journal critique 2.doc
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GRADUATE SCHOOLMASTER IN NURSING
FINAL EXAMINATION
“JOURNAL CRITIQUE”
NURSING METHODOLOGY
NRS 201
Submitted by:
Arnold L D! G"#$%n Jr RN
Student, Masters in Nursing
Submitted t:
Dr &!ll% G '%nl(l(o
!r"essr
#anuary $%&' Arnold L. De Guzman Jr. RN
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MN Student
Breast Cancer Beliefs and Mammography
Screening Practices Among Chinese American
Frances Lee-Lin, Usha Menon, Marjorie ett,
Lillian Nail, Sharon Lee, ! "athi Moone#
JOGNN: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing
36: 212-221, 2007
I. Background of the Study
$he introduction started %ith a stron& statement that 'reast (ancer )'(* is
+no%n to e the most commonl# dia&nosed cancer and cancer er se is the
leadin& cause o death or Asian American %omen in the United States
)American (ancer Societ# /A(S0, 1223*. $he# ro4ided statistical data that
ertains to its incidence and comarison amon& Asian-orn %omen and 5hite
%omen or U.S.-orn Asian %omen. 6t %as said that there is a chan&e in increase
o incidence amon& Asian American %omen7 that incidence is risin& aster amon&
these racial oulation )A(S, 1228*. $he ollo%in& ara&rahs discussed onreorts on the increase o Asian Americans in the countr# and %h# did the#
choose the seciic su&rou o (hinese Americans in the stud#. Data ro4ided
%ere seciic and orderl#, includin& &loal9international scene to national9local
settin&. $he researchers also ro4ided similar studies re&ardin& mammo&rah#
%hich ma+es this stud# stron&er in oundation and ro4ides aseline data that
led to this stud# o choice.
6n the re4ie% o literature, the researchers ro4ided statistical data ertainin& to
mammo&rah# screenin& rates amon& ethnic &rous in the United States. $he#
seciied dierent studies that sho%ed rates o those ethnic &rous and their
screenin& ractices. Mammo&rah# adherence are aected to actors %hich are
not limited to sociodemo&rahic characteristics, +no%led&e, and elies ut also
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their luenc# in :n&lish, hi&her education, insurance co4era&e, usual source o
health care, recommendations # health care ro4ides, o%nin& a home, recei4ed
renatal9amil# lannin& ser4ices, as %ell as elie in earl# detection,
acculturation, and +no%led&e o cancer %arnin& si&ns, MMG, and reast sel
e;amination )Lee-Lin ! Menon, 122<7 $an&, Solomon, ! Mc(rac+en, 12227 $u et
al., 12287 =u, "in, (hen, ! 'rintnall, 122>7 =u, Seetoo, $sai, ! Sun, >??@*.
II. Type/Types of Research
$he research stud# is a uantitati4e stud#. 6t is a descriti4e t#e o stud# %hich
aims to descrie the sociodemo&rahic characteristics, +no%led&e, elies, and
mammo&rah# screenin& ractices o immi&rant (hinese American %omen
)(A5* a&es B2 and older and identi# %hich o the ao4e actors are redicti4e o
mammo&rah# screenin&. 5ith this t#e o research, %e can sa# that this stud#
as %ea+ due to its lo% comle;it# unli+e other t#es o research such as
associational9correlational, dierence, and rediction, %hich has increasin&
comle;it# )olit ! 'ec+, 12>8*. $his stud# is considered %ea+ ecause o4erall it
onl# aims to e;lore the relationshis o the said actors. 6t ma# e etter i the
researchers %ould correlate each actor to roduce a more comle; anal#sis andinterretation o the results.
III. Type/Types of uestion !or "#$ecti%es&
$he research stud# ro4ided uestions that %ere simle and direct. $he#
included oth &eneral and seciic ojecti4es. A research stud# must ha4e oth
t#es o ojecti4es )&eneral and seciic* as %hat Dr. 'ella G. anlilio seciied.
6n the stud#, the researchers onl# addressed t%o )1* research ojecti4es that
%ere all ans%ered accordin&l# %ith tales sho%n %ith each and e4er# uestion.
$he# %ere e;lained in detail o e4er# actors in4ol4ed.
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I'. Concept of Time and Relationship in the Research
Since cancer continues to e the leadin& cause o death %ith reast cancer as
the most commonl# dia&nosed cancer, this +ind o research %ould e eneicial
to %omen, health care roessionals carin& or %omen, and as or the communit#
as %ell to e a%are and ocus their attention on re4ention o such disease.
(ancer screenin& adherence must e oser4ed to maintain health and re4ent
ro&ression o disease, i detected earl#.
'. 'aria#les and Type of 'aria#les
$he instrument used # the researchers %as a sel-administered uestionnaire
that measures reast cancer elies and screenin& +no%led&e, mammo&rah#
ractices, and their sociodemo&rahic ac+&rounds. $he# used the Cealth 'elie
Model )C'M* as their concetual rame%or+ or this stud# ecause o its ocus on
eoles ercetions aout illness and their elies aout re4entati4e action.
