NREN strategies for Data-Intensive Science in a Carbon Constrained

World

Bill St. ArnaudBill.st.arnaud@gmail.com

Unless otherwise noted all material in this slide deck may be reproduced, modified or distributed without prior permission of the author

Theme of this talk

• We have already lost the battle to save the planet from extreme climate change. Rather than focusing on reducing energy consumption, (Mitigation) we now need to focus on surviving climate change (Adaptation)

• Explosion of data and energy consumption by computers and networks is contributing to energy demand and CO2 emissions

• But big data and science will be critical as move to focus on adapting to climate change

• How can Internet and IT help us build NRENs and support science and

education that can adapt to global warming?

Changing NRENnetworking environment

• Global Virtual Research Communities

• Increasing co-operation between public and private researchers

• Rapidly changing users demands

• Increasing potential of commercial ICT-service providers

• Education: any time, any place, any device

• Citizen Science and M2M communications and sensors

• The disappearing campus IT & diminishing expertise in ICT centres of connected institutions

Although there is less news coverage global warming has not disappeared

Half of US experienced record droughts or deluges in 2011

2010 warmest year ever – we are only at the start of the curve of the hockey stick. The worst is yet to come

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Blame it on CanadaHow warming in the Arctic affects weather in Louisiana

• Warming Arctic slowing down jet stream • Basic Thermodynamics - polar temperatures

drive the jet stream, – There’s been a 20 percent drop in the zonal wind

speeds.• As get stream slows down, it leads to those

bigger kinks in the jet stream.– That amplification is associated with persistent

weather patterns that lead to “extremes” like drought, flooding and heat waves.

• Those slow-moving, persistent waves of weather energy may have played a role in the big snows that hammered parts of the West last winter, as well as some of the extreme winter weather that hit South West US and Europe

• http://summitcountyvoice.com/2012/01/14/global-warming-revenge-of-the-atmosphere/

Climate Forecasts

MIT

• MIT report predicts median temperature forecast of 5.2°C– 11°C increase in Northern Canada

& Europe– http://globalchange.mit.edu/pubs/abstract.p

hp?publication_id=990

• Last Ice age average global temperature was 5-6°C cooler than today– Most of Canada & Europe was

under 2-3 km ice

• Nearly 90 per cent of new scientific findings reveal global climate disruption to be worse, and progressing more rapidly, than expected.• http://www.skepticalscience.com/pics/Freud

enburg_2010_ASC.pdf

Future Droughts• Palmer Drought Severity Index, or PDSI.

• The most severe drought in recent history, in the Sahel region of western Africa in the 1970s, had a PDSI of -3 or -4.

• By 2030 Western USA could see -4 to -6. Drought in Texas clearly caused by global warming: http://goo.gl/QjHRS

• By 2100 some parts of the U.S. and Latin America could see -8 to -10 PDSI, while Mediterranean areas could see drought in the -15 or -20 range.

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39741525/ns/us_news-environment

/

Dramatic changes in precipitation

• Every continent has suffered record rainfalls• Rains submerged one-fifth of Pakistan, a

thousand-year deluge swamped Nashville and storms just north of Rio caused the deadliest landslides Brazil has ever seen.

• Observed increase in precipitation in the last few decades has been due in large part to a disproportionate increase in heavy and extreme precipitation rates which are exceeding predictions made in models

New Challenge: Climate Adaptation

• Obama’s National Science Advisor John Holdren “Mitigation alone won’t work, because the climate is already changing, we’re already experiencing impacts….A mitigation only strategy would be insanity,”

• Equal emphasis given to adaptation – avoiding the unmanageable, and adaptation – managing the unavoidable.”

