journal multidisciplinary ut · neri-luna cecilia†, villarreal-ruiz luis, huerta-martÍnez...

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Artícle Agricultural Sciences

January-June 2015 Vol.2 No.3, 143-6

Volume III – Issue VI

July – Dec-2016

ISSN: 2395-860X

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Multidisciplinary

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ROSILES del Barrio, Luis, MsC. Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Rector

ROSILES del Barrio, Luis, MsC. Journal Director

GORDILLO SOSA- José, cPhD.

Editor in Chief

BARRON ADAME- José, PhD.

RODRIGUEZ MUÑOZ- José, cPhD. QUINTANILLA DOMINGUEZ –Joel, cPhD.

Co-Editors

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OJEDA MAGAÑA- Benjamin, PhD. (CUCEI-Universidad de Guadalajara), Mexico.

VEGA CORONA- Antonio, PhD.

(Universidad de Guanajuato), Mexico.

ANDINA DE LA FUENTE- Diego, PhD.

(Universidad Politecnica de Madrid), Spain.

CORTINA JANUCHS- Maria, PhD. (Universidad Politecnica de Madrid), Spain.

GARCIA MENDOZA- Ruben, PhD.

(Universidad Tecnológica Corregidora),

Mexico.

MINA ROSALES- Alejandra, cPhD.


ROSTRO GONZALES- Horacio, PhD.

(Universidad de Guanajuato), Mexico.

MARCANO CEDEÑO- Alexis, PhD.


RUIZ FERNANDEZ– Daniel, PhD.


RUELAS LEPE- Ruben, PhD.

(CUCEI Universidad de Guadalajara), Mexico.

TARQUIS- Ana, PhD.


GOMEZ ROMERO– Jose, PhD. (Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana), Mexico.

GIRET-Adriana, PhD

(Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Spain.

BOTTI –Vicente, PhD

(Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Spain.

GUZMAN CABRERA- Rafael, PhD

(Universidad de Guanajuato),México

IV

Arbitration Committee

RAMIREZ LEMUS-Lidia, PhD Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Business Development - Marketing Area

ROSALES GARCIA-Juan, PhD

Universidad de Guanajuato

Electrical Engineering

THOMSON LOPEZ-Reynaldo, PhD


Management

GOMEZ AGUILAR- Jose, PhD

Universidad Autonoma de Mexico

Materials

CORDOVA FRAGA- Teodoro, PhD


Medical Physicist

RUIZ PINALES- Jose, PhD


Eletronic

IRETA MORENO- Fernando, PhD



MERCADO FLORES- Juan, PhD


Food Biochemistry

LOPEZ OROZCO- Melva, PhD


Food Biochemistry

AGUIRRE PUENTE- Jose Alfredo, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Information Technology and Communication

HUERTA MASCOTE- Eduardo, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato


RICO MORENO- Jose, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato


CANO CONTRERAS-Martín, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato


FERRER ALMARAZ-Miguel, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Mechanical -Industrial Area

ARREGUIN CERVANTES-Antonio, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Mechanical- Industrial Area

MENDOZA GARCIA- Patricia, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato


ALMANZA SERRANO-Leticia, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato


URIBE PLAZA- Guadalupe, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Business Engineering and Management

SILVA CONTRERAS-Juan, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Accounting

ANDRADE OSEGUERA-Miguel, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Accounting

AMBRIZ COLIN-Fernando, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Industrial -Maintenance Area

V

CANO RAMIREZ-Jaime, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Industrial- Maintenance Area

CASTAÑEDA RAMIREZ-José, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Food Processes

LOPEZ RAMIREZ-María, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Sustainable Agriculture and Protected

GUZMAN SEPULVEDA-Jose, MsC

Universidad Autonoma de Tamaulipas

Mechatronics

TAPIA ORTEGA- Jose, MsC



ARROYO ALMAGUER- Marisol, MsCC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato


MOSQUEDA SERRANO- Fatima, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Norte de Guanajuato

Gastronomy

RODRIGUEZ VARGAS- María, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato


CARMONA GARCIA-Nelida, BsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato


RODRIGUEZ SANCHEZ-Marcos, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Industrial -Maintenance Area

Presentation

In the sixth number seven sections are included. The Section of Agricultural Sciences includes the

article Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown with a

split-root system: a climate change perspective by NERI-LUNA Cecilia†, VILLARREAL-RUIZ Luis,

HUERTA-MARTÍNEZ Francisco Martín y ROBLES-MURGUÍA Celia with adscription to CUCBA.

Universidad de Guadalajara, Jal.México and Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Edo.

México, respectively. In the Section of Natural Sciences, the included article is Effect of state variables

on the adsorption of ions of Pb (ii) in water using mesoporous materials smd-1 funcionalized with

amino group.

By: LUGO NABOR Cecilia, VELÁZQUEZ CASTILLO Rodrigo Rafael, NAVARRO-CASTRO

Georgina NAVA MENDOZA Rufino Adscription: Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro,

Qro., México. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica. Pedro Escobedo,

Qro. Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro. Querétaro, Qro., México.

In the Section of Exact Sciences, the following article is included: Systematization of the results of the

technic thick target gas analysis for elastic scattering functions. The authors are: PÉREZ TORRES

Roxana, ROSETE FONSECA Miriam, MAYA PÉREZ-N. Norma, MALDONADO MARTÍNEZ

Abish. Adscription: Universidad Tecnológica del Valle de Toluca, Méx. México In the Section of

Engineering Sciences, the following article is included: Scaling up digester for Broccoli (Brassica

olerasea) to methane production, by the authors: Peña Ramírez Rafael, Soto Alcocer José Luís, Ayala

Islas Alberto and Rivera Mosqueda Ma. Cruz with adscription to: Instituto Tecnológico Superior de

Irapuato. México.

The Section of Technology Sciences includes the arcticle: Results on measuring velocity and distance of

minimum proximity using a fuzzy control of a mobile robot for handicapped users implemented on

mobile computing, by the authors: SÁNCHEZ MEDEL- Luis Humberto , González Sobal Juan

Manuel, Castillo Domínguez Gaspar, Avendaño Cortés Isaías. Adscription: Huatusco Technology

Institute, México. In the Section of Social Sciences the article Perception of Personal Welfare in a

Magic Town and its Relation with Exchange Cycles for Tourist Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study

Case is included, with the following authors: MORADO HUERTA, Ma. Guadalupe ; LOPEZ

HERNÁNDEZ, Edgardo; SOTO SEVILLA, Sergio with adscription to Universidad Tecnológica de

San Juan del Río, Qro. México

and in the Section of Administrative Sciences the article Preventive Maintenance Plan in the Crossing

Units of a Chihuahuense Cement Company, Prior to Expiry of the CVSA certification is included. This

work is authored by Rojo Simental Erick Octavio, Hernández Martínez Karla Ivonne, Portillo Castillo

Víctor Manuel†, Frausto Sandoval Juan with adscription to Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Juárez,

Ciudad Juárez, Chih. México.

Content

Article

Page

Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown with a split-root

system: a climate change perspective TOSCANO-Lydia†, OGDEN- by NERI-LUNA Cecilia†,

VILLARREAL-RUIZ Luis, HUERTA-MARTÍNEZ Francisco Martín y ROBLES-MURGUÍA Celia

Universidad de Guadalajara, Jal.México and Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Edo.

México

54-72

Effect of state variables on the adsorption of ions of Pb (ii) in water using mesoporous materials smd-1

funcionalized with amino group

LUGO NABOR Cecilia, VELÁZQUEZ CASTILLO Rodrigo Rafael, NAVARRO-CASTRO Georgina

NAVA MENDOZA

Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro

Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica. Pedro Escobedo, Qro.

