) Dar Es Salaam

John Msuha VDB PDO Dar Es Salaam

Rosemary Terry Njoki VDB PDO Dar Es Salaam

Oswald Manyerere VDB Job Placement Office (JPO) Dar Es Salaam

Edward Loure UCRT

1.1.5 Final list of NGA participants

A final list of the 19 NGA participants giving the name of the NGA, the name of contact person, e-mail

and physical address as well as information on whether the organisation is currently active and

physically present in Tanzania, or not, is given in Annex 3.

6

1.2. CONCRETE PROCESS FLOW & PEOPLE INVOLVED

Table 1: Concrete process flow JCA Tanzania

PHASE Period1 Activity

I. PREPARATION 1-11/2 Draft roadmap, internal task division, report template &

approaches

II. NGA

IDENTIFICATION

10-13/2 Checking & providing contact details & desired roles

III. INFO

COLLECTION_1

9-18/2 Preparing for efficient information collection (developing formats

+ own completion within Trias)

19/2-9/3 All NGAs provide information about past programmes/projects,

current partnerships, intentions & available info to LEADS

IV.

CONSOLIDATION_1

11-16/3 Consolidation of information

20-29/3 Validation by NGAs having provided information > feedback to

LEAD

V. DEFINING

ACTION PLAN

16-18/3 Summarise state of affairs & to do list + draft/suggestion task

division

18/3 Send state of affairs: communication with consolidated info from

mapping phase, to do list & suggestion for action plan / task

division to active NGAs

26-30/3 Agree upon what, who, when, how

a) Written feedback (20-29/3)

b) Meeting in with all NGAs, in Belgium (30/3)

7-10/4 Trias to draft and send meeting minutes with ppt used in meeting,

final report template, template for local partners to be consulted,

list of (sub-)themes, task division (with sub-leads & follower NGAs)

and info collection format no. 2 (for chapters 5, 8 & 9) to all

VI. INFO

COLLECTION_2

10/4-

18/4

ALL NGAs to provide inputs for the stakeholder analysis (chapters

5 & 6) & risk/opportunity assessment (9)

VII.

CONSOLIDATION_2

20-24/4 Trias to draft chapters 2-9 (general parts + Trias sub-themes) and

send draft as example to sub-lead NGAs (+ some methodological

guidelines)

25/4-8/5 Thematic sub-leads draft their parts: chapters: 5.x, 6.x, 8.x, 9.x (for

their themes) & send them to Trias before 8/5. Trias consolidates

all parts on 8/5 and sends it to all NGAs (8/5, afternoon).

9-15/5 All NGAs to give feedback on drafts Trias to Trias & thematic

subleads to thematic subleads. NGAs can, if they need to, also

consult local partners in this phase

16-21/5 Trias and sub-leads to integrate feedback in their drafts

> sub-leads send drafts with integrated feedback to Trias (for Trias

to integrate everything on 22/5)

VIII.

IDENTIFICATION

25-28/5 Trias to identify/highlight cooperation potential – based on info

collected in previous phases - and send ideas/draft overview to

actors involved (on 28/5)

1 Deadlines JCA process from the federation

7

PHASE Period1 Activity

COOPERATION

POTENTIAL

2/6 1 day synergy meeting in-country (NGAs + small selection of local

partners and/or stakeholders)

IX. DRAFT REPORT 3-16/6 Integrate outputs of phase 8 in report - thereby drafting the final

version

X. CONSULTATION

NGAs and

PARTNERS

8/07 1 day synergy meeting in Belgium, reflecting upon draft (and thus:

validating / enriching outputs from in-country synergy meeting)

22/07-

16/08

Second round of completion by NGAs & a selection of local

partners

XI.CONSULTATION

STAKEHOLDERS

27/08 1 day stakeholder consultation meeting in-country

(NGAs+stakeholders) to give feedback on the document

XII. FINALISATION 27-1/9 Including feedback/inputs from consultation phase

8/9 –

15/9

JCA document for final review to NGAs and Trias to integrate

feedback

8/9 –

18/9

JCA document on OneDrive for final review by federation and Trias

to integrate feedback

21-25/9 Spelling and consistency check

25/9 –

04/10

Document online in validation platform, NGAs to read and give a

YES or a NO

1.3. SOURCES USED

This sub-chapter aims to give an overview of the major sources that have been used for gathering

contextual information on Tanzania for the drafting of this JCA. Throughout the document (in

footnotes) or at the end (in annexes) references are made to the sources used.

First of all, it is important to mention that NGAs and their local partners have given their input based

on information available through their own programme and project documents as well as their own

context analyses, and the tactical and strategic plans of Belgian and Tanzanian NGAs.

Reference has been made to BTC and the Belgian Embassy by taking in account their Indicative

Development Cooperation Programme of Belgium with Tanzania, but also information retrieved from

meetings held with them.

Finally, key documents from the Tanzanian government’s websites and other bilateral and

multilateral donors have been consulted. Amongst others, the CSO-EU Roadmap has been an

important source as well as United Nations (UN) sources from different agencies (UN Commission on

Human Rights, UN Commission on the Status of Women, UN Commission on the Rights of the Child,

UNICEF, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), World Health Organisation (WHO), United

Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)) and sources from other multilateral organizations as the

International Labor Organisation (ILO), World Bank, African Development Bank (AfDC), International

Monetary Fund (IMF), African Union or conferences held recently like the climate change conference

in Dar Es Salaam, May 7th-May 8th.

8

2. PROJECTS & PROGRAMMES (OF THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

2.1. THEMATIC GEOGRAPHICAL OVERVIEW

THEME SUB-THEME NGAs

AGRICULTURE 311 Agriculture – general VSF-B, IDP, Trias,

VECO

31120 Agricultural development Trias

31130 Agricultural land resources Trias, VECO, VSF-

B, VLIR-UOS

31140 Agricultural water resources VECO, VLIR-UOS

31161 Food crop production Trias, VECO,

31162 Industrial crops/export crops VECO

31163 Livestock VSF-B, IDP, Trias

31193 Agricultural and financial services VSF-B,

31194 Agricultural co-operative VSF-B,

31195 Livestock/veterinary services VSF-B,

32162 Forest industries MMH

ENTREPRE-

NEURSHIP

240 Banking and financial services Trias

250 Business and other services Trias, IPIS

25010 Business support services and institutions VLIR-UOS

EDUCATION 110 Education – general Fracarita,

Africalia, VDB

111 Education, level unspecified Fracarita, IPIS

11110 Education policy and administrative

management

VDB

11120 Education facilities and training LFTW, VDB

11130 Teacher training LFTW, VDB

11220 Primary education LFTW

11230 Basic life skills for youth and adults LFTW, VDB

11240 Early childhood education LFTW

11320 Secondary education Fracarita, LFTW

11330 Vocational training Fracarita, LFTW,

VDB

114 Post-secondary education Fracarita

11430 Advanced technical and managerial training VLIR-UOS

HEALTH 120 Health VLIR-UOS, LFTW

12181 Medical education/training LFTW

12191 Medical services Viva Africa, LFTW,

Fracarita Belgium

12220 Basic Health care LFTW

12230 Basic Health Infrastructure LFTW

12250 Infectious Disease Control Viva Africa, LFTW

12261 Health Education Viva Africa

12281 Health personnel development Viva Africa

ENVIRONMENT 410 General environmental protection VLIR-UOS, Trias

41010 Environmental policy and administrative

management

VLIR-UOS, Trias,

IPIS

9

THEME SUB-THEME NGAs

HUMAN

RIGHTS,

GOVERNANCE &

JUSTICE

150 Government and civil society – general Trias, Echos

Communication,

IPIS

151 Government and civil society, general IPIS, Echos

Communication

(in the future)

15150 Democratic participation and civil society Trias, Echos

Communication

(in the future)

15130 Legal and judicial development ASF

15160 Human rights IPIS, ASF

160 Other social infrastructure and services Africalia

16010 Social/ welfare services Africalia, Fracarita

16061 Culture and recreation Africalia

52010 Food aid/Food security programmes VLIR-UOS

Zone Region NGAs

NATIONAL COVERAGE National Coverage IPIS, VLIR-UOS

CENTRAL Dodoma VDB, LFTW

COASTAL Dar es Salaam VDB, LFTW

Coast region LFTW, VECO

Morogoro LFTW

LAKE Mara region Viva Africa

NORTHERN Arusha region Trias, VSF, IDP, Viva

Africa, VECO, ASF,

LFTW

Manyara region Trias, VSF, IDP, VECO

Kilimanjaro region Trias, LFTW, VECO,

LFTW

Tanga region VLIR-UOS, LFTW

SOUTHERN HIGHLANDS Mbeya region VECO

Iringa region Trias, Viva Africa,

VDB

WESTERN Kigoma region Fracarita

Tabora Fracarita

ZANZIBAR Zanzibar Africalia

2.2. ACTOR-SPECIFIC LIST OF OBJECTIVES/TARGET GROUPS/INTERVENTION MODELS

ACTOR(S)

Programme focus (Title) Time frame Zone(s) Coordination Others involved

Fracarita

Belgium

/ Improved mental health care

and orthopedagogic care in

Tanzania

2014-2016 Lake & lake

central

UNHCR,

Tanzanian

Ministry of

Ahadi – Preparation of

repatriation of Congolese

refugees

1997-2015 Kigoma region

10

ACTOR(S)


Home Affairs

and World

Vision

Educational Resource Centre

(that belongs to Ahadi)


Maendeleo Youth Centre 1997-2015 Kigoma region

Newman High School 1997-2015 Kihinga (Kigoma

region)

Ahadi Newman Institute of Social

Work


Emmaüs Deaf

Centre in Gent –

Belgium

Rumonge Deaf Cooperative 1998-2015 Kigoma region

Sanganigwa B Children’s Home 1994-2015 Kigoma region

Bangwe Sheltered Home 2005-2015 Kigoma region

Fracarita

Tanzania, AHD,

Enforsa,

Rumonge Deaf

Cooperative,

Saint Cornelius

Mental Health

Center Kasaka,

Saint Dymphna

Psychiatric

Centre

Marumba

SYN4LED (Synergy for Local

Economic Development)


LFTW / Integration of blind and visually

impaired children in Tanzania

2010-2017

CCBRT, KCMC No Specific Title; main

objective: Effective prevention

of blindness, restore sight, &

improved and sustainable

holistic eye care

2009-2016 Dar Es Salaam-

East-Coast

regions,

Kilimanjaro

region

TSB Inclusive education for children

with visual impairment.

Objective: Inclusive education

and socio-economic

2009-2016 Dar es Salaam,

Morogoro –

Dodoma

11

ACTOR(S)


rehabilitation of people with

visual impairments

ASF EALS Support and protection for

lawyers and other human

rights defenders in the regions

of the African Great Lakes and

Eastern Africa. Main objective2:

Contribute to the protection of

human rights in the regions of

the African Great Lakes and

Eastern Africa

2011-2015 Arusha

IPIS A project to pilot learning and

capacity enhancement;

whereby IPIS can work at an

enhanced level with partners in

the global South

2014–2016 All over Tanzania

Trias Incomet,

MUCOBA

Support for the initiatives of

rural communities to improve

food security in Mufindi district

2009-2015 Mafinga district,

Malingali

division

PWC; LCDO;

TNRF; UCRT

Supporting food security and

livelihood security through

improved livestock and tourism

in pastoralist communities of

northern Tanzania.

2009-2015 Longido district,

Arusha region

MVIWAMO,

Faida MaLi,

WEDAC,

MVIWATA, FIDE,

ACIST, MNS, GFS

Local economic development

programme (DGD)

2011-2015 Arusha and

Manyara region

in northern

Tanzania.

MVIWATA

Arusha,

MVIWATA

Manyara, TCCIA

Arusha, TCCIA

Manyara,

Emboreet Dairy

Cooperative

Building assets: Empowerment

of family farmers (FF) and

small-scale entrepreneurs (SSE)

in Arusha and Manyara region


Manyara region

in northern

Tanzania.

MVIWATA Farmers’ Voice (EC). Objective:

To contribute to the

empowerment of smallholders’

participation in food security-

2013-2015 Monduli,

Simanjiro and

Hai districts,

2This project was implemented in Uganda but involved EALS, hence in a way, Tanzania also benefitted.

12

ACTOR(S)


related policy processes in

Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda

northern

Tanzania

MVIWATA,

UCRT, Honey

Guide

Foundation

Sustainable use of natural

resources and improved

livelihood programme for 5

villages located among the

Manyara-Longido-Lake Natron

livestock and wildlife migratory

route

2014-2016 Monduli sistrict,

northern

Tanzania

LCDO Improved food and income

security through a better use of

natural resources and drought

cycle management in Longido

district, Tanzania

2012-2013 Longido district,

northern

Tanzania

Africalia ZIFF + other

partners in

Kenya, Uganda,

Burkina Faso,

DRC and

Zimbabwe

Cinétoile. Objectives: Capacity

building and public awareness

towards African cinema and

the social development themes

they tackle within the

programme geographical

areas.

2008-2011 Zanzibar + other

African countries

VECO District councils,

TAHA, LOMIA

Development of smallholders

agricultural value chains for

poverty reducing, feeding the

nation

2014-2016 Moshi Rural,

Arusha and

Meru districts in

northern

Tanzania

The district

council, MUVI,

farmer

cooperatives,

VICOBA,

MVIWATA and

ANSAF

Agriculture/land management

project, with the objective:

Sustainable agricultural market

chains in cassava, preferably at

local and regional level, in

which organised FFs, male and

female, are successfully

influencing the trade

relationships and improving

their net income

2008-2013 Mkuranga

district, Coast

region

District council,

SUA, Water user

committees

Improved good governance

and sustainable use of natural

resources in Simanjiro-district,

Tanzania

2012-2013 Simanjiro

district,

northern

Tanzania

13

ACTOR(S)


District councils

and Farmer

Associations

(FAs)

Land management and

sustainable water consumption

in Lower Moshi and Simanjiro

districts, Tanzania

2015-2016 Simanjiro and

Moshi districts,

northern

Tanzania

Dstrict councils,

TAHA, and

farmer groups

Social and economic

empowerment programme,

Simanjiro and Same districts,

Tanzania

2007-2011 Simanjiro and

Same districts,

northern

Tanzania

District councils,

TEOSA and FAs

Sustainable food security

programme, Chunya district

2010-2014 Chunya district,

southern

Highlands

VIVA Africa Sant’Egidio

ACAP (African

Census Analysis

Project)Tanzania

and Ministry of

Health

Drug Resource Enhancement

against AIDS and Malnutrition

(DREAM) in 3 districts of

Tanzania

2011-2015 Aarumeru, Iringa

Urban, Tarime

districts in

Norehtn and

Lake zones

respectively

Sant’Egidio

ACAP Tanzania

and Ministry of

Health

Improvement of retention in

care of Aids patients in 3

regions of Tanzania


Urban, Tarime

districts in

Norehtn, Lake

zones

Sant’Egidio

ACAP Tanzania

and Ministry of

Health

Improvement of access to care

treatment for people living

with Aids in 3 regions of

Tanzania


Urban, Tarime

districts in

Norehtn, Lake

zones

VLIR-UOS Mzumbe

University

Institutional University

Cooperation with Mzumbe

University (MU-T) (Pre-partner

programme and Phase I)

2012 - 2019 Morogoro

14

ACTOR(S)


NM-AIST Institutional University

Cooperation with Nelson

Mandela African Institute of

Science and Technology (NM-

AIST) (Pre-partner programme

and Phase I)

2012 - 2019 Arusha

SUA Landscape-ecological

clarification of bubonic plague

distribution and outbreaks in

the West-Usambara

Mountains, Tanzania

2008 - 2014 Tanga

SUA Wildlife population ecology

and human-wildlife

interactions in and around

Saadani National Park

2008 - 2014 Pwani

SUA Spatial and temporal

prevalence of rodent-borne

zoonotic diseases affecting

public health in the Rift Valley

in Tanzania

2008 - 2013 Arusha

SUA Groundwater characterisation

of a coastal aquifer in Dar-es-

Salaam, Tanzania: Mapping

groundwater quality zones and

developing groundwater

management strategies

2009 - 2013 Dar es Salaam

University of

Dar es Salaam

Dissemination of the

sustainable wastewater

technology of constructed

wetlands in Tanzania


Mzumbe

University

Close the Gap 2012 MU-T 2012 - 2014 Morogoro

NM-AIST Close the Gap 2012 NM-AIST 2012 - 2014 Arusha

Sebastian

Kolowa

University

College

Enhancing local natural

resource awareness and

developing tools for

participatory landuse and

landscape design in Lushoto

District, Tanzania

2012 - 2014 Tanga

15

ACTOR(S)


Mzumbe

University

Virtualisation of information

and communication

technologies at Mzumbe

University


NM-AIST Strengthening of NM-AIST ICT

and library infrastructure

2014 - 2015 Arusha

Tanzannia Food

and Drugs

Authority

Developing effective strategies

for minimizing exposure of

fumonisins and aflatoxins in

maize based complementary

foods in Tanzania


SUA Enhancing indigenous

knowledge on conservation

agriculture for poverty

alleviation and sustainable

livelihood in the Usambara

Mountains, Lushoto, Tanzania

2010 - 2014 Tanga

Dodoma

University

Increasing teaching and

research capacities on

geological processes, resources

and hazard management in the

northern Tanzania Volcanic

Zone (NTVZ)

2013 - 2015 Dodoma

Ardhi University Co-creating strategic eco-

tourism projects to promote

sustainable waterfront

development in Dar es Salaam

and Kigoma

2014 - 2016 Dar es Salaam /

Kigoma

Ardhi University Developing Effective Strategies

to Engage Private Sector and

Civil Society in Reduced

Emission from Forest

Degradation and Deforestation

interventions after Pilot

Projects Phase in Tanzania


University of

Dar es Salaam

Improving the governance of

technology transfer from

South-South cooperation for

private sector development in

Tanzania


16

ACTOR(S)


State University

of Zanzibar

International inTEnsive

Southern training proGRAmme

and network Development for

marine and lacustrine scientists

(InteGRADE)

2014 - 2016 Zanzibar

National

Institute for

Medical

Research

Joining efforts to detect and

control Plasmodium falciparum

resistance in East and Central

Africa

2014 - 2016 Arusha

Open University

of Tanzania

Tracing the status and impacts

of terrestrial contamination in

the coastal environments of

Tanzania

2014 - 2016 Coastal

SUA Improving livelihood through

control of viral diseases

affecting short cycle stocks.


Open University

of Tanzania

Enhancing equal opportunities

through participation of

families and schools in basic

skill formation.


NM-AIST NSS 2013 UL - UWC - NM-AIST 2014 - 2015 Arusha

Mzumbe

University

NSS 2013 MU-T - UWC 2014 - 2016 Mzumbe

17

3. CURRENT SOCIO-POLITICAL, ECONOMIC & ENVIRONMENTAL

SITUATION

3.1. POLITICAL CONTEXT

The Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) led Tanzania to independence from colonial rule in

1961. The country was became a union between the mainland territory, Tanganyika, and the island of

Zanzibar in 1964, although the latter still maintains a semi-autonomous government and legislature.

Tanzania continues to maintain a peaceful existence in a turbulent post-independence period in the

region. Formed in 1977, following a merger of the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) and the

Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP), Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) has dominated the political landscape since its

inception.

In 1961, multi-party politics were abolished. In 1992, the country returned to multi-party democracy

as part of wide-ranging political and economic reforms. Since the return to political pluralism, the

number of parties participating in the political space has grown from 11 to 19, although only six of

these have been able to achieve representation in Parliament where they are considerably vocal on

issues such as transparency and accountability. While the opposing political parties have not been

successful in dislodging CCM from power, they have continued to encroach on its support base as seen

in the 2010 elections and recent by-elections. The most prominent opposition party, Chama cha

Demokrasia Na Maendeleo (CHADEMA), made significant strides in the 2010 elections, winning 44

seats in Parliament, up from five seats in the 2005 election.

In 2012, Tanzania embarked on a process to review and rewrite the country’s Constitution (from 1977).

The draft constitution was debated in Parliament in 2014 and a referendum on it was expected to take

place by April 2015. The country’s next general election will be on October 25th, this year (2015).

Although the new constitution was expected to be in place before the next general election, the

constitutional review process have gone slower than was expected and a new constitution may not be

in place by October 2015. The dominant issues during the constitutional reforms have included: the

structure of the union between mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar, the presidential powers, natural

resources management and political reforms such as the independence of the electoral commission,

greater representation for women and a provision for independent candidates to run for election.

Corruption is pervasive throughout Tanzanian society and is a serious problem across all sectors of

the economy. The corruption perception index measures the percieved levels of public sector

corruption in 175 countries. According to this index, in 2014, Tanzania scores 31 and ranks 119th out

of 175 countries.3

Table 1: Comparing Corruption in E.Africa

Country Scores Rank

Tanzania 31 119

Kenya 25 145

Uganda 26 142

Rwanda 49 55

Source: http://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/infographic/compare

3 Transparency International (2014) Corruption Perceptions Index. Retrieved from

http://www.transparency.org/cpi2014

18

The most affected sectors are government procurement, land administration, taxation and customs.

Corruption is criminalised under the Prevention and Combating of Corruption Act (PCCA), which

covers attempted corruption, extortion, passive and active bribery, money laundering and bribery of

a foreign official. A range of legislation covers other corruption offences, but anti-corruption laws are

applied inconsistently and are poorly enforced. Gift giving and the use of facilitation payments for

the purpose of inducing corrupt behavior are illegal under the PCCA. Petty corruption in dealings

with traffic, customs and immigration officers increases transaction costs for businesses, therefore

detering investment, and also reduces citizens’ trust and faith in the government and leadership.

According to a Civil Society Index (CSI) report4 Tanzania, civil society growth and development in the

country performed fairly well, but not strongly. Tanzania performed dismally in the sub-dimension of

breadth of civil society participation. Also, in the sub-dimension Level of Organisation, Tanzania ranked

low, i.e. self-regulation and participation in umbrella bodies.

In 1999, the Tanzanian President Benjamin Mkapa and his other counterparts from the partner states

signed the treaty creating the East African Community (EAC). This treaty set an end to a long struggle

for cooperation on the regional level. The political federation is the ultimate goal of EAC integration as

provided for under Article 5(2) of the Treaty and the EAC Development Strategy 2006-20105

interventions towards laying the foundation for the EAC Political Federation. At a special summit held

in Nairobi on August 27-29th 2004, the heads of state expressed concern at the slow pace of integration.

They resolved to examine ways of expediting the process so that the ultimate goal of a Political

Federation is achieved through a fast track mechanism.

The EAC is a regional intergovernmental organisation of the Republics of Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, the

United Republic of Tanzania, and the Republic of Uganda, with its headquarters in Arusha, Tanzania.

The 2011-2016 development stratregy of the EAC centres on deepening and accelerating integration.

The broad outline of this strategy encompasses priority projects and programmes to be implemented

by 2015/16. These centre on the consolidation of the customs union, common market, the

establishment of a monetary union and laying the foundations for the political federation plus the

promotion of solid and economic infrastructure (including energy) that would support and spur

economic growth in the partner states.