• Obama’s Climate Adaptation Executive Order– http://www.stumbleupon.com/su/1tU8go/www.good.is/post/obama-s-secret-climate-adaptation-plan/

Climate Change Impact on Internet and NRENs

• UK Government study Climate Change could ruin the Internet– http://www.grist.org/list/2011-05-09-climate-change-could-ruin-the-internet

• California aims to have 30% renewable power– Impact on reliability of power systems

• Last year Nuclear power plants in France were forced to shut down because cooling water was too warm

• Germany is committed to shutting down all of its nuclear plants

• Droughts will restrict production of hydro-electric power

• Energy shortages and disruptions are predicted to increase in the coming years

Impact on ICT sector

www.smart2020.org

According to IEA ICT will represent 40% of all energy consumption by 2030

ICT represent 8% of global electricity consumption

Future Broadband- Internet alone is expected to consume 5% of all electricity http://www.ee.unimelb.edu.au/people/rst/talks/files/Tucker_Green_Plenary.pdf

R&E biggest consumer!!

Australian Computer Society Studyhttp://www.acs.org.au/attachments/ICFACSV4100412.pdf

Per employee Per sector

The ICT energy consumption inhigher- ed

• Campus computing 20-40% electrical energy consumption on most campuses– Studies in UK and The Netherlands– http://goo.gl/k9Kib

• Closet clusters represent up to 15% of electrical consumption– http://isis.sauder.ubc.ca/research/clean-technology-and-energy/green-it/

• Campus data center alone represents 8-20% of electrical consumption– http://www.iisd.org/publications/pub.aspx?pno=1341

• IISD study demonstrated that moving Canadian research to cloud would pay for itself in energy savings and CO2 reduction– http://www.iisd.org/publications/pub.aspx?pno=1341

The real cost of campus computing

• Land - 2%• Core and shell costs – 9% • Architectural – 7%• Mechanical/Electrical – 82%

– 16% increase/year since 2004Source: Christian Belady

Belady, C., “In the Data Center, Power and Cooling Costs More than IT Equipment it Supports”, Electronics Cooling Magazine (February 2007)

The Data Deluge

Genomic sequencing output x2 every 9 month

Climate model intercomparisonproject (CMIP) of the IPCC

2004: 36 TB

2012: 2,300 TB

1330 molec. bio databases Nucleic Acids Research (96 in Jan 2001)

MACHO et al.: 1 TBPalomar: 3 TB2MASS: 10 TBGALEX: 30 TBSloan: 40 TB

Pan-STARRS: 40,000 TB

Source: Ian Foster, UoChicago

Big science has achieved big successes

LIGO: 1 PB data in last science run, distributed worldwide

ESG: 1.2 PB climate datadelivered to 23,000 users; 600+ pubs

OSG: 1.4M CPU-hours/day, >90 sites, >3000 users, >260 pubs in 2010

Robust production solutionsSubstantial teams and expenseSustained, multi-year effortApplication-specific solutions, built on common technology

Source: Ian Foster, UoChicago

But small science is struggling

More data, more complex dataAd-hoc solutionsInadequate software, hardwareData plan mandates

Source: Ian Foster, UoChicago

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Growth in sensor networks and Citizen Science

Real Time Health Monitoring

Glacier Tracking

Smart Trash

THE CHALLENGEWe need solutions to address climate change, data deluge, needs of scientists, global collaboration, the evolving network of any time, any place, any device and yet addresses the challenge of disappearing IT on campus while still providing a leadership role in next generation Internet and broadband, and find ways to pay for it all in an era of severe fiscal constraint.

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THE SOLUTION

1. Brokered Green Clouds and off site campus IT2. Software Defined Networks (OpenFlow)3. NREN national wireless network 4. Global Interconnected Dynamic Optical Networks5. eScience Platforms with next gen IdM6. Community anchor IXPs with CDN and M2M hosting7. New billion dollar revolving green energy funds at many

universities

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1. Brokered Green Clouds and off site CAMPUS IT

Universities moving to eliminate IT departments

• Already many primary functions of IT department are being outsourced to the cloud– E-mail, web, DNS, research computing, etc– University of Western Australia has outsourced virtually all campus servers to an

external private cloud

• Even routing, network and firewall functions being outsourced to NREN– AARnet, SUnet and other NRENs offering border gateway routing services with

collapsed IP backbones– Software Defined Networks makes it easy to configure outsourced LAN– Network facilities can be located

• Increasingly most traffic is in/out of campus, instead of within– Social networking, P2P, Clouds, Kuali, Blackboard– Future of Campus IT – high speed optical network connected to WiFi/5G hot

spots with tablets– No servers, no LAN

MIT to build zero carbon data center in Holyoke MA

• The data center will be managed and funded by the four main partners in the facility: the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cisco Systems, the University of Massachusetts and EMC.