Systematization of the results of the technic thick target gas analysis for elastic scattering functions

PÉREZ TORRES Roxana, ROSETE FONSECA Miriam, MAYA PÉREZ-N. Norma, MALDONADO

MARTÍNEZ Abish

Universidad Tecnológica del Valle de Toluca, Méx

73-81

82-85

Scaling up digester for Broccoli (Brassica olerasea) to methane production

Peña Ramírez Rafael, Soto Alcocer José Luís, Ayala Islas Alberto and Rivera Mosqueda Ma. Cruz

Eddie

Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Irapuato. México

86-94

Results on measuring velocity and distance of minimum proximity using a fuzzy control of a mobile

robot for handicapped users implemented on mobile computing : SÁNCHEZ MEDEL- Luis Humberto ,

González Sobal Juan Manuel, Castillo Domínguez Gaspar, Avendaño Cortés Isaías

Huatusco Technology Institute

95-109

Perception of Personal Welfare in a Magic Town and its Relation with Exchange Cycles for Tourist

Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study Case

MORADO HUERTA, Ma. Guadalupe †; LOPEZ HERNÁNDEZ, Edgardo; SOTO SEVILLA, Sergio

Universidad Tecnológica de San Juan del Río, Qro. México

110-126

Preventive Maintenance Plan in the Crossing Units of a Chihuahuense Cement Company, Prior to

Expiry of the CVSA certification Rojo Simental Erick Octavio, Hernández Martínez Karla Ivonne,

Portillo Castillo Víctor Manuel, Frausto Sandoval Juan FIGUEROA-Esther, GODINEZ- Lucila,

PÉREZ- Francisco

Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chih. México

127-135

Instructions for Authors

Originality Format

Authorization Form

54

Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown with a

split-root system: a climate change perspective Agricultural Sciences

July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 54-72

† Researcher contributing as first author.

ISSN-On line: 2395-860X

UTSOE® All rights reserved.

NERI-LUNA Cecilia†, VILLARREAL-RUIZ Luis, HUERTA-

MARTÍNEZ Francisco Martín y ROBLES-MURGUÍA Celia

Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.)

Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown with a split-root system: a climate

change perspective. . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary

Science 2016, 3-6: 54-72.

Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown with a split-

root system: a climate change perspective NERI-LUNA Cecilia†, VILLARREAL-RUIZ Luis, HUERTA-MARTÍNEZ Francisco Martín y ROBLES-

MURGUÍA Celia Laboratorio de Ecofisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ecología. CUCBA. Universidad de Guadalajara. Laboratorio de

Recursos Genéticos Microbianos & Biotecnología (LARGEMBIO), PREGEP-Genética, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus

Montecillo, Edo. México.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Abstract

Water is the most critical resource for sustainable agricultural development worldwide in the 21st

century challenged by climate change at local and global scales. As a consequence the study and

understanding of plants mechanisms to overcome drought are important for the development of

sustainable strategies for crop plants stress tolerance, adaptation and mitigation of climate change. In

the same line, to get a better knowledge about sorghum responses to water deficit is essential, to

formulate strategies to increase its development and productivity in harsh environmental conditions. In

this research we test the split root system using two contrasting substrates such as natural soil and the

artificial sand-terragreen in order to test sorghum´s responsiveness to water lost measured at different

stages of development thorough a drought period. This experimental system shown to be reliable, and

can be used in future research testing natural biofertilizers as mediators on water relations and

environmental change without any effects of sorghum plant size and nutrimental status. Keywords: sorghum, water relations, drought, split root system

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Citation: NERI-LUNA Cecilia†, VILLARREAL-RUIZ Luis, HUERTA-MARTÍNEZ Francisco Martín y ROBLES-

MURGUÍA Celia Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown

with a split-root system: a climate change perspective. . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6:

54-72.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

55

Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown

with a split-root system: a climate change perspective Natural Sciences

July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI

54-72









Science 2016, 3-6: 54-72.

.

1. Introduction

Climate change is considered one of the

most important threats to global crop

production and food security in the 21st

century (Kang et al. 2009; Wheeler and

Braun, 2013). As a consequence the erratic

rainfall patterns observed around the world

on already stressed environments produces

drought that constrain wild and crop plants

species (Kar, 2011). Because water is the

most critical resource for sustainable

agricultural development worldwide the

understanding of plants mechanisms to

overcome drought are of paramount

importance for the development of

sustainable strategies for crop plants stress-

tolerance, adaptation and mitigation of

climate change at local and global scales

(Ahmad, 2016). Sorghum is one of the 18

and 7 major crops and cereals in the world

respectively, widely adapted in subtropical

and tropical regions of the world (Leff et

al. 2004; FAO, 2013). Because its

tolerance to drought is a probed model

plant for climate change impact studies,

playing an important role in renewable

energy production (Belton and Taylor,

2004; Ratnavathi et al. 2011; Ramirez-

Villegas et al. 2013). This model plant can

be used to study the key regulatory

mechanisms integrating sorghum plant

growth responses to water deficits of crop

plant research. However, most of the

research related to plant drought responses

involves relatively rapid induction of water

stress in short-term pot under controlled

environments, using model plants at

specific stages of development (Neumann,

2008). In this case, controlling water

supply by withholding water is one of the

simplest methods of applying water stress

to plants growing in pots. Also, the choice

of soil type or alternative artificial

substrates it is an important consideration

because of its influence in the amount of

water available to the plant (Whalley et al.,

2000). In general, the use of natural soils in

drought experiments is complex, because

soils are heterogeneous with intense

activity of roots and microorganisms and

the soil solution varies from one root to

another in space and time. For this reason

it could be concluded that natural soils are

considered not amenable for experimental

controls and inert substrates have been

commonly used, because they provide a

better management of relevant variables of

the root environment (Epstein and Bloom,

2005). Among the artificial substrates the

Sand:Terragreen (S:T) mixture has been

heavily used. Although the S:T substrate

does not emulate natural soils, it provides a

uniform nutrient supply surface for longer

experiments where a large root mass can

be easily washed out, and where the

moisture content can be manipulated

(Booth et al., 1993; Heinemeyer and Fitter,

2004). For instance, this substrate has been

used in trials assessing soil microorganism

outcomes on water relations and

environmental changes in host plants

(Augé and Duan, 1991; Augé et al., 1994,

1995; Duan et al., 1996; Ebel et al., 1997).

The aim of this research is to evaluate

sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench

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Science 2016, 3-6: 54-72.

.

cv. Tegemeo) as a model system for water

relations’ and climates change impact

studies by testing the split-root system

(SRS). The experiment described had three

objectives: (1) to assess the development

of sorghum with a SRS in two contrasting

substrates (S:T and natural field soil); (2)

to detect the main period of response to

water stress and to select a developmental

stage for further experimentation, and (3)

to confirm that root growth was

comparable in both sides of the SRS. It

should be noted that the plants used were

free of soil microorganisms throughout the

research.

2. Materials and Methods

The SRS was constructed with two plastic

pots compartments (A and B, see Table 2),

each one was filled with either autoclaved

Sand:Terragreen substrate or field natural

soil (NS). This soil is a sandy clay loam

that belongs in the Countesswells series

with: pH 5.9 in H2O and 5.5 in CaCl2, CEC

2.4 cmol kg-1

, base saturation 88.4, texture

loamy sand (sand 73.9%, silt 20%, clay

6.1%), organic matter 6.4%, Corg 3.5% and

Norg 449.6 mgN/100g, Cbiomass101.8

mgC/100g (fumigation/incubation) and

70.2 mgC/100g (fumigation/direct

extraction). This soil was sieved (particle

size between 1-0.5 mm) and steamed twice

for 1 h at 85C.

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench

cv. Tegemeo) seeds were washed,

sterilized and germinated. After the

germination period, 100 seeds with a

uniform radicle length were chosen, then,

one seed was placed in each propagator

cell (filled with autoclaved builders’ dried

silica sand) and covered with a thin layer

of sand. The propagator was set up in the

greenhouse and seedlings were allowed to

grow. After 3 weeks, uniform seedlings

were carefully removed from the

propagator compartments (Figure 1a) and

transplanted into the SRS. The SRS(s)

containing the sorghum plants were

randomly arranged on a greenhouse bench

(Figure 1b). Average conditions in the

greenhouse were TCmin 23C/TCmax

30C, 16-48% rh and a mean

Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR) of

200 mol m-2

s-1

at plant level for 14 h d-1

(Figure 1c). During this time, the plants

growing in the S:T substrate were watered

twice per week with 100 ml per pot (200

ml per SRS) of the nutrient solution

proposed by Snowball and Robson (1984)

and with deionised water at intervals of

nutrient additions. The plants growing in

the NS substrate were watered with tap

water as required.

Three destructive harvests were performed

at 8, 10 and 12 weeks after planting (ap)

with 4 replicates of each substrate at each

harvest. In addition, 4 split pots containing

only the S:T or the NS substrate were used

to measure the amount of water lost by

evaporation from the pots (Taylor and

Seel, 1998). For each harvest (8, 10 and 12

weeks after planting), all the SRS were

watered to field capacity and allowed to

drain overnight. The following morning,

the drought period was induced. The initial

weight of each SRS was recorded using a

digital balance (Ohaus, 5 kg capacity).