3.2. ECONOMIC CONTEXT

Tanzania is one of the world's poorest economies in terms of per capita income. According to 2014 CIA

factbook figures it ranks 204th out of 220 countries with a GDP of 1,900 USD.6 According to World Bank

figures from 2013, it ranks 154th out of 185 countries with a GDP of 2,443 USD.7

However, on the other hand Tanzania has achieved high growth rates, mainly based on gold production

and tourism. GDP growth 2009-14 was an impressive 6-7% per year. Tanzania has largely completed

its transition to a market economy, though the government retains a presence in sectors such as

telecommunications, banking, energy, and mining. The economy depends on agriculture, which

accounts for more than one quarter of GDP, provides 85% of exports, and employs about 80% of the

4 Civil Society Index (CSI) Project, (2011) Tanzania Country Report. 5 EAC (2007) Treaty Establishing the East African Community. Retrieved from

http://www.eac.int/treaty/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70&Itemid=163 6 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2014) Country comparison GDP per capita (PPP). Retrieved from

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html 7 World Bank (2013) GDP per capita PPP (current international $). Retrieved from

http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?order=wbapi_data_value_2013+wbapi_data_value+

wbapi_data_value-last&sort=desc

19

workforce. The World Bank, the IMF, and bilateral donors have provided funds to rehabilitate

Tanzania's aging infrastructure, including rail and port that provide important trade links for inland

countries. Recent banking reforms have helped increase private sector growth and investment, and

the government has increased spending on agriculture to 7% of its budget. The financial sector in

Tanzania has expanded in recent years and foreign-owned banks account for about 48% of the banking

industry's total assets. Competition among foreign commercial banks has resulted in significant

improvements in the efficiency and quality of financial services, though interest rates are still relatively

high, reflecting high fraud risk.8 The service sector contributes by an annual average of 48% of GDP

(mainly influenced by tourism and the financial sector) compared to agriculture (26.6%), and industry

& construction (25.2%).9 Tourism is growing in importance and ranks as the second highest foreign

exchange earner after agriculture. Mineral production (gold, diamonds, tanzanite) has grown

significantly in the last decade.10 Tax revenue constitutes 12% of GDP11. This is considered low, which

partly explains the low levels of investments in provision of services such as education, health and

infrastructure.

According to the livestock sector development strategy (2010), the livestock industry contribution to

the agricultural GDP is about 13%, and contributed 3.8 % of the national GDP in 2010 compared to

4.0% in 2009. This is mainly due to low growth rates, high mortality rates, low reproductive rates and

poor quality of the final products from the industry. Modest improvement of these production

coefficients coupled with adding value through processing could significantly increase output and

income from the livestock industry. Tanzania has the third largest livestock population on the African

continent comprising 25 million cattle, 98% of which are indigenous breeds, complemented by 16.7

million goats, 8 million sheep, 2.4 million pigs, and 36 million chickens. More than 50% of Tanzanian

households are engaged in livestock production. Tanzania has outstanding natural resources for

livestock development including resilient livestock breeds, extensive rangelands and diverse natural

vegetation. Of 88.6 million hectares of land resources in the country, 60 million hectares are deemed

suitable for grazing. Despite these resources, the livestock sector is performing well below its potential.

The livestock activities contribute 7.4% to the country’s GDP. The annualised growth rate of the sector

is low at 2.2%. The growth for the large part reflects increase in livestock numbers rather than

productivity gains. The sector is severely constrained by low livestock reproductive rates, high

mortality and high disease prevalence.

In the medium term, growth will be supported by the ongoing investments in infrastructure. Also,

these medium-term growth projections are backed by continued investments in the recently

discovered natural gas reserves in Mtwara region and the expansion in public investments (including

the ongoing construction of USD 1.2 billion gas pipeline from Mtwara to Dar es Salaam), as well as the

related investments aimed at stabilising power generation in the country. The economy is projected

to grow by around 7% in 2015, driven by transport, communications, manufacturing and agriculture

and supported by public investment in infrastructure. The government is expected to maintain fiscal

consolidation aimed at expenditure and debt management, as well as a tight monetary policy to anchor

inflation.

8 CIA (2015) The World Factbook: Tanzania. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-

world-factbook/geos/tz.html 9 CIA (2014)GDP composition by sector of origin. Retrieved frm https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-

world-factbook/fields/2012.html#tz 10 Tanzania Invest (2014) Tanzania Economy Profile. Retrieved from

http://www.tanzaniainvest.com/economy/profiles/tanzania-economy 11 http://databank.worldbank.org/data/views/reports/tableview.aspx consulted 20/5/2015

20

Table 2: Tanzania Macro Economic Indicators

2012 2013(e) 2014(p) 2015(p)

Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth 6.9 7 7.2 7

Consumer Price Index inflation 16 7.9 5.8 4.9

Budget balance % GDP -4.6 -5.8 -5.2 -4.9

Current account balance % GDP -14.2 -13.7 -15 -14.8

Source: African Economic Outlook, estimates (e) and projections (p) based on authors’ calculations.

Tanzania has continued to strengthen its fiscal position by embarking on fiscal consolidation measures

throughout 2012/13. Its financial system remains stable and sound, underscoring several years of

successful financial sector reforms. External debt grew to USD 13 billion in November 2013, an increase

of about 23% over the USD 10.6 billion recorded during the same period in the previous year. However,

despite such an increase in external borrowing, Tanzania’s external debt remains sustainable. Export

performance remained strong, largely driven by gold and services receipts, which account for a

combined share of about 44% of total exports. Low gold price is likely to affect future export

performance.

The Tanzania five-year development plan (2011-2015/16) presents an overview of socio-economic

performance and highlights the status of supporting infrastructures, human capital development and

good governance, which are necessary for economic growth and development.

Tanzania has a rich endowment of water, particularly water for energy production. Less water is used

to produce electricity, compared to water that runs into the seas unutilised. Water resources are not

fully utilised due to a lack of means and strategies to tap them. Conflicts over land between farmers

and pastoralists have been on the increase throughout the country. Deliberate efforts are neded to

enhance the management and restoration of the water sources in order to sustain the desired

pattern of growth and development. Land space is of significant importance for any development to

take place. Thus, issues of access and rights to use land for development purposes are critical to

address. Most land areas with potential require major infrastructural investment if investments in

such land are to become commercially viable and competitive. Although the Government owns all

land, the largest portion is under customary law and controlled by villagers. In 2010, land which was

surveyed and titled or designated for particular uses, was estimated to be about 10% of Tanzania’s

total land surface.

Tanzania has the lowest road density in the East Africa region (only 103m/km2), and only 7.4m/km2

are paved roads. Available statistics reveal that only 28% of the rural population is living within 2km

of an all-weather road. Trunk roads have approximately a total length of 12,786km. Of this, only

40.4% is paved. Over the past decade, the performance of the railways has declined substantially due

to inadequate investment in maintenance and rehabilitation. Tanzania has, since time immemorial,

stood the test of time as a crucial national and international trade gateway, with the country’s ports

playing a pivotal role. In total, the combined traffic handled at the three major seaports increased at

an average rate of 8% per annum over the 2003-2009 period. Air transport plays an important role in

the economy, particularly for the tourism sector and horticulture. However, the basic airport

infrastructure and facilities (e.g. runways, aprons, taxiways, buildings and fire tenders) for most of

the airports in Tanzania are generally in poor condition. Despite the crucial importance of energy for

the economy, the electricity supply in the country is not yet consistent with the strong determination

to achieve this outlined in the national energy policy. Intermittent power supply, low voltage,

frequent rationing, and outages are among the constraints on the production of goods and services

in the country. The main source of energy in Tanzania is biomass (wood and charcoal), which

accounts for about 85.5% of total energy consumption. More than 80% of energy derived from

21

biomass is consumed in rural areas.

Tanzania’s participation in global value chains remains low, mainly on account of its economic

structure. Industry accounts for about 25% of GDP, and the most important industrial sub-sectors are

manufacturing, whose share in GDP is around 10%, and construction, with a share of about 7.3% in

GDP. Tanzania continues to enjoy strong export growth and diversification from traditional markets

and products, but it remains significantly reliant on primary commodity exports. Tanzania has

continued to promote regional integration through tariff reduction.

In 2012/13, the Common External Tariff (CET) on electricity was reduced from 10% to 0%. This was

intended to reduce the cost of importing electricity into East African Community (EAC) member

states. The volume of trade between Tanzania and EAC partners has more than doubled, from USD

520 million in 2008 to about USD 1.2 billion in 2012.12

It is also worth noting that the regional integration is tending towards the merger of COMESA, SADAC

and EAC. In essence the integretion of these three blocks should provide opportunities for increaed

trade among the respective blocks.13

According to the citizen,14 although Tanzania’s exports to SADC increased, Tanzania still has a trade

deficit with its SADC partners. South Africa has bigger shares and gain from trading within SADC.

However, Tanzania has surpluses when trading with EAC, indicating that the future of Tanzania’s

trading within EAC is brighter that when trading within SADC. The challenge to attaining the full

common market status within EAC has been harmonising the laws that foster common markets.

Whereas gold remains the main item that Tanzania exports to South Africa, Tanzanian handicrafts

have found good market in South Africa. This is a promising development for entrepreneurship

interventions.

The main development challenge is that Tanzania’s growth is not sufficiently broad-based and poverty

levels still remain high. Despite high growth averaging 7% over the past decade, the recent household

budget survey results indicate that 28.2% of Tanzaniansare poor and still live below the poverty line of

USD 1.5 per day, and poverty remains more prevalent in rural areas than in urban areas. The income

gap continues to widen. The table below compares Gini coefficients of countries in the region.

Table 3: Gini coefficients for East African Countries

Countries 2011 2012

Tanzania - 37.8

Kenya - -

Uganda - 44.6

Rwanda 50.8 -

Source: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI

Although there was no data for Kenya, incomes in Tanzania are better distributed than in Uganda or

Rwanda.

12 East African Community (2015) Statistics Portal: Publications/Reports. Retrieved from

http://www.eac.int/statistics/index.php?option=com_docman&Itemid=153 13 East African Community (2015) COMESA-EAC-SADC Tripartite Framework: State of Play. Retrieved from

http://www.eac.int/index.php?option=com_content&id=474&Itemid=68 14 The Citizen Reporter (2013 November 27) Trade Talk: Does Dar play nicely with SADC, EAC mates? The

Citizen. Retrieved from http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/How-Tanzania-ranks-as-member-in-both-Sadc--

EAC/-/1840360/2090084/-/1k54cpz/-/index.html

22

A 2012 World Bank report states that growth has been increasingly concentrated and it is generated

through a limited number of capital-intensive activities. In addition, growth has become increasingly

dependent on government spending rather than on private investment and job creation. And despite

the economy's growth, poverty remains prevalent and stagnant. According to the report, Tanzania

must leverage its remarkable macroeconomic stability to achieve more inclusive growth. This can be

achieved by integrating rural households, constituting approximately two thirds of the total population

and 80 percent of the poor, into the country's growth processes.

The same report claims that three factors can contribute to more inclusive growth.

1) Agricultural commercialisation,

2) Diversification toward high-value products and off-farm activities,

3) Migration toward urban centres.15

In the National Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy (MKUKUTA II), the government commits itself

to promoting private sector participation including small and medium enterprises (SMEs)16. A number

of measures, including prioritisation of agro-processing and promotion of SMEs, are expected to

ensure competitiveness of products from the manufacturing sector in the domestic & regional markets

(p46 of MKUKUTA II). In MKUKUTA II, one operational target states: “Growth of manufacturing sector

in real terms increased from 8.0% [of GDP] in 2009 to 15% by 2015; contribution of SMEs [to GDP]

increased from 33% to 40% in 2015.”17

Among the core priorities that Tanzania identified in its five-year NDP (2011/2012-2015/2016) are:

infrastructure, agriculture, industry, human capital development, social services and tourism, trade

and financial services. Based on the situational analyses and on research analyses conducted through

several informative studies, the plan prioritises removing the following crucial constraints on

Tanzania’s accelerated economic growth and development: lack of a reliable and adequate supply of

electricity; poor quality of infrastructure, especially transport network, and in particular rural feeder

roads, railways and sea ports; inadequate supply of skilled labour; limited access to secure land rights;

implications of climate change amidst scarce irrigation facilities; limited domestic value addition of

primary products; and lack of access to finance, especially for SMEs and in the agriculture sector.18

There is an SME Development Policy from 2003. However, this is now somewhat outdated (see Honest

Ngowi, p 24, The Citizen of 14th, 21st and 28th March 2015). The changes in context, the SME sector,

monetary values mentioned and further policy context are not considered [in the SME development

policy].

Tanzanian labour and employment policies are critical both for formal SSEs and informal ones, since

they may potentially be sanctioned. Policies at national and local levels which are important for SSEs

have made progress, but their policy environment is still rather disabling. An essentially foreign and

imported regulatory and administrative framework is not well adapted to the capacities,

15 World Bank (2012) Tanzania Economic Update Spreading the Wings: From Growth to Shared Prosperity.

Africa Region Report, Issue 2 October 2012. 16 Olomi, Donath (2007) Unleashing entrepreneurial potentials of the poor in Tanzania: Prospects, challenges

and way forward. Mimeo, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Retrieved from

http://web.undp.org/legalempowerment/reports/National%20Consultation%20Reports/Country%20Files/24_T

anzania/24_6_Entrepreneurship.pdf 17 At the same time the overall target for this goal is: “GDP growth accelerated from 6.0% in 2009 to 8–10% per

annum by 2015 especially in areas where the poor have strong links.” 18 United Republic of Tanzania (2012) The Tanzania Five-Year Development Plan 2011/12-2015/16: Unleashing

Tanzania’s Latent Growth Potentials. Retrieved from

http://www.mipango.go.tz/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=3&Itemid=45

23

characteristics and needs of indigenous SSEs; also, “there are weaknesses in the enforcement of laws

and regulations in terms of administrative bureaucracy, laxity and corruption”19. Particularly the

licensing and tax regimes are unduly burdensome and are impossible to comply with for SSEs. The

result is a huge informal sector.

Though issues of poor access to credit, infrastructure, as well as poor taxation practices have been

addressed in policies, their implementation is still not at a level where these bottlenecks have been

eased substantially. Tanzania’s Cooperative Development Policy, 1997 and 2002 regulates cooperative

lending to SMEs. However, “the regulation for micro-enterprise lenders is insufficient – that is, a lack

of meaningful oversight over cooperative lending structures may be leading to a system wrought with

poor or even abusive habits.”

3.3. SOCIAL CULTURAL CONTEXT

The last official census recording the population of Tanzania occurred in 2012 and showed there were

44.93 million people living in the country. Of this total population, 1.3 million reside on the islands of

Zanzibar. This equates to a population density of 123 people per square mile. The population is now

estimated at over 51 million, as Tanzania has one of the highest birth rates in the world and more than

44% of the population is under the age of 15. The total fertility rate is 5.01 children born per woman,

which is the 18th highest of any country. About 80% of the population lives in rural areas. Dar es

Salaam, the economic capital, is Africa’s fastest growing city. The region’s total population, currently

4,364,541, is expected to expand by more than 85% through 2025 and could reach 21.4 million people

by 2052.20 Tanzania has a very low median age with more than 44.8% of the population under 15 years

of age, 52% between 15 and 64, and just 3.1% over the age of 64. The country also has an incredibly

diverse population with more than 120 ethnic groups, differing in customary practices and lifestyles,

which sometimes pose a threat to peace and stability. For instance, pastoral communities (e.g. Masai

and Sukuma tribes) can get into disagreements with communities whose livelihoods depend on crop

production.

Tanzania’s human capital development has not been adequate to meet the growing development

challenges and to enable the search for solutions to the development problems the country faces.

Although the country is still ranked low in human development, HDI have been improving over the

years, from 0.353 in 1990 to 0.488 in 2014. Tanzania’s Human Development Index ranked 159 in

2014.21 In 2013, the country had a HDI index of 0.476, life expectancy of 58.9 years, mean years of

schooling of 5.1 and expected years of schooling was 9.1 (UNDP, 2013). Other development

indicators are summarised in the table below.

19 Olomi, Donath (2007) Unleashing entrepreneurial potentials of the poor in Tanzania: Prospects, challenges

and way forward. Mimeo, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Page 8. Retrieved from

http://web.undp.org/legalempowerment/reports/National%20Consultation%20Reports/Country%20Files/24_T

anzania/24_6_Entrepreneurship.pdf 20 African Development Bank (2014) Tracing Africa’s Progress in Figures. Retrieved from

http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Tracking_Africa%E2%80%99s_Progress

_in_Figures.pdf 21 UNDP (2013) Human Development Reports: Human Development Index. Retrieved from

http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-index-hdi-table

24

Table 422,23: Summary of key socio-economic indicators

Description Indicator

GNI coefficient per capita (Atlas method) − 860 US$ (2013)

Income share held by lowest 20% − 7 (2012)

School enrollment, primary (%gross) − 90 (2013)

School enrollment, secondary (%gross) − 33 (2013 and decreased compared to 2012)

Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary

education (%)

− 101 (2013)

% of population with access to improved water

source

− 53 (2012)

% of population with access to improved

sanitation facilities

− 12 (2012)

Internet users (per 100 people) − 4 (2013)

Gross enrollment ratio for tertiary (% of

population of tertiary school age)

− 4 (2013)

Expenditure on education (% of GDP) − 6,18 (2013)

Pupil-teacher ratio : − 46 (2013)

The main determinant of the quality of human capital is its education and skill level. A study led by

POPC found that the overall skill level picture of Tanzania is rather bleak, with only 3% of the Tanzanian

working population being classified as high-skilled, while the majority of the working population (84%)

is low-skilled. This calls for an enhanced public and private investment in training infrastructure to

facilitate the development of efficient, qualified and dynamic human capital that responds adequately

to domestic and global labour and market demands. Increased investment in higher educational

facilities and vocational education facilities will be undertaken during the next five years to supply this

much needed skill base to fuel future economic growth. Operational objectives for education and skills

development are: create a conducive environment for teaching and learning; train an adequate

number of teachers and instructors; increase enrolment and retention at every education level and

develop the skills necessary to implement the interventions in the priority sectors. One of the

indicators is for example; to have 635,000 VETA-qualified workers by 2015.24 Clearly, the intentions of

the government are positive but budgetary constraints limit the achievement of results.

The importance of Higher Education and specifically the link between support to higher education &

development has been illustrated before. The Global Innovation Index 2014 for example shows a

positive correlation between a country’s development stage and the percentage of the population that

has completed higher education. A World Bank study from 2007 also shows that investments in higher

education positively contribute to economic growth. A positive link between research capacity and

development has also been recognised. New knowledge through research is a crucial factor in being

able to find solutions to local and global challenges25.

22 http://databank.worldbank.org/data/views/reports/tableview.aspx 23 UNDP (n.d.) Tanzania (United Republic of): Human Development Indicators and Reports. Retrieved from

http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/TZA 24 United Republic of Tanzania (2012) The Tanzania Five-Year Development Plan 2011/12-2015/16: Unleashing

Tanzania’s Latent Growth Potentials. Retrieved from

http://www.mipango.go.tz/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=3&Itemid=45 25 Brodén , V.G.(2012). Aiding research capacity for development: tensions and dilemmas. International Journal

of Contemporary Sociology, (49), 1. Brodén , V.G. (2015) Aiding Science. An analysis of Swedish research aid

policy 1973 – 2008-. Development Dissertation Brief. Expertgruppen för Biståndsanalys (EBA) World Bank.

(2007). The Road Not Traveled Education Reform in the Middle East and North Africa. MENA Development

Report, Washington, D.C., World Bank.

25

Although primary school attendance stands at 80%, secondary school attendance is very low at 25%.26

While the global gender gap for education has shrunk over the past decade, girls are still the first to

suffer from the shortage of secondary school places in sub-Saharan Africa.27 The gender gap seems to

widen with increasing levels of education: while there are 70 girls for every 100 boys who complete

primary school in Tanzania, that ratio drops to 48 girls for every 100 boys for lower secondary, and just

37 girls for every 100 boys for upper secondary. Furthermore child labour remains prevalent, sectors

widely affected are agriculture, pastoralism and especially the mining sector (artisanal mining) which

has a bad reputation in terms of child labour with children working up to 18 hours with little or no

pay.28

The challenges to the education sector include the following: low enrolment into science, engineering

and technological subjects relative to other disciplines; inadequate use of ICT and other modern

technology in training institutions; changing structure of labour markets and changes in technology in

all sectors; inadequate skills, competence, creativity, and competitiveness in the labour markets;

inadequate learning and teaching facilities at all levels of education; inadequate number of teachers

and instructors in training institutions and inadequate number of technical colleges in the country.

There are also a number of opportunities including; existence of specialised institutions and schools

for science and technology, and the possibility of forging new PPP arrangements in order to establish

and manage those learning institutions and operationalisation of the East Africa Common Market

which provides free movement of labour, particularly skilled labour.

The overall unemployment rate is estimated at about 14.9% and is more pronounced amongst the

youth; 60% of the unemployed are aged between 15 and 35 years old. In addition, there is significant

underemployment in both farm and non-farm activities. Also, seasonal unemployment is a

characteristic of the rural areas, with slacks during the dry season, and labour shortages during the

planting and weeding season. Macro-economic interventions stipulated in the national development

plan to counter youth unemployment include: empower youth for sustainable and decent self-

employment, mainstream youth employment across all potential fast-growing and employment-

creating sectors and promote meaningful youth involvement and participation to enhance good

governance and values acceptance.

According to the Tanzanian five-year development plan (2011/12-2015/16), progress in health has

been made, as measured through the evolution of life expectancy. Life expectancy has increased from

an average of 51 years in 2002 to 54 years in 2008 and to 59 years in 2010, mainly due to declines in

adult and child mortality. The three main causes of death among adults are malaria, HIV/AIDS and

tuberculosis, and the main causes among children below five years are malaria, pneumonia and

anaemia. While child mortality in Tanzania continues to decline rapidly, neonatal mortality is declining

at slower pace and is becoming more prominent, with now almost one-third of child deaths occurring

in the first month of life.29 The national maternal mortality decline is slow and well-off MDG5 pace.

Also the maternal mortality ratio for births within institutions is not declining. Deliveries in health

26 UNICEF (n.d.) Country Statistics: Tanzania. Retrieved from http://data.unicef.org/countries/tza 27 World Economic Forum (2013) The Global Gender Gap report. Retrieved from

http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GenderGap_Report_2013.pdf 28 SOS-kinderdorf international Status of Children in Tanzania (2008) Child rights based analysis of children

without parental care or at risk of loosing parental care, p. 3,10,12,13,25,26,27 29 Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, United Republic of Tanzania, Ifakara Health Institute, National Institute

for Medical Research and WHO (2013) Midterm Analytical Review Of Performance Of The Health Sector

Strategic Plan III. Retrieved from

http://www.who.int/healthinfo/country_monitoring_evaluation/TZ_AnalyticalReport_2013.pdf

26

facilities and deliveries with a skilled birth attendant are increasing gradually but considerably slower

than in neighbouring countries.

HIV and AIDS continue to be a national challenge The national prevalence amongst the sexually

active population (between 15 and 49 years of age) was 5.1% in 2013.30 Although Tanzania has

continued to record progress in health outcomes, challenges still remain. These are: insufficient

mechanisms and methods for care and rehabilitative treatment services at all levels; insufficient

resources to facilitate the construction and rehabilitation of health facilities at all levels; inadequate

housing and low incentives for public health workers; inadequate health personnel (medical doctors,

nurses and paramedical graduates, laboratory technicians) According to the HRHIS, there are 5.4

people per 10,000 doctors and nurses/midwives in Tanzania mainland and 7.2 per 10,000 if Assistant

Medical Officers (AMOs) and clinical officers are also included; inadequate health tools and

equipment at all levels; inadequate pharmaceuticals and drugs for curative and preventive measures;

inadequate health information systems to facilitate efficient health planning and programmes;

inadequate resources/finances to improve the health systems and services; and inadequate disease

prevention and control. While the total health expenditure has doubled since 2003, to 13% of total

expenditure, the dependency on foreign donors is still very high.

