joseph califano, m.d. department of otolaryngology- head and neck surgery johns hopkins university...
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Joseph Califano, M.D.Department of Otolaryngology-
Head and Neck Surgery
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, MD USA
Surgical Management of the Neck in Head and Neck Cancer
General Goals
• Review the indications for management of cervical nodal metastasis in head and neck cancer
• Indications for selective, staging neck dissection
• Newer techniques, including sentinel node biopsy
Levels of the Neck
I
IV
VI III
II
V
Sublevels of the Neck
IA
IV
VIIII
IIA
VA
IB IIB
VB
Neck Dissection:Terminology
• AHNS recommendations favor descriptive terminology to obtain better precision– Neck levels– Structures preserved– Structures sacrificed
Sources of Bias in Literature Regarding Neck Dissection
• Almost all data from retrospective analyses
• No standard method of identification of levels by pathologist
• Both contralateral and ipsilateral necks are reported
• Localization of primary sites can be challenging
Neck Dissection
• Staging: A variety of selective neck dissections for staging of HNSC with N0 disease
• Therapy: Usually a comprehensive neck dissection for known presence of disease
Historical Approach
• George Crile’s initial description of neck dissection: – bleeding controlled by clamping of common carotid
artery– “softening of the brain” noted postoperatively
• Radical neck dissection: removal of – levels I-V– Internal Jugular Vein– Sternocleidomastoid – CN XI
Radical Neck Dissection
Modified Neck Dissection
• Modified neck dissection: preservation of one or more of the following if not directly invaded– Internal Jugular Vein– Sternocleidomastoid – CN XI– Submandibular gland, etc. (Bocca et al. 1967)
• Comparison of MRND vs. RND regional recurrence– Radical Neck Dissection 13-16%– Modified Neck Dissection 6-9%– Improved shoulder function with CN XI preservation
Neck Dissection With Preservation of the SCM, IJ, and CN XI
Selective vs. Comprehensive/(I-V)
Neck Dissection• Removal of a portion of nodal groups based
on preferential metastases from known primary site – Lindberg, Cancer, 1972– Buckley, Head and Neck, 2001
• Primary Rationale: Staging, determination of nodal involvement to guide further therapy, usually radiotherapy or conversion to comprehensive neck dissection (I-V) if intraoperative disease
Selective vs. Comprehensive/(I-V)
Neck Dissection• Secondary Rationale: Therapy,
clearance of known or suspected nodal disease– Controversy regarding use as therapy for
N+ disease
• Advantages: clear improvement in postoperative morbidity, particularly in CN XI function
Comprehensive Neck Dissection:Levels I-V
• Safe, accepted, traditional means of addressing any N+ neck surgically
• Major structures require sacrifice when involved with tumor
Distribution of Nodal Metastases:Oral Cavity
• I 30%
• II 35%
• III 23%
• IV 9%
• V 2%
Level IV in Oral Cavity Selective Neck Dissection
• 16% of patients with oral tongue cancer have isolated positive node in level III or level IV
• 8% with isolated level IV node involvement during or after neck dissection– Byers et al. Head and Neck, 1997
Risk of Occult Nodal Metastasis: Oral Cavity
• For clinical T1, T2 N0 oral tongue SCC, risk of occult nodal metastasis is ~20%, 50%– Byers, et al, Head and Neck 1998
• Oral Cavity tumor thickness >3-4 mm. predicts elevated risk of occult metastasis >40%
– Spiro Am J Surg 1986,
– Yuen Head and Neck 2002
• Undissected T1, T2 N0 oral cavity cancer associated with a 50% regional recurrence rate Yuen Head and Neck, 1997
Selective Neck Dissection I-IIIfor oral cavity N0 disease
III
IIAI
IIB
IV
• T2-T4 NO oral cavity
• Any T thickness > 0.4 cm
• Isolated IIB metastasis rare
Distribution of Nodal Metastases:Oropharynx
• I 10%
• II 52%
• III 34%
• IV 20%
• V 7%
Oropharynx: Special Considerations
• Isolated level V nodal metastasis extremely rare
• Retropharyngeal nodes are a primary nodal drainage site, but not addressed by neck dissection
• Radiotherapy often administered for primary and regional control
• High risk of bilateral nodal metastasis
Selective Neck Dissection II-IVfor Oropharynx
IV
III
IIA
IIB
• T2-T4 NO oropharynx• T1N0 controversial• Retropharyngeal nodal basin
may be treated with radiotherapy regardless of neck status, obviating need for selective neck dissection to determine therapy
Distribution of Nodal Metastases:
Larynx and Hypopharynx
• I 2%• II 31%• III 27%• IV 12%• V 2.6%
Selective Neck Dissection Hypopharynx: Considerations
• Propensity to bilateral nodal metastasis
• Usually presents at advanced stage
• Selective Neck dissection used to determine need for radiotherapy in very early stage lesions treated with primary surgical therapy
Selective Neck Dissection Larynx: Considerations
• T1 glottic tumors with low potential for cervical metastasis, <10%, selective neck dissection not performed
• Supraglottic tumors have a high risk for occult nodal metastasis and bilateral nodal spread – T1, 20%– T2, 40%
Selective Neck Dissection II-IVfor Hypopharynx and Larynx
IV
III
IIA
IIB• T1-T4 NO hypopharynx
• If N0 treated with radiotherapy for primary, may be no need for selective neck dissection