This step was repeated every 4 h

throughout a period of 7 days when the

plants stopped losing weight and were near

to wilting point. The weight lost per SRS

every 4 h was calculated as follows:

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Science 2016, 3-6: 54-72.

.

Weight lost per SRS per unit of TLA (cm-

2)= WLplant - WLsubs / TLA (1)

Weight lost per SRS per unit of TRL (cm-

1)= WLplant - WLsubs / TRL (2)

Where:

W Lplant = Weight lost (mg) from SRS with

plant in a specific period of time.

W Lsubs = Weight lost (mg) from SRS

without plant in that period of time.

TLA = Total Leaf Area (cm2).

TRL = Total Root Length (cm1).

Throughout the drought period, the TC, %

rh, PAR and Vapour Pressure Deficit

(VPD) were recorded and calculated. The

stomatal conductance (gs) was recorded

several times during the drought period

using a diffusion porometer (AP4,

Delta-T

Devices, Cambridge, UK), which was

calibrated each day immediately before

each measurement (one measurement per

leaf was made on the second or third

youngest, visible leaves). Measurements

were performed at ambient CO2 and VPD

between 10:00-15:00 h. At the conclusion

of the drought period, the shoot

components were separated and the fresh

weight (FW) and dry weight (DW) were

recorded. The Total Leaf Area (TLA) was

measured using an Area Meter System

(©

Delta-T, Devices LTD, Cambridge,

England). The total root length (TRL) in

each compartment was measured using a

Win-RHIZO LA 1600 Scanner (©

Regent

Instruments, Quebec, Canada) and analysis

of digitized images was performed with

Win-RHIZO ver. 3.9 software. Statistical

Analyses were carried out using SPSS

v15.0.1 package. All data were tested for

normality using a Kolmogorov-Smirnov

Test and for homogeneity of variances

using the Levene Test. An independent

sample t-Test was performed in order to

compare means between treatments. Data

from compartment A and B of the SRS

were compared using a Paired t-Test to test

the validity of this experimental design

(Dytham, 2003).

3. Results

The effect of substrate on growth of

aboveground sorghum components was

variable (Table 1). For instance, at 8 weeks

total dry biomass was less in plants

cultivated in the S:T substrate, however by

the 10th

and 12th

week the total dry

biomass was the same between plants

either growing in the S:T substrate or the

NS substrate. At all harvests, TLA was

higher in plants cultivated in the NS

substrate. Meanwhile, belowground, the

effect of substrate was less variable than

aboveground (Table 1). At 8 weeks, TRL

was similar in both treatments and after

this point; however, the root systems were

about 40% longer in plants growing in the

NS substrate. For the evaluation of the

SRS, there were no significant differences

in root biomass (FW and DW) or TRL

between the two compartments of the SRS

in either the S:T or the NS substrate at any

harvest (Table 2).

During the harvest after 8 weeks the rates

of water loss per leaf area or per root

length were recorded for nearly 183 h after

the water was supressed. This gave an

indication of the pattern of water use by

sorghum plants at this stage of

development. For the purposes of

comparing the sorghum response in the

two substrates each split pot was

considered as one growth unit (i.e. water

extraction from the two sides were

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Science 2016, 3-6: 54-72.

.

combined). Figure 2b-c shows three main

phases in water use. During the first 29 h,

no dissimilarity could be detected between

treatments (P>0.05). However, through the

period of 29-120 h plants growing in the

S:T substrate depleted more water than

those cultivated in the NS substrate. After

this point, the plants grown in the S:T

substrate stopped taking up water whereas

those growing in the NS substrate

continued until about 144 h. The total

amount of water used during this drought

episode (adjusted to deduct water

evaporating from the surface of the S:T

and the NS substrate) was not significantly

different (P>0.05) between plants growing

in these two different substrates. The mean

gs (expressed as flux density of water

vapour) of sorghum water-stressed leaves

in the S:T medium had fallen below that of

water-stressed leaves of plants growing in

the NS substrate by 91 h after water was

suspended, but the difference was not

significant (Figure 2a). During these

measurements, the PAR ranged from 140

to 680 mol m-2

s-1

(averaged 21424

mol m-2

s-1

) with a TC in the porometer´s

cuvette about 22-30C. The phase (29-96 h

after drought started) of maximum water

use by sorghum in the S:T coincided with

its highest gs. The resulting enhanced

water use led to an increased rate of drying

in the substrates, which in turn resulted in

a reduction in gs by about 132 h. The

periods of greatest water uptake by the

plants appeared to be associated with

periods of the highest TC, PAR and VPD

in the greenhouse (average daily weather

conditions were PAR of 1289mol m-2

s-1

at plant height, TCmin 23C/ TCmax

30.5C, 13-33% rh and VPD between 2-

3.8 kPa)

At 10 weeks harvest, the rate of water loss

was recorded for only 154 h after water

was supressed, because the plants reached

the wilting point and stopped taking up

water sooner than those harvested at 8

weeks. Throughout the drought, plants

grown in the NS substrate used more water

than those growing in the S:T substrate,

especially during the first 35 h (Figure 3b-

c). After 78 h plants cultivated in the S:T

substrate stopped taking up water, but

those cultivated in the NS continued until

approximately 120 h. By the end of the

experiment, plants grown in the NS

substrate had taken up 51% more water per

unit leaf area, and about 37% more per unit

root length than those plants growing in

the S:T substrate over the same period. The

stomatal conductance of sorghum water-

stressed leaves at 10 weeks was superior

(1.4 times in the S:T and 2.1 times in the

NS) than at 8 weeks (Figure 3a). In

general, all through the drought period gs

was higher in water-stresses leaves of

plants produced in the NS substrate, but a

significant difference (P<0.05) was only

detected 26 h after water was suspended.

The gs in water-stressed leaves of plants

produced in the S:T substrate fell below

that plants in the NS substrate after 78 h

(43% reduction of gs from its highest

value). In contrast, water-stressed leaves of

plants from the NS substrate showed the

lowest values of gs after 99 h (66.3%

reduction of gs from its highest value).

During the measurements of gs, the PAR

ranged from 85 to 920 mol m-2

s-1

(averaged 23321 mol m-2

s-1

) with a TC

in the porometer´s cuvette around 20-28C.

The average daily weather conditions in

the greenhouse during the drought episode

were PAR of 1528 mol m-2

s-1

at plant

height, TCmin 23.5C/TCmax 31C, 16-

39% rh and VPD between 1.7-3.4 kPa.

59




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.

At 12-weeks harvest, rates of water loss

were recorded for a period of 160 h after

the water supply was suspended. A

divergence in water use was detected

between plants grown in the NS and the

S:T substrate (Figure 4b). For the period of

35-51 h the plants cultivated in the S:T

substrate stopped taking up water, but

plants growing in the NS substrate

continued depleting water to around 96 h.

Through the 51 h period the plants

produced in the S:T substrate were taking

up more water per unit root length than

those in the NS substrate (Figure 4c).

Overall, plants cultivated in the NS

substrate took 69.8% more water per unit

of leaf area and about 26.7% more water

per unit of root length than plants growing

in the S:T substrate. The stomatal

conductance in water-stressed leaves of

plants cultivated in the S:T and the NS

substrate was reduced 60.5% and 71%

respectively, compared to the highest

values recorded at 10 weeks (Figure 4a). In

addition, in both substrates the main drop

in stomatal conductance of the sorghum

water-stressed leaves occurred after 72 h,

and there were no significant differences

between treatments thorough the drought

period. During stomatal conductance

measurements, the PAR ranged from 35 to

430 mol m-2

s-1

(averaged 170.520 mol

m-2

s-1

) with a TC in the porometer´s

cuvette between 24- 29C. The weather

conditions in the greenhouse during the

drought period were PAR of 805 mol m-

2 s

-1 at plant height, TCmin 20C/TCmax

43C, 13-47% rh and VPD between 1.3-

7.3 kPa.

