joseph thomas ramasubramanian
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Knowledge Gaps in Organic Agriculture: A preliminary study on agricultural universities and organic farming practices in India. Joseph Thomas Ramasubramanian. 8 th Jan 2013 | New Deli. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Knowledge Gaps in Organic Agriculture:A preliminary study
on agricultural universities andorganic farming
practices in India
Joseph ThomasRamasubramanian
8th Jan 2013 | New Deli
A study of the State Agricultural Universities, their relationship with the Organic Farming movements across India and the changing
agriculture policy of state governments
States with Policies on Organic Farming
• Sikkim – entire state• Karnataka – mission • Madhya Pradesh – policy & certification• Kerala – policy & initiative• Uttrakhand – policy & initiative• Andhra Pradesh (NPM) – policy & initiative
Central Schemes that promote Organic Farming
• National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) – proposed under 12th Five Year Plan
• Mahila Kisan Sashaktikiran Pariyojana (MKSP) • Other schemes in parts
Organic Farming & India
Organic Farming in India
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uncertifiedcertified
Drivers of Organic Farming
• Better Commercial Returns• By Default• Cultural Reasons• Environmentally Conscious• Civil Society Action
SAU“The challenge facing India's SAUs for the next century will be to complement the concern for the immediate needs of
increased production with a greater emphasis on productivity and long-term sustainability; to balance the
focus on disciplinary and commodity research with a greater emphasis on interdisciplinary research and a systems
perspective; and to move from being reactive organizations to proactive ones, from hierarchical organizations to participatory ones, from agricultural universities to
universities for rural development.” - Lawrence Busch, 1988
SAU
“India, since independence, followed a path of science led growth of its agriculture. Agricultural education was placed
in the forefront of this strategy. A comprehensive educational system has been evolved for building human
resource that could undertake location and situation specific research and transfer its results to improve
productivity, profitability and stability of agriculture. Not only the educational system was patterned on the Land
Grants Colleges of the USA, but faculty was also trained in the US universities through a joint Indo-US programme….”
– KIA, 2009
NMSA & SAU• there is not a single source cited that is from any Agricultural
University in India• the four functional dimensions that are elaborated, do not
explore the roles of different entities in delivering the functional dimensions
• Strategies - the State Agriculture Universities (SAU) are explicitly mentioned four times in all. – Twice: Improved Crop Seed, Livestock and Fish Culture (Strengthening
of Research Infrastructure, Capacity Building of Field Functionaries),– Once : Improved Farm Practices (Infrastructure – Strengthening of
simulation facilities) – Once: Livelihood Diversification (Capacity Building – Development of
Agri-Livestock Extension)
Challenges for Organic Farming• Food Security• Encouragement from State• No risk mitigation exercise• No area specific encouragement offering less protection to
organic farmers• Sovereignty of Seeds• Inputs• Pest Management• Irrigation and Labour• Marketing
What does the Organic Farming Policy contain? Sikkim Madhya
Pradesh Karnataka Kerala Uttarakhand
Is the main thrust on
a) livelihoods and improving net returns of farmers Yes Yes Yes Yes Not Clear
b) is it about export and niche markets? Yes No Yes No Yes
Does the policy emphasise on
a) 'internalisation' of farm inputs Yes Yes Yes Yes Not Clear
b) providing opportunities to the organic industry, where farmers will buy things from various input factories/entities/outfits?