According to national statistics 5.4 million (13%) people have some kind of disability.31 Surveys show

that 7.8% of the population above the age of six has an active disability. About 13% of Tanzanian

households have at least one member who is disabled. Of all disabilities, visual impairment is most

prevalent with nearly 850,000 people having difficulties seeing.32 In general, prevalence of disabilities

is higher in rural areas and increases with age. Only 4 out of 10 children with a disability between 7

and 13 are enrolled in primary education. For children above 15 years, only 5% are attending school

and 1% higher education. There are 16 special schools in Tanzania and 159 special units integrated in

normal schools.

The 1977 Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania (Articles 12 and 13) guarantees equality

between men and women and supports their full participation in social, economic and political life.

Gender equality and women’s empowerment also forms a major component of the National Poverty

Reduction Strategies (MKUKUTA II on the mainland and MKUZA II in Zanzibar) under the goals on

governance, education and health.

In addition to national strategies, Tanzania has ratified the following international commitments to

women’s rights: (i) United Nations Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination

Against Women (CEDAW) (1979); (ii) Convention on the Political Rights of Women (1952); (iii) Beijing

Declaration and the Beijing Platform for Action (1995) on women’s economic and political

empowerment, education and training; (iv) Cairo Declaration on Population and Development - ICPD

(1994); (v), Millennium Declaration and Development Goals (MDGs), including MDG 3 on gender

equality and women’s empowerment; (vi) Universal Declaration on Democracy (1997); (vii) United

Nations Security Council (UN-SC) Resolution 1325 (2000) and Resolution 1820 (2006) on gender

equality, protection and participation of women in conflict resolutions, peacemaking and state-

30 Tanzania Commission for AIDS (TACAIDS), Zanzibar AIDS Commission (ZAC), National Bureau of Statistics

(NBS), Office of the Chief Government Statistician (OCGS), and ICF International (2013), Tanzania HIV/AIDS and

Malaria Indicator Survey 2011-12: Key Finding. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: TACAIDS, ZAC, NBS, OCGS, and ICF

International. 31 Tanzania Federation of Disabled Peoples Organisations (2015) Disability Movement in Tanzania Status.

Retrieved from http://shivyawata.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Disability-Movement-In-Tanzania-and-

Status.pdf 32 National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2012) Basic Demographic and Socio-Economic Profile – Key Findings.

Retrieved from http://nbs.go.tz/nbs/takwimu/census2012/Basic_Demographic_and_Socio-

Economic_Profile_PopularVersion-KeyFindings_2012_PHC_EnglishVersion.pdf

27

building. Despite these commitments, challenges for gender equality remain in Tanzania. The country

ranks 125th out of 155 countries on the Gender-related Development Index for 2009. According to

the World Economic Forum’s Gender Gap Report from 2013, Tanzania ranked 66th in 2010 and 2013.

The position of Tanzania only improved to 46th in 2012. Uganda, Burundi, Malawi and Mozambique

improved to higher ranks as is portrayed in the table below.

Table 5: Comparison of gender gap using global gender gap index

Country 2010 rank 2011 rank 2012 rank 2013 rank

Tanzania 66 59 46 66

Uganda 33 29 28 46

Burundi - 24 24 22

Malawi 68 65 36 39

Mozambique 22 26 23 26

Source: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GenderGap_Report_2013.pdf

The 2013 Gender Empowerment Measure puts Tanzania at 66th place out of the 134 countries

measured. And while Tanzania is on track to reach the MDG target on gender, high dropout rates for

girls, and gender parity in secondary and tertiary education remain a concern. In addition, maternal

mortality remains high and the burden of HIV is still heavy, with higher infection rates in women than

men. Women also face challenges in economic empowerment and access to decision-making at all

levels and there are many laws and customary practices that remain discriminatory against women.

Women continue to be more likely than men to be poor and illiterate, to be subject to gender-based

violence and usually have less access than men to medical care, property ownership, credit, training

and employment.

Tanzania is a member of the United Nations, in this case it subscribes to the United Nations Charter

signed on 26 June 1945 and came into force on 24 October 1945. Tanzania also adopted the

Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948. The Tanzania government has gone as far as recognising

the principles of UDHR in the United Republic of Tanzania’s constitution. Article 9: f of the 1977

Constitution provides that the State and its organs are obliged to direct policies and programmes to

ensure, among other things, that the respect of a human being is protected and preserved in

accordance with the principles of the UDHR. The UDHR was followed by two international human

rights covenants; namely: the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). The covenants were

adopted in 1966 and came into force in 1976, the year Tanzania ratified both documents. Civil and

political rights guaranteed by the Constitution include: the right to life, freedom from torture,

equality before the law, freedom of worship, assembly, association and the right to take part in the

government.

Notwithstanding the bill of rights and the ratification of the international human rights instruments,

there are various challenges in the area of political and human rights. The 2013 human rights report

shows that there was no protection of most of the rights. The right to life is affected by laws as well

as by practice. The Tanzanian Penal Code of under section 197 imposes the death penalty for capital

offences; murder and treason. Although in practice Tanzania has not carried out the punishment for

over 18 years, still it is retained in the law and there are people who have been found guilty and

sentenced to death (THRR, 2014).

The right to life is also curtailed by other means and the appropriate and necessary measures to

protect citizens have not always been taken. People have lost their lives through extrajudicial killings,

mob violence, killings related to witchcraft beliefs, violence against women and by road accidents. In

2012, the police force reported that approximately 1,234 people died from mob killings, and 630

28

people were killed due to witchcraft beliefs. Most of these are old women. There is a trend of killing

people with albinism which left 71 dead. Reports show road accidents are the second biggest threat

to life in Tanzania after malaria. Since 2012, an average of 4,000 people have lost their lives due to

road accidents (THRR, 2014).

The right to own property is an economic right, which is not enjoyed by many Tanzanians. The

Constitution provides for the right in a very broad manner, which does not make it easy for an

individual to claim that right. There have been practices of aggressive evictions in the name of paving

way for investments. In 2012, for example, 50 families were forcefully evicted from their homes to

give way to protected areas in Misungwi, Bugata and Mwabulungu villages. The situation was the

same in Madale where about 350 houses were demolished. This demolition occurred while there was

a case pending in court. There are groups of people who can be termed vulnerable due to various

factors such as inequalities existing to opportunities. The group identified as vulnerable includes

women, children, people with disabilities, the aged and indigenous groups. Women’s rights are

affected by the same customs and traditions, which discriminate against them in matters of

inheritance, property ownership as well as gender-based violence. Children are victims of rape,

sexual assault, child labour and general exploitation. People with disabilities suffer due to lack of

universal access in public buildings, lack of education, employment and health services (THRR, 2014).

In terms of children’s rights, Tanzania is bound by the provisions of the African Charter on the Rights

and Welfare of the Child and has ratified the Covnention on the Rights of the Child, Convention 182

on the Elimination of all Forms of Worst Child Labour. However, challenges remain. For example, SOS

Villages states that less than 1 out of 10 vulnerable children is receiving any kind of support.

According to UNICEF, malnutrition and stunting of children is slowly declining but is still very high at

34.8%.33 The number of children that are orphaned reaches in some regions (e.g. Iringa) up to 20%,

with high averages of around 10% in the whole country. Legally, a child is defined as under the age of

12 years old, while a young person is between 12 and 16 years. This means that a child of 12 years

old can be criminally responbsible for an offence. Another important issue is that of forced or early

marriage. According to the Marriage Act, No 5 of 1971, the age requirement for marriage is 18 years

for a male and 15 years for a female child. A girl of 15 years is not required to give her consent to

marry. Although little empirical data exists on the sexual abuse of children, it is widely perceived that

it may be increasing as a result of AIDS sufferers’ attempts to ‘cleanse’ themselves and because of

the breakdown of traditional childcare systems. The Demographic and Health Survey (DHS, 2010)

One report mentions that 3 in 10 young women have experienced physical violence, while 16% have

experienced sexual violence.

Next to women and children, youth in general constitutes a vulnerable group in society. 65% of the

population is made up of young people under 24 years old. Youth have less access to resources and

are more likely to be unemployed. It is estimated that every year 700,000 fresh graduates from

various levels of education hit the job market while the current job market can absorb only 200,000

of these graduates.34 Promoting employment is a national priority. However, given the limitations of

the formal sector to absorb the increasing number of labour market entrants, great emphasis is put

on enterprise development, including cooperatives. However, the informal sector possesses the

danger of a lack of good working conditions and social security. The ILO stresses the importance of

decent work and has the following three priorities:

− Extend social protection for all

− Promote the creation of productive employment

33 UNICEF (n.d.) Country Statistics: Tanzania. Retrieved from http://data.unicef.org/countries/tza 34 Jitegemee Vijana Tanzania Foundation

29

− Improved compliance with labour standards and rights at work35

Tanzania has, for a long time, understood the crucial role of culture in national development, unity and

prosperity. Government departments and CSOs alike seem inspired by this common vision. Tanzania

is one of the most diverse countries in Africa as is reflected in the fact that there are more than 158

local languages spoken in the country. Swahili is the national language that is widely spoken and is

commonly used in administration and in business. Despite the tremendous cultural and linguistic

diversity among Tanzanians, ethnic groups are united by the use of a common language - Swahiliand a

sense of national identity. Although English is one of the official languages, the government has

recently adopted Kiswahili as a language of instruction in schools.

The Cultural Policy of Tanzania (Sera Ya Utamaduni)36, inaugurated by the Ministry of Education and

Culture in September 1997, attests to the importance of culture to the government and society. The

culture policy emphasises the educational and tourist values of old heritage and uses culture to serve

social development. Radio and television are required to devote airspace to Tanzanian productions

and music.

Culture brings with it traditions in the form of beliefs, and structures the ways in which people act.

Having acknowledged the role of culture in the life of its citizens, the government of Tanzania

established a number of organisations to oversee culture including promoting and maintaining through

training, organising festivals and exchange programmes. Some examples of such government

organisations include: (i) National Swahili Council (Baraza la Kiswahili la Taifa - BAKITA), an

organisation under the Ministry of Information, Youth, Culture and Sports, established to promote the

development and usage of the Swahili language throughout the United Republic of Tanzania; (ii)Taasisi

ya Sanaa na Utamaduni Bagamoyo (TaSUBa), a government training institution under the Ministry of

Information, Youth, Culture and Sports, which offers training in dance, drama, music, fine arts and

stage technology; (iii) the National Arts Council (BASATA), established to streamline promotion of the

arts through a single council and to include theatre arts in the promotion of culture.

The functions of the Council include: to revive and promote the development and production of artistic

works; carrying out research on the development, production and marketing of artistic

works; providing advisory services and technical assistance for the development of artistic

enterprises; planning and co-ordinating artistic activities. Others are to advise the government on all

matters relating to the development and production of artistic works; providing and promoting

training programmes and facilities; undertaking the production, importation, exportation and sale of

artistic works and preparing regulations for registration of people and organisations involved in the

arts. The National Arts Council has many partners that work closely with the council, among them are

government and non-government organisations and other stakeholders involved in the arts and

culture. The partners include The Department of Fine and Performing Arts of University of Dar es

Salaam (DFPA); Taasisi ya Sanaa na Utamaduni Bagamoyo (TaSUBa), The Dar es Salaam Museum and

House of Culture, The Copyright Society of Tanzania (COSOTA) and Tanzania Theatre Centre (TzTC).

Besides the richness of its natural resources such as wildlife and water bodies such as the ocean, lakes

& rivers and minerals, Tanzania is well endowed with abundant significant cultural and natural

heritage, which include archaeological, palaeontogical and historical resources ranging from the

Pliocene period about four million years ago to the present time. Tanzania, like other countries in the

world, is legally protecting its cultural heritage and has established cultural heritage legislation.

35 ILO (2013) Tanzania Decent Work Country Programme 2013-2016. Retrieved from

http://www.ilo.org/addisababa/information-resources/publications/WCMS_248019/lang--en/index.htm 36 Ministry of Education and Culture (1997) Cultural Policy. Retrieved from

http://www.tzonline.org/pdf/culturalpolicy.pdf

30

3.4. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT

Preservation of the rich ecological base of Tanzania and mitigating and adapting to the impact of

climate change are of prime importance in ensuring sustainable growth. Tanzania is already

experiencing a gradual increase in extreme weather conditions with higher frequencies and more

prolonged periods of flooding and drought as a consequence of climate change. The costs from

draught are expected to be as high as 2% of GDP by 2030, and owing to rising sea level a loss of 274

km² of land is forecast.37

A majority of Tanzanians live off the land; what grows from its soil, and the species that roam it.

Tanzania has a wide variety of natural resources, such as gold, diamond, iron, coal, nickel, tanzanite,

uranium, oil and natural gas. But the extraction of these resources put the environment under

pressure. Today, a host of problems are hindering environmentally sustainable development in the

country, whether on land or at sea. Key environmental problems in Tanzania include: illegal and

unsustainable deforestation; overgrazing and unsustainable range management; pollution; and illegal

and unsustainable wildlife and natural resource exploitation (Mniwasa and Shauri, 2001).38 Tanzanian

rangelands are under the dual pressure of over-exploitation and land conversion. The expansion of

human and livestock populations, coupled with high rates of land conversion and degradation, has

resulted in heightened community tensions and conflict in several areas. Only 2% (1.28 million ha) of

the land deemed suitable for grazing is currently protected within village land use plans. The key

challenge for Tanzania is therefore ensuring that economic development does not compromise the

environment and the sustainability of resources. Production and consumption patterns are

increasingly becoming unsustainable and much of the forests and other terrestrial and marine habitats

have been decimated due to population pressure and unplanned development.

Reliance on charcoal as the major source of energy for most households and a lack of alternatives are

the major cause of deforestation and degradation of the environment. Although there are policies

and laws prohibiting deforestation, these policies will not be effective to prevent deforestation

without the availability of alternative sources of energy. Also, overgrazing by most pastoral

communities causes soil erosion and degradation.

The UN is assisting in the mainstreaming of environment and climate change adaptation to include it

in national development strategies and plans. Emphasis is on key sector ministries, departments,

agencies and local government authorities. Support is also going to improving the enforcement of

environment laws; protecting critical ecosystems for biodiversity conservation; disaster risk

management; conservation agriculture and sustainable management of natural resources. The focus

is on capacity building, the development of effective policies and strengthening the institutional

framework for environment and climate change governance.

The National Environment Management Council (NEMC) came into being in 1983 when the

Government of Tanzania enacted the National Environment Management Act No. 19 of 1983. NEMC

was established with a broad mandate in response to the national need for such an institution to

oversee environmental management issues and also implement the resolutions of the Stockholm

conference (1972), which called upon all nations to establish and strengthen national environmental

councils to advise governments and the international community on environmental issues. The

object and purpose of NEMC is to carry out enforcement, ensure compliance, review and monitor

environmental impact assessment.

37 United Republic of Tanzania President’s Office Planning Commission (2012) Tanzania Five-Year Development

Plan 2011/12-2015/16: Unleashing Tanzania’s Latent Growth Potentials. Retrived from

http://www.mipango.go.tz/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=3&Itemid=45 38http://www.leat.or.tz/publications/decentralization/index.php

31

The enactment of Environmental Management Act No. 20 of 2004 (EMA, 2004) by Parliament in

October 2004 repealed the National Environmental Management Act No.19 of 1983 and re-

established NEMC. EMA 2004 provides for a legal and institutional framework for the sustainable

management of the environment, the prevention and control of pollution, waste management,

environmental quality standards, public participation, and environmental compliance and

enforcement. Furthermore, it gives NEMC mandates to undertake enforcement, compliance, review

and monitoring of environmental impacts assessments, as well as research, facilitate public

participation in environmental decision-making, raise environmental awareness and collect and

disseminate environmental information.

Environment will be treated in the next chapter as a separate, even though it will also be taken up in

a transversal way.

4. DESCRIPTION OF THE CIVIL SOCIETY & PUBLIC AUTHORITIES

4.1. LOCAL CIVIL SOCIETY

Civil society is commonly seen as a “third sector”, which is distinct from government and

business. Civil society refers essentially to “intermediary institutions” such as professional

associations, religious groups, and labour unions; citizen advocacy organisations that give a voice

to various sector of society and enrich public participation in democracies.

In this document, sub-categories of CSOs include grass roots/community-based organisations,

NGOs (local and international), other non-profit organisations (e.g. member-based organisations

and associations), providers of health care and business associations as well as knowledge

institutions. This document categorise the CSOs as: grass roots or community-based

organisations, local and international NGOs, member-based organisations and associations,

business asociations, religious groups and knowledge institutions.

Since the 1980s and early 1990s, a wide range of social and political reforms were introduced. The

main reason for these reforms is to ultimately change the centralist system of governance in order to

allow greater participation of civil society in governance through their collective power.

The reforms collectively laid the ground for a rise of CSO and increased activities. Currently, there are

opportunities which collectively act as a driver for civil society to play a big role in helping the

government to alleviate poverty in the country. A number of reform policies are now in place to

encourage them. The CSO have continued to uphold and advocate for the principles of accountability

and responsibility, introduced by the public sector reforms. As per the National Strategy for Growth

and Reduction of Poverty (MKUKUTA), CSOs are key actors in poverty reduction. Their roles and

responsibilities include: building local capacity and evaluation at national and community level;

mobilising and enhancing community participation; and mobilising community resources for poverty

reduction.

The current drive for partnerships in development served to improve the environment within which

CSOs operate. The establishment of partnerships between CSOs and government agencies,

multilateral organisations and private companies is becoming one of the most effective ways to

achieve sustainable development. CSOs also help improve development effectiveness and stimulate

transparency and sound government by holding governments and policy makers publicly accountable

for their policies and actions. While CSOs do have reasonable political power and influence in

thematic and geographical areas where they work, CSOs are still regulated by the state and hence

they have reasonable limits of power and influence. The civil society cannot act beyond the

mandates for which they are registered.

32

Grass roots associations’ (GAs) roles and impact include: fostering social support and mutual

assistance, stimulation and self-expression, happiness and health, sociopolitical activation, and other

economic outcomes. GAs often create positive change, enable continuing citizen participation in

democracy and a viable "civil society," provide varied services to non-members, help maintain

societal cohesion, and can help in disaster mitigation and management. GAs also help support the

economic system and stimulate programme volunteering and philanthropic giving. Cumulatively, GAs

have a very substantial effect on society and on the lives of its citizens. Examples of GAs, which the

NGA’s worked with, include; Foundation Help, Children Education Society (CHESO), Hakimandini ,

Tanzania Human Rights Defenders Coalition, Mazingira Network – Tanzania (MANET), Oil, Natural

Gases & Environmental Alliance (ONGEA) and Participatory Media for Community Development

(PMCD).

In Tanzanian, NGO coordination is done under the Ministry of Community Development, Gender and

Children. The National NGO Coordination body categorises NGOs under 13 sub-groups, which vary

from agriculture to social services. The National NGO board was formed under Non-Governmental

Organisations Act Number 24 of 2002. This act provides for, among other things, administration and

coordination of NGOs, procedure for registration of NGOs and accountability and self-regulation of

NGOs. NGOs can be local or international. Some examples of NGOs that the ANGCs have worked with

include; Legal and Human Rights Center (LHRC), Ujamaa Community Resource Trust (UCRT),

Comprehensive Community Based Rehabilitation in Tanzania (CCBRT), Kilimanjaro Christian Medical

Centre (KCMC), Longido Community Development Organization (LCDO) and Oikos East Africa (OEA).

Member-based organisations (MBOs) include cooperatives and mutual societies. An MBO is an

organisation that has a grass roots basis of individual and/or group members and is governed in a

democratic way by these members. The members either pay a membership fee to the organisation

to receive services or to be represented in policy development, or have shares in a cooperative or

credit institution. In Tanzania MBOs are present at different levels; some network MBOs (e.g.

MVIWATA, TCCIA) are represented at national, regional, district and local (ward and village) level.

Other MBOs are only present at local level (e.g. cooperatives, SACCOs etc). Ideally MBOs are well

placed to represent the interest of their members and can have an impact on policy making.

Due to past government interference in cooperatives, cooperatives are not popular in Tanzania and

are therefore very weak. There are a number of MBOs, e.g. Tanzania Horticulture Association (TAHA)

and Network of Farmers’ Groups in Tanzania (MVIWATA), which are working well and are benefiting

members.

Activities of religious groups or faith-based organisations (FBOs) in Tanzania date back to the times of

missionary activity. FBOs in Tanzania are identified according to two broad categories:

religious organisations that establish offices and programmes primarily concerned with social

development issues (such as NGOs) and religious bodies that are technically registered as NGOs but

the primary interest of which is the promotion of a particular faith and religious teaching. All in all,

FBOs exemplify a relatively stable organisational structure, usually operating from a national apex

down to communities at local level. Their autonomy is guaranteed to some extend by the freedom of

worship that Tanzania enjoys, albeit within certain government designed parameters. Religious

organisations play an important role in the provision of education. An example of a religious group

with which the ANGCs work is the Salesians of Don Bosco providing education.39

39 Civicus (2011) Civil Society Index (CSI) Project, Tanzania Country Report 2011. Retrieved from

http://civicus.org/downloads/CSI/Tanzania.pdf

33

A business association (BA) or sector association is an organisation founded and funded by

businesses that operate in a specific industry. BAs in Tanzania include, but are not limited to:

Tanzania Private Sector Foundation (TPSF), Tanzania Women Chamber of Commerce (TWCC),

Tanzania Chamber of Commerce, Industries and Agriculture (TCCIA) and business associations for

microfinance entities in Tanzania. BAs can be useful partners in improving the business environment

by: representing the obstacles that members face, disseminating information and channeling

feedback and initiating industry standards. Sufficient examples exist of effective partnerships of BAs

with the relevant authorities, which demonstrate the role of BAs as vital in strengthening the private

sector. It is argued that the more effective their advocacy work, the more effectively also they can

work with authorities to improve the enabling environment for businesses.

The EU country roadmap for civil society points out some weaknesses of civil society in Tanzania.

Although at a national level there are quite some strong organisations (such as policy forum, TANGO,

Haki Elimu, Hakikazi Catalyst, etc ... ), at a local level civil society remains quite weak and needs

strengthening. Some of the main weaknesses mentioned are a lack of local accountability, lack of

skills, lack of research capacity, policy analysis skills and problems concerning governance and

leadership.

In terms of advocacy, the NGO Act restricts CSOs to advocacy directly related to poverty reduction.

They can only serve the "public interest" defined as "providing for and improving the standard of

living or eradication of poverty of a given group of people or the public at large". Although this law is

not enforced strictly, it does give the government the power to intervene when they consider certain

advocacy activities inappropriate or ‘political’.40

The EU roadmap identified 3 main priorities regarding CSOs:

− Enhance efforts to promote a conducive environment for CSOs in Tanzania

− Promote a meaningful and structured participation of CSOs in domestic policies, in EU/BE

programming cycle and in international processes

− Increase local CSOs’ capacity to perform their roles as independent development actors

more effectively.

4.2. PUBLIC AUTHORITIES

Tanzania is made up of two formerly independent countries, Tanganyika and Zanzibar, which united

in 1964 to form a new nation of Tanzania. The two halves of the country have evolved somewhat

differently and have different systems of local government. Nonetheless, public authorities include:

the central government, regional governments, local governments, independent government

departments and agencies, and knowledge institutions (most often public universities).

The central government consists of 17 ministries. The president, in consultation with the prime

minister appoints all ministers. Prospective ministers must be members of parliament. The president,

in consultation with the prime minister, is also responsible for the appointment of the deputy

ministers, and can appoint any number of deputy ministers required to assist the ministers. The

highest-ranking civil service employee in each ministry is entitled permanent secretary.