• T2-T4 NO Larynx
• If N0 treated with radiotherapy for primary, may be no need for selective neck dissection
Paratracheal Nodal Dissection for Larynx, Hypopharynx
• 10 –20 % risk of paratracheal nodal positivity for patients in whom level VI is dissected
• Usually associated with contralateral positive nodes
• Often associated with subglottic, pyriform apex, cervical esophageal tumors
• Postoperative radiotherapy results in a reduced parastomal recurrence for patients with pathologic nodes in level VI
Selective Neck Dissection VIfor selected
larynx/hypopharynx/thyroid tumors
VI
Postoperative Radiotherapy after Selective Neck
Dissection• Patients with any single or multiple nodal
metastasis have improved regional control with postoperative radiotherapy (6% vs.36% for single node)
– Byers, et al. Head and Neck 1999 (n=517)– Ambrosch, et al., Otolaryngol HNS 2001 (n=503)
• Approximately 50% of recurrences were within the dissected field
• Approximate 5% improvement in regional control by radiotherapy for pN1 disease
Selective Neck Dissection for clinically N+ Disease: A
Controversy
• Rationale: Postoperative radiotherapy may achieve control of microscopic/subclinical metastatic disease
• Improved functional outcome
Selective Neck Dissection for clinically N+ Disease: A
Controversy• Most studies limited, with highly
selected group
• Anderson et al. Arch Otol HNS, 2002– 106 patients, 129 necks– 55% N1, 26% N2b– 72% irradiated– 94% control with >2 Y follow up
Selective Lymph Node Sampling
• Mentioned in order to be condemned• Positive necks discovered = positive
necks missed– Manni et al. Am J Surg 1991
• Sensitivity of less than 50%– Wein et al. Laryngoscope, 2002
• Sensitivity 56%, specificity 70%– Finn S, et al. Laryngoscope. 2002 Apr;112(4):630-3.
Sentinel node biopsy
• 99Tc labeled colloid +/- blue colloid dye injected into tumor
• Preoperative imaging, hand held gamma probe, visual identification used to dissect sentinel lymph node (initial draining node)
Sentinel Node Biopsy
• 10-15 reports in literature• Largest series is a collection of
multicenter data (Ross et al., Ann Surg Oncol 2002)
• 316 necks evaluated– Sentinel node identified in 95%– 76 positive necks– 90% sensitivity
Sentinel Node Biopsy: Pitfalls
• Only accessible tumors can be injected preoperatively, e.g. oropharynx, oral cavity
• Additional cost, need for second procedure• Morbidity/cost analysis vs. selective neck
dissection• 10% of occult metastases that may be
detected by selective neck dissection remain undiagnosed
• Should be performed in prospective clinical trials
Neck Dissection After Chemotherapy and/or
Radiation• Most series advocate neck dissection in N2 or
greater disease, regardless of clinical response• Residual tumor found in neck in over 30% of N2
necks and 50% of N3 necks after chemoradiation– Laryngoscope. 2007 Jan;117(1):121-8. Sewall GK, et al.
• Residual disease may not correlate with response
• Recurrences after chemoradiation are often unresectable
Liauw SL, Amdur RJ, Morris CG, Werning JW, Villaret DB, Mendenhall WM. Isolated neck recurrence after definitive
radiotherapy for node-positive head and neck cancer: Salvage in the dissected or undissected neck. Head Neck. 2007 Feb 1
Well-differentiated Thyroid Cancer
• No role for elective neck dissection
• Central compartment, level VI nodal dissection for positive central nodes
• Modified neck dissection, at least levels II-V for neck metastasis, to include level IIB
• “Berry-picking” is not indicated
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
• Total thyroidectomy and central compartment dissection, level VI for most cases
• Ipsilateral nodal dissection at least levels II-V if central compartment is N+
Salivary Gland Carcinoma
• No added survival benefit to elective neck dissection
• However, significant rate of occult nodal positivity for high grade tumors (adenoid cystic, squamous cell, high grade mucoepidermoid, etc.)
• Comprehensive (I-V) ipsilateral nodal dissection for N+ disease or high grade tumor
• Selective, I-III dissection for radiosensitive histologies with N0 necks and/or high grade tumor
Summary
• Comprehensive neck dissection Levels I-V recommended for clinically N+ necks– Sacrifice of structures only if clinically involved by
tumor
• Staging/Selective neck dissection indicated for N0 necks, dependent on primary tumor site
• Comprehensive neck dissection Levels I-V indicated for N2+ neck disease treated by chemoradiation
Summary
• The use of selective neck dissection for clinically N+ is controversial
• The use of sentinel node biopsy is less sensitive that selective neck dissection, and remains investigational
Future Trials: Statistical Consideration
• Most retrospective trials describe a 5-10% difference in clinical endpoints in comparison of sentinel node biopsy, selective neck dissection, and comprehensive neck dissection
• Assuming 80% power, would require a randomized trial with 1400 patients (700/arm) to detect a statistically significant 5% difference.
Surgeons must be very careful,When they take the knife!
Underneath their fine incisions,Stirs the Culprit Life!
~Emily Dickinson