1. oiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioxford internet instute university of oxfordoiioiioiioiioiioiio Introduction Information Sources Legality and Ethics Experiments Questions Global Censorship Analysis Joss Wright joss.wright@oii.ox.ac.uk @josswright Oxford Internet Institute University of Oxford Joss Wright Global Censorship Analysis: 1/43

2. oiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioxford internet instute university of oxfordoiioiioiioiioiioiio Introduction Information Sources Legality and Ethics Experiments Questions Censorship Most countries engage in some form of Internet ltering. Chinas Golden Shield is the most well-known. Saudi Arabia presents perhaps the most extreme ltering regime. (OpenNet Initiative) Different technologies; different targets; different rationales and justications. Joss Wright Global Censorship Analysis: 2/43 3. oiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioxford internet instute university of oxfordoiioiioiioiioiioiio Introduction Information Sources Legality and Ethics Experiments Questions Censorship Technologies Technical classication of ltering: DNS Poisoning IP Header Filtering (address or protocol) IP Content Filtering (keyword or protocol) Proxy Filtering Legal and social pressure. Joss Wright Global Censorship Analysis: 3/43 4. oiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioxford internet instute university of oxfordoiioiioiioiioiioiio Introduction Information Sources Legality and Ethics Experiments Questions DNS Lookup User Home Router ISP's DNS Server ISP Router User ISP's Network Network A Network B Target Network Q: target.com? A: 82.68.72.161 target.com? target.com? 82.68.72.161 82.68.7.161 target.com 82.68.72.161 Joss Wright Global Censorship Analysis: 4/43 5. oiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioxford internet instute university of oxfordoiioiioiioiioiioiio Introduction Information Sources Legality and Ethics Experiments Questions DNS Hierarchy target.com? target.com? target.com? target.com? `Authoritative' Domain Name Server for target.com `Root' Domain Name Server User's Domain Name Server (usually ISP-operated). Joss Wright Global Censorship Analysis: 5/43 6. oiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioxford internet instute university of oxfordoiioiioiioiioiioiio Introduction Information Sources Legality and Ethics Experiments Questions Web Request ... target.com 82.68.72.161 User Home Router ISP's DNS Server ISP Router User ISP's Network Network A Network B Target Network http://82.68.72.161:80/ blog.html?q=enlightenment http://82.68.72.161:80/ blog.html?q=enlightenment http://82.68.72.161:80/ blog.html?q=enlightenment http://82.68.72.161:80/ blog.html?q=enlightenment http://82.68.72.161:80/ blog.html?q=enlightenment http://82.68.72.161:80/ blog.html?q=enlightenment Joss Wright Global Censorship Analysis: 6/43 7. oiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioxford internet instute university of oxfordoiioiioiioiioiioiio Introduction Information Sources Legality and Ethics Experiments Questions DNS Poisoning User Home Router ISP's DNS Server ISP Router User ISP's Network Network A Network B Target Network Q: target.com? A: 95.45.23.122 target.com? target.com? 95.45.23.122 95.45.23.122 target.com 95.45.23.122 Joss Wright Global Censorship Analysis: 7/43 8. oiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioxford internet instute university of oxfordoiioiioiioiioiioiio Introduction Information Sources Legality and Ethics Experiments Questions IP Header Filtering ... target.com 82.68.72.161 User Home Router ISP's DNS Server ISP Router User ISP's Network Network A Network B Target Network http://82.68.72.161:80/ blog.html?q=enlightenment http://82.68.72.161:80/ blog.html?q=enlightenment http://82.68.72.161:80/ blog.html?q=enlightenment Joss Wright Global Censorship Analysis: 8/43 9. oiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioxford internet instute university of oxfordoiioiioiioiioiioiio Introduction Information Sources Legality and Ethics Experiments Questions IP Header Filtering ... target.com 82.68.72.161 User Home Router ISP's DNS Server ISP Router User ISP's Network Network A Network B Target Network http://82.68.72.161:80/ blog.html?q=enlightenment http://82.68.72.161:80/ blog.html?q=enlightenment http://82.68.72.161:80/ blog.html?q=enlightenment Joss Wright Global Censorship Analysis: 