Besides the central government, Tanzania consists of 26 regions and 127 districts. A regional

commissioner heads the regional secretariat and below the regional commissioner is the regional

administrative secretary, a technical person heading about 9 departments (for example,

administration and human resources, finance and accounts, internal audit, procurement

40 The United Republic of Tanzania (2014) EU country roadmap for engagement with civil society, 2014-2017,

p.16,17,18,19, 29-30

34

management unit, planning and coordination, social sector, economic and productive sector,

infrastructure, and LGAs management services section). The District Commissioners also report to

the regional administrative secretary. The Regional Administration Act, Number 19 of 1997 makes

provision for restructuring Regional Administration (RA) for purposes of ‘strengthening and

promoting the local government system’. District councils and local governments are elected. The

district is headed by a District Commissioner (DC) and below the DC is the district administrative

secretary. Divisional officers report to the district administrative secretary. Some independent

government departments and agencies, such as Tanzania Revenue Authorities, Tanzania Bureau of

Standards (TBS) etc. are often attached to specific ministries. Although education is a mandate of the

mother ministry, government universities are run independently. Some training centres (e.g. colleges

and training institutes) belong to ministries responsible for the type of trainings these universities

provide.

Overall, Tanzania has undertaken various public sector reforms since independence in 1961.

According to the government, the aim of these reforms was to enhance a shift from the state-

centred management approach to market economy and to reorganise the government by changing

its past practice of directly involving itself in the management of the economy to that of regulating

the economy, supervising the market, managing the social affairs and providing efficient public

services. The reforms also aimed to create a new public administrative system and structures

featuring standard legalised behaviour, coordinated operations, fairness, transparency, honesty and

high efficiency for improved public social service delivery, management and hence promote

sustainable economic growth. These reforms kept on changing the agenda, based on the

circumstance at hand and the goal to be achieved with those reforms. In general, public sector

reforms aiming at improving service delivery have had many positive results, albeit with some

challenges.

A number of policies relevant to Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) exist, for example

the SME policy of 2002 and the Trade policy of 2003, the sustainable industries development policy,

agricultural marketing policy and the Enterprise Wide Risk Management Policy. In addition, there are

a number of parastatals and government programmes to support SMEs also in the livestock sector,

for example Small Industries Development Organisation (SIDO), Tanzania Industrial Research

Development Organisation (TIRDO), Tanzania Engineering and Manufacturing Design Organisation

(TEMDO), Centre for Agricultural Mechanisation and Rural Technology (CAMARTEC) and the Tanzania

Investment Centre (TIC). These also include: Tanzania Trade Development Authority (TANTRADE),

College of Business Education (CBE) and Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS). SIDO has run the MUVI

programme for a number of years; it is still to be seen whether there will be a follow up project

addressing processing issues in the livestock products processing sector. It also has a number of

strategies; especially relevant is the integrated industrial development strategy.

At the national level, the Ministry of Industry and Trade is responsible for trade and business

development issues. Its role is to create a conducive business environment. This level is responsible

for all issues with regard to policy. At the regional level, the regional trade officer is responsible for

breaking down national policies to fit to the regional level. He/she is also responsible for the

communication between ministry and district. Everything that should reach district level emanating

from the national level goes through this person, and the other way around.

At district level, the district trade officer is responsible. Normally, he has a supporting team of 1 to 2

people. These supporting staff are also trade officers. We will work most closely together with the

district level. The national and regional level will be important for integrating any appropriate

learning into new policy suggestions, but not so much at implementation level.

Business development falls squarely in the responsibilities of the district, the main person in charge

35

in this regard is the district trade officer. He/she links with other district officers as necessary, for

example with the DALDO (District Agricultural and Livestock Development Officer) when there are

issues relating to linking producers with markets or other issues of agricultural development and

trade, or with the livestock officer when there are issues of business environment or business with

regard to livestock. Some of the roles of the district trade officer can be described as follows:

• Supports the business, trade and commerce activities in the district, in line with the national

laws and policies

• Promotes business growth, e.g. to facilitate market linkages

• Support, e.g. in search for raw materials for privately-owned factories working in the district

• Links businesses with financial institutions issuing affordable loans

• Guides businesses that are required to be insured with regard to insurance

• Issues business licenses

• Ensures that the national laws and policies are implemented.

For agriculture, the most relevant ministries are the Ministry of Agriculture, Marketing and

Cooperatives and the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development. Food Security falls under the

Prime Minister’s Office. Agriculture is one of the most decentralised themes of the government.

NGOs can also act as an auxiliary organ to the government. This is the case for the Tanzania Red Cross

Society, for example, as it plays a specific voluntary humanitarian role, both during

disasters/emergencies and in peacetime.

The Ministry of Education and Vocational Training includes the directorate of Higher Education. The

Higher Education handbook, dated April 2010, lists the names of 32 public and private universities, but

by October 2011, this number grew to 40, being:

- 12 Public Universities (of which 9 are full fledged universities and 3 are university colleges):

Sokoine University of Agriculture, University of Dar es Salaam, Muhimbili (MUHAS); Ardhi

University, Mzumbe University, Dodoma University, Open University of Tanzania, Nelson

Mandele African Institute for Science and Technology (NM-AIST), State University of

Zanzibar (SUZA), Moshi University College of Cooperative and Business studies

(MUCCoBS), Dar es Salaam College of Education (DUCE) and Mkwawa University college of

education (MUCE)

- 28 Private universities (of which 15 are full fledged and 13 are university colleges).

University colleges do not have a full fledged administrative structure. Universities are increasing in

numbers, not only because universities are newly constructed, but also because departments or

colleges break away from existing universities, to continue as universities on their own.

Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology (COSTECH) is a parastatal organization under the

Ministry of Communication, Science and Technology and responsible for the National Research and

Development Policy. It is entrusted with the responsibility of coordinating and promoting science and

technology development activities in Tanzania. It is the principal advisor to the government on science

and technology. One of COSTECH’s strategies is the Multi Helix approach, in which public and private

sectors, academia; NGO’s CBO’s and FBO’s collaborate to make research more relevant and applied.

The Tanzanian government and the Wolrd Bank allocate funds to research and development and those

funds are managed by COSTECH.

At national level, the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training (MoEVT) is responsible for

providing education in Tanzania. Its mission is to develop and implement education policies which

provide an equal opportunity to quality education for all Tanzanians and ensure development of a

36

productive, high-quality human resource base through education and training.41 Its vision is to create

a literate society with well-grounded ethical values and adequate social, scientific and technical

knowledge and skills for the betterment of the nation. Within the Ministry, the Technical and

Vocational Education Training Division is responsible for providing quality technical and vocational

education and training.

At national and zonal level (several regions together), the Vocational Education and Training

Authority (VETA) was established in 1994 under the Vocational Education and Training Act No.1. It is

an autonomous government agency charged with the overall responsibility for coordinating,

regulating, financing, providing, and promoting vocational education and training. VETA is also

responsible for assessment (examinations) and awarding of certificates. Moreover, VETA carries out

other activities like labour market surveys, curriculum development with the aim to effect technical

education in the country, and ensuring that training remains relevant to meet both market and

employers’ demands. In the zonal offices, there is a VETA regional director, a Vocational Training

Centre (VTC) coordinator and a labour market officer.

The Ministry of Health and Social Welfare Mission is committed to facilitating the provision of basic

health services that are high-quality, equitable, accessible, affordable, sustainable and gender-

sensitive. Their vision is to have a healthy society with improved social well-being that will contribute

effectively to individual and national development.

Tanzania Prime Minister's Office Regional Administration & Local Government (PMO RALG) is

responsible for the functioning of the local governments. The main function of PMO-RALG is to

enable Local Government Authorities (LGAs) to provide quality services to the people within their

jurisdiction (including health and Educational facilities).

4.3. FINANCIAL PARTNERS

General budget support remains the government’s preferred and most predictable aid modality URT

(2013). There are three aid modalities in Tanzania: (i) general budget support as the most preferred

mode since it is consistent with the government’s legal framework and processes (ii) basket funds

and (iii) direct project funds.

In 2004, the Development Partners Group (DPG) was established to work with the Government of

Tanzania and other domestic stakeholders to strengthen development partnerships and the

effectiveness of development cooperation. DPG comprises a number of development agencies

providing assistance to Tanzania which includes 17 bilateral cooperation agencies (Belgium, Finland,

Ireland, Korea, Spain, UK, Canada, France, Italy, Netherlands, Sweden, USA, Denmark, Germany,

Japan, Norway, Switzerland), and 5 multilateral agencies (World Bank, UN, European Commission,

AfDB and IMF).

Development partners who are currently engaged in budget support are Canada, Denmark, Finland,

Germany, Ireland, Japan, Sweden, UK, AfDB, European Union, and World Bank. The group is currently

41 Ministry of Education and Vocational Training (2015) Website of the Ministry of Education and Vocational

Training. Retrieved from www.moe.go.tz

37

chaired by the Embassy of Finland.42 The largest aid contributors to Tanzania are the World Bank,

USA, UK and EU.43

The approach to aid management in Tanzania is guided by the Joint Assistance Strategy (JAST) and

takes into account the international principles of aid effectiveness. The main focus of JAST is to

promote national ownership and government leadership in development cooperation through joint

actions that seek to enhance the impact of development effectiveness.44

According to this United Republic of Tanzania article45, the general budget support funds 40% of the

Tanzanian budget and the budget support payments have remained relatively stable for the past four

years. Between 2005/06 and 2011/12, 14 development partners collectively provided almost US$5

billion in budget support to Tanzania. The primary contribution of budget support has been in the

form of increased funding.46

For the financial year 2014/15, development partners have made commitments to pay USD 559

million (approximately TZS 904 billion) in budget support.47

42 Development Partners Group Tanzania (n.d.) Budget Support in Tanzania webpage. Retrieved from

http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/index.php?id=34 43 Development Partners Group Tanzania (n.d.) Aid Management Platform Reports webpage. Retrieved from

http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/dpg-website/aid-effectiveness/aid-management-platform.html 44 Development Partners Group Tanzania (n.d.) Strengthening Aid Effectiveness in Tanzania webpage. Retrieved

from http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/dpg-website/dpg-tanzania.html 45 Policy Forum and KEPA Tanzania (2012) General Budget Support: Are donors abandoning Tanzania?

Retrieved from http://www.policyforum-tz.org/sites/default/files/DonorMoneyinthebudget.pdf 46 ITAD (2013) Evaluation of budget support in Tanzania. Retrieved from

http://www.itad.com/projects/evaluation-of-budget-support-in-tanzania-2/#sthash.GBdmq2eK.dpuf 47 Development Partners Group Tanzania (n.d.) Budget Support Donors Commit USD 559 million for FY 2014/15

webpage. Retrieved from http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/dpg-website/sector-groups/other-

groups/httpwwwtzdpgortzbudgetsupport/events.html

38

5. ANALYSIS OF THE CIVIL SOCIETY & THE PUBLIC AUTHORITIES

5.1. CIVIL SOCIETY

Within the theme of agriculture and entrepreneurship, it is observable that whereas local NGOs tend

to posses good knowledge of specific fields in development, the intervention approaches of local

NGOs are sometimes lacking. The boards are often not strong and may get overruled by technical

staff. Local NGOs are not often present in isolated areas. On the other hand, international NGOs are

often well connected and therefore present opportunities to leverage project/programme financing

from a number of sources. In addition, there are opportunities for collaboration and creation of

synergies on best practices to foster more effective development. Member-based organisations truly

represent the members’ interests but the board can be incompetent. In general it is noted that MBOs

and NGOs working around agriculture are more experienced and have better knowledge about their

theme than organisations working in entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is, in many cases, just

treated as a cross-cutting topic and not as a main intervention.

Within the theme of education, local NGOs have good knowledge and experience in specific fields in

development. However, the skills of staff of local NGOs are often limited or lacking. International

NGOs are often more exposed to trends in international development. Public and private universities

do have specialised and qualified staff but lack experience in working together through platforms.

Religious groups are often part of a strong international network but have outdated infrastructure

and equipments. Also, there are many cultural operators, working in a wide range of disciplines but

cultural operators often lack finances and capacity/skills and sometines lack structural approaches to

issues.

When it comes to higher education, developing countries like Tanzania are often trapped in a vicious

circle, where economic development fails to provide sufficient incentives for their young to pursue

higher education, and without enough skilled people, these economies will not be able to move up to

a higher development level. Developing nations have a better chance of catching up with more

advanced economies when they have:

- A stock of labour with the necessary skills (through performant higher education)

- The ability to develop new technologies themselves or to adopt and use foreign technology

extension of research for development relevance (e.g. linking research to public policy)

Higher education institutes are considered as drivers of change in this matter. They can be

strengthened through different approaches:

- Individual capacity building: individuals (academics, members of civil society, government,

private sector) strengthened through scholarships: short term, master, PhD, etc.). This type of

capacity building has a direct impact on the individual, and contributes to diverse development

challenges. The capacity is strengthened through the higher education sector, but can impact

any sector (e.g. biodiversity, economy, aquaculture, health, etc.)

- Theme-based departmental capacity building: Departments of higher education institutions

strengthened through a range of activities: research training and development, coaching,

peer-to-peer learning, technical support, curricula development, equipment, etc. This

strengthens the research and/or teaching capacity and contributes to diverse development

challenges of the partner country. This impact can occur in sectors like Environment, Health,

Food Security and Entrepreneurship.

39

- Institutional capacity building: Higher education institutions strengthened as part of a long

term partnership in diverse areas through activities such as advisory services, research

projects, curricula development, peer-to-peer learning, equipment, coaching, etc. This results

in a profound improvement of education and/or research capacity (and extension of research)

and will significantly contribute to development challenges of the partner country. This impact

can occur in sectors like Environment, Health, Food Security and Entrepreneurship.

- Multi-actor capacity building: Different higher education institutions (in one or more

countries) strengthened through one initiative: e.g. support to ICT systems in a range of

institutions (crosscutting) to improve research and education capacities; supporting a network

or platform of higher education institutions to stimulate exchange and innovation; etc. This

multi-actor capacity development contributes to diverse development challenges and can thus

impact multiple sectors like Environment, Health, Food Security and Entrepreneurship.

In health, Tanzania Red Cross Society has a network of nationwide volunteers and strong

mobilisation mechanisms. However, volunteers have limited technical capacity and there are also

limited internal control mechanisms. Local CBOs, health community groups, village development

communities and water user groups have strong ownership which generates sustainability. However,

they often have low technical capacities and occasionally, commitment. While eyecare services are

being provided at all levels of health care delivery systems, the reviews found that eyecare in the

country is inadequate, due to limited infrastructure, scarcity of skills and ineffective coordination of

eyecare services.

Within the theme of environment, international NGOs are very present in the northern zone and in

many cases they have acces to a wide donor community, strong communication skills and good

scientific analysis of the context. However, these international NGOs tend to focus more on wildlife

and conservation and less on economic development around conservation areas. Within the themes

of human rights, governance and justice, local NGOs provide a good and solid foundation for the

promotion of human rights as they sometimes enhance access to justice. However, the local NGOs

often lack funding and their skills are inadequate. Professional associations are active in the human

rights sector through provision of legal aid. However, there is very little coordination of the work of

professional associations and that of NGOs and there is very little promotion of pro bono services.

In the field of human rights, governance and justice, local NGOs provide a good and solid foundation

for the promotion of human rights; They contribute to access to justice through basic legal aid

services (though not in all sectors nor regions). However, they lack funding and training. Also their

advocacy efforts are very limited by contextual barriers. Local NGOs need capacity building for

evidence-based advocacy. Local NGOs need their capacities built in order to deal with the

government’s restrictions on freedom of the press and association; limited freedom of peaceful

assembly and expression and the authoritarian character of the government. Whereas professional

association are active in the human rights sector, through solid legal aid coordination for instance;

professional associations do very little coordination and collaboration with local NGOs; suffer funding

issues and hence undertake very weak promotion of their pro bono services. However, professional

associations are open to partnership for strengthening their capacities. International NGOs offer

essential support to CSOs but have very limited presence in the country and have limited access to

international funding compared to the needs. Association of local authorities of Tanzania has a long

tradition of giving regular advice to and lobbying the parliament in order to have the constitution

applied and also to make decentralisation more effective. However, the range of services they

provide to their members is still limited and supplementary services would strengthen the federation

and cohesion of its members. Projects run by the local association can benefit from national

40

diffusion. Spreading the lessons and modalities of similar projects can be guaranteed if projects have

in-built mechanisms for scaling out or replication.

5.2. PUBLIC AUTHORITIES

Within the theme of agriculture, local governments have the regulatory and decicion-making power

and are getting allocated more budget through the decentralised approach. However, local

governments are still underfunded and are not always efficient. Staff from the regional governments

tend to have better technical knowledge and have big roles in monitoring progress. However,

regional governments tend to have little ability to intervene if things are not progressing well in the

districts.

On the theme of entrepreneurship, the national government has a number of policies relevant to

MSMEs. Examples of existing policies include: the SME policy of 2002 and the Trade policy of 2003,

the sustainable industries development policy, Agricultural marketing policy and the Enterprise Wide

Risk Management Policy. However, most policies remain at a higher-level and have not filtered

through to lower levels. Linking such national level policies with national chamber of commerce is

relevant as the national chambers are best suited for change or adaptation of national trade-related

policies. The local level governments have trade officers who are responsible for follow up. Also,

there are 1 to 2 staff members coordinating issues related to cooperatives and BDS in the district,

and the district level is more accessible than national level, which can make it possible to create

positive change at a decentralised level. However, local governments are not adequately funded and

lack comprehensive business strategies. Use of round tables can help to develop district business

development strategies. Linkages of trade officers with chambers of commerce and identification

and development of potential clusters in the district are interventions envisaged to enhance

entrepreneurship at local levels.

Some interesting parastatals are promoting entrepreneurship and business development, namely:

Small Industries Development Organisation (SIDO), Tanzania Industrial Research Development

Organisation (TIRDO). Tanzania Engineering and Manufacturing Design Organisation (TEMDO),

Centre for Agricultural Mechanisation and Rural Technology (CAMARTEC) and the Tanzania

Investment Centre (TIC) do exists. Furthermore, Tanzania Trade Development Authority (TANTRADE),

College of Business Education (CBE), Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS) are also promoting

entrepreneurship and business development. However, many parastatals have limited contact with

the business community. Also, level of integration of parastatals with knowledge institutes is quite

low, which hampers innovation. Low levels of trust exist between entrepreneurs and the parastatals.

Lastly, some parastatals are underfunded. A good intervention approach is to strengthen linkages

between knowledge institutes and entrepreneur MBOs. Potential leverage between government

funding and other sources of funding should be explored.

In education, the national government recognises that investment in education in general, including

higher education as well as vocational and technical education is vital if the country is to improve its

economic and social status. However, too many ministries, departments and agencies are involved in

vocational and technical education, making facilitation of vocational training a highly bureaucratic

process. Vocational Education and Training Authority (VETA) and Folk Development Colleges (FDCs)

are run thrugh a decentralised structure, whereby regional boards are established to coordinate

vocational training in the regions. However, learning programmes and exams are not adapted to the

needs of the most vulnerable young people and VETA and FDCs have low capacities to meet the ever-

increasing demand for vocational education and training. Some organisations express worry about a

policy proposal to have secondary education in Swahili instead of English. The fear is that this policy

could alienate Tanzania further from one of the world’s most important business language.

41

On the topic of health, the Ministry of Water and Irrigation is the source for policies, strategies and

procedures in the WASH sector. The ministry has limited capacity and resources to provide data and

information, technical expertise and hardware support. There is also inadequate management of

water resources. Specialised and regional/district hospitals, dispensaries and training institutions

provide inadequate eyecare services at all levels of health care delivery services.

Within the theme of environment, the national government is actively participating in climate change

conferences and there does exist an environmental legal framework, which provides for the

participation in making policies for climate change. However, there is limited low-level research and

data collection to justify the case for advocacy in climate change. The parastatal organisations (e.g.

Tanzania National Parks Authority - TANAPA) have a strong and guaranteed source of income from

park fees and have clear interests in protecting the environment. However, parastatals do not always

involve surrounding communities in conservation efforts. Furthermore, the lack of an enforcement

mechanism at decentralised level leads to high levels of poaching (a recent study in Science48

identified Tanzania as the single most important source of elephant tusk exports from Africa),

deforestation (for agriculture or charcoal), depletion of marine resources and destruction of coral

reefs by dynamite fishing.

Within the themes of human rights and governance, the Ministry of Constitutionnal Affairs and

Justice is actively involved in coordination with CSOs. However, the ministry is only coordinating with

CSOs at higher levels and has very little access to grass roots movements and CSOs. Actions are

limited by higher political guidelines and not open to changes in some areas of human rights. The

independence of the judiciary is questionable and the judiciary also lacks leverage over the political

appointment of the executive. Current review of the constitution might bring positive solutions. The

police do not have adequate mechanisms to ensure accountability and need a shift in policing

philosophy. Rampant corruption within the private and public sector are opportunities to review and

lobby government for a change in how the police works. The local authorities/governments have

actual power and high control over the police. Local authorities have elected legitimacy to ensure

policy coherence of local development. Also have access to sources of finances that are dedicated to

local development. There is no tradition of how synergies between local authorities and civil

society/private sector are to be conceived and how they could contribute to local development.

Some local authorities are aware of the usefullness of mobilising available resources.

48 Unknown author (n.d.) Genetic Assignment Of Large Seizures Of Elephant Ivory Reveals Africa’s Major

Poaching Hotspots. Science. Retrieved from

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2015/06/18/science.aaa2457.full?sid=f01f5997-4e47-40d9-bfa0-

a5191a122fcc

42

6. RELEVANT ACTORS IN DEVELOPMENT

6.1 AGRICULTURE

6.1.1 CIVIL SOCIETY

Sub-Types Themes/goals Target groups

Local NGOs

Local NGOs working with

pastoralist communities (e.g.

UCRT, LCDO, Oikos East Africa).

− Empowerment of marginalised

people, land use planning

− Water supply, awareness-raising,

protection of natural resources,

social development

− Pastoralist

communities

− Maasai men and

women

− Rural communities

Local NGOs working in rural

finance (e.g. Aga Khan

Foundation, IDYDC, Yosefo

− Promoting access to financial

services

− Rural communities

Local NGOs working with

agricultural communities − Good agricultural practises,

cooperative structures

− Smallholder farmers

International NGOs

International NGOs working in

the livestock sub-sector (e.g.

Heifer International, Trias, IDP,

VSF, Oxfam etc)

− Fight against hunger and poverty


people, land use planning

− Strengthening of member-based

pastoralist groups and civil society

− Pastoralist

communities

− Communities facing

hunger and poverty

across the world

International NGOs working on

improved agricultural

productivity (e.g. One Acre

fund, VECO, etc)

− Fight against hunger and poverty


people

− Agricultural

communities facing

hunger and poverty

International NGOs

implementing value chain

projects (e.g. VECO,

Technoserve, Care

International)

− Empowerment of interest groups − Interest groups and

general public

− Specific target groups

(e.g. pastoralist

farmers)

6.1.2 PUBLIC AUTHORITIES

Sub-types Themes/goals Target groups

Universities

Public universities49 (e.g.