4. Discussion

In this research sorghum was chosen as a

model plants to be tested with the SRS

under drought conditions with a climate

change perspective base on: (1) the crop’s

agronomic and economic importance

(ranking in the top seven cereals) and

widely adapted cereal grown in the tropics

and subtropics in many areas of the world

(Srivastava et al., 2010); (2) the sorghum

genetic pool containing a wide range of

traits that might be useful under changing

climate conditions (Haussmann et al.,

2012; Qing et al., 2013); (3) sorghum is

particularly sensitive to shortages in water

(Ramirez-Villegas et al. 2013). As a result,

we demonstrate that at different

developmental stages the most significant

outcome in response to drought by

sorghum within a SRS occurred during the

first 100 h after the water input was

suspended. For instance, the pattern of

water lost by sorghum plants grown in the

artificial substrate S:T at 8 weeks after

sowing was relatively similar to the trend

shown by plants cultivated in the natural

soil (NS). Furthermore, according to Maiti

(1996) observations, 8 weeks is the phase

of development when the potential yield of

the crop is determined. In the same line, it

will be interesting to apply our model

system with natural biofertilizers in this

specific stage of sorghum development.

Although during the initial 100 h after

water was withheld, plants raised in the

S:T substrate took up water about 93% and

90% per TLA and TRL respectively,

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Science 2016, 3-6: 54-72.

.

compared to 68% and 66% per TLA and

TRL water took up by plants growing in

the NS substrate. Thus, the mixture of the

S:T substrate induced plants to deplete

water and close stomata in a shorter time

than those cultivated in the NS substrate.

Several experiments have been shown that

this SRS approach is helpful to evaluate

mutualistic symbionts soil microorganisms

(i.e mycorrhizas) allowing to compare

colonized root and uncolonized roots of the

same plant without any effects of

metabolic, physiological and nutrient

status (Wang et al., 1989; Lerat et al.,

2003). Also, the SRS is a system that can

be used for modified water-deficit

irrigation techniques in which different

sides of the root system are subjected to

alternate drying and irrigation whereas it

has been used on stress-induced signals

from the roots studies, and their effects

regulating whole-plant responses to

drought (Neumann, 2008; Sieburth and

Lee, 2010). Because the root length

distribution in soil is a key factor for water

and nutrient uptake studies to assess its

contribution on plant development and

productivity are of paramount importance

(Kashiwagi et al., 2006). Therefore it is

essential to characterize sorghum root

system features in breeding agronomic

programs in order to develop new

methodologies to mitigate climate change

impact on crop production (Chopart et al,

2008). In this research we confirmed that

sorghum´s root growth was comparable in

both sides of the SRS since there were not

significant differences between roots

developed in different compartments of the

SRS filled with natural soil and artificial

substrates. From this study the artificial

sand:terragreen substrate emerged as a

good alternative for sorghum and water

relations experimental purposes. Although

crop yield have improved thanks to the

technological advance in the past 50 years

the human population have also increase

and climate change continue to threaten the

sustainability of the current crop

productivity (Gbetibouo and Hassan, 2005;

Ji et al., 2013). With the threat of climate

change approaching local and global crop

production the most vulnerable regions of

the world are the tropics, particularly the

semi-arid regions where higher

temperatures and increases in rainfall

variability could have substantially

negative impacts (Ramirez-Villegas et al.,

2013). Since sorghum is a crop adapted to

these regions in many parts of the world

and cultivated as a rainfed crop, the

climatic factors play a significant role on

its productivity, thus drought tolerance is

one of the most important abiotic factors

deserving research (Srivastava et al.,

2010). Future studies on the effects of

natural bio-fertilizers on water deficits on

plant root growth, hydraulic architecture,

stomatal aperture and shoot plant growth in

order to determine its effects on sorghum

crop yield potentials are very much needed

(Neumann, 2008).

5. Conclusion and implications

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Science 2016, 3-6: 54-72.

.

It was confirmed that the SRS is a reliable

approach to be employ in sorghum water

relations experiments, because there were

not significant differences between the

roots length development in the differential

substrates used in the SRS compartments.

It appears that 8 weeks after planting

sorghum plants is an promising

developmental stage to be used to evaluate

the impact of symbiotic mutualistic soil

microorganisms as mediators in water

relations or root-to-signalling over

sorghum plants responsiveness to drought

in future climate change impact studies.

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65

Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. Tegemeo) grown with a split-root system: a climate change

perspective Natural Sciences


Figure 1a-c. Split-root system (SRS) set up and greenhouse experimental conditions. (a) Three weeks sorghum seedling grown in a propagator with uniform split-roots. (b)

Split-root system experimental units. (c) Detail of experimental greenhouse conditions and environmental condition measurements with a DataHog (DH).

Table 1. Parameters of sorghum plants () in a SRS using two different substrates.

Plant 8 weeks

Leaves Stem Root Total

10 weeks

___________________________________


12 weeks

__________________________________


66




FW (g)

S:T

NS

DW (g)

S:T

NS

TLA (cm-2

)

S:T

NS

TRL (cm-1

)

S:T

NS

3.060.1 1.500.1 4.210.6 8.780.7

5.020.6 2.610.4 6.860.8 14.511.2

* NS

* **

0.900.0 0.330.0 0.400.0 1.230.1

1.240.0 0.550.1 0.650.0 1.790.1

* NS

* *

360.421

515.638

*

8.290.5 7.461.0 11.680.5 27.441.9

8.460.7 7.140.4 23.321.4 38.931.8

NS

NS *** **

2.300.2 1.620.2 1.360.0 3.930.4

2.640.0 1.840.0 2.260.1 4.490.0

NS

NS ***

NS

667.540

853.724

**

12.041.0 18.041.8 24.720.9 54.822.1

13.760.8 15.641.1 63.993.4 93.403.6

NS NS *** ***

4.230.3 5.760.4 3.160.1 13.160.7

6.240.1 4.490.2 4.410.2 15.150.5

*** * ** NS

1045.4 34

1474.4 78

**

67




5471.6 794

7979.91023

NS

12370.6 577

20867 957

***

19053.9 644

33667.2 2915

**

() Plants were harvested after a drought period at 8, 10 and 12 weeks after plantation. Means 1SE (n=4). Significance values were calculated using independent samples

t-Test at 95% CI. *P0.05; **P0.01; ***P0.001; NS= Not significant

FW= Fresh weight; DW=Dry Weight; TLA=Total Leaf Area; TRL= Total Root Length.

S:T= Sand:Terragreen; NS= Natural field soil.

Table 2. Sorghum () root growth in a SRS using two different substrates.

Substrate

8 weeks

______________________________ FW DW RL

(%) (%) (%)

10 weeks

_______________________________ FW DW RL

(%) (%) (%)

12 weeks

________________________________ FW DW RL

(%) (%) (%)

68




Sand:Terragreen

Compartment A

Compartment B

Natural Field Soil

Compartment A

Compartment B

45.38.0 46.18.5 47.37.7

54.78.0 53.98.5 52.77.7

NS NS NS

50.44.9 51.65.2 51.43.1

51.22.7 52.32.3 50.12.5

48.82.7 47.72.3 49.92.5

NS NS NS

50.52.1 49.42.1 49.02.5

52.42.4 53.32.1 50.02.5

47.62.4 46.72.1 50.02.5

NS NS NS

51.94.7 49.44.7 48.83.7

69




49.64.9 48.45.2 48.63.1

NS NS NS

49.52.1 50.62.1 51.02.5

NS NS NS

48.14.7 50.64.7 51.23.7

NS NS NS

Plants were harvested after a drought period at 8, 10 and 12 weeks after plantation. Means 1SE (n=4). The roots were harvested from each compartment and analysed

separately. Significant values were calculated using Paired t-Test at 95% CI.

*P0.05; **P0.01; ***P0.001; NS= Not significant

FW= Fresh weight; DW=Dry Weight; TLA=Total Leaf Area; TRL= Total Root Length.

70


split-root system: a climate change perspective Natural Sciences






Response to drought of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench

cv. Tegemeo) grown with a split-root system: a climate change

perspective. . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016,

3-6: 54-72.

.

A

Time after withholding water (hours)

0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 180 192

gs (

mm

ol m

-2 s

-1)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

B


0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 180 192

Cum

ula

tive

H2O

lo

ss

(mg p

er

un

it o

f le

af

are

a c

m-2

)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

*

**

C


0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 180 192

Cu

mu

lative

H2O

lo

ss

(mg p

er

un

it o

f ro

ot

len

gth

cm

-1)

0

5

10

15

20

25

*

**

Figure 2. Response of sorghum plants to drought episode at

8 weeks after planting growing in a SRS. (A) gs in leaves.

(B) Cumulative water loss per unit of TLA. (C) Cumulative

water loss per unit of TRL. -O- The S:T substrate - -- -

The NS substrate. Points represent 1 SE of the mean

(n=4). Significance values were calculated using a T-test.

*P<0.05.