9/43 10. oiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioxford internet instute university of oxfordoiioiioiioiioiioiio Introduction Information Sources Legality and Ethics Experiments Questions IP Content Filtering (DPI) ... target.com 82.68.72.161 User Home Router ISP's DNS Server ISP Router User ISP's Network Network A Network B Target Network http://82.68.72.161:80/ blog.html?q=enlightenment http://82.68.72.161:80/ blog.html?q=enlightenment http://82.68.72.161:80/ blog.html?q=enlightenment Joss Wright Global Censorship Analysis: 10/43 11. oiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioxford internet instute university of oxfordoiioiioiioiioiioiio Introduction Information Sources Legality and Ethics Experiments Questions Proxy Filtering ... target.com 82.68.72.161 User Home Router ISP's DNS Server ISP Router User ISP's Network Network A Network B Target Network http://82.68.72.161:80/ blog.html?q=enlightenment http://82.68.72.161:80/ blog.html?q=enlightenment http://82.68.72.161:80/ blog.html?q=enlightenment http://82.68.72.161:80/ blog.html?q=enlightenment http://82.68.72.161:80/ blog.html?q=enlightenment http://82.68.72.161:80/ blog.html?q=enlightenment Censorship Authority Joss Wright Global Censorship Analysis: 11/43 12. oiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioxford internet instute university of oxfordoiioiioiioiioiioiio Introduction Information Sources Legality and Ethics Experiments Questions Proxy Filtering ... target.com 82.68.72.161 User Home Router ISP's DNS Server ISP Router User ISP's Network Network A Network B Target Network http://82.68.72.161:80/ blog.html?q=enlightenment http://82.68.72.161:80/ blog.html?q=enlightenment http://82.68.72.161:80/ blog.html?q=enlightenment http://82.68.72.161:80/ blog.html?q=enlightenment http://82.68.72.161:80/ blog.html?q=enlightenment http://82.68.72.161:80/ blog.html?q=enlightenment Censorship Authority Joss Wright Global Censorship Analysis: 12/43 13. oiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioxford internet instute university of oxfordoiioiioiioiioiioiio Introduction Information Sources Legality and Ethics Experiments Questions Limitations Flexibility against logistics. Sophisticated methods require greater computational resources. Maintaining a censorship scheme requires continual update. Centralization raises technical, administrative, and organizational burdens. Joss Wright Global Censorship Analysis: 13/43 14. oiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioxford internet instute university of oxfordoiioiioiioiioiioiio Introduction Information Sources Legality and Ethics Experiments Questions Localized Filtering Localized ltering in response to local events. Filtering differs across a state or region. Filtering varies over time. Organizations engage in ltering, in addition to state mandated schemes. Reveal ltering tactics, methods, reasoning, limitations. Joss Wright Global Censorship Analysis: 14/43 15. oiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioxford internet instute university of oxfordoiioiioiioiioiioiio Introduction Information Sources Legality and Ethics Experiments Questions Existing Work HERDICT: crowdsources ltering information from volunteer web users. OpenNet Initiative: use volunteers and direct means to examine ltering around the world. OONI: volunteer-run censorship probing tools. Joss Wright Global Censorship Analysis: 15/43 16. oiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioxford internet instute university of oxfordoiioiioiioiioiioiio Introduction Information Sources Legality and Ethics Experiments Questions Existing Approaches User reports HERDICT, and many ad-hoc approaches. Direct investigation OpenNet Initiative. Automated testing OONI, OpenNet Initiative, M-Lab. Remote analysis. Joss Wright Global Censorship Analysis: 16/43 17. oiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioxford internet instute university of oxfordoiioiioiioiioiioiio Introduction Information Sources Legality and Ethics Experiments Questions Limitations Crowdsourcing or using volunteers can be effective if the tool is sufciently usable, but is limited: Undirected, inconsistent coverage. Direct investigation is expensive. Automated testing requires deployment, and may face ethical issues. Joss Wright Global Censorship Analysis: 17/43 18. oiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioxford internet