Moshi University of

Cooperatives, Nelson

Mandela Institute of Science

and Technology, SUA,

Mzumbe University

− Strengthening

smallholder farmer

organisations

− Public policy research in

agrifood chains

− Farmers

− Government, students,

researchers

− General public

49 Higher education institutes can also be important development actors in other sectors. Through Education,

Research and Extension, higher education institutes can have an impact on different sectors (e.g. through

research in soil management (agriculture) ; education in occupational therapy (health))

43

National government/Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Cooperatives

Ministry of Agriculture,

Ministry of Livestock and

Fisheries, Ministry

responsible for water issues,

Ministry of Natural

Resources, Health, Gender

and Social Welfare etc

Parastatals (MUCCOBs,

NFRA, TOSCI, crop boards,

etc)

− Strengthening

smallholder farmer

organisations, extension

services, promoting

sustainable food

production etc

− Facilitating cooperative

structures and value

chains, crop buying &

marketing

− Strengthening

smallholder farmer


services, Promoting

sustainable food

production etc

− Farmers and the general public

− Farmers (smallholder and

commercial) and the general

public c

Local governments

District local governments

(e.g. Moshi Rural District

Council, Meru District

Councils, etc)

Regional governments

− Strengthening

smallholder farmer


services, etc

− Coordination of

agricultural

(development activities

under the oversight of

the districts within the

region)

− Provide technical

support to districts

− Smallholder farmers & private

companies

− District governments and

departments

6.1.3 PRIVATE SECTOR

Sub-sector Potential role in development processes

Agrifood sector

Private companies in the

agrifood sector (e.g. Serengeti

Fresh, Tanzania Ltd etc)

− Providing market for agrifood products

Agricultural inputs

Private companies selling inputs

(e.g. YARA. Syngenta, Kibo

Trading Company, etc)

− Providing agricultural inputs/services

Financial institutions

Banks and funds − Providing loans to VICOBAa and SACCOa, who are farmer

organisations

44

6.1.4 INTERNATIONAL/OTHER DONORS

Sub-types Current & expected focus (areas for support)

Donors

IDH, Entrepreneurs for Entrepreneurs − Providing donations to support strengthening

smallholder farmer organisations

Bilateral development agencies (e.g.

Canadian International Development

Agency (CIDA), International

Development Association (IDA),

Swedish International Development

Association (SIDA), Swiss Agency for

Development and Cooperation (DEZA,

GIZ), etc

− Agricultural projects, amongst others

EU − Agricultural projects, infrastructure, amongst others

World Bank − Policies, irrigation and other infrastructure projects

VLIR-UOS consortium of Belgian

Universities

− Cooperating with, among others Sokoine University

of Agriculture and Nelson Mandela African Institute

for Science and Technology

USAID − Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania –

SAGCOT (a large PPP project involving e.g. also

UNILEVER, DFID, World Bank, Gatsby Trust, Yara,

amongst others)

6.2 ENTREPRENEURSHIP

6.2.1 CIVIL SOCIETY


International NGOs

International NGOs promoting

entrepreneurship, trade and

access to markets (e.g. Farm

Concern, Trias, VECO etc)

− Entrepreneurship, trade and access

to markets


(e.g. pastoralists,

farmers, specific

business communities)


community development and

welfare (e.g. World Vision)

− Community development and cross

curring issues (e.g, gender,

HIV/AIDS, Water and Sanitation

e.t.c)


(e.g. pastoralists,

farmers, specific



rural finance (e.g. CRS, BRAC,

VECO etc)

− Access to finance − Specific target groups

(e.g. pastoralists,

farmers, specific



advocacy and business groups

e.g SNV

− Policy reforms − MBOs such as oil seed

actors association

45

Member-Based Organisations

MBOs promoting capacity

development and access to

BDS (e.g. TCCIA)

− Organisational development/

business development services/

microfinance/cluster

development/lobbying and

advocacy

− Small-scale

entrepreneurs

member of the

chambers (about 1,800

now)

MBOs working in agriculture

sector (e.g. MVIWATA TAHA,

EAGC/TGC)


agricultural value chains/

microfinance

− Farmers in groups who

are paying members

(about 15,000 now)

MBOs working with

pastoralists (e.g. PWC.

MWEDO etc)


livestock value chains/

microfinance/business

development/land use planning

− Pastoralists around

12,000

MBOs for advocacy (e.g. TAHA

(Tanzanian Horticulture

Association), TPSF, Tanzania

Rice Council, EAGC/TGC)

− Improving the institutional context

for farmers (and their

organisations)

− Primary farmers

groups agri-business

and the business

communities

Grass roots CBOs

Grass roots CBOs promoting

agriculture (e.g. MVIKIHO

Farmers Association, Kibo

Horticulture Farmers

Association, Kahe Cooperative

Society, etc)

− Providing services to individual

(smallholder) farmers

− Farmers

6.3 EDUCATION

6.3.1 CIVIL SOCIETY


Local NGOs

Social/welfare services, mostly

in combination with education

(e.g. Centre for children with a

mental disability Tabora, AHD,

Enforsa, Fracarita Tanzania)

− Care for marginalised groups

− Special education

− Making education accessible for

different groups

− Improving life quality

− Improving local economy through

education

− Refugees

− Street children

− Marginalised children

− Children with

disabilities

− Orphans

− Economically inactive

youth

46

Associations targeting people

with visual impairments (e.g.

Tanzania Society for the Blind,

Tanzania Albino Society,

Tanzania League of the Blind,

etc)

− Inclusive education and socio-

economic rehabilitation of people

with visual impairments

− Children and

youngsters with visual

impairment

− Regional and district

educational officers

− Primary schools

− Vocational Training

Centres

− Educational staff

− Community

International NGOs


TVET sub-sector or promoting

vocational training (e.g. VIA

Don Bosco)

− Supporting TVET sub-

sector/vocational training

− TVET sub-sector


higher education and research

(e.g. VLIR-UOS)

− Promoting higher education and

research

− Universities

− Higher education

institutions

− Research institutions


inclusive education (e.g. LFTW,

Fracarita

Belgium/International)

− Promoting inclusive education

Universities

Private universities (e.g.

Sebastian Kolowa University

College, St. Augustine

University of Tanzania)

− Direct: Higher education, research

and extension

− Direct: students and

researchers

− Indirect: population

Religious groups that provide education

Planning and Development

Office (PDO) of the Salesians of

Don Bosco

− Providing support and guidance to

the Vocational Training Centres and

the Job Placement Office (JPO) (see

below)

− The Vocational

Training Centres and

the JPO of the

Salesians of Don Bosco

Vocational Training Centres

(VTCs) of the Salesians of Don

Bosco (e.g. Don Bosco

Oysterbay VTC, Don Bosco

Dodoma Technical Training

Institute, Don Bosco Iringa

Technical School)

− Providing technical and vocational

training/education

− Disadvantaged youth

between 15 and 28

years old

Job Placement Office (JPO) of

the Salesians of Don Bosco

− Providing support to students

during their transition to the labour

market

− Providing systematic and

professional services to the VTCs

and their job placement officers

− The VTCs and their

students

CSOs

Cultural organisations &

networks/training institute, art

schools

− Cultural organisations &

networks/training institute, art

schools

− Cultural organisations

& networks/training

institute, art schools

47

Artists − Artists − Artists



Universities

Public universities and

national research institutes

(e.g. Sokoine University of

Agriculture, Mzumbe

University, NM-AIST)

− Direct: higher education,

research and extension

− Indirect: environment,

health, food security,

entrepeneurship and

business development

− Direct: students and

researchers

− Indirect: population

National government

Ministry of Education and

Vocational Training, Tanzania

Ministry of Information,

Culture and Sports

Prime Minister's Office,

Regional Administration &

Local Government

(PMORALG)

− Coordinating, regulating

and financing education

and vocational training

− Responsible for defining

and managing cultural

policy

− Direct: cultural

operators/networks,

independant artists, etc.

COSTECH − coordinating and

promoting science and

technology development

activities in Tanzania

− Tanzanian universities and

research institutes

Local Governments

Vocational Education and

Training Authority (VETA)

District Special Needs

Educational Officer (DSNEO),

District Educationals Officers

(DEO), Regional Eduction

Officers (REO)

− Coordinating, regulating,

financing, promoting

and providing vocational

education and training in

Tanzania

− TVET subsector


Sub-types Potential role in development processes

Companies

Private companies in all kinds of

sectors (tourism, construction,

clothing, industries, cultural and

creative industries, etc.)

− Providing employment for graduated students

− Providing internships for students of Vocational Training

Centres

− Providing useful information for adapting learning

programmes to the needs of the labour market

− Providing funds to support technical and vocational

education and training

48



Donors

All kinds of donors − Providing funds to support technical and vocational education and

training

− Providing funds to support higher education and research

− Providing funds to support inclusive education

6.4 HEALTH

6.4.1 CIVIL SOCIETY


NGOs working in health sector

NGOs (e.g. Sant’Egidio ACAP) - Prevention, treatment, care and

control of health problems/diseases

(e.g. the HIV/Aids infection)

- People with health

problems (e.g. people

living with AIDS)

Associations targeting people

with visual impairments (e.g.

Tanzania Society for the Blind

(TSB))

- Inclusive education and socio-

economic rehabilitation of people

with (visual) impairments

- Children and youngsters

with (visual) impairment

Religious congregations (e.g.

Holy Ghost Fathers, Sisters of

Charity, Brothers of Charity)

- Health care

- Maternity

- Special education

- Regional groups

- Women & children

- Persons with a disability

Health Centres

Mental Health centres: e.g.

Saint Cornelius Mental Health

Center Kasaka, Saint Dymphna

Psychiatric Centre Marumba

- Mental health care, rehabilitation of

patients

- People suffering from

mental health problems

Referral gospitals, Regional

and district hospitals (e.g.

Comprehensive Community-

Based Rehabilitation in

Tanzania (CCBRT), Kilimanjaro

Christian Medical Centre

(KCMC))

- Community-based rehabilitation;

effective prevention of blindness,

restore sight and improved and

sustainable holistic eyecare

- Children and adults with

visual impairment;

medical staff and

medical students;

community workers



Public universities

Public universities & national

research institutes

- Direct: Higher education,


- Indirect: Environment;

health; food security;

entrepreneurship and


- Direct: students, researchers

- Indirect: population

Health Official Bodies

49

- Ministry of Health of

Tanzania

- National Aids Control

Programme (NACP)

- Tanzanian Commission for

Aids (TACAIDS)

- Region & District Medical

Officers

- National Prevention of

Blindness Commitee

- National Primary Health

Service Development

Stragegy

- Health Sector Strategic

Plans

- Collaboration with the

Aids structures created in

the framework of the

National Plan against

HIV/AIDS

- Prevention of blindness

- Tanzanian citizens and health

facilities

- People living with AIDS

- People with visual impairments


Sub-types Potential roles in development processes

Private Universities

- Directly provide higher education, research and extension –

- Indirectly facilitate research into environment; health; food

security; entrepreneurship and business development


Sub-types Current and expected focus (areas of support)

International NGOs

Elisabeth Glaser Foundation - Prevention and treatment of women and children living with

HIV/AIDS

- Women & children living with AIDS

6.5 ENVIRONMENT

6.5.1 CIVIL SOCIETY


Local NGOs and Networks

Networks around climate change

(Forum CC, PACJA (Pan African

Climate Justice Alliance); Young

Lawyers association (hosting

African Youth Conference on

Energy and Climate Change))

− Joined action for adaptation for

climate change

− Government, civil

society

Networks around (agro) forestry

(Tanzania Forest Conservation

Network, Carbon Tanzania)

− Reforestation and conservation

of forests, carbon credits,

REDDDs

− NGOs

− Local communities

Network of natural resource

focused NGOs and land use

planning (e.g. TNRF -Tanzania

Natural Resource Forum, TALA)

− Information, lobbying and

advocacy around land use

planning and natural resource

mangement

− Civil society and

government

Local NGOs working around land

use planning, conservation, natural

resource management (UCRT,

PWC, Maliasili initiatives)

− Land use planning and natural

resource management

− Communities/villages

50

Local NGOs working around

conservation and wildlife

protection, including eco-tourism

(Honey guide, OEA, ...)

− Anti-poaching, supporting eco-

tourism initiatives, preventing

human wildlife conflict

− Local communities

International NGOs and networks

Northern Tanzania Rangeland

Initiative

− A group of 8 local and

international organisations that

focuses on conservation,

wildlife and sustainable land

use management in northern

Tanzania.

− Pastoralist

communities

− Local government

− Wildlife

International NGOs and funds

focusing on wildlife and

conservation (Dorobo Fund for

Tanzania, Tanzania People &

Wildlife, Wildlife Conservation

Society, The Nature Conservancy

(TNC)

− Funding of community-based

conservation initiatives

− Research around wildlife

− Communities

− Wildlife



Public universities

Public universities & national

research institutes

- Direct: Higher education,


- Indirect: Environment;

health; food security;

entrepreneurship and


- Direct: students, researchers

- Indirect: population

6.6 HUMAN RIGHTS, GOVERNANCE& JUSTICE

6.6.1 CIVIL SOCIETY


Local NGOs

Right promotion/advocacy

organisations (LHRC)

− All − State authorities;

legislator

Legal Aid Providers (LHRC,

Tanzania Women Lawyers’ Association (TAWLA), Womens’ Legal Aid Center (WLAC), (NOLA))

− Legal aid; justice; − Ministry of Justice

(MoJ)

Women & children’s rights

organisations (e.g. WLAC)

− Vulnerabilities; discrimination;

education; health;

Human rights defenders

protection organisations

(Tanzania Human Rights

Defenders Coalition)

− Alert international opinion;

implementation of national

protection framework; realisation

of public freedoms

− Legislative powers;

local authorities;

international

stakeholders

51

Bar associations (Tanganyika

Law Society, Zanzibar Law

Society)

− Protection of their members;

independence; fair trial / justice;

good governance

− Legislative power

Union − Protection of their members;

labour rights

Media; Media organisations

(Tanzania Union of Journalists) − Protection of their members;

freedom of the press

Refugee organisations

National Human Rights

Commission (quango) − Human Rights and Good

Governance

Business & human rights

organisations − Land; extractive industries / sector

Association of Local

Authorities of Tanzania − Service provision to their members,

lobby in favor of effective

decentralization

International NGO

Bar Association (Canadian Bar

Association) − Legal issues; legal aid

Refugee organisations (Asylum

Access) − Full realisation of international

standards

Human rights organisations

(Human Resource

Development Institute (HRDI))

− Full realisation of international

standards

Justice organisations (PRI, OSI,

Equitas) − Fair trial; criminal procedures;

rights of the defense; access to

justice through legal aid



Donors

Institutional donors (EU

Delegation, DANIDA,

CIDA)

Criminal justice sector, protection of HRDs, legal aid, ...

Legal Service Facility Basket fund for legal aid

Private foundations

(OSIEA)

52

7. LOCAL PARTNERS FOR BELGIAN NON-STATE ACTORS

7.1 AGRICULTURE

Actor type Current partners of... Potential future partners of…

1. Civil society

Local NGOs Trias, VSF-B, IDP Trias, VSF-B, BOS+

International NGOs VSF-B Trias, VSF-B, BOS+

Member-based organisations Trias, VECO, VECO, IDP,VSF-B, BOS+

Grass roots CBOs VECO, Trias BOS+

Universities VLIR-UOS VLIR-UOS, ARES-CCD

2. Public authorities

Research institutes VLIR-UOS VLIR-UOS, ARES-CCD

National/central government VECO IDP, VSF, Trias

Local government VECO Trias, IDP, VSF-B, BOS+, Echos

communication

3. Private sector VECO, Trias Trias, IDP, VSF-B, BOS+

4. International/other donors



1. Civil society

Local NGOs Trias, VECO, IPIS Trias, VECO, IPIS, BOS+

International NGOs Trias, VECO, BOS+

Member-based organisations Trias, VECO Trias, VECO, BOS+

Universities VLIR-UOS VLIR-UOS, ARES-CCD


National/central government VECO Trias, VECO, VLIR-UOS

Local government VECO, Trias VECO, Trias, BOS+, Echos

communication

Quango IPIS IPIS

3. Private sector VECO, Trias VECO, Trias, IPIS, BOS+


7.3 EDUCATION


1. Civil society

Local NGOs Fracarita Belgium,

LFTW

Fracarita Belgium, LFTW

International NGOs

Universities VLIR-UOS VLIR-UOS, LFTW, ARES-CCD

Teacher training institutes LFTW

Other research institutes VLIR-UOS VLIR-UOS, Africalia, ARES-CCD

Religious groups VIA Don Bosco VIA Don Bosco

Cultural operators/networks Africalia

Independent artists Africalia


53

National government

Local government VIA Don Bosco, VIA Don Bosco, LFTW, Echos

communication

3. Private sector VIA Don Bosco VIA Don Bosco


7.4 HEALTH


1. Civil society

NGOs working in health sector Viva Africa, LFTW Viva Africa, Red Cross, LFTW,

MdM BE

Health centres LFTW, Fracarita

Belgium

LFTW, Fracarita Belgium, Red

Cross, MdM BE

Public universities VLIR-UOS VLIR-UOS, ARES-CCD


research institutions VLIR-UOS VLIR-UOS

Health official bodies Viva Africa Viva Africa, Red Cross, MdM

BE

Health services (regional or district

hospitals)

LFTW

3. Private sector

Private universities/research

institutions

VLIR-UOS VLIR-UOS

4. International/other donors Viva Africa Viva Africa, MdM BE

7.5 ENVIRONMENT


1. Civil society

Local NGOs e.g. UCRT Trias, VSF-B Trias, VLIR-UOS, IDP, VSF-B,

BOS+

International NGOs e.g. Echo,

Maliasili, Nature Conservancy etc

Trias, VLIR-UOS, IDP, VSF-B,

BOS+

Public universities VLIR-UOS VLIR-UOS, ARES-CCD


research institutions VLIR-UOS Trias, IDP, VSF-B, VLIR-UOS,

ARES-CCD

Local government Trias, BOS+

3. Private sector BOS+


7.6 HUMAN RIGHTS, GOVERNANCE,..


1. Civil society

Local NGOs (Bar Association; Human

Rights Defenders Protection

Organisations)

Avocats Sans

Frontières

International NGOs

54

Farmer organisations


Association of Local Authorities of

Tanzania

Echos Communication

Quango IPIS IPIS

3. Private sector


8 AREAS OF FUTURE INTERVENTION

8.1 AGRICULTURE

8.1.1 AREAS OF INTERVENTION (~BROAD THEMES)

NGA Future areas of intervention

VSF –B - Livestock production, sales and product consumption (value chain

development)

- Natural resource management

Trias - Family farming (including pastoralism)

- Strengthening of MBOs

- Small-scale entrepreneurship

- Cross cutting: sexual and reproductive health and rights (includes family

planning and HIV/AIDS)

VECO - Agricultural value chains

- Strengthening of FOs

- Entrepreneurship

IDP - Economic development in rural zones

- Agriculture

- Social economy

- Water supply

LD - Agriculture including animal husbandry and entrepreneurship

Fracarita - Agriculture (general)

BOS+ - Sustainable farming practices (agro-ecology, agro-forestry, …) in order to

achieve sustainable natural resources management

Echos

Communication

- Facilitate synergies between economic agricultural development and local

development strategies; promote farmers’ involvement in local policy

design

VLIR-UOS - Food security

ALL - Cross cutting: environment & climate change, gender and youth

Livestock and pastoralism emerged as a common area of intervention for Trias, VSF-B and VECO. Value

chain development emerged as an area of intervention mainly for VECO. Lastly, entrepreneurship is

emerging as a common area of intervention for Trias, VECO and LD. Trias, VSF-B, BOS+, VLIR-UOS and

IDP are interested in tackling cross-cutting issues, mainly environment, climate change, gender, youth

and HIV/Aids.

8.1.2 MODELS OF INTERVENTION (~GOALS & APPROACHES)

Each of the partners intending to work on the theme of agriculture in the future has varying modes of

intervention. There are also commonalities within the intervention modes and approaches of the

55

various partners. Below, we present the main goals of the NGAs involved – and the potential

interventions they put forward to achieve these goals.

Common, long term goal: A dynamic agricultural sector with inclusion of smallholders where strong

stakeholders are providing quality produce in a sustainable manner - both for own consumption and

for (domestic, in-country and export) markets - thereby contributing to the food security and

livelihoods/well-being of their families; and to the economic, social and environmental development

of their communities.

Mid-term goals and related interventions:

Sub-goals Potential interventions (from the NGAs involved)

Tanzanian farmers and other actors in

the agricultural value chain work in an

improved business environment (more

equitable and inclusive policies and

regulatory frameworks, improved

extension services)

- Strengthen farmer organisations (FOs) for them to

effectively and inclusively represent their members

in the political arena

- Build bridges between MBOs and other societal

actors for joint lobbying

Farmers and livestock keepers have

equitable access to land

- Consultation, dialogue, planning and advocacy

- Strengthening stakeholders at community, district

and national levels on natural resource

management

- Conflict prevention related to natural resource

management

Farmers have sufficient access to inputs

(seeds, livestock resources,…)

- Facilitating value chain development, market

linkages and quality management systems

- Building bridges between chain actors for them

engage with each other and establish linkages

Improved access to (sales) markets

Farmers have sufficient access to finance - Support to SACCOs and VICOBAs, farmer-owned

saving and credit cooperatives + building bridges

between farmers/farmer organisations to formal

financial institutions

Farmers and entrepreneurs can rely upon

quality services offered by professional

and inclusive local organisations

- Strengthening local organisations (for farmers&

entrepreneurs)

Sustainable use of production & livestock

resources

More diversified farmer income for

better livelihoods and improved food

security

- Support local organisations in (non-)agricultural

income generating activities

Environment & climate change (cf. theme

environment)

- Promoting sustainability in agricultural production

and the value chain

- Disaster risk management and reduction

- Conflict prevention related to natural resource

management

Sexual and reproductive health and

rights (includes family planning and

HIV/AIDS)

- Provide training and sensitisation to MBO staff and

their members.

Improved animal health for more

sustainable patterns of livestock

production and livestock products

consumption

- (Private) community animal health services

- Improved productivity & breeding techniques

56

Sustainable pastoralism and (non-)

agriculture in dry lands and around

ecological hot spots/tourist areas

- Strengthening of pastoralists/local agricultural

organisations :e.g. sustainable eco-tourism …

Promotion of the “One Health” approach

that links animal health, human health,

and ecosystem health

- Promote cross sectorial collaboration between actors

in the field of human, animal and environmental

development


8.2.1 AREAS OF INTERVENTION (~THEMES)


Trias - Business environment

- Youth entrepreneurship

- Business associations

- Trade within the East African common market

- Cluster development and business research

- Strengthening of MBOs in entrepreneurship

VECO - Value chains

- Business environment

- Farmers’ business organisations

LD - Entrepreneurship (small enterprise and agricultural and non-agricultural

income-generating activities)

- SMEs

- Informal/semi-formal financial intermediaries

IPS - Governance of business

- Impacts of business activity, especially in the extractive sectors

VLIR-UOS - Entrepreneurship and business development

BOS+ - Value chains of timber and non-timber forest products

- Strengthening of MBOs in entrepreneurship

Echos

Communication

- Facilitate synergies between economic development and local development

strategies; promote entrepreneurs’ involvement in local policy design


Each of the partners intending to work on the theme of entrepreneurship in the future has varying

modes of intervention. There are also commonalities within the intervention modes and approaches

of the various partners. Below, we present the main goals of the NGAs involved – and the potential


Common, long term goal: Improve the quality of life for individuals, families and communities and

sustain a healthy economy and environment


Sub-goals Potential interventions

Improved business environment - Strengthen business organisations for them to

effectively and inclusively represent their members in

the political arena

57

- Build bridges between these organisations and other

societal actors for joint lobbying

- Research on entrepreneurship and business

development

- Urban and rural city planning

Enhanced access to finance - Support for saving and credit cooperatives + building

bridges between business organisations and formal

financial institutions

Entrepreneurs can rely upon quality

services offered by professional and

inclusive MBOs

- Strengthen business organisations for them to be able to

provide quality services with specific focus on youth to all

SMEs desiring such support (including their capacity to

cooperate with other actors to do so)

Strengthening of MBOs within

entrepreneurship

- Strengthening the proactive participation of women and

youth in their MBOs

- Strengthening MBOs in improved service delivery to their

members

- Strengthening MBOs and their networks in lobby and

advocacy

- Linking MBOs with other MBOs; organisations in Uganda

and internationally (eg. South-South and North-South

exchanges)

8.3 EDUCATION



VIA Don

Bosco

- Quality of the education/learning process in the Vocational Training Centers

(VTCs)

- Management of VTCs

- Transition of students from school to the world of work

VLIR-UOS Strengthening individuals, departments and institutions in the higher education

system, enabling them to become drivers of change, which is expected to have an

impact in the following (priority) sectors in Tanzania:

- Environment

- Health

- Food security

- Entrepreneurship

- Business development

Africalia - Production, dissemination and distribution capacity of cultural goods and

services

Fracarita

Belgium

- (Special) education

- Reintegration of marginalised groups

Light for the

World

- Primary education

- Inclusive education

- Inclusive vocational training centres for children with a visual impairment

- Supporting youth with a visual impairment through secondary education

- Socio-economic rehabilitation of people with visual impairments

LD - Primary education

- Inclusive education

- Inclusive vocational training centres for children with a visual impairment

58

- Supporting youth with a visual impairment through secondary education

- Socio-economic rehabilitation of people with visual impairments

Inclusive education emerged as a common area of intervention for Fracarita Belgium and Light for

the World. Education for economically and/or socially disadvantaged groups emerged as a common

area of intervention for VIA Don Bosco, Fracarita Belgium and Light for the World. Vocational training

emerged as a common area of intervention for VIA Don Bosco, Light For The World and Africalia.