• It will be a high-performance computing environment that will help expand the research and development capabilities of the companies and schools in Holyoke– http://www.greenercomputing.com/news/2009/06/11/ci

sco-emc-team-mit-launch-100m-green-data-center

NREN Brokered Cloud for IT departments and Researchers

• Internet 2 Net +– Provisioning of multi vendor cloud services leveraging the Internet2

Network and InCommon Federated Authentication – Interoperable marketplace for services where individual institutions

might procure services from a wide range of cloud services providers.

• HEFCE and JISC to Deliver Cloud-Based Services for UK Research

– Besides providing brokered cloud services they are also providing cloud “solutions” for IT departments and researchers

– http://www.hpcinthecloud.com/hpccloud/2011-06-27/hefce_and_jisc_to_deliver_cloud-based_services_for_uk_research.html?utm_medium=twitter&utm_source=twitterfeed

• SURFnet: Community Cloud Models and the Role of the R&E network as a broker for cloud services– http://www.slideshare.net/haroldteunissen/community-clouds-shared-infrastructure-as-a-service

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2. Software Defined networks

GreenStar NetworkWorld’s First Zero Carbon Cloud/Internet

OpenFlow Follow the wind/Follow the sun

Cloud Manager

Host Resource

Cloud Manager

Network Manager

VM

Mantychore2

Host Resource

Canadian GSN Domain

European GSN Domain

Dynamically ConfigureIP Tunnel

• Shudown VM• Copy Image • Update VM Context

• Start VM

Export VM

VMVM

Internet

Notify EU Cloud Manager

Cloud Proxy Host Cloud Proxy

Lightpath

Optical switch Optical switch

Shared storage

Shared storage

Host

OpenFlow-based cloud

Open Virtual Switch (OVS)

Host

eth0 eth1

Ethernet Switch

Open Virtual Switch (OVS)

Host

eth0 eth1Open Virtual Switch (OVS)

Host

VM VM

eth0 eth1Open Virtual Switch (OVS)

Host

VM

eth0 eth1

VM

OpenFlow Control plane

OpenFlow Data plane

OF Controller

OpenFlow Network B

OVS

eth0 eth1

Internet

eth0 eth1

OVS

VM VM VM VM

OpenFlow Network A

Green Clouds International• GreenLight explores how researchers can take advantage of data centers linked by

high-speed networking in an era of carbon-thrifty computing • Recent studies migrating virtual machines to green energy sites indicate that 100

Gb/s networks are far superior to 10 Gb/s to make this transparent.• SURFnet 7 lightpath connection to GreenQCloud in Iceland

SURFconecxt control of lightpath to GreenQCloud in Iceland

Future Global Network of Green Clouds interconnected by GLIF

Science Cloud Communication Services Network

• Enterprise clouds use commodity internet; computational clouds for data-intensive science require dynamic cloud provisioning integrated with dynamic high performance.

• TransCloud: example of dynamic networking & dynamic cloud provisioning

Example of working in the TransCloud[1] Build trans-continental applications spanning clouds:• Distributed query application based on Hadoop/Pig• Store archived Network trace data using HDFS• Query data using Pig over Hadoop clusters[2] Perform distributed query on TransCloud, which currently spans the following sites:• HP OpenCirrus• Northwestern OpenCloud• UC San Diego• Kaiserslautern

Source: Maxine Brown

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3.0 NREN National Wireless Network

Building a NREN wireless network

• Vision: to allow students, researchers and employees to collaborate, research, learn anytime and anywhere they seem fit!