'I. Type of (ata
Sociodemo&rahic characteristics, +no%led&e, and elie o reast cancer and
mammo&ram )MMG* screenin& %ere measured # one uestionnaire. $he
concets o +no%led&e and elies %ere deri4ed rom the C'M, %hich included
+no%led&e, ercei4ed ris+ actors, suscetiilit#, eneits, common arriers, and
cultural arriers. 6tems aout +no%led&e and elies o reast cancer and
mammo&rah# screenin& %ere dra%n rom (hamions 'reast Cealth Sur4e#,
%ith items ocused on cultural asects ta+en rom $an& et al.s )1222* 5omens
Cealth Sur4e# and $a#lor et al.s 5omens Cealth roject Euestionnaire. 6tems
o each scale %ere e4aluated and 4alidated %ith a re4ie% o literature, content,
and cultural e;erts, and retested. All scaled had a (ronachs alha ao4e
2.2. $he uestionnaire %as translated into (hinese usin& the modiiedH
committee aroach to translation )Schous-Gluser&, 122B7 U.S. (ensus
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'ureau, 122B*. $he translation team consisted o three ilin&ual translators.
:ach translated a ortion o the uestionnaire %ith the inal 4ersion determined
# &rou 4eral consensus. 6t %as said that this aroach has een ound to
roduce more accurate te;t translations than translation o sin&le erson or ac+
translation # a air o indi4iduals ut it %as not said in the journal i the tool is
ormall# 4alidated.
'II. )nits of Analysis
$he researchers used the Statistical ac+a&e Social Sciences )SSS Iersion .<,
(hica&o, 6L*. Descriti4e reuencies %ere run or all 4ariales. $he# determined
ne;t %hich 4ariale to enter the inal lo&istic re&ression model, i4ariate anal#sis
%ere conducted %ith each indeendent 4ariale )+no%led&e, elies, and
sociodemo&rahic characteristics* and the outcome 4ariales )mammo&ram
ractices*. (ontinuous 4ariales %ere anal#zed %ith inominal lo&istic re&ression
and cate&orical 4ariales.
C"*C+)SI"*
$o conclude, the research stud# re&ardin& reast cancer elies and
mammo&rah# screenin& ractices is 4er# interestin& since there are ocused on
articiants o a articular racial oulation, %hich is (hinese American
6mmi&rants. Since amon& the dierent Asian American su&rous, the (hinese
Americans are elie4ed to e the lar&est, the researchers selected them as their
ocus &rou. $he stud# ro4ides e;loration o +no%led&e and elies )ercei4ed
ris+ actors, suscetiilit#, eneits, common arriers, and cultural arriers* in
relation to mammo&rah# screenin& ractices amon& (hinese American %omen
to increase a%areness and inluence the communit# eseciall# to amil#
memers o atients %ith reast cancer to reduce ercei4ed arrier to
mammo&ram. Nurses ma# inluence the mammo&ram rates # ro4idin& health
education to such eole as mentioned re4iousl#.
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$he research stud# %as uite limited in the asect o the t#e o research,
)descriti4e t#e* ut their result is reliale since the# had a total o one hundred
)>22* articiants. 6t %ould e etter i the researchers ro4ided a more comle;
%a# o research such as correlate each 4ariale %ith one another so that it %ould
e ro4ide a i&&er contriution in the ield o cancer.
BIB+I",RAP- / S")RCS
• American (ancer Societ# )A(S*. )1223*. Breast cancer facts an figures
1223! Retrie4ed Januar# 1@, 12>B, rom,htt99%%%.cancer.ord9do%nloads9S$$9(AFF12235Secured.d
• American (ancer Societ#. )1228*. Breast cancer facts & figures 200"-200"!
Retrie4ed Januar# 1@, 12>8, romhtt99%%%.cancer.or&9do%nloads9S$$9(AFF1228'rF5Secured.d
• Lee-Lin, F. ! Menon, U. )122<*. 'reast and cer4ical cancer screenin&
ractices and inter4entions amon& (hinese, Jaanese, and Iietnamese Americans. Oncology Nursing #oru$, 81, ??<->228.
• Schous-Gluser&, A. )122B*. $ranslatin& research instruments (ommittee
aroach K ocus &rous. %esearc 'u((ort 'er)ices, >-1.
• $an&, $.S., Solomon, L., J., ! Mc(rac+en, L. M. )1222*. (ultural arriers to
mammo&rah#, clinical reast e;am, and reast sel-e;am amon& (hinese- American %omen 32 and older. *re)enti)e +eicine, 8>, <<-<@8.
• $a#lor, I.M., Jac+son, J.(., $u, S.., =asui, =., Sch%artz, S.M., "uni#u+i, A.,
Acorda, :., Lin, "., ! Cislo, G., )1221*. (er4ical cancer screenin& amon&(hinese Americans. ancer etection & *re)ention, 13, >8?->B<
• $u, S.., =asui, =., "uni#u+i, AL., Sch%artz, S.M., Jac+son, J. (., Cislo,
$.G., et. Al. )1228*. Mammo&rah# screenin& amon& (hinese-American%omen. ancer, ?, >1?8->821.
• U.S. (ensus 'ureau. )122B*. .n O)er)ie/ of a *ro(ose ensus Bureau
Guieline for te ranslation of ata ollection nstru$ents an 'u((orting+aterials, U.S. (ensus 'ureau, U.S. Deartment o (ommerce, 5ashin&ton,D.(. Aril <, 122B
• =u, :.S., "in, ". "., (hen, :.C., ! 'rintnall, R.A. )122>*. 'reast and cer4ical
cancer screenin& amon& (hinese American %omen. ancer *ractice, ?, @>-?>.
• =u, M., Seetoo, A.D., $sai, (., ! Sun, (. )>??@*. Sociodemo&rahic
redictors o aanicolaou smear test and mammo&rah# use amon& %omeno (hinese descent in Southeastern Michi&an. o$ens 4ealt ssue, @, 81-8@>.