Each of the partners intending to work on the theme of education in the future has varying modes of

intervention. There are also commonalities within the intervention modes and approaches of the



Common, long term goal: Improved primary, secondary, higher, and technical, vocational education

and participation in culture to contribute to national development challenges and to better socio-

economic integration

Mid-term goals and related interventions

Sub-goals Potential interventions (from the NGAs

involved)

Improved management of education (financial

management, HRM, target group policy,

knowledge management)

− Capacity building of the actors involved

Improved quality of education − Support for teacher training programmes

− Adapting learning programmes to the needs

of the labour market

− Improving infrastructure, didactic materials

and equipment in line with new content

Students are better prepared to enter the

labour market

− Build the capacity of the partners to offer

relevant services to students and to develop

strategic partnerships with the labour market

A more competitive higher education sector

in Tanzania, through cross-cultural linkages

− Awarding scholarships and supporting

partnerships between universities and

university colleges in Belgium and Tanzania Produce better/more research (+ outreach)

focused on pro-poor innovative development

solutions

Cultural organisations are strengthened,

improved access to cultural goods and

services and improved cultural policies,

adapted to the needs of sector

− Organise artistic, technical and managerial

training for cultural organisations and artists.

− Distribution of cultural productions and

services in urban and rural settings

− Strengthen advocacy capacity of local partners

Inclusive and special-needs education for

disabled people

− Advocacy to implement inclusive education

programmes

− Training of teachers

− Supporting schools in realising inclusive

education

− Capacity building of organisations delivering

services to visually impaired and disabled

people

59

8.4 HEALTH



LD - Chronic diseases (eg: diabetes)

- Mental diseases

- Access to health services

Viva Africa - HIV/AIDS (prevention of transmission of HIV/AIDS from mothers to children)

Fracarita

Belgium

- Mental health

- Disability care

MdM BE - Harm reduction amongst vulnerable people

- Sexual and reproductive healthcare

LFTW - Eyecare (prevention of blindness, restoration of sight and holistic eyecare)

- Awareness and detection systems for persons with visual impairments

- Organisation of eyecare in national health systems

Red Cross - Access to safe water, sanitation facilities and hygiene behaviour

- Competences in first aid

- Blood donor recruitment

Trias - Family planning and reproductive health

- HIV/AIDS prevention

VSF-B - “One Health” (infectious zoonotic diseases, handling of animal products)

Echos

Comunication

- Facilitate synergies between health policies and local development

strategies; promote patients’ involvement in policy design


The partners intending to undertake interventions within the theme of health have advanced a number

of models. In a situation where access to health services is limited, and emergency services scarce, the

possible interventions range from training people in first aid and the sensitisation of communities to

the construction of water facilities. Below, we present the main goals of the NGAs involved – and the

potential interventions they put forward to achieve these goals.

Common, long-term goal: Improve and save lives and strengthen the resilience of the most vulnerable

communities by improving prevention schemes, access to, quality and effectiveness of healthcare in

Tanzania; and by increasing access to safe water.



Improved quality and effectiveness of healthcare in Tanzania, with the following sub-goals:

Enhanced awareness and detection system

for persons with disabilities and visual

impairments

- Organising awareness-raising schemes

- Assisting national detection schemes

- Improving referral systems

- Sensitisation of communities

Improved access to quality health services - Small-scale insurance for farmers and non-formal

sector

- Financial support for eyecare, mental health &

disability services

- Decentralising of eyecare, mental health &

disability services

60

- Training of medical staff

- Advocacy with government

Improved quality & sustainability of holistic

health services

- Training of (para-) medical and non-medical staff

- Management support, assisting strategic planning

- Institutional development

- Lobby with specialised partners to take up a role in

capacity building with lower level services

Improved competences in first aid - Training lay people in first aid through a

decentralised training structure and with

evidence-based localised materials

- Broadening the existing first aid offer towards

specific target groups

- Equipping and assisting the community volunteers

to handle emergencies

- Professionalising commercial first aid

- Advocacy on the importance of first aid

Increased availability of blood - Blood donor recruitment through a decentralised

training structure (for volunteers) with evidence-

based localised materials

Increased access to safe water and sanitation and improved basic hygiene, with the following sub-

goals

Improved sanitation facilities (coverage,

quality &use)

- Hardware interventions in schools and in public

places

- Sensitisation of people using the facilities

Improved access to safe water - Hardware interventions (water gravity flow

system, boreholes, spring protection, …)

- Sensitisation of people using the facilities

Improved hygiene behaviour - Software interventions in the field of water and

sanitation, waste management

- Sensitisation of communities (especially mothers)

through community volunteers/village health

teams and community systems for referral,

hygiene promotion

Setting up partnerships

Capacity building of partners - Exchange of expertise with partners

- Support of organisational development

Identifying innovative responses to global

& local health challenges

- Facilitate partnerships between universities &

university colleges inBelgium & Tanzania

Improved awareness at local community level related to HIV/AIDS

Family planning and reproductive health - Empowering women to be able to plan their

families together with their husbands in order to be

able to raise healthier and better educated children

HIV/AIDS prevention - Lower occurrence of STDs. A healthier and more

productive population

61

8.5 ENVIRONMENT

The presence of well-established NGOs with a good knowledge base concerning environmental issues

provides an opportunity to explore new forms of collaboration between these organisations and

organisations with a more general development oriented approach

8.5.1 AREAS OF INTERVENTION (~BROAD THEMES)


Trias - Sustainable land-use management

- Sustainable use of water resources in and around irrigation areas

- Sustainable use of pesticides, integrated pest management

- Protection of wildlife corridors for pastoralist and agricultural communities

- Beekeeping and protection of communal forests and water catchment areas

VECO - Sustainable land use through support in planning and management

- Sustainable use of water resources and around irrigation

- IPM/ICM, Sustainable use of crop protection products including pesticides

and fungicides among others

- Environmental based certifications eg rainforest, organic etc

LD - Forestry development

VLIR-UOS - Natural resource management

- Eco-tourism

- Energy

- Soil systems

IDP - Environment

- Climate change

VSF-B - Community-based natural resource management, with focus on rangeland

management

- Support pastoralist groups to secure legal rights to their land and natural

ressources

- Reduce vulnerability of livestock holders and increase capacities to deal with

(react/adapt to) environmental change

BOS+ - Integrated and participatory land use planning

- Mitigate and adapt to climate change

- Protection of strategic ecosystems and their ecosystem services (water,

biodiversity, carbon, erosion buffering, …)

- Sustainable management and use of forest resources

- Forestation, reforestation and forest restoration

- Sustainable agriculture systems in buffer zones of fragile forest/nature areas

(agroforestry, agro-ecology)

At the moment no Belgian NGA is active in the sustainable use of fishing resources (with exeption of

smaller projects from VLIR-UOS), while in the stakeholder workshop with the local partners,

overfishing and distruction of reefs by dynamite fishing were identified as important problems.


Each of the partners intending to work on the theme of environment in the future has varying modes

of intervention. There are also commonalities within the intervention modes and approaches of the



62

Common, long term goal: Sustainable and climate-smart use of land, water and forest resources by

communities.


Sub-goals Potential interventions

Promoting sustainable use of

the physical environment of

communities

− Awareness raising and capacity building of MBOs related to

sustainable agricultural/entrepreneurial practices

− Protection of wildlife corridors for pastoralist and agricultural

communities

− Building local capacities (e.g. maliasili initiatives), networks

and partnerships with Carbon Tanzania, East African Wildlife

Society, Lion Guardians, Nature Conservancy

− Getting to know social enterprises with environmental

objectives (such as BioCarbon Partners) and leveraging

interventions to social enterprises such as that of (BioCarbon

Partners)50

− Active inclusion and capacity building of young farmers and

SSEs in the tourism industry (to make them see the economic

benefits of eco/environmental tourism and to train them to

implement it)

− Capacity building of MBOs/producer associations (of forest

products) related to forest protection and sustainable use of

forest practices (Value chain) (BOS+)

Expanding the forest area

(BOS+)

Rangeland improvement (VSF-

B)

− Forestation of suitable areas

− Reforestation/restoration of degraded lands (VSF-B, BOS+)

Advocacy about good

ecosystem governance (BOS+)

− Strengthen MBOs/producer associations (of forest products)

in institutional (leadership, …) and advocacy issues

− Land use planning

Climate change mitigation and

adaptation (BOS+)

− Awareness building about the role of forests/other

ecosystems in climate change

− Sustainable forest management, (re-) forestation and forest

restoration

− Sustainable rangeland management, (re-) forestation and

rangeland restoration

− Sustainable agriculture practices (agroforestry, silvicultural

systems)




LD - Emergency response

- Reconstruction relief and rehabilitation

50 BCP is a start-up social enterprise that works to develop forest carbon projects based on the principles of

REDD+ (Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) in order to generate social benefits

and incentives for conservation in high-biodiversity landscapes

63

Echos

Communications

- Local authorities and civil society: promote synergies and transparency

Trias - Governance and civil society

- Inclusivity (gender)

IPIS - Governance and civil society

- Democratic participation and civil society

- Private sector

ASF - Government and civil society, general

- Legal and judicial development

- Democratic participation and civil society

- Human rights

- Conflict prevention and resolution, peace and security

- Security system management and reform

- Civilian peace-building, conflict prevention and resolution

- Women’s equality organisations and institutions

Africalia - Other social infrastructure and services

- Social welfare services

FRACARITA - Social welfare services

VLIR-UOS - food security programs

IDP - Inclusivity (gender)


Below, we present the main goals of the NGAs involved – and the potential interventions they put

forward to achieve these goals.

Common, long term goal: Contribute to the realisation of the Tanzanian communities’ human rights

to support sustainable development



In-boosting local development, locally

elected officials acquire the reflex to set up

constructive dialogues and implement

synergies with civil society

- To train neutral local coaches to master processes

facilitating identification of potential and managing

stakeholders more efficiently.

- To mobilise and accompany local authorities in

changing their behaviors towards more inclusion of

civil society’s ideas and implementation forces.

- To invite civil society representatives to engage

better and more with local authorities.

Tanzanian communities are aware of their

rights (civil, political, social, economic, and

cultural) and legally empowered to defend

their interests and contribute to the

development of their region

- Community mobilisation and sensitisation on

basic human rights

- Legal empowerment of communities

Victims of massive/systemic human rights

violations (for example, land grabbing,

extractive sector, etc.) have access to

reparations to support the development of

their region/territory

- Development and implementation of strategic

litigations/public interest litigation cases

- Mediation and negociation

- Advocacy for reparation guidelines which are in

line with international standards

64

Private sector actors (with a focus on the

natural resources sector) respect the

fundamental rights of the communities

affected by their activities and their right to

sustainable development

- Legal empowerment

- Training, capacity reinforcement of:

communities, the private and public sectors

- Alternative dispute resolution

- Legal aid

- Litigation

- Advocacy

The civil society’s public freedoms are fully

respected and protected by state

institutions; human rights defenders’

(HRDs) space for action is protected so that

they can defend their communities

- Report and analysis on current practices in

Tanzania on: freedom of expression, reunion,

peaceful assembly, association, etc.

- Litigation/legal aid

- Policy advocacy at national/regional level

- Direct and legal protection of HRDs

Pre-trial detainees have access to legal aid;

the illegal detention rate is reduced to zero

- Legal aid in detention centres;

- Legal awareness on the detention legal

framework to: detainees, prison officers,

members of the judiciary, politics, etc.

- Actions to move towards the systematic use of

judicial review of detention: training, capacity

reinforcement, advocacy,

The capacities of Tanzanian CSOs are

reinforced in the following sectors: human

rights; legal aid/access to justice

mechanisms; legal empowerment; human

rights litigation; victims/HRD protection

- Strategic partnership

- Implementation of capacity reinforcement

project

- Mid-to-long term support/coaching

- Development of technical and practical

trainings cycles

Tanzanian lawyers/paralegals/legal aid

providers offers quality services which

contribute to increasing access to justice

for the most vulnerable populations and to

them realising their rights

- Partnership with lawyers / paralegal

associations or organisations; such as bar

associations

- Long term support to key legal aid providers

- Implementation of access to justice

mechanisms: set up of mobile court or clinics,

set up of permanent legal services for

advice/counsel (première ligne), use of

alternative dispute resolution, legal

representation , etc.

National legal aid structure and policy is

fully funded and implemented, for both

civil and criminal legal aid

- Studies on the state of legal aid in Tanzania;

eventual focus on the urgent need for action in

the criminal sector

- Set up of a legal aid forum, as a NGA-MoJ

concertation forum

- Coordinated follow up of the policy

Tanzanian policies and legislations are in

line with the state’s international

obligations in the human rights sector and

their implementation is effective

- Legal empowerment of communities

- Capacity reinforcement of local actors on the

HR framework

- Advocacy both at sub-national and national

level

- Strategic litigation

Tanzanian judiciary guarantees the right to

a fair trial to Tanzanian populations/rights

holders

- Trial observation

- Litigation/legal aid

- Capacity building of the justice sector actors

65

Implementation of a legal protection

framework for disabled people; recognition

of their fundamental rights (education and

labour, development, health care)

66

9 RISK- AND OPPORTUNITY ASSESSMENT

9.1 AGRICULTURE

Risks Opportunities

The risk that the MBOs do not have

sufficient and quality human resources

Increased land use conflicts between

farmers and pastoralists can create a

security situation that is not conducive

to the programme

The farmer organisations have pastoralist members as

well as farmers and are well placed to mediate in

eventual conflicts.

Access to finance can create

indebtness

Proper assessments of clients, development of adjusted

products and creating ownership (through

shareholding) of financial institutions can help to limit

danger of indebtness. Also important to first install a

saving culture (e.g. through VICOBAs) before

introducing credit products.

Low uptake of modern/innovative

modern agricultural techniques

Still a lot of low-hanging fruit related to improvement

of agricultural production systems. Availability of new

pedagogical training systems using digital media and

network theory can help improvement of training

effectiveness and general uptake of new techniques.

Still low investment & productivity in

agriculture

General awareness of the need to invest more in

agriculture. Civil society has set clear target to invest at

least 10% of national budget in agriculture

Youth are not always very eager to

take up agriculture

Youth can be motivated by a more business-like

approach to agriculture. Relatively good prices for

agricultural products have increased appeal of the

sector

Community conflicts National policies on agriculture, livestock, land, water,

gender, environment

Lack of participation and willingness of

the district authorities

Presence of different NGOs with different expertise for

holistic actions

Uncontrolled disease outbreak Huge untapped rivers and water bodies that can be

used for irrigation as well as damming of water during

storms

Occasionally, farmers are unable to

sell their produce. This arises from

bumper harvests in some years.

Liberalisation and free market economy has led to

availability/acess of the most modern technology in the

market

Export bans and restrictions due to

failure to meet market standard

Potential for processing would also increase off-farm

employment value

Cheap imports, import dumping and

uncoordinated lifting of import taxes

(especially rice)

Expanding regional markets due to increased

cooperation among countries; high demand for

Tanzanian agricultural produce especially in EAC

Low coherence of

policies/enforcement of legislation

Strong farmers and actors’ lobbies can check the

government’s application of laws on tarriffs and taxes

67


Risks Opportunities

Business environment is negatively

influenced by external forces such as

changed tax rules, access to electricity,

etc.

- Lobby & advocate towards the government to

improve the business environment

- Make use of business opportunities emanating

from change in policies (e.g. ban on importation of

second-hand clothes). Linking up with other

stakeholders to influence negative factors

Government export ban (for example

on livestock and grain) limits market

opportunities

- The EAC and South African Development

Community (SADC) offers a lot of business

possibilities that are yet to be tapped

- Better sensitisation of the possibilities can create

new markets

Low level of MBOs or business

supporting institutions can impact the

quality of services delivered to the

business community

- Chambers of commerce are available but weak,

investing in them can have a good impact on the

business environment and the service delivery to

the target group

Non-saving culture among targeted

beneficiaries and a lack of good

governance at the level of SACCOs

- Creating a saving culture can give communities a

good base for investment in enterprises.

Youth are interested in doing business

but have a reputation of being bad

debtors. The fact that they have little

assets makes it difficult to provide them

with loans.

- Create innovative approaches to youth business

development (business competition, peer to peer

support); social collateral-based loan products;

cash flow and contract-based financing. Use digital

monitoring and payment tools (e.g. M-Pesa)

Bad record-keeping due to illiteracy of

the target group

- Select literate group leaders and train them in

financial literacy

* Coaching of leaders to keep records, "on the job

training"

* Feedback sessions with group (orally)

No information or transparency about

tax regimes makes it difficult to do

business in a formal way

- Lobby for special tax regimes for businesses in

‘transition’ period, so that businesses can

formalise

Negative concept about business

people and entrepreneurship

- Raising awareness via public campaigns on radio

and television with business heroes

Business development sector is not yet

well developed and is not focusing on

small-scale enterprises

- Assistance in the creation of a BDS sector

especially among young graduates from business

schools.

Sale of large areas of land to investors

by the government, reducing

indigenous communities’ access and

potentially creating conflicts

Value chain opportunities (cooperative organisation for

collective marketing, outgrower schemes, contract

farming, linkage to international value chains

Unclear land rights for most traditional

occupants of land

Infrastructure unable to keep up with

demand and development (e.g. rural

roads, electricity)

68

Negative concept of foreign (direct)

investments

- Foreign investments can create jobs and have the

potential to integrate Tanzanian SSEs into (global)

supply chains.

9.3 EDUCATION

Risks Opportunities

Courses developed by VETA frequently do

not meet employers’ requirements.

Speed of ‘Competence Based Education

and Training’ reform.

- TVET is high on the agenda for the government.

It has been given a prominent role in the macro-

level policies and strategies.

Best technicians not interested in

teaching because jobs in the private

sector pay better

- VTC teachers are able to retrain at VETA

Increasing pressure on Vocational

Training Centres to strictly apply official

acceptance conditions (Form IV) (in other

words disadvantaged people risk losing

out)

- Young population, i.e. potentially high number of

“candidates” for technical and vocational

education

Employees facing increasingly demanding

requirements + rapidly changing

demands on the labour market

- Sufficient demand for successfully trained

technical employees

Rotation of management staff in VTCs

causes discontinuity in local VTC

management and “cyclic” loss of

management capacity

- Exisitence of clear international perspectives and

global agenda on TVET development including

the ILO and UNESCO Recommendations 2001,

Africa Union TVET Strategy 2007, Strategy for

Revitalisation of TVET in SADC Countries

Costs associated with supporting

measures for ideal beneficiaries in VTCs

are unsustainable

- Existence of Skills Development Levy for

supporting skills development

Quality TVET is an expensive undertaking.

Competing priorities (with other sectors

of the economy and other education sub-

sectors) result in low and/or irregular

inflow of financial resources to TVET.

- Increasing willingness of employers/industry to

be involved in TVET affairs which can significantly

assist quality and relevance of TVET provision

Poor/wrong perception of TVET and

particularly of VET (it is just for those who

are performing poorly) may negatively

affect growth of learner enrolment

- Existence of arrangements such as Export

Processing Zones/Economic Promotion Zones for

attracting foreign direct investments and hence

new employment opportunities

Too many new universities, leading to a

shortage in senior staff and a decrease in

the quality

- Enactment of Public Private Partnerships

legislation which can enhance the participation

of the private sector in TVET provision or

involvement in the expansion of TVET

infrastructure and hence improve access

Higher education student unrest due to

limited access to loans and bureaucratic

procedures

- Government intention to establish the Tanzania

Qualifications Framework which will promote

articulation and hence improve perceptions of

TVET

Higher education staff unrest due to

shortage in senior staff

- Increased production and/or emergence of new

economic ventures in some sectors, which will

69

increase employment opportunities and the

need for skills development

The overall development in Tanzania

where the middle class lives comfortably,

but where the poor face more difficulties

to survive, which could lead to unrest in

the country

- Tanzania has promising universities and

motivated staff

Lack of alignment between higher

education policies and research policies

- Opportunity to align to the national policies of

higher education and research and the

agricultural policies to achieve relevance and

quality

Few institutional mechanisms that

stimulate collective action and implement

research results and guard the relevance

of research

- Working together with other donors and

stakeholders in the areas of natural resource

management and health

Lack of monitoring and evaluation

capacity to ensure quality of higher

education and research

- The engagement of universities with private

sector, public sector and NGOs to ensure

relevance (and possible funding)

Non implementation of policies on

inclusion of disabled people

- Interested public authorities on district and

regional level in developing care for disabled

children

9.4 HEALTH

Risks Opportunities

Donor fatigue to (continue to) invest

in WASH interventions (after the MDG

focus on WASH)

- Availability of information and lessons learnt from

the MDG (7c) agenda in Tanzania (beyond-MDG

2015 agenda?) for the WASH sector

Increased weather extremes (for

instance droughts during the dry

season from June to October) through

climate change

- The strong (positive) impact on health: provision of

safe water and sanitation can reduce diarrheal

diseases by 90% and reduce infant deaths51

Projections indicate that by 2025

Tanzania will experience water stress

due to population growth and the

resulting increase in consumption

- Availability of tools, expertise and evidence through

the Global Water and Sanitation Initiative (2005-

2015)52,53

Cultural or psychological barriers to

give first aid in case of an emergency

and taboo with regard to mental

health diseases

- The World Bank estimates that the return on

investments in water and sanitation is 2% of the

gross national product (GNP) of a country. For some

countries this return on investment can reach up to

7% of the GNP

Restricted financial autonomy - Hygiene promotion is the most cost efficient

intervention for high-burden diseases in low and

51 WHO (2010) GLAAS: UN-water global assessment of sanitation and drinking water, WHO. 52 IFRC (2005) Global Water and Sanitation Initiative, International Federation of the Red Cross and Red

Crescent Societies, Geneva, p. 31. Retrieved from http://www.ifrc.org/Global/Publications/Health/water-and-

sanitation/gwsi-brochure-en.pdf 53 IFRC (2012) Midterm Summary GWSI, International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies,

Geneva, p. 4. Retrieved from http://www.ifrc.org/PageFiles/97228/1217000-GWSI%20MidtermSummary-EN-

LR.pdf

70

middle-income countries54 with a cost of only 5USD

per avoided DALY.55

The organisation of the National

Eyecare Strategic Plan is complex and

includes several public institutions as

well as non-government stakeholders,

at central, regional and district levels.

