joints chapter 7 bio160. types of joints fibrous – sutures between skull bones, between teeth and...
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Joints
Chapter 7
Bio160
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Types of Joints
Fibrous – Sutures between skull bones, between teeth and jaw and between radius and ulna and tibia and fibula
Cartilaginous – Epiphyseal plate, costal cartilage, between vertebrae and pubic symphysis
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Types of Synovial Joints• Gliding – intercarpal and intertarsal,
sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, sternocostal, and vertebrocostal
• Hinge – knee, elbow, ankle and interphalangeal
• Pivot – atlanto-axial, radioulnar
• Condyloid – wrist and metacarpophalangeal (2-5)
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Types of Synovial Joints
• Saddle – carpometacarpal in thumb
• Ball and Socket – shoulder and hip
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Types of Movements at Synovial Joints
• Flexion and Extension
• Abduction and Adduction
• Inversion and Eversion
• Elevation and Depression
• Supination and Pronation
• Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion
• Rotation
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Muscle Tissue
Chapter8
Bio160
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Connective Tissue Components
• Entire muscle is wrapped in fibrous connective tissue which is continuous with tendons that insert skeletal muscle into bone
• This outer connective tissue of muscle can also be called deep fascia (sheet of fibrous connective tissue) as compared to superficial fascia also known as subcutaneous tissue
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Connective Tissue Components• Connective tissue holds muscle together as
well as serving to transmit blood vessels and nerves to inner muscle cells
Epimysium - outside of entire muscle
Perimysium - divides muscle cells into fascicles (bundles)
Endomysium - covers individual muscle cells
• Connective tissue layers of skeletal muscle
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Histology
• Large → Small: fascicle → fiber → fibril → filament
Sarco = fleshy
• Muscle consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers
• Sarcolemma - cell membrane
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Histology
• Transverse (T) tubule - tubular invagination of sarcolemma that surrounds each myofibril
• Sarcoplasm – cytoplasm
• Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) - smooth endoplasmic reticulum that stores Ca2+, has enlarged portions called cisternae that surround the transverse tubules
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Histology
• Myofibrils – cross section of muscle cell consists of small cylinders called myofibrils which may number several 100 to several 1000/cell (exercise increases myofibril production; lack of exercise decreases myofibrils (atrophy))
Each myofibril consists of myofilaments (protein)
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Histology
– thick myofilaments = myosin
– thin myofilaments = actin, troponin, tropomyosin
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Histology
– thick myofilaments = myosin
– thin myofilaments = actin, troponin, tropomyosin
Each myofibril is surrounded by SR
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Histology
• Sarcomere - myofilaments don't extend entire length of muscle fiber; they are stacked into compartments called sarcomeres
Sarcomeres are the functional unit of a skeletal muscle (contractile unit)
Myofilament arrangement in sarcomeres results in alternating pattern of light and dark staining bands
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Histology (6)
Parts of sarcomere
– A band - myosin + overlapping actin, dark staining band
– I band - only actin, troponin, tropomyosin (2 I bands / sarcomere), light staining band
– Z disc – through center of I band
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