71











3-6: 54-72.

.


0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 180

gs (

mm

ol m

-2 s

-1)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

A

*

B


0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 180

Cu

mu

lative

H2O

lo

ss

(mg p

er

un

it o

f le

af

are

a c

m-2

)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

**

*

***

***

*** ** *

***

C


0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 180

Cu

mu

lative

H2O

lo

ss

(mg

pe

r u

nit o

f ro

ot le

ng

th c

m-1

)

0

5

10

15

20

25

*

**

*** * *

Figure 3. Sorghum plants response to drought episode at

10 weeks after planting growth in a SRS. (A) Stomatal

conductance (gs) in leaves. (B) Cumulative water lost per

unit of TLA. (C) Cumulative water lost per unit of TRL. -

- The S:T substrate and - -- - The NS substrate.

Points represents 1 SE of the mean (n=4). Significant

values were calculated using T-Test. *P<

0.05;**P<0.01;***P<0.001.

A


0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 180

gs (

mm

ol m

-2 s

-1)

0

20

40

60

80

72











3-6: 54-72.

.

B


0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 180

Cu

mu

lative

H2O

lo

ss

(mg p

er

un

it o

f le

af

are

a c

m-2

)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

**

******

****

**** ** *

C


0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 180

Cu

mu

lative

H2O

lo

ss

(mg p

er

un

it o

f ro

ot

len

gth

cm

-1)

0

5

10

15

20

25

*

* ** *** *** * * * * **

Figure 4. Sorghum plant’s response to drought episode at

12 weeks after planting growth in a SRS. (A) Stomatal

conductance (gs) in leaves. (B) Cumulative water lost per

unit of TLA. (C) Cumulative water lost per unit of TRL. -

- The S:T substrate and - -- - The NS substrate.

Pointsrepresent1 SE of the mean (n=4). Significant

values were calculated using T-Test. *P< 0.05; **P<

0.01; ***P< 0.001.

73

Effect of state variables on the adsorption of ions of Pb (ii) in water

using mesoporous materials smd-1 funcionalized with amino group

Natural Sciences July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 73-81



LUGO NABOR Cecilia, VELÁZQUEZ CASTILLO Rodrigo Rafael ,

NAVARRO-CASTRO Georgina NAVA MENDOZA Rufino. Effect

of state variables on the adsorption of ions of Pb (ii) in

water using mesoporous materials smd-1 funcionalizados

with amino group . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science

2016, 3-6: 73-81


using mesoporous materials smd-1 funcionalized with amino group LUGO NABOR Cecilia

a, VELÁZQUEZ CASTILLO Rodrigo Rafael

c, NAVARRO-

CASTRO Georginab NAVA MENDOZA Rufino

c

a División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de

Querétaro (UAQ), Centro Universitario, 76000 Querétaro, Qro., México, México.

b Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica. Parque tecnológico

Querétaro s/n, Sanfandila, 76703 Pedro Escobedo, QRO.

c División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma

de Querétaro (UAQ), Centro Universitario, 76000 Querétaro, Qro., México, México

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Abstract

A statistical study based on an experimental design 2k to quantify the effects of variables

such as temperature, pH, initial concentration of Pb (II) ions and contact time for the

adsorption of ions Pb (II) with mesoporous materials functionalized presents with amino

groups in a molar ratio 0.3NH2 / SMD-1. The concentration of Pb (II), analyzed by ICP,

responds differently to each study variable. The results show the concentration of Pb (II)

ions as a fundamental variable, the contact time and contact time interaction with the

concentration of Pb (II) ions as variables influencing the system description.

Keywords: Removal of Heavy Metals; Adsorption Ion Pb (II); Disordered mesoporous

silica

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Citation: LUGO NABOR Cecilia, VELÁZQUEZ CASTILLO Rodrigo Rafael, NAVARRO-CASTRO

Georgina NAVA MENDOZA Rufino. Effect of state variables on the adsorption of ions of Pb

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(ii) in water using mesoporous materials smd-1 funcionalized with amino group. UTSOE-

Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 73-81

74











2016, 3-6: 73-81

1. Introduction

The presence of heavy metals on water

provocates health problems in animals,

plants and persons (Nwabanne &

Igbokwe, 2012).

Conventional methods such as ionic

interchange, inverse osmosis and

precipitation are used on water

treatment, but they are not promising

enough due to low efficiency and high

operational costs (Abbaszadeh, Alwi,

Webb, Ghasemi, & Muhamad, 2016;

Lavado Meza, Sun Kou, & Bendezu,

2010; Zinkus, Byers, & Doerr, 1998)

Mainly on removal of metallic ions at

low concentrations under 100 mg/L

(Rodríguez, Miranda, Olivas, & Sosa,

2008). Because of this, search and

optimization of new treatment

technologies for metal removal such as

lead is a very important research subject,

including easy operation (Luo et al.,

2015), possibility of recovering heavy

metals (Lavado Meza et al., 2010), for

economy and efficiency (Luo et al.,

2015).

The preparation of mesostructured silica

since 1992 (Kresge, Leonowicz, Roth,

Vartuli, & Beck, 1992) has already open

a wide application field. For this

purpose, new functionalized mesoporous

matrials with amino groups have been

proposed as metal adsorbant, such as

Pb(II) (Edokpayi, Odiyo, Msagati, &

Popoola, 2015; Tian et al., 2015).

Consequently, 0.3 NH2/SMD-1

adsorbants (mesoporous disarranged

silica number 1 functionalized with

amino groups) can become an efficient

alternative given that they include a big

surface area and internal diffusion. For

this, they can reveal high performance

to capture water contaminants such as

Pb(II) (Acosta-Silva, Nava, Hernandez-

Morales, Macías-Sánchez, & Pawelec,

2013; Awual & Hasan, 2014;

Hernández-Morales et al., 2012).

Hernández-Morales et al. (2012)

synthesized a mesoporous silica material

functionalized with an amino group to

improve Pb(II) removal in an metallic

ion concentrations interval of 20-200

mg/L. The authors could possibly

remove a significative amount of 93 %

from the ion with a pH between 5 and 6

on a time interval of 60 minutes 60

minutos (Hernández-Morales et al.,

2012). The main goal of this work is to

show the statistical analysis on the

affecting factors over the process of

Pb(II) ion removals on water and their

influence over its efficiency considering

temperature, pH, contact time and initial

concentration pf Pb(II) as the main

variables in order to establish the best

conditions in the adsorption process for

Pb(II) ions with 0.3NH2/SMD-1

materials.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1 Materials

Pb(II) from Pb (NO3)2 (JTBaker®), 3-

aminopropiltrietoxisilan (APTES)

(pureness <99%, Aldrich), polymer

75











2016, 3-6: 73-81

triblock Pluronic F-127 (Sigma),

Tetraetilortosilicate (TEOS) (pureness

<99%, Aldrich 99 %), Hydrochloric

Acid (HCl) (JTBaker®), Nitric Acid

(HNO3) (Karal), Sodium Hydroxide

(NaOH) (JTBaker®), Deionized water

(specific conductivity of 2X10-4

) and

ethanol (Fermont).

2.2 Experimental design

The experimental development was

based on a random design and a factorial

arrangement. This design considered all

the possible combinations of the

parametric levels of operation. To

determine the effect of the factors and

find a relation between them, a 2k

factorial arrangement was used with two

replica (Montgomery, 2002). The

temperature varied accordingly within

the 25 and 35 °C range; the contact time

varied between 5 and 60 minute levels;

pH varied from 4 to 6; the initial Pb(II)

ion concentration varied from the initial

range of 10 to 50 ppm.

2.3 Experimental procedure

The mesopouros disarranged silica

material (SMD-1) was prepared with the

sol-gel method and functionalized with

the exsitu method, with a proportion of

0.3NH2/SMD-1 for the amino group. The

Pb(II) concentration was determined

with Atomic Emission of Spectroscopy

by Inductively Coupled Plasma(ICP-

AES, Perkin Elmer 8300) accordingly

with the reference method EPA/3120B

SM (20th

edition, 1998) (Skoog et al.,

2008). The adsorption was conductef

with the batch method, weighing 0.1 gr

of the adsorbant (0.3NH2/SMD-1) and

20 ml. of the synthetic solution of

Pb(II).