instute university of oxfordoiioiioiioiioiioiio Introduction Information Sources Legality and Ethics Experiments Questions Direct Action Direct access to other connections is possible in some limited cases. Tor exit nodes, and similar services such as psiphon. VPN services or remote shells. Creatively-used public services webservers, FTP, IRC, bittorrent... Joss Wright Global Censorship Analysis: 18/43 19. oiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioxford internet instute university of oxfordoiioiioiioiioiioiio Introduction Information Sources Legality and Ethics Experiments Questions Direct Action Problems Direct services are rare, especially in countries with interesting ltering. No-one wants to run Tor-like services in ltered areas! VPN services are also rare. Remote shells are even more so. These services are typically offered to get past ltering, not get in. Creative misuse of open services seems the most fruitful option. Joss Wright Global Censorship Analysis: 19/43 20. oiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioxford internet instute university of oxfordoiioiioiioiioiioiio Introduction Information Sources Legality and Ethics Experiments Questions Legality and Ethics Is it legal to access blocked websites? Is it ethical to ask someone else to access blocked websites? Consent for automated tools. Is it legal to abuse a service, with or without malicious intent? Is it legal to scan for services to abuse? Is it ethical to open a service operator to repercussions based around such misuse? Joss Wright Global Censorship Analysis: 20/43 21. oiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioxford internet instute university of oxfordoiioiioiioiioiioiio Introduction Information Sources Legality and Ethics Experiments Questions Legal Concerns Sites are sometimes blocked for serious legal or societal reasons: Pornography, homosexuality, lse majest, insult to religion Reporting sites as blocked may well be legal, but detection attempts may cause legal or social consequences. When is the risk too small, and how can we judge this against arbitrary cultural contexts? Joss Wright Global Censorship Analysis: 21/43 22. oiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioxford internet instute university of oxfordoiioiioiioiioiioiio Introduction Information Sources Legality and Ethics Experiments Questions Experiments in China Internet population around 513 million as of December 2011. Geographic, cultural and ethnic diversity. Extremely well-known and active internet censorship regime. Joss Wright Global Censorship Analysis: 22/43 23. oiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioxford internet instute university of oxfordoiioiioiioiioiioiio Introduction Information Sources Legality and Ethics Experiments Questions China DNS Scanning 278 DNS servers across China. Testing for known banned websites, initially from HERDICT. DNS query for each site to each server. Joss Wright Global Censorship Analysis: 23/43 24. oiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioxford internet instute university of oxfordoiioiioiioiioiioiio Introduction Information Sources Legality and Ethics Experiments Questions Observations Many blocked sites are listed as non-existent in the majority of DNS servers tested. Several servers return no result for most blocked sites, but occasionally redirect requests to other DNS servers before doing so. DNS poisoning is widespread. Joss Wright Global Censorship Analysis: 24/43 25. 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instute university of oxfordoiioiioiioiioiioiio Introduction Information Sources Legality and Ethics Experiments Questions Observations DNS ltering is heterogeneous across China. Some cities show little DNS ltering, some return no results, some return poisoned results, some both. Beijing is, perhaps surprisingly, relatively permissive on average. Joss Wright Global Censorship Analysis: 30/43 30. oiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioxford internet instute university of oxfordoiioiioiioiioiioiio Introduction Information Sources Legality and Ethics Experiments Questions The Mystery of The Pet Club Server Location Domain of Returned IP Address 121.52.209.12 China, Chaoyang thepetclub.net 162.105.129.27 China, Beijing thepetclub.net 202.102.224.94 China, Henan thepetclub.net 202.115.32.39 China, Chengdu thepetclub.net 202.127.12.8 China, Nanjing