- Thousand of (Red Cross) volunteers are committed

to help to improve the health situation in their local

communities with special attention to vulnerable

groups

Lack of attention to eyecare services - Training lay people to react to medical emergencies

is a cheap and efficient way to reduce the burden of

diseases in sub-Sahara Africa56

Lack of commitments to achieve

mission of comprehensive eyecare

services

- Availability of the volunteers and them being part

of the local communities gives them the

opportunity to react fast in case of an emergency

(within the ‘golden hour’). Evidence shows that

there is a higher change to survive if first aid is

applied in a correct way within the golden hour57

- Interested public authorities on district and regional

level

- National eyecare strategic plan issued by the

Ministry of Health and Social Welfare

Health risks related to natural

resource extraction

- Labour and land rights.

- Eye conditions are among the top ten diseases in

Tanzania (Health Statistics Abstract 2008);

According to the WHO, the leading causes of

blindness in the country are cataract 50%, corneal

blindness 20% and glaucoma 10%. Other causes

such as uncorrected refractive errors, retinal and

optic nerve diseases, diabetes retinopathy,

maculopathies, genetic anomalies and albinism

account for the remaining 20%.

- Achieve mission to assist with the provision of

comprehensive eyecare services, which are of an

acceptable standard, accessible, affordable and

sustainable

9.5 ENVIRONMENT

54 Laxminarayan R. et al. (2006) Advancement of global health: key messages from the disease control priorities

project, The Lancet, 367, pp. 1193-208. 55 DALYs for a disease or health condition are calculated as the sum of the Years of Life Lost (YLL) due to

premature mortality in the population and the Years Lost due to Disability (YLD) for people living with the

health condition or its consequences. Definition from WHO online:

http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/metrics_daly/en 56 Jamison D.T, Breman J.G., Measham A.R., Alleyne G., Claeson M., Evans D.B., Jha P., Mills A. and Musgrove P.

(eds) (2006) Disease control priorities in developing countries, World Bank, Washington DC, second edition, p.

1440. 57 ‘Indisputable findings show that pre-hospital deaths from injury are not inevitable and that at least some can

be prevented by simple first aid measures’, in:

Hussain L.M. & Redmond A.D. (1994) Are pre-hospital deaths from accidental injury preventable, British

Medical Journal, 23, 308 (6936) pp. 1077-80.

71

Risks Opportunities

Environmental risks (overuse of water,

pollution by pesticides, chemical fertilisers

etc). In addition, to this, extreme weather

conditions (drought, storm etc) leading to loss

of production

- Sensitisation work about correct use of

chemicals, fertilisers. Water saving

innovative technology. Conservation

farming, tree planting use of solar pumps,

protection of water sources through

beekeeping, etc.

Environmental risk related to natural resource

extraction.

- Solid legislation, strong enforcement and

monitoring mechanisms.

Expansion of agriculture in pastoralist areas,

arid and semi-arid areas

- Training in land use planning, promotion

and improvement of pastoralist

production systems, sustainable use of

land, prevention of conflicts between

farmers and pastoralists. To facilitate

development of communal certificate of

customary right of occupancy (CCROs) for

livestock grazing areas.

Overgrazing: Overgrazing can lead to:

� Increased competition between

wildlife and pastoralists

� Increased conflict between farmers

and pastoralist

� Soil degradation

- Organising environmental impact

assessments.

- Land use management is the key to

prevent overgrazing. Respect for dry and

wet season grazing zones is of mutual

benefit for wildlife as well for pastoralists.

- Improved livestock monitoring systems

will help villagers to assess whether

sustainable levels of livestock are

exceeded.

- Developing a commercial approach to

livestock keeping can help to offset some

of the pressure on the land.

- Improve livestock mobility and cross-

village land use plans for disease control,

overgrazing control and adapation of good

traditional rangeland management

systems.

Negative effect of irrigation on downstream

water users (farmers, electricity projects,

wildlife, etc)

Negative effect of irrigation such as salinity

due to poor irrigation infrastructure and water

management

- Improvement of irrigation infrastructure

would lead to more efficient use of water

ressources

- Improve water use management skills and

infrastructure (new technologies e.g. drip)

Unsustainable fishing practices (over-fishing,

using poison, dynamite fishing)

- Organising communities to monitor

unsustainable exploitation of lake and

maritime ressources.

72


Risks Opportunities

Uncertainity over human rights,

governance and justice issues, brought

about by the upcoming 2015 elections

- Opportunity to strengthen the practices and

political process

Rampant corruption and abuse of power

among local and national authorities,

police forces, prison sector actors

- Awareness raising on the role of corruption as

an obstacle to development

Government restrictions on public

freedoms (expression, association, press,

peaceful assembly) due to the

authoritarian character of the

government; attacks on HRDs and

journalists

- Advocacy and strategic litigation (both at

national and EAC levels)

Frequent incidents of mob

violence/private justice

- Awareness raising/public campaigning at

community level

Important development in the natural

resources extractive sector, leading to

gross violations of human rights

- Legal empowerment of communities; support

for mediation/negotiation involving community

leaders; litigation if/when needed

Limited independence of the judiciary - Current review of the constitution; support for

the CSOs participation in the review process;

possible recourse to the East Africa Court of

Justice

Police abuses, including high rate of extra

judicial killing

- Capacity reinforcement

Limited resources devoted to health

services (one of the lowest

doctor/patient ratio in the world)

- Advocacy at national and international level

Increased shortage in water

Water and sanitation crisis; which also

affect the agricultural sector

Land disputes/evictions - Legal empowerment of communities;

Discrimination and marginalisation of

women (domestic violence, sexual

violence/harrassment, Female Genital

Mutilation (FGM))

- Awareness raising; law

Child abuse

Urban refugee phenonmenon, which

appears after the official closing of the

camps in the past years

Prison overcrowding, high rates of illegal

detention (mostly at pre-trial stage) ,

leading to a series of human rights

abuses

- Institutional support to the prison sector actors

The changing and unstable nature of

local government legislation is a

considerable constraint on the

establishment of an enabling

environment for city and local

government action and initiative

- Already existing locally organised spaces for

dialogue and consultation

- Strengthen the existing pilot initiatives like

“opportunities and obstacles for development

planning framework”. Under this system a plan

73

is made with a bottom-up approach to

development.

Tanzania shall face rapid urbanisation in

the coming years

- Recognition by United Cities and Local

Governments of Africa (UCLGA) that Tanzania is

a good candidate to introduce new synergy

approach between local governments and civil

society

74

10 POTENTIAL FOR SYNERGIES & COMPLEMENTARY WORK

10.1 CURRENT COLLABORATIONS

Although this chapter is concerned with future opportunities of synergy and complementarity, how

to cooperate in the future is rooted in ongoing collaborations, structured via information sharing,

logistics sharing, advocacy and lobbying and project collaboration. Current geographic areas of

current collaborations are presented in section 2. Figure 1 below presents a mapping of current

collaborations expressed in these 4 areas (i.e. information and logistics sharing, advocacy/lobbying

and joint project collaboration). The mapping mainly focused on collaborations between Belgian

organisations, international NGOs and bilateral partners. The mapping deliberately left out the

respective local partners of the NGAs.

Figure 1: Current collaborations between NGAs, international NGAs, bi- and multilateral cooperation

The section that follows presents details of geographical areas as well as the themes and approaches

of collaborations in the future.

10.2 MAPPING OF GEOGRAPHICAL INTERVENTION AREAS AND COLLABORATIONS

The map below presents geographical areas where Belgian NGAs potentially foresee working in the

future. It should be noted that the map presents geographic areas where NGAs have ongoing

projects. In the case of research institutions (e.g. VLIR-UOS and IPIS) the map presents where their

local partner institutions and programmes are based.

75

Figure 2: Geographical areas where NGAs potentially foresee working

Analysis of this map and comparison with the table representing where NGAs actually work (see

chapter 2) highlights following elements:

- Even if geographic concentration is the case for some regions, it needs to be highlighted that

NGAs have their own reasoning for why they intervene in a specific area, it is very NGA and

context specific;

- Geographical concentration of NGAs exists in northern regions around Arusha where there is

clearly a strong component on water, agriculture and pastoralism. BTC aren’t present in

these regions in the framework of their current Development Cooperation Programme.

Given the fact that BTC priority intervention sectors are water & sanitation and sustainable

agriculture for Tanzania, and BTC is aiming for more synergy with NGAs on sustainable

agriculture, it might be interesting for them to consider to open up to this region in their next

Development Cooperation Programme;

- The northern zone with its many national parks makes the area interesting in terms of

natural resource management, a past core theme for the Belgian government (now

transversal theme);

- Several NGAs expressed interest in expanding to the Kigoma region in the future when

comparing with current geographical distribution. BTC already has a strong presence in

Kigoma region and will likely keep it and intensify it in the future;

- During the local actors stakeholder meeting it was observed that notwithstanding the big

potential of the large water bodies of the great lakes (related to fisheries and trade with

neighbouring countries) very few NGAs are active in this field. Becoming more active in these

areas was recommended;

76

- Also during the stakeholders’ consultation meeting, the stakeholders noted that only LFTW

and BOS+ are intending to work in south eastern Tanzania (Mtwara and Lindi Regions), yet

for a long time, these two regions have been marginalised. Consequently, poverty levels are

comparatively higher in these two regions;

- The stakeholders’ consultation meeting also noted that, in the mapping of NGAs, a Belgian

NGO called EX-CHANGE has been left out of the mapping. This NGO is active in the northern

zone, facilitating exchanges of expatriates to support various development initiatives.

10.3 POTENTIAL THEMES & APPROACHES FOR COOPERATION

10.3.1 TRANSVERSAL THEMES, COMMON INTERVENTION MODELS& TOPICS FOR EXCHANGE

The following areas were identified as relevant transversal (sub-) themes for NGAs to be involved in:

• Gender

• HIV/Aids

• Children’s rights

• Environment and climate change

• Acces to programmes/projects for disabled people

• Culture and technology

• Reproductive health and family planning

The group will focus on the following priorities in terms of communication:

• Participation and representation in interesting forums, conferences and other multi-

stakeholder meetings;

• Upcoming calls from donors related to/including transversal themes;

• Programme evaluation findings;

• Socio-political contextual issues;

• Internal policies & strategies;

• Internal capacity building (financial management, M&E, reporting, project management).

10.3.2 (CROSS-)THEMATIC SUB-THEMES, AREAS AND APPROACHES

The following table highlights those areas that were identified as potential areas for some of the

NGAs involved in this exercise to cooperate on. The last column highlights those international/local

institutions or organisations with whom cooperation is also considered on this topic.

NGA(-group)s

interested in

cooperating with

each other

Other relevant

organisations

(SUB-) THEMES/GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS

Economic governance of natural resources VLIR-UOS, Trias,

VECO, IPIS, VSF-B,

BOS+

AgriCord, Oikos, UCRT,

IIED, TNRF

Food security VSF-B, TRIAS, VLIR-

UOS

AgriCord, Oikos

Decent Work NGA’s interested to

cooperate with each

other

Other relevant

organisations: Coalition

Decent Work

Pastoralism, livestock and poultry VSF-B, TRIAS, IDP,

VECO

AgriCord, Oikos, HEIFER

International, SNV

77

One Health: livestock value chains VSF-B, TRIAS, VLIR-

UOS

HEIFER International

Gender for target groups in Arusha & Manyara Trias to collaborate

with IDP and ASF

Oikos, ACE Africa

Livestock groups and cooperatives Trias, VSF AgriCord, Oikos, SNV

Water management and irrigation VSF-B, Trias, VECO,

IDP, BOS+, VLIR,

VLIR-UOS

Oikos

Value chain systems VSF-B, Trias, VECO,

BOS+, VLIR

Farm Africa

Entrepreneurship & youth Trias, VDB SOS CV

Land-use planning VSF-B, Trias, VECO,

BOS+;

AgriCord, Oikos

Agroforestry BOS+, Trias, VECO,

VSF

AgriCord, Oikos

Practical research on multipurpose trees (agro-

forestry and forestry)

BOS+, Trias, VLIR-

UOS

Access to finance VSF-B, Trias, VECO,

BOS+

Agricord, FERT, BRAC ,

Pride, NMB Bank, CARE

international

Soil management VECO, TRIAS, BOS+,

VLIR-UOS

Social inclusion VSF-B, Trias, VECO,

IDP, BOS+, Fracarita,

LFTW

Environment friendly, climate-smart agriculture VSF-B, Trias, VECO,

IDP, BOS+, VLIR-UOS

AgriCord, Oikos, Global

Service Corpse

Special needs education and inclusive education

(primary schools, vocational training, …)

LFTW, Fracarita,

VDB, Africalia

Awareness raising on health, exchange of

qualified staff, sharing of health facilities and

health services

LFTW, other health

NGOs

Special needs education and inclusive educaton

(primary schools, vocational training, …)

LFTW, Fracarita, VDB

APPROACHES

Self-assessment tool to plan for, and monitor

organisational capacity strengthening

Trias, VDB AgriCord, Oikos

The stakeholders’ consultation meeting also noted that the fishing sector is left out, yet this sector is

very relevant for the livelihood of people, especially from lake zone and Kigoma areas. Also,

communication within project context, especially using radios and smartphone applications is

pointed out to be one key area where partners can consider collaborating, particularly for partners

implementing programmes in agriculture, water and natural resource management.

10.4 IDEAS AND COMMITMENTS OF HOW TO COOPERATE (~‘HOW’)

In the table below, we summarise the main ideas and suggestions for areas and approaches for better

cooperation in the short- and mid-term future. In the 1st column, we briefly describe the concrete

suggestions that were made by the consulted NGAs and stakeholders related to different types of

cooperation. In the 2nd column, we give an indication of who committed themselves to contribute to

this suggestion.

78

In the 3rd column, we indicate the ‘level’ of commitment, with the following scale: 1= already realized,

or being realized; 2 = concrete commitment to implement this intention during the coming years; 3 =

this idea will be explored in the future to see whether and how this can be concretised

The NGA-group identified the following approaches for exchange and cooperation:

10.4.2 INFORMATION EXCHANGE

Exchange of information is considered as a key element in the creation of synergies and improving

the cooperation amongst NGAs and other stakeholders (e.g. Belgian Embassy, BTC, other INGOs and

donors).

Ideas and suggestions Who? Level

Set up and maintain an information exchange ‘platform’with the focal

contact points of the NGAs involved

>E-mail: creation of different mail groups following the needs formulated by

the NGAs

>NGA-specific web platform

>Optimise the relevance and use of existing platforms and databases

� Viungo & NGO open book

All NGAs

2

3

2

Organise a yearly meeting among Belgian NGAs and some key stakeholders

(Agenda: cfr topics defined above – can alter, depending on the needs at

that moment) in Tanzania and/or in Brussels.

All NGAs 2

Organise a yearly meeting among Belgian NGAs and some key stakeholders

active in agriculture (Agenda: topics depending on the needs at that

moment) in Tanzania

TRIAS, VECO,

VSF, IDP, VLIR-

UOS, BOS+

2

Regular meetings within the NGA Platform (initiated by Embassy and BTC)

on several themes of common interest

All NGAs 1

Joint efforts between/for NGA staff and local partners

= inviting (partners of) other NGAs when organising/facilitating workshops,

multi-stakeholder meeting, conferences, field visits, on-the-job-trainings etc

All 2

Coordinate and represent Belgian NGAs to higher level agricultural sector

coordination meetings (~preparatory meetings and exchanges among

NGAs). Example: VECO presents to the Tanzanian horticultural association

and rice sector higher level meetings;

TRIAS, VECO,

VSF

2

Exchange of information with Educaid58 EDU NGAs 2

10.4.2 PROJECT OR PROGRAMME-BASED COLLABORATION

NGAs committed to the development or further improvement of the aforementioned ideas and

suggestions in order to improve the efficiency of each programme in particular, and the efficiency of

the programmatic support in Tanzania as a whole.


58 Educaid.be is a Belgian platform on education and development cooperation which intends to strengthen,

defend and support the educational sector with Belgian development cooperation

79

While elaborating new programmes and projects, identify opportunities for

common activities (e.g. on transversal issues), for geographical

concentration/complementarity etc

All 2

Exploit synergy-potential from the on-going BFFS programme IDP, VSF,

TRIAS

1

Collaborate to develop potential future projects& programmes from the

synergy-line

All 2

Mutual cooperation between BTC, Embassy & NGAs when preparing the

IDCP or other initiatives

ALL +

embassy,

BTC

2

Prepare for common fundraising/joint project and programme development

when relevant and efficient (within themes, and/or for integration of

transversal elements in a ‘thematic’ programme)

All 3

Look into the possibilities to organise joint evaluations about specific (eg

transversal) themes

All 3

Exploit potential of collaboration with the coalition decent work to

integrate decent work in future programs

VIA Don

Bosco

3

Research on topics relevant for NGAs IPIS, VLIR-

UOS

research

institutions

with other

NGAs

3

Strengthen and cooperate for common lobby and advocacy related to

agriculture - through NGA networks (Topics: pastoralists, conflicts between

pastoralists and households growing crops as well as advocacy concerning

economic utilisation of conservation areas, climate smart agriculture, land

grabbing, gender and youth linked with agriculture, ...)

VSF, VECO,

BOS+, ASF,

Trias

3

10.4.3 LOGISTICS

Logistic cooperation can be useful in order to facilitate the management of one or more NGAs.


Share offices, cars and other ‘equipment’ (in case of geographical

proximity)

All 3

Logistical support in Arusha & Manyara for research activities VSF-B, IDP and

Trias support

to VLIR-UOS &

IPIS

3

Support with planning logistics and sharing facilities in Arusha &

Manyara for research activities in the fields of business and civil society

governance or pastoralism

Trias support

to VLIR-UOS &

IPIS

3

Share local service delivery people/organisations * (ex. Sharing of health

facilities between NGOs working in the health sector)

All 3

Share network: finding people to work with (local actors, consultants,

experts, …)*

All 2

Human resources: share expertise for organising workshops etc * All 3

* Using the e-mail group when an NGA is looking for somebody

80

10.4.4 INTERNATIONAL NETWORKS

International networks are strongly developed in Tanzania, involving Tanzania’s CSOs as well as

International NGOs. This table highlights existing and/or future networks where Belgian NGAs are/or

will be involved

Networks Who Level

AgriCord (in Tanzania with Fert, Agriterra, We effect) Trias 1

North South South projects where several universities from the South

participate in the same project (f.e. UGent with Mzumbe University and

the UWC from South Africa on zone-it communication app)

VLIR-UOS 1

81

ANNEXES

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85

2. DETAILED PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION (ANNEX TO CHAPTER 2)

ACTOR(S)

Programme focus (title) Time

frame Zone(s)

Donor

DGD,

partnership,

synergy, other

bilateral, local

multilateral..

Budget

Coordination Others

involved

Fracarita

Belgium

/ Improved mental health

care and orthopedagogic

care in Tanzania

2014-2016 Lake & lake

central

DGD 339.130 euro

UNHCR, The

Tanzanian

Ministry of

Home Affairs

and World

Vision

Ahadi – Preparation of

repatriation of Congolese

refugees

1997-2015 Kigoma

region

Educational Resource

Centre (that belongs to

Ahadi)

2004-2015 Kigoma

region

Maendeleo Youth Centre 1997-2015 Kigoma

region

Newman High School 1997-2015 Kihinga

(Kigoma

region)

Ahadi Newman Institute of

Social Work

1998-2015 Kigoma

region

Emmaüs

Deaf Centre

in Gent –

Belgium

Rumonge Deaf

Cooperative

1998-2015 Kigoma

region

Private 15.000 euro

Sanganigwa B Children’s

Home

1994-2015 Kigoma

region

Bangwe Sheltered Home 2005-2015 Kigoma

region

Fracarita

Tanzania,

AHD,

Enforsa,

Rumonge

Deaf

Cooperative,

Saint

Cornelius

Mental

Health

Center

Kasaka

Saint

Dymphna

Psychiatric

SYN4LED (Synergy for

Local Economic

Development)

2014-2016 Kigoma

region

DGD 499.675 euro

86

ACTOR(S)


frame Zone(s)

Donor

DGD,

partnership,

synergy, other

bilateral, local

multilateral..

Budget

Coordination Others

involved

Centre

Marumba

LFTW / Integration of blind and

visually impaired children

in Tanzania

2010-2017

CCBRT,

KCMC

No Specific Title; Main

objective was -Effective

prevention of blindness,

restore sight and

improved and sustainable

holistic eye care

2009-2016 Dar Es

Salaam-East-

Coast

regions,

Kilimanjaro

region

TSB Inclusive education for

children with visual

impairment. Objective

was: Inclusive Education

and Socio-Economic

Rehabilitation of people

with visual impairments

2009-2016 Dar es

Salaam,

Morogoro –

Dodoma

ASF EALS Support and protection

for lawyers and other

human rights defenders in

the regions of the African

Great Lakes and Eastern

Africa. Main objective

was59: Contribute to the

protection of human

rights in the regions of the

African Great Lakes and

Eastern Africa

2011-2015 Arusha

IPIS A project to pilot learning

and capacity

enhancement; whereby

IPIS can work at an

enhanced level with

partners in the global

South.

2014-2016 All over

Tanzania

Trias Incomet,

MUCOBA

Support for the initiatives

of rural communities to

improve food security in

Mufindi District

2009-2015 Mafinga

district,

Malingali

division

BFFS

PWC; LCDO;

TNRF; UCRT

Supporting Food Security

and Livelihood security

through improved

2009-2015 Longido

district,

BFFS

59This project was implemented in Uganda but involved EALS, hence in a way, Tanzania also benefitted.

87

ACTOR(S)


frame Zone(s)

Donor

DGD,

partnership,

synergy, other

bilateral, local

multilateral..

Budget

Coordination Others

involved

livestock and tourism in

pastoralist communities

of Northern Tanzania.

Arusha

region

MVIWAMO,

Faida MaLi,

WEDAC,

MVIWATA,

FIDE, ACIST,

MNS, GFS

Local Economic

Development Programme

(DGD)


Manyara

region in

northern

Tanzania.

DGD 1.053.903 €

MVIWATA

Arusha,

MVIWATA

Manyara,

TCCIA

Arusha,

TCCIA

Manyara,

Emboreet

Dairy

Cooperative

Building assets:

Empowerment of Family

Farmers and Small Scale

Entrepreneurs in Arusha

and Manyara region


Manyara

region in

northern

Tanzania.

DGD 3.075.848 €

MVIWATA Farmers Voice (EC).

Objective: To contribute

to the empowerment of

smallholders’

participation in food

security related policy

processes in Kenya,

Tanzania and Uganda

2013-2015 Monduli,

Simanjiro

and Hai

districts,

northern

Tanzania

EU

MVIWATA,

UCRT, Honey

Guide

Foundation

Sustainable use of natural

resources and improved

livelihood programme for

5 villages located among

the Manyara-Longido-

Lake Natron livestock and

wildlife migratory route.

2014-2016 Monduli

district,

northern

Tanzania

Synergy 376.000 €

LCDO Improved food and

income security through a

better use of natural

resources and drought

cycle management in

Longido district, Tanzania

2012-2013 Longido

district,

northern

Tanzania

Africalia ZIFF + other

partners in

Kenya,

Uganda,

Cinétoile. Objectives

were: Capacity building

and public

awarenesstowards African

2008-2011 Zanzibar +

other

African

countries

EU 595.000 €

88

ACTOR(S)


frame Zone(s)

Donor

DGD,

partnership,

synergy, other

bilateral, local

multilateral..

Budget

Coordination Others

involved

Burkina Faso,

DRC and

Zimbabwe

cinema and the social

development themes they

tackle within the program

geographical areas.