The contact time under on 25°C was

measured after 5 minutes of contact with

tin the adsorbant with the synthetic

solution of Pb(II) ions and until 60

minutes were completed, since this is the

appropiated research lapse. The initial

Pb(II) ion concentration was adjusted to

10 ppm and to 500 ppm. In order to

appropiately study the temperature effect

the work was done to 25 °C and to 35°

C, the solution was termically stabilized

to the desired temperature. The effect on

the pH was established to 4 and 6 units

with 0.1 mol/L HCl or NaOH, being this

operational parameter an important

factor in the adsorption process due to its

effect over solubility of the metallic ions,

concentration of the contra ions of the

functional adsorbent groups and the

ionized level of the adsorbant during the

reaction

The experimental methodology was

divided in two stages:

Temperature, contact time and Pb(II) ion

concentration were chosen as initial

variables. High and low levels are

indicated in table 1. Based on the results,

the second stage is started.

Level Contact

Time

(min)

Temperature

(°C)

Pb(II) initial

concentration

(ppm)

- 5 25 10

76











2016, 3-6: 73-81

+ 60 35 500

Table 1. Adsorption variables values

2) New testing variables were stablished

for another experimental design being

pH, temperature and Pb(II) initial

concentration those variables. Reached

values for the high and low levels are

shown on Table 2.

Level p

H

Temperature

(°C)

Pb(II) initial

concentration

(ppm)

- 4 25 10

+ 6 35 500

Table 2. Adsorption variables values

For both stages, a randomly generated

design was used, in a factorial

arrangement of 23 with two replicas, the

experimental answer is considered as the

percentage of Pb(II) after the adsorption

.

2.4 Statistical Analysis

In order to qualitatively determine the

effect of the parameters in the adsorption

process, a variance analysis (ANOVA)

was applied (ANOVA) with a

significancy level α, of 5 % to the

experimental results. The Pb(II) ion

concentration after the adsorption was

selected as an answer parameter.

3. Results and discussion

3.1 Variance analysis

The experimental results were analyzed

with the statistics software Minitab15.

3.1.1 Initial concentration of Pb (II)

ions, temperature and contact time

On the first stage of the experimental

design for the decision making process,

a hypothesis test was applied to the

results shown in table 3. Based on the

probability value (p value), an ANOVA

statistical analysis of 1 factor is applied,

shown in tables 4 and 6 on which the

equality of two or more categorized

average for every factor to be analyzed.

A multiple Tukey comparison test is

carried out to analyze the differencies on

the averages, assigning in this case as

factors the initial Pb(II) ions

concentration, temperature and contact

time.

Statist

ic

arrran

ge

Time

(min)

Temperature

(°C)

Pb(II)

Concentration

ppm

(initial)

Pb(II)

Concentration

after

adsorptionn

ppm (mg/L)

8 60 35 500 5.52+0.09

5 5 35 10 1.90+0.03

6 60 35 10 0.60+0.01

4 60 25 500 4.91+0.08

7 5 35 500 14.01+0.22

1 5 25 10 3.00+0.05

3 5 25 500 16.00+0.26

2 60 25 10 Less than

77











2016, 3-6: 73-81

0.001485+N/A

Table 3. Experimental design results on stage 1 for the

Pb(II) concentration in ppm (mg/L)

Variatio

n source

Free

dom

grade

s

Sum

of

squa

res

Medi

um

squa

re

F

val

ue

Val

ue

Ftero

rical

P

Val

ue

Time 1 71.3 71.3 2.3

2

5.78

6

0.17

9

Concent

ration

1 152.

6

152.

6

8.8

5

0.02

5⁎

Tempera

ture

1 0.4 0.4 0.0

1

0.92

2

Tabla 4. Variance analysis (ANOVA), for the

completely random factorial arrangement of 1

factor for time, temperatura and ion

concentration of Pb(II)

⁎ Statistically significant factor

Tables 4 and 6 show the value or the

calculated distribution “F” and theorical

distribution “Ftheoric”. If both are

compared, and F> Ftheoric there is a

difference on the answers since the

levels of the parameters of the process

have changed. We use the probability

approach “P” as indicator of significative

data. When we analyze those values, for

the different parameters. When we

analyze those values, the variation of the

initial ion concentration is the most

meaningful variable for the ion

adsorption process: F=8.85>

Ftheoric= 5.786, (P<0.05). It is important

to highlight that this was observed when

the variability of efficiency was

measured, confirmed when the variance

analysis was completed.

3.1.2 pH, temperature and initial

Pb(II) concentration

The second stage of the experiment

design was based on an ANOVA

analysis of 1 factor and a multiple

comparison Tukey test, show non Table

6 for pH , temperatura and initial Pb(II)

ion concentration. The adsorption results

are shown on Table 5.

Statist

ic

arrang

e

p

H

Temperatu

re

(°C)

Pb(II)

concentrati

on

ppm

(start)

Pb(II)

concentrati

on after

adsorption

(mg/L)

7 4 35 500 4.46+0.07

8 6 35 500 4.91+0.08

4 6 35 10 0.02+0.02

1 4 25 10 0.66+0.01

3 4 35 10 0.73+0.01

6 6 25 500 4.91+0.08

5 4 25 500 5.52+0.09

2 6 25 10 0.01+N/A

Table 5. Results on design of experiments on

stage 2 for Pb(II) concentration in ppm (mg/L)

Variatio

n source

Free

dom

degre

es

Sum

of

squa

res

Medi

um

squa

re

F

valu

e

Fteó

rica

Val

ue

P

Val

ue

pH 1 0.29 0.29 0.0

4

5.7

86

0.84

7

78











2016, 3-6: 73-81

Temper

ature

1 0.12 0.12 0.0

2

0.90

1

Initial

concentr

ation of

Pb(II)

1 42.2

28

42.2

28

245

.25

0.00

0⁎

Table 6. Variance analysis (ANOVA) for the

completely random factorial arrangement of 1

factor

⁎Statistically significant factor

On the ANOVA table, P value delivers

enough tests that the concentration is

significant.Given that, when we analyze

these values for the diferent parameters

of the process it is observed that the

variation on Pb(II) ion concentration

affects adsorption efficiency for the

adsorbant in comparison with pH and

temperature when alfa is 0.05.

3.2 Effect of variables for the factorial

design 2k

The effect of 4 state variables on the

adsorption with mesoporous materials

functionalized to a molar relation of 0.3

NH2/SMD-1, was evalluated using

Minitab 15 factorial arrangement of 2k,

and the Pb(II) ions content after the

adsorption with these materials. The

statistical analysis with that software

shows that the ion concentration

concentración offers a meaningful

answer ( p<0.05 value).

3.2.1 Contact time, Pb(II) initial

concentration and temperature

The effects of these factors are shown on

Fig. 1 under a Pareto diagram, where it

can be observed that they represent a

significant influence on the adsorption

process, whereas the temperature has an

indirect relation.

Graphic 1 Pareto diagram on significant effects,

Pb(II) ion concentration, temperatura and

contact timeo.

On Graphics 2 and 4 the normal Pareto

on effects is shown, confirming the

previous paragraph.

Graphic. 2 Normal diagram on ion

concentration, temperature and contact time.

On the previously exposed graphic

analysis, we have statistic evidence for

stating that the concentration is

statistically meaningful, as well as the

BC

ABC

C

AC

AB

A

B

9876543210Té

rmin

o

Efecto

2.651

A tiempo

B C oncentración

C temperatura

Factor Nombre

Gráfica de Pareto de los efectos(la respuesta es Resultado, Alfa = 0.05)

PSE de Lenth = 0.70425

5.02.50.0-2.5-5.0-7.5-10.0

99

95

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

5

1

Efecto

Po

rce

nta

je

A tiempo

B C oncentración

C temperatura

Factor Nombre

No significativo

Significativo

Tipo de efecto

AB

B

A

Gráfica normal de los efectos(la respuesta es Resultado, Alfa = 0.05)


79











2016, 3-6: 73-81

ions’ contact time and ions-contact time

interaction.

3.2.2 pH, initial concentration of

Pb(II) and temperature

The effects of these factors, are shown

on Graphic 3 with a Pareto diagram,

where it can be observed that the

concentration has a significant influence

over the adsorption process, whereas pH

and temperature have an indirect

relation.

Graphic. 3. Pareto diagram on the significative

effects of factors.

The Graphic 3 shows the Pareto diagram

on the significant effects, where it is

confirmed that the concentration has an

important influence in the adsorption

process, being an important factor

defining the Pb(II) ions adsorption on

water and because of that, it has to be

fixed in a way that the saturation of the

concentration of the material must not be

elegible.