thepetclub.net 202.38.193.33 China, Guangzhou thepetclub.net 202.38.64.9 China, Hefei thepetclub.net 202.96.104.18 China, Ningbo thepetclub.net 202.96.174.66 China, Shenzhen thepetclub.net 202.96.197.1 China, Shanghai thepetclub.net 202.98.0.68 China, Changchun thepetclub.net 202.99.216.75 China, Xian thepetclub.net 202.99.224.203 China, Baotou thepetclub.net 202.99.96.126 China, Tianjin thepetclub.net 219.141.253.1 China, Beijing thepetclub.net 221.13.28.234 China, Guiyang thepetclub.net 221.7.92.99 China, Chongqing thepetclub.net 59.63.158.124 China, Beijing thepetclub.net Figure: Example torproject.org requests resolving to alternative domain. Joss Wright Global Censorship Analysis: 31/43 31. oiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioxford internet instute university of oxfordoiioiioiioiioiioiio Introduction Information Sources Legality and Ethics Experiments Questions Problems The analysis is mainly wrong. Ongoing data reveals clear evidence of man-in-the-middle interception. Any Chinese IP address will respond to blocked DNS requests. UDP intercepted; TCP not. Tool discovery. Identication of patterns in intercept behaviour is now of interest. Location and authority. Joss Wright Global Censorship Analysis: 32/43 32. oiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioxford internet instute university of oxfordoiioiioiioiioiioiio Introduction Information Sources Legality and Ethics Experiments Questions Updated Experiments ChokePoint Project conducted experiments twice daily for eight months. Allows analysis of behaviour over time. Allows detection of trends not available in snapshot data. Richer data set; expanded list of 1187 servers. Joss Wright Global Censorship Analysis: 33/43 33. oiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioxford internet instute university of oxfordoiioiioiioiioiioiio Introduction Information Sources Legality and Ethics Experiments Questions Geography or Structure? Geographical information is not that useful for analysis. Helpful for intuitions, but ultimately misleading. GeoIP is also a very limited tool. Logical network structure is key. Joss Wright Global Censorship Analysis: 34/43 34. oiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioxford internet instute university of oxfordoiioiioiioiioiioiio Introduction Information Sources Legality and Ethics Experiments Questions Border Routers 50 0 50 100 0 100 long lat Joss Wright Global Censorship Analysis: 35/43 35. oiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioiioxford internet instute university of oxfordoiioiioiioiioiioiio Introduction Information Sources Legality and Ethics Experiments Questions Network Structure Joss Wright Global Censorship Analysis: 36/43 36. dsl189163175dyn.prodinfinitum.com.mx 9645188.mobileinternet.proximus.be hostname_lookup_error65.19.141.201[Errno 1] Unknown host hostname_lookup_error249.129.46.48[Errno 1] Unknown host hostname_lookup_error93.95.227.222[Errno 2] Host name lookup failure hostname_lookup_error38.229.72.16[Errno 2] Host name lookup failure r49212356.cpe.vividwireless.net.au hostname_lookup_error38.229.72.14[Errno 2] Host name lookup failure agsb4d04075c.pool.mediaWays.net hostname_lookup_error253.157.14.165[Errno 1] Unknown host hostname_lookup_error54.76.135.1[Errno 2] Host name lookup failure hostname_lookup_error82.195.75.101[Errno 2] Host name lookup failure p8006ipbfp204motosinmat.mie.ocn.ne.jp hostname_lookup_error69.46.84.54[Errno 1] Unknown host requires.assortedquicksandone.com hostname_lookup_error86.59.30.40[Errno 2] Host name lookup failure hostname_lookup_error197.4.4.12[Errno 1] Unknown host hostname_lookup_error46.82.174.68[Errno 2] Host name lookup failure hostname_lookup_error93.46.8.89[Errno 2] Host name lookup failure hostname_lookup_error8.7.198.45[Errno 2] Host name lookup failure hostname_lookup_error203.98.7.65[Errno 2] Host name lookup failure hostname_lookup_error78.16.49.15[Errno 2] Host name lookup failure hostname_lookup_error37.61.54.158[Errno 2] Host name lookup failure hostname_lookup_error243.185.187.39[Errno 2] Host name lookup failure hostname_lookup_error59.24.3.173[Errno 2] Host name lookup failure hostname_lookup_error159.106.121.75[Errno 2] Host name lookup failure localhost vescum.torproject.org aroides.torproject.org nova.torproject.org stellatum.torproject.org listera.torproject.org hostname_lookup_error50.117.125.252[Errno 1] Unknown host hostname_