• Also Internet of Things – Machine to Machine communications

• Existing 3G and 4G networks cannot handle data load– Roaming gateways prevent global seamless access– Voice centric architectures

• New mobile networks seamlessly integrate with WiFi on campus– New Wifi 2.0 standards 802.11u allow for data handoff from 3G

networks– Eduroam can be the global authorization tool– OpenFlow can be used to architect integrated solutions from wireless

node across optical network

Impact of NREN wireless networks

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• The phone is a also a sensor platform

• Processing is done in real time in the cloud– Allowing processing that can’t be done on the device– Big data analysis

• New campus or hot spot centric architectures integrating LTE and Wifi– See SURFnet pilot

http://www.surfnet.nl/en/nieuws/Pages/Backgroundarticle.aspx

• WiFi nodes can be powered by renewable sources such as roof top solar panel over 400Hz power systems or ethernet power

The Regulatory Challenge• Today’s SIM-card locks user to the network

• If NREN becomes a MVNO with own SIM-cards, users could roam seamlessly around the globe

• Only public service providers have access to IMSI-numbers for SIM-cards

• One option is to lobby regulators to give R&E networks access to IMSI-numbers

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4. Global Interconnected Dynamic Optical Networks

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GLIF

GOLE

e-Research Scenario

38Source: SURFnet

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Importance of GOLEs• Increasingly more research and education is international collaboration

– Cornell- Technion announcement– US overseas university campuses in UK and elsewhere– GOLES enable direct peering of regional networks or even institutions

• Many researchers need access to commercial clouds and data specialists– AUP issues often prevent NRENs from directly connecting up these institutions– Genomics and bio-informatics processing and climate modeling

• Many commercial research institutions need access to lightpaths– GOLES provide neutral access points for interconnect to AUP free lightpaths

• Enables new services– Software Defined Network using Switched lambdas

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5. eScience Platforms with next gen IdM

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Towards “research IT as a service”

Source: Ian Foster, UoChicago

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SaaS services in action: The XSEDE vision

XUAS

Virtual Organisations

NBIC

Group

Netherlands BioInformatics Centre (NBIC)

Apps.NBIC.nl

Supporting Services• SURFfederatie• SURFteams• OpenSocial

My

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N=6 N=10 N=30GuestsN=20

N=66

Virtual IdPNetwork

ServicesStorage Services

Compute

Services

Network Broker Storage Broker Compute

Broker

Instrument

Services

Instrument Broker

Collaboration Infrastructure (SURFconext)

Generic Broker

AAI provisioning

groups

Attrib.

mgmt

…

Source: SURFnet

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6. eScience and Big Data for Citizen Science and Community

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Extending science and education to the community

• Community anchor Internet Exchange Points help clear the bottleneck of content peering– Co-hosting of CDN caching boxes– Managed by NREN– Examples include KAREN (New Zealand), BCnet and UNINETT (Norway)

• Minimize tromboning of R&E traffic to homes and schools• Can support extension of Eduroam to community WiFi spots and/or community last

mile networks• Allows for M2M traffic and anywhere, anytime traffic to propagate through the

community

Community IXP managed by NREN

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7. How to pay for it all

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$1 billion funding program• Green revolving funds are either part of a university endowment program or publicly traded

entities.– http://www.sustainablebusiness.com/index.cfm/go/news.display/id/23028

• They make investments in energy efficiency and GHG reduction initiatives. Payback typically 32%

• ICT can represent up to 40% of the electrical energy consumption at university and growing

• The obvious low hanging fruit is to move, as much as possible the closet clusters and campus data center facilities to commercial clouds. Next is network infrastructure such as routing and servers

• Other obvious money saving practices are to power laptop and cell phone charging stations with roof top solar panels or micro windmills, deploy solar/wind powered WiFi nodes, and use on the move electric charging for campus utility vehicles, etc

• Campus IT folk and NRENs need to educate managers of such funds the IT and networking can play a much more significant role in reducing energy consumption and GHG emissions then traditional facilities based solutions

Cyber-infrastructure in a Carbon Constrained World

http://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/ERM0960.pdf

Let’s Keep The Conversation Going

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