Graphic 4. Normal Pareto diagramo n the

efectos for Pb(II)ions, temperature and pH

4. Conclusions

The statistical evidence shows that all

three studied factors are very important

and must be considered on those models

intended to describe the adsorption of

Pb(II) ions in water by the 0.3NH2/SMD-

1 adsorbant, it is shown that not only the

main effects are significant too, but the

interactions play also an important role

in the adsorption process. Apart from the

adsorption temperature, it was observed

that the initial Pb(II) adsorption was fast

until reaching the biggest adsorption

value that can be defined with the

contact time. Having the objective of

obtaining the highest performance for the

experiment, the results suggest that we

have to work under a 60 mins contact

time and to verify the initial

concentration of Pb(II); the highest

efficiency conditions for adsorption on

temperature terms are between 25 °C y

35°C, as well as between 4 and 6 for

pH.

Acknowledgments To the National Science and Technology

Council (CONACYT) and to : Ma.

AB

BC

AC

A

B

ABC

C

543210

Té

rmin

o

Efecto

1.002

A pH

B temperatura

C C oncentración

Factor Nombre

Gráfica de Pareto de los efectos(la respuesta es Resultado, Alfa = 0.05)


543210

99

95

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

5

1

Efecto

Po

rce

nta

je

A pH

B temperatura

C C oncentración

Factor Nombre

No significativo

Significativo

Tipo de efecto

C

Gráfica normal de los efectos(la respuesta es Resultado, Alfa = 0.05)


80











2016, 3-6: 73-81

Guadalupe Olvera-Torres, María

Vanessa Paz-González from CIDETEQ.

For all the support provided to achieve

the present work and to Dr. José Alberto

Rodríguez Morales for his contribution

on Statistics

Nomenclature

ANOVA variance analysis

Ftheoric test statistic

(Tables)

F test statistic (calculated)

P least significant level for

rejecting null hypothesis

References

Abbaszadeh, S., Alwi, S. R. W., Webb, C.,

Ghasemi, N., & Muhamad, I. I.

(2016). Treatment of lead-

contaminated water using activated

carbon adsorbent from locally

available papaya peel biowaste.

Journal of Cleaner Production, 118,

210-222.

Abel, M. O. (1974). Tamaño de la parcela,

diseño y uso de los factoriales en la

experimentación agrícola.

Acosta-Silva, Y. J., Nava, R., Hernandez-

Morales, V., Macías-Sánchez, S. A.,

& Pawelec, B. (2013). TiO 2/DMS-1

disordered mesoporous silica

system: Structural characteristics

and methylene blue

photodegradation activity.

Microporous and Mesoporous

Materials, 170, 181-188.

Awual, M. R., & Hasan, M. M. (2014).

Novel conjugate adsorbent for visual

detection and removal of toxic lead

(II) ions from water. Microporous

and Mesoporous Materials, 196,

261-269.

Blanco Flores, A., Ortega Hernández, L. I.,

Dueñas Moreno, J., Batista

González, R., Serafín Páez, R., &

Autié Pérez, M. A. (2014).

Remoción de plomo (II) en vidrio

volcánico y propuesta de adsorbedor

por etapas. Revista Internacional de

Contaminación Ambiental, 30(2),

167-175.

Edokpayi, J. N., Odiyo, J. O., Msagati, T. A.

M., & Popoola, E. O. (2015). A

Novel Approach for the removal of

lead (II) ion from wastewater using

mucilaginous leaves of

diceriocaryum eriocarpum plant.

Sustainability, 7(10), 14026-14041.

Hernández-Morales, V., Nava, R., Acosta-

Silva, Y. J., Macías-Sánchez, S. A.,

Pérez-Bueno, J. J., & Pawelec, B.

(2012). Adsorption of lead (II) on

SBA-15 mesoporous molecular

sieve functionalized with–NH 2

groups. Microporous and

Mesoporous Materials, 160, 133-

142.

Kresge, C. T., Leonowicz, M. E., Roth, W.

J., Vartuli, J. C., & Beck, J. S.

(1992). Ordered mesoporous

molecular sieves tailored using

different synthesis conditions.

Nature, 359, 710-713.

Kuehl, R. O. R. O. (2001). Diseño de

Experimentos: Principios

estadísticos para el diseño y análisis

de investigaciones: Thomson

Learning.

Lavado Meza, C., Sun Kou, M. d. R., &

Bendezu, S. (2010). Adsorción de

plomo de efluentes industriales

usando carbones activados con

H3PO4. Revista de la Sociedad

Química del Perú, 76(2), 165-178.

Luo, C., Wang, J., Jia, P., Liu, Y., An, J.,

Cao, B., & Pan, K. (2015).

Hierarchically structured

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polyacrylonitrile nanofiber mat as

highly efficient lead adsorbent for

water treatment. Chemical

Engineering Journal, 262, 775-784.

Montgomery, D. C. (2002). Diseño y

análisis de experimentos. México:

Limusa.

Nwabanne, J. T., & Igbokwe, P. K. (2012).

Comparative study of Lead (II)

removal from aqueous solution

using different adsorbents.

International Journal of

Engineering Research and

Applications, 2(4), 1830-1838.

Rodríguez, M. E., Miranda, R. C., Olivas,

R., & Sosa, C. A. (2008). Efectos de

las condiciones de operación sobre

la biosorción de Pb2+, Cd2+ y Cr3+

en solución por Saccharomyces

cerevisiae residual. Información

tecnológica, 19(6), 47-55.

Skoog, D. A., Holler, F., Stanley, R. D. A.,

Aucejo, M., Estellés, A., Hernández,

M. H., . . . Alonso, S. (2008).

Principios de análisis instrumental:

Cengage Learning.

Tian, H., Feng, Q., Chen, Y., Yang, H., Li,

X., & Lu, P. (2015). Synthesis of

amino-functionalized mesoporous

materials with environmentally

friendly surfactants by evaporation-

induced self-assembly and their

application to the adsorption of lead

(II) ions. Journal of Materials

Science, 50(7), 2768-2778.

Zinkus, G. A., Byers, W. D., & Doerr, W.

W. (1998). Identify appropriate

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Chemical Engineering Progress, 19.

82

Systematization of the results of the technic thick target gas analysis for elastic

scattering functions

Exact Sciences




PÉREZ-T Roxana, ROSETE-F Miriam, MAYA-P

Norma, MALDONADO-M Abish. Systematization of

the results of the technic thick target gas analysis for

elastic scattering functions. UTSOE-Journal

Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 82-85



PÉREZ TORRES Roxana

†, ROSETE FONSECA Miriam, MAYA PÉREZ-N. Norma,

MALDONADO MARTÍNEZ Abish.

Universidad Tecnológica del Valle de Toluca, Méx. México

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Abstract

Systematization of analysis results for the technique of thickness target gas on elastic scattering functions

The technique known as thickness target gas used for elastic scattering functions in systems such as 12

C+4He, it

is of great interest in Astrophysics, since their interactions largely determine the abundances of elements at the

end of the helium-burning stage in the stars (Koonin 1985, Basdevant 2005). The analysis of the data obtained

from experiments passes through an ample process, involving several variables in geometry and conditions of

the experiment, by means of various computational tools support. The present work reports the development of

an application programmed in PHP, to systematize this analysis, display results graphically and with option to

export them in text files. The geometry used as reference is a cylindrical Chamber Tandem particle accelerator

installed in one of the lines of the National Institute of nuclear research (ININ).

Keywords: application, elastic scattering, PHP programming

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Citation: PÉREZ-T Roxana, ROSETE-F Miriam, MAYA-P Norma, MALDONADO-M Abish. Systematization of the

results of the technic thick target gas analysis for elastic scattering functions. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science

2016, 3-6: 82-85

83



Exact Sciences









Introduction

The nuclear interaction studies, is one of the

main objectives at The National Nuclear

Research Institute (ININ due to the initial in

Spanish), to contribute with the generation of

new knowledge.

The ININ has a tandem particle accelerator

equipment and a very reliable scientific team , it

consist of a beaming line connected to a

cylinder chamber, in which different

experiments had taken place like the target gas

thickness technique, to study interaction

systems like 12

C+4He,

12C+

12C and

12C+

16O.

The technique powers a beam, i.e., 12

C in a

chamber that contains a gas like O2 or 4He.

Inside the chamber there are detectors allowing

registering a spectrum that can be transform

into an excitation elastic scattering functions or

fusion. The advantage in this technique is that

in only one experiment there are data in a whole

energy interval and not just in one; also it can

be measured in a 0° angle in the lab system,

equivalent to a 180° angle in a mass center

system, impossible to obtain with a target solid.