Yes No No No Not Clear
Have farmers' institutions and empowerment been emphasised upon, for sustainability of the effort? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Is there convergence between various departments envisaged? Yes Yes Yes Yes Not Clear
Have forward linkages as well as backward linkages been thought of, and planned for? Yes Yes Yes Yes Not Clear
Is the policy ambitious in its approach or not? Yes Yes Yes Yes No How is the implementation against the objectives? Are the goalposts being moved or being adhered to? Yes Yes Not Clear Yes Not Clear
Does the policy address
equity concerns No No No Yes Nofragile eco-zones No No Yes Yes No women farmers No No Yes Yes Nosmallholders Yes Yes Yes Yes Yestribal and Dalit farmers No Yes Yes Yes Yesrain fed farmers Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Are subsidies being recast clearly to promote organic No Yes Yes No Not Clear
Do main subsidies continue in a chemical farming paradigm, vitiating any plans for organic right at the beginning No No Not Clear Yes Not Clear
Is a farming systems approach being taken - livestock integration, agro-forestry etc Not Clear Yes Yes Yes Not Clear
SAU & Organic Farming
• 2 out of 53 agriculture universities have courses / departments explicitly dedicated to organic farming in the country
• The curriculum of most agriculture universities indicate Indian Agriculture as having started from 18th century and have in that synonymously connect agriculture departments (and universities) existence to that of agriculture itself thereby denying other knowledge sources…this continues with acknowledging current intermediaries as well
SAUs and Organic Farming
University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS), Dharwad in Karnataka has an organic farming cell that has been involved in research and recently announced the followingVice-Chancellor of the University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS), Dharwad, R.R. Hanchinal said the “…research conducted by scientists from the university had proved that organic farming ensured more productivity than chemical farming in rain-fed areas.” UAS has developed technology for organic cultivation of 12 major crops and is working closely with the state agriculture department
SAUs and Organic Farming
The Sikkim government realizing that the volume of extension work required for full conversion enrolled the help of many different civil society organisations. The Sikkim Organic Policy document states the following “The private sector, commercial and NGOs in Sikkim should be encouraged tojoin forces and form a united organic sector body. Setting up a permanent body, where people from these sectors are represented, may be considered for the consultations between the government and the private sector.”
SAUs & Organic Farming
Andhra Pradesh(AP) relied heaving on Self Help Group(SHGs)demanded a) Sustainable agriculture based livelihood b) Reduced cost of cultivation c) Chemical free food citing health considerations. This
demand led to Community Managed Sustainable Agriculture (CMSA)
The SHG platform was also to be used for scaling up. It should be noted that all 3 demands of the SHGs were met by the CMSA programme
SAUs & Organic Farming
In Karnataka the government coordinated with various Non-Governmental Organisations(NGOs) for different levels of extension work. NGOs were involved in awareness generation, training and forming farmer groups. A study was done on the “Role of non-governmental organizations in promoting sustainable agriculture in Karnataka”. The author states that “NGOs are very prominent in effective implementation of government programmes towards sustainability in agriculture”. He further states that“ The government should take more interest and improve organic farming with the help of NGOs”.
SAUs & Organic Farming
Kerala organic farming policy is very strong on involvement of SAUs. It expects the full participation of the University in the General Council and Executive Committee levels aside from creating inputs like seeds, fertilizer and plant protection materials. Strategy 4.5 of the policy document states “Kerala Agricultural University and other research institutions should develop suitable crop combinations and locally suitable technology, through participatory research with farmers.” The SAU at Trissur developed “THE ADHOC PACKAGE OF PRACTICES RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ORGANIC FARMING” in 2009. However the document on agricultural practice is little known.
Study Results
There is a real gap in knowledge faced by organic farmers that the state agricultural systems are not able to fill. Consequently this is filled by other intermediaries.
Study Results
As more states create policies on sustainable agriculture in response to either perceived commercial benefits or climate change or mere common sense, the knowledge gap will only become more pronounced and state level policy does not seem to be (in general) able to address how the knowledge gap will be filled nor envision a role for SAUs in this context.
Study Results
Unless Histories, Culture Studies, Anthropology, Indigenous Ecological Studies, Tribal Sociological Studies, etc., become part of the agriculture understanding in the Indian context, we may not see much relevance in the agriculture university system apart from its ‘yield fixated’ mindset. Such an engagement with other disciplines, may lead to revisiting the philosophical roots in a significant manner
Study Results
A country with such large number of small and marginal farmers cannot continue to look at small farms as a liability because the agriculture universities teach only about productivity techniques that obviously favour large farms.
Study Results
A movement towards nutrition-security centric approach will have the universities acknowledging the traditional knowledge of agriculture within the small farmers meaningfully