VECO District

Councils,

TAHA,

LOMIA

Development small

holders chains for poverty

reducing, feeding the

nation

2014-2016 Moshi Rural,

Arusha and

Meru

districts in

northern

Tanzania

The district

council,

MUVI,

farmer

cooperatives,

VICOBA,

MVIWATA

and ANSAF

Agriculture / Land

Management project,

with the objective:

Sustainable agricultural

market chains in cassava,

preferably at local and

regional level, in which

organised family farmers,

male and female, are

successfully influencing

the trade relationships

and improve their net

income

2008-2013 Mkuranga

district,

Coast region

The District

Council, SUA,

Water User

Committees

Improved good

governance and

sustainable use of natural

resources in Simanjiro-

district Tanzania

2012-2013 Simanjiro

district,

northern

Tanzania

District

Councils and

Farmer

Associations

Land Management and

sustainable water

consumption in Lower

Moshi and Simanjiro

Districts, Tanzania

2015-2016 Simanjiro

and Moshi

districts,

northern

Tanzania

Dstrict

Councils,

TAHA, and

Farmer

Groups

Social and Economic

Empowerment

Programme, Simanjiro

and Same Districts,

Tanzania

2007-2011 Simanjiro

and Same

districts,

northern

Tanzania

District

Councils,

TEOSA and

Fas

Sustainable Food Security

Programme, Chunya

District

2010-2014 Chunya

district,

southern

Highlands

VIVA Africa Sant’Egidio

ACAP

Tanzania and

Drug Resource

Enhancement against

AIDS and Malnutrition

2011-2015 Aarumeru,

Iringa

Urban,

89

ACTOR(S)


frame Zone(s)

Donor

DGD,

partnership,

synergy, other

bilateral, local

multilateral..

Budget

Coordination Others

involved

Ministry of

Health

(DREAM) in 3 districts of

Tanzania

Tarime

districts in

northern,

Lake zones

respectively

Sant’Egidio

ACAP

Tanzania and

Ministry of

Health

Improvement of retention

in care of Aids patients in

3 regions of Tanzania

2011-2015 Aarumeru,

Iringa

Urban,

Tarime

districts in

northern,

Lake Zones

Sant’Egidio

ACAP

Tanzania and

Ministry of

Health

Improvement of access to

care treatment for people

living with Aids in 3

regions of Tanzania

2011-2015 Aarumeru,

Iringa

Urban,

Tarime

districts in

northern,

Lake zones

VSF UCRT,

HEIFER

International

Maisha Bora Food

Security Program, with

the objective: Households

have their livestock

Livelihoods secured and

can benefit more from

livestock products

2015-2019 Longido and

Simanjiro

districts in

northern

Tanzania

IDP Maisha Bora Food

Security Program, with

the objective

2015-2019 Longido and

Simanjiro

districts in

northern

Tanzania

VIA Don

Bosco

Salesians of

Don Bosco: 1

Planning and

Development

Office + 1 Job

Placement

Office + 3

Vocational

Training

Centers

Improvement of socio-

professional integration

by providing

disadvantaged youngsters

with vocational training

2014-2016 Coastal,

central and

southern

Highlands

DGD 1.283.586,63

EUR

Salesians of

Don Bosco: 1

Planning and

Development

Education services and

integral formation in the

skills development sub-

sector

2011-2013 Coastal,

central and

southern

Highlands

DGD 1.392.600,00

EUR (for

Tanzania +

Kenya)

90

ACTOR(S)


frame Zone(s)

Donor

DGD,

partnership,

synergy, other

bilateral, local

multilateral..

Budget

Coordination Others

involved

Office (in

Nairobi) + 3

Vocational

Training

Centers

Salesians of

Don Bosco: 1

Planning and

Development

Office (in

Nairobi) + 3

Vocational

Training

Centers

Consolidation of technical

and vocational education

within the Salesian

network in East Africa

2008-2010 Coastal,

central and

southern

Highlands

DGD 324.151,41

EUR

VLIR-UOS Mzumbe

University

Institutional University

Cooperation with

Mzumbe University (MU-

T) (Pre-partner


2012 -

2019

Morogoro DGD 1620000

NM-AIST Institutional University

Cooperation with Nelson

Mandela African Institute

of Science and Technology

(NM-AIST) (Pre-partner


2012 -

2019

Arusha DGD 1600000

SUA Landscape-ecological

clarification of bubonic

plague distribution and

outbreaks in the West-

Usambara Mountains,

Tanzania

2008 -

2014

Tanga DGD 307360,05

SUA Wildlife population

ecology and human-

wildlife interactions in and

around Saadani National

Park

2008 -

2014

Pwani DGD 309789,78

SUA Spatial and temporal

prevalence of rodent-

borne zoonotic diseases

affecting public health in

the Rift Valley in Tanzania

2008 -

2013

Arusha DGD 99795

SUA Groundwater

characterisation of a

coastal aquifer in Dar-es-

Salaam, Tanzania:

2009 -

2013

Dar es

Salaam

DGD 99101,1

91

ACTOR(S)


frame Zone(s)

Donor

DGD,

partnership,

synergy, other

bilateral, local

multilateral..

Budget

Coordination Others

involved

Mapping groundwater

quality zones and

developing groundwater

management strategies

University of

Dar es

Salaam

Dissemination of the

sustainable wastewater

technology of constructed

wetlands in Tanzania

2011 -

2013

Dar es

Salaam

DGD 62010

Mzumbe

University

Close the Gap 2012 MU-T 2012 -

2014

Morogoro DGD 32932

NM-AIST Close the Gap 2012 NM-

AIST

2012 -

2014

Arusha DGD 20236

Sebastian

Kolowa

University

College

Enhancing local natural

resource awareness and

developing tools for

participatory landuse and

landscape design in

Lushoto District, Tanzania

2012 -

2014

Tanga DGD 63157

Mzumbe

University

Virtualisation of

information and

communication

technologies at Mzumbe

University

2014 -

2015

Morogoro DGD 193650

NM-AIST Strengthening of NM-AIST

ICT and library

infrastructure

2014 -

2015

Arusha DGD 161150

Tanzannia

Food and

Drugs

Authority

Developing effective

strategies for minimizing

exposure of fumonisins

and aflatoxins in maize

based complementary

foods in Tanzania

2011 -

2015

Dar es

Salaam

DGD 300000

SUA Enhancing indigenous

knowledge on

conservation agriculture

for poverty alleviation and

sustainable livelihood in

the Usambara Mountains,

Lushoto, Tanzania

2010 -

2014

Tanga DGD 99726,9

Dodoma

University

Increasing teaching and

research capacities on

geological processes,

resources and hazard

management in the

2013 -

2015

Dodoma DGD 74795

92

ACTOR(S)


frame Zone(s)

Donor

DGD,

partnership,

synergy, other

bilateral, local

multilateral..

Budget

Coordination Others

involved

northern Tanzania

Volcanic Zone (NTVZ)

Ardhi

University

Co-creating strategic eco-

tourism projects to

promote sustainable

waterfront development

in Dar es Salaam and

Kigoma

2014 -

2016

Dar es

Salaam /

Kigoma

DGD 74920

Ardhi

University

Developing Effective

Strategies to Engage

Private Sector and Civil

Society in Reduced

Emission from Forest

Degradation and

Deforestation

interventions after Pilot

Projects Phase in Tanzania

2014 -

2016

Dar es

Salaam

DGD 56574

University of

Dar es

Salaam

Improving the governance

of technology transfer

from South-South

cooperation for private

sector development in

Tanzania

2014 -

2016

Dar es

Salaam

DGD 31141

State

University of

Zanzibar

International inTEnsive

Southern training

proGRAmme and network

Development for marine

and lacustrine scientists

(InteGRADE)

2014 -

2016

Zanzibar DGD 74922

National

Institute for

Medical

Research

Joining efforts to detect

and control Plasmodium

falciparum resistance in

East and Central Africa

2014 -

2016

Arusha DGD 74976

Open

University of

Tanzania

Tracing the status and

impacts of terrestrial

contamination in the

coastal environments of

Tanzania

2014 -

2016

Coastal DGD 74763

SUA Improving livelihood

through control of viral

diseases affecting short

cycle stocks.

2015 -

2019

Morogoro DGD 290676

Open

University of

Tanzania

Enhancing equal

opportunities through

participation of families

2015 -

2019

Dar es

Salaam

DGD 166193

93

ACTOR(S)


frame Zone(s)

Donor

DGD,

partnership,

synergy, other

bilateral, local

multilateral..

Budget

Coordination Others

involved

and schools in basic skill

formation.

NM-AIST NSS 2013 UL - UWC - NM-

AIST

2014 -

2015

Arusha DGD 78540

Mzumbe

University

NSS 2013 MU-T - UWC 2014 -

2016

Mzumbe DGD 74800

94

3. LIST OF PARTICIPATING NGAS AND CONTACT INFORMATION

Leden/mem

bres Contact name e-mail Physical address

Currently

active in

Tanzania

Physical

ly

present

in

Tanzani

a

Trias Sven Ten Napel [email protected] Wetstraat 89, 1040

Brussel Yes Yes

Iles de Paix

(IDP)

Sebastien

Mercado [email protected]

Rue du Marché 37,

4500 Huy Yes No

Vredeseilan

den (VECO) Joris Aertsens [email protected]

Blijde Inkomststraat

50, 3000 Leuven Yes Yes

Vétérinaires

sans

Frontières

(VSF)

Peter Vanderjagt [email protected]

venue Paul

Deschanel 36-38,

1030 Schaerbeek

Bruxelles

Yes Yes

VIA Don

Bosco (VDB) Bram Reekmans [email protected]

Leopold II-laan 195,

1080 Brussel Yes No

VLIR – UOS Wannes

Verbeeck [email protected]

Bolwerksquare 1a,

1050 Brussel Yes No

Viva

Africa/Sant'

Egidio

Francois Delooz [email protected]

Rijke klarenstraat 26

B -1000 Brussel yes No

Avocats

Sans

Frontières

(ASF)

Catherine

Lalonde [email protected]

Naamsestraat 72,

1000 Bruxellles No Yes

BOS+

tropen Hilke Evenpoel [email protected]

Geraardsbergsesteen

weg 267, 9090

Gontrode

No No

Fracarita

Belgium

Joost van

Heesvelde [email protected] ;

Jozef Guislainstraat

43, 9000 Gent Yes Yes

IPIS Fiona Southward [email protected] Italiëlei 98/A, 2000

Antwerpen Yes No

Light for

The World

(LFTW)

Koen Lein [email protected]; Karreveldlaan 12

1080 Brussel Yes Yes

Miel Maya

Honing asbl

(MMH)

Elsa Demoulain [email protected]

rue Ste-Walburge,

207

4000 Liège - Belgique

No No

Louvain

Coopération

au

Développe

ment (LD)

Léonidas

MBANZAMIHIGO [email protected]

Avenue du Grand

Cortil 15/A, 1348 No No

RODE KRUIS

Vlaanderen

Internationa

al

Toon Wets [email protected]

Rode Kruis-

Vlaanderen |

Motstraat 40 | 2800

Mechelen

No No

Africalia Bjorn Maes [email protected] Rue du Congrès 13,

1000 Bruxelles No No

95

Medecin du

monde

Justine

Forthomme

Assistant.Missions1@medecinsdumonde.

be

Kruidtuinstraat 75,

1210 Sint-Joost-ten-

Node

No No

Echos

communicat

ion

Miguel Declerck [email protected]

rg

Rue Coleau 28, 1410

Waterloo No No

SOS Village

d'enfants

Marie

Wuestenberghs

Marie.wuestenberghs@sos-

kinderdorpen.be

Rue Gachard 88

1050 Bruxelles No No

* ITG participated initially but withdrew from the participants list in July. All information directly

related to ITG has been taken out of the document.

96

4. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY IN DUTCH: GEZAMENLIJKE CONTEXT ANALYSE

Inleiding

De Belgische Niet Gouvernementele Actoren (NGA’s) die actief zijn Tanzania of belangstelling hebben om in de

toekomst activiteiten te ontplooien in dat land, werden uitgenodigd om samen een contextanalyse te maken.

Deze oefening had tot resultaat dat 20 Belgische NGA’s gezamenlijke doelstellingen geformuleerd hebben die

richting geven aan hun toekomstige interventies op 6 domeinen: Gezondheid, Onderwijs, Mensenrechten &

Governance, Ondernemerschap, Landbouw & Veeteelt en Milieu.

Trias nam de leiding van de oefening en voor elk van de werkterreinen werd een “sub lead” aangeduid: Via Don

Bosco voor Onderwijs, Rode Kruis voor Gezondheid, AsF voor Mensenrechten & Governance, Trias voor

Ondernemerschap, Landbouw & Veeteelt en voor Milieu. Trias werd bijgestaan door een lokale consultant

vanuit Arusha.

Zowel NGA’s die reeds activiteiten ontwikkelen, als NGA’s met toekomstplannen in Tanzania namen actief deel

aan een proces van uitwisseling van informatie, reflectie, consultatie van partners en stakeholders in de civiele

maatschappij. De Ambassade van België en BTC zijn ook betrokken geweest tijdens inhoudelijke ateliers. Een

speciaal atelier werd georganiseerd voor de lokale partnerorganisaties en andere Tanzaniaanse stakeholders.

Hun input werd in dit document opgenomen.

Tijdens het proces werd grote aandacht besteed aan de toekomstige interventies van de NGA’s, hun

coherentie, complementariteit en synergie. Het tijdsbestek was te kort om te komen tot een gezamenlijk

strategisch kader, maar de oefening biedt een goede aanzet om de onderlinge samenwerking te versterken en

een betere synergie te ontwikkelen met de programma’s van andere actoren, o.m. met andere actoren van de

Tanzaniaanse civiele maatschappij, andere donoren en de Belgische bilaterale samenwerking.

Tanzania

Tanzania is gelegen in Oost-Afrika en is actief lid van de Oost-Afrikaanse Unie. De Tanganyika African National

Union (TANU) heeft Tanzania in 1961 geleid tot onafhankelijk land. In 1964 is het land gekomen tot een unie

van Tanganyika (vaste land) en Zanzibar, hoewel Zanzibar vandaag nog steeds een semiautonome legislatuur

en overheid kent.

Tanzania toch gekend om zijn stabiliteit en vrede in de regio is gekenmerkt door één van de armste

economieën van de wereld in termen van capita per inkomen. Volgens cijfers van de Wereldbank gepubliceerd

in 2013 rankt dit land achteraan op de 154ste plaats van de 185 landen met een GDP van 2,443 USD. Aan de

andere kant heeft dit land een GDP groei gekend van 2009 tot 2014 van gemiddeld 6-7% per jaar. Tanzania is

ondertussen overgegaan tot een markteconomie hoewel de overheid nog sterk aanwezig blijft in bepaalde

sectoren zoals de telecommunicatie, banking, energie en mijnbouw. De economie blijft wel sterk afhankelijk

van de landbouw die voor meer dan 25% van de GDP instaat en meer dan 80% van de actieve bevolking

betrekt.

Een van de grote ontwikkelingsuitdagingen is dat de economische groei niet iedereen bereikt en dat er nog

steeds erg veel mensen onder de armoedegrens leven, het land kent een HDI van 159 (2014). De laatste census

telde 44.93 miljoen inwoners waarvan er 1.3 miljoen in Zanzibar leven. De bevolkingsdichtheid van 123

inwoners per km² blijft nog relatief lag maar staat enorm onder druk van de fertiliteisratio met gemiddeld 5.01

geboortes per vrouw. Hiermee staat Tanzania op nummer 18 op wereldschaal.

Het land kent een enorme diversiteit van meer dan 120 etnische groepen met elks hun eigen gewoontes en

gebruiken die soms leiden tot conflicten, met name bijvoorbeeld regelmatige landsconflicten tussen de meer

nomadische groepen als Maasai en Sukuma en de sedentaire gemeenschappen.

Tanzania kent enorme natuurlijke rijkdommen, deze biodiversiteit wordt bedreigd door ondeskundig beheer en

door de zeer snelle toename van de bevolking die de druk op het milieu verhogen. Onregelmatige regenval en

97

de lange periodes van droogte als gevolg van de klimaatsverandering hebben een negatieve invloed op de

economische ontwikkeling van landbouwers en veehouders vooral in het aride noorden.

De Tanzaniaanse overheid slaagt er om diverse redenen niet in om haar dienstverlening aan de bevolking goed

uit te bouwen. De Civiele Maatschappij is actief op vele domeinen en kan sterke resultaten voorleggen, niet

enkel hierboven besproken sectoren maar ook in sectoren als gezondheid, onderwijs en rechten van vrouwen

en kinderen.

Doelstellingen van NGA’s in Tanzania

Onderwijs

NGA’s zullen zich richten op de versterking van instellingen zowel voor lager-, middelbaar-, hoger onderwijs als

technische & beroepsscholen en culturele instellingen zodat zij een bijdrage kunnen leveren aan de

ontwikkeling van het land.

Instellingen zullen versterkt worden in diverse managementcapaciteiten als HR maar ook financial

management. In het hoger onderwijs staat capacity building centraal door de samenwerking en uitwisseling

met Vlaamse Universiteiten en door het toekennen van beurzen. In het technisch en beroepsonderwijs zullen

NGO’s aandacht besteden aan lerarenopleiding, kwaliteitsvol onderwijs gebaseerd op kennis en bekwaamheid.

Aandacht zal besteed worden aan de aansluiting van het technisch en beroepsonderwijs bij de noden van de

arbeidsmarkt en het bedrijfsleven. Er zal ook aandacht gaan naar het toegankelijker maken van

onderwijsinstellingen voor gehandicapten en meer specifiek slechtzienden.

De steun aan culturele instellingen zal gericht zijn op institutionele versterking, management opleiding,

advocacy, gender en decentralisatie van de instellingen.

Gezondheid

In algemeen hebben NGA’s uitgedrukt zich te willen inzetten voor het redden van levens en het versterken van

de weerbaarheid van de meest kwetsbare gemeenschappen door niet enkel de verbetering van preventie maar

ook verbetering van de toegang tot-, de kwaliteit en de effectiviteit van de gezondheidszorg in Tanzania. Meer

specifiek zijn het verbeteren van verzorging van slechtzienden, verhoogde bloeddonatie en verbeterde

capaciteiten in eerste hulp beoogde doelstellingen op middellange termijn. Bovendien beogen sommige NGA’s

het vergroten van de toegang tot drinkbaar water en sanitatie, maar ook Family planning, reproductive health

en HIV bestrijding.

Mensenrechten, Gerecht & Governance

Belgische NGA’s gaan ervan uit dat de mainstreaming van dit thema veronderstelt dat alle actoren bereid en

bekwaam zijn om het respect voor mensen rechten, inclusief de rechten van minderheden, vrouwen,

gehandicapten, LGTB’s, kinderen, ouderen, enz te verbeteren. Dankzij de steun van NGA’s aan de lokale civiele

maatschappij zullen zij samen met de lokale gemeenschappen betere toegang tot informatie voorzien en zich

versterken in het beter opkomen voor hun rechten.

Ondernemerschap

De belangrijkste doelstelling in deze sector is de verbetering van de levensomstandigheden door de promotie

van ondernemerschap buiten de landbouw. Dit zal gebeuren door verbetering van toegang tot financiering,

door de versterking van ledenorganisaties die het ondernemerschap ondersteunen, verbetering van het

algemene ondernemingsklimaat en het ondersteunen naar diversificatie van businessactiviteiten.

Landbouw

De lange termijn doestelling van NGA’s actief in de landbouw beoogt het bereiken van een dynamische

agrarische sector in Tanzania, waar zowel familiale boeren als andere meer marktgerichte stakeholders erin

slagen een duurzame sector uit te bouwen die in hun eigen voedsel zekerheid voorziet als ook competitief is

voor export markten. De steun aan boerenorganisaties en hun belangenverdedigers hebben een belangrijke

98

plaats in de programma’s van NGA’s om ook de economische, sociale en milieuomstandigheden te verbeteren

van de lokale gemeenschappen.

Milieu

NGA’s zullen dit thema integreren in al hun activiteiten met als doel een duurzaam gebruik van land, water en

bosgebieden door gemeenschappen te bewerkstelligen. Belangrijk daarbij is dat er ook gekeken zal worden

hoe dit gedaan kan worden rekening houdend met de impact van de klimaatverandering. Waar mogelijk zullen

de activiteiten gelinkt worden aan de duurzame bescherming van de vele waardevolle natuurgebieden die

Tanzania rijk is.

Samenwerking, complementariteit en synergie

De reflectie tussen NGA’s en met de vertegenwoordigers van de Ambassade en BTC concentreerde zich eerst

op de transversale en horizontale thema’s die zich op dit moment aanbieden. Uit de analyse van de

toekomstige interventies blijkt dat in vele gevallen de aanpak van NGA’s invloed hebben op meerdere

sectoren: vb waterbeheer op gezondheid, onderwijs op ondernemerschap en landbouw, milieubeheer op

mensenrechten, enz. NGA’s zullen in de toekomst meer aandacht besteden aan de horizontale aanpak, meer

uitwisseling van ervaring en kennis inbouwen in hun acties en op die manier een grotere coherentie kunnen

bereiken.

Enkele transversale thema’s werden geïdentificeerd:

- Gender

- HIV/Aids

- Kinderrechten

- Toegang tot programma’s en projecten voor gehandicapten

- Milieu en climate change

- Cultuur en technologie

- Reproductive health en family planning

De mainstreaming van deze thema’s wordt een opdracht in de toekomstige programma’s en NGA’s zullen

elkaar daarbij ondersteunen door uitwisseling van informatie en vorming.

NGA’s in Tanzania ontmoetten elkaar eerder al zowel tijdens het overleg georganiseerd door de Belgische

Ambassade als op eigen initiatief. Deze uitwisseling zal geïntensifieerd worden op de volgende gebieden:

- Er is voorlopig afgesproken één fysieke jaarlijkse meeting te voorzien op eigen initiatief voor alle

NGA’s met daarnaast één jaarlijkse meeting voor de NGA’s actief in de landbouw om thema’s van

gemeenschappelijke interesse en synergie te bespreken

- NGA’s willen meer uitwisseling n.a.v. specifieke events (bezoeken, conferenties, …), onder landbouw

NGA’s zal er gekeken worden hoe deelname, coördinatie en representatie aan high-level landbouw

sector meetings verdeeld kan worden

- Een actievere participatie binnen het Tanzaniaanse NGO-Forum zal impact en samenwerking met de

civiele maatschappij verbeteren

- Meer samenwerking op het gebied van Project- en programma ontwikkeling: NGO’s zullen sessies

organiseren tijdens de voorbereidende fases van programma-opmaak, zowel voor hun eigen

programma’s als voor het Indicatief Samenwerkingsprogramma van de Belgische bilaterale

samenwerking. Zij zullen opportuniteiten voor synergie-projecten onderzoeken en initiëren

- Fondsenwerving bij andere donoren

Op dit moment zijn het BFFS programma en het synergy project al twee concrete voorbeelden van lopende

synergie tussen Belgische NGA’s. NGA’s willen meer leren uit deze lopende ervaringen en ook bekijken hoe

meer synergie ontwikkeld kan worden tussen de bilaterale als met de internationale actoren. Bij deze laatsten

zal er ook aandacht gaan naar de rol die internationale netwerken van Belgische NGA’s kunnen spelen.

Belgische NGA’s zijn een relatief kleine speler in Tanzania, maar deze engagementen die opgemaakt zijn binnen

deze Gezamenlijke Contextanalyse bieden perspectief voor een kwalitatief hoogstaande samenwerking die

deze organisaties bovendien zal onderscheiden als betrouwbare en standvastige partners voor de Tanzaniaanse

civiele maatschappij.