Figure 1 shows one of the many experimental

designs done with the technique mention

previously (Pérez 2009).

Figura 1 Experimental Design used by the thickness

target gas, here we had a beam of 12

C, over a Mylar

window (C10

H8O

4, 1.5 μm of thickness), the beam goes

through and interacts with the 4He ( 160.5 and 183.0

Torr) inside the chamber, 4 silicon superficial barrier

detectors are placed. Shown with A, B, C and D (TU-

014- 100-500, TU-015-100-100, TU-012-100-500, CB-

19-50-1500). The chamber has several accesses, used for

a mechanical vacuum pump, a diffuser, a mercury

pressure measurement and the beam line.

The multichannel generates files with the

counts from each detector. Which measure the

amount of recoil particles, generated by the

interactions that occurred during the whole path

of the beam, at different energies, since the

design considers that the beam will not reach

the cero degree detector, so it will be able to

take the measurements in this angle and obtain

the desire low energy measurements. The

multichannel collected data loaded in text files

and processed to acquire elastic scattering

excitation and fusion functions. The aim of the

present work is the codification of this process.

Materials and Methods

The life cycle Project phases are start, planning,

development and implementation. The

following paragraphs describe the general

activities of each phase and the tools selected to

process the data.

Start

Analysis

• Experimental variables: chamber

diameter, initial energy, detectors

position, pressure, temperature,

participant particles, detector

characteristics and gas density.

• Simulator software of energy loss SRIM.

• The transformation of the multichannel

original files, to get a calibrated spectrum,

the energy measured by the detector to

energy of the projectile at the time of the

interaction, and to the center of mass

energy, finally to energy vs effective

section.

Planning

• It was decided that the programming

language will be PHP and for managing

84



Exact Sciences









text Notepad++, HIGHCHARTS and

XAMPP, to develop a graphic application

with plots easy to use.

• The app reads the multichannel generated

files and plots the information, when a

file calibrated is added, delivers a primary

calibrated file, once a calibrated file

generated by SRIM is added, it converts

energy into center mass energy. All

experimental variables are from a file.

Development

• The application is being program with the

options planned and real data analyzed,

from the results of an experiment carried

out in 2009 at the ININ (Pérez 2009,

Maldonado 2010) to check the

consistency of results.

Implementation

• It is loaded on line so is used to analyze

the data

Results

The application receives the data files with the

designated multichannel output archives and

displays the graphic, that be exported to various

file types, also a zoom is included to a specific

region just by pointing the mouse, an example

is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 Option of graphing the application.

At the same time it contains a calibration

section, searching for the peaks centroids using

the formula 1

i

i

i

ii

N

chN

ch (1)

Where Ni is the number of accounts registered

by the detector channel Chi, performing the

sum only on the region for the peak of the

desired centroid, for which the application

examines peaks in the input spectrum. The

application allows plotting the calibration file,

the linear adjustment, the resulting equation and

the spectrum of interest already calibrated.

Figure 3 and 4 shows an example of the plot.

Finally, the application receives a file that

contains characteristics of the experiment and a

file generated by the SRIM, obtaining among

other measurements, an energy table, and

scope, accordingly to the study system and the

density of the medium, the application uses

these data to transform the energy of the center

of mass spectrum.

Figure 1: Graphic display of calibrated spectra, example

1

85



Exact Sciences









Figure 2: Graphic display of calibrated spectra, example

2

Discussion

The developed programmed application in PHP

language, simplifies the process of analysis of

pilot data of the technic thick target gas analysis

for elastic excitation scattering functions and

fusion in low energies. The results were

compared with those reported in a prior

experiment (Pérez 2009, Maldonado 2010),

being coherent, this gives the confidence to

analyze data from new experiments, which will

speed up the calculations and improve the

displayed results. For the analysis of new data

is always present within the test plan comparing

results with other authors, that have obtained

measurements with other techniques in

coincidental energies. The application can be

improved, and scalable, to systematize plots

and calibrations, it is also ready to be online for

free use, this is a medium-term goal. As well as

options for other experimental geometries and

directly add results of other authors in the

generated graphs, for a better results

comparison.

Acknowledgements

We thank the invaluable support of PRODEP,

the UTVT, and the ININ, institutions that

through their human resources and materials

strengthen the development project for research

and development.

Referencias

Basdevant J.L, Rich J., Spiro M. (2005),

Fundamentals in Nuclear Physics: from nuclear

structure to cosmology. United States of

America: Editorial Springer.

Koonin S. E., Aguilera E. F. (1985), The

12C(α,γ)16O reaction in Nuclear Astrophysics

(Ed.), Lecture Notes, National Summer School

in Nuclear Physics (pp. 314-331) Georgetown:

Editorial P. A. Treado

Maldonado M. (2010) thesis, Resonant elastic

scattering of 12C+4He, Universidad Autónoma

del Estado de México

Pérez R. (2009), PhD thesis, Estudio Teórico y

Experimental de la Dispersión Elástica y Fusión

en Reacciones con Iones Semipesados a Bajas

Energías, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de

México.

86


Engineering Sciences




PEÑA Ramírez Rafael †, SOTO Alcocer José Luís,

AYALA Islas Alberto, Ramírez and RIVERA Mosqueda

Ma. Cruz. Scaling up digester for Broccoli (Brassica

olerasea) to methane production. . UTSOE-Journal



Peña Ramírez Rafael †, Soto Alcocer José Luís, Ayala Islas Alberto and Rivera Mosqueda Ma. Cruz Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Irapuato. México.

___________________________________________________________________________________

Abstract

Methane generation is one of the most powerful options for solve oil dependence, with three Ecological

advantages, use of organic wastes decreasing environment impact. Reducing emissions for use fossil fuel, and

produce excellent organic fertilizer. And like economic benefits. We can include de low price of building.

Broccoli is the most important vegetable culture in the Bajio of Guanajuato because it occupy a sowing area of

35 000 ha, broccoli is the 69% of the horticulture production of Guanajuato. An also it is the 55% of the national

production (Vidal et al 2006).

The present work was made with de goal to evaluate if the methane production could be scaling up to pilot size

(6 000 L) and generate information which let us make projection to industrial scale.

To begin, a digester effluent from the University of Guanajuato, Life Sciences Division, Irapuato campus was

used. There were added 100 liters of cow dung. Plus 100 liters of water. The digester was fed from Monday to

Friday with three mixes broccoli:water 1:1, 2:1, 3:3. With 93.75 L/day,

Daily production of: biogas, total solid removal and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was measuring.

The best mixture tested was 1:1 with 29.71 L of biogas per Kg of broccoli and remotion of total solids 81.4 %.

Keywords

Broccoli, anaerobic digestion, digester, methane

___________________________________________________________________________________

Citation PEÑA Ramírez Rafael †, SOTO Alcocer José Luís, AYALA Islas Alberto, Ramírez and RIVERA Mosqueda Ma.

Cruz. Scaling up digester for Broccoli (Brassica olerasea) to methane production. . UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary

Science 2016, 3-6: 86-94

87











Introduction

Methane generation is one of the most powerful

options for solve oil dependence, with three

Ecological advantages, use of organic wastes

decreasing environment impact. Reducing

emissions for use fossil fuel, and produce

excellent organic fertilizer. And like economic

benefits. We can include de low price of

building.

There are many evidence that shows us that

methane production could be done uses any

kind of organic waste (Henderson 2006,

Fountoulakis et al. 2008, Sagagi et al. 2009).

By other hand in Mexico, Guanajuato have

been number one in broccoli production since

1990 until today, for example in 2002

Guanajuato produced the 60 % of broccoli in

Mexican Republic, SAGARPA (2003) and

Vidal et al. (2006) said that in 2005 there were

35 000 ha. Planted with broccoli in Guanajuato

which produce the 55 % of national production.

There were 29590.5 ha planted with broccoli in

2014, represents 52.13 % of surface used for

broccoli in Mexico. Guanajuato produced

292345.21 ton that means 65.97 % of national

production. (Senacica, 2016).

There are twelve freezing pakers in Guanajuato

state (Espinoza et al. 2003), these factories

produce one indeterminate quantity of scraps

broccoli with misprocess perfect candidates for

methanogenesis. Such methane could be used

in different steps during broccoli freezing

process.

In previous work Peña et al. 2015 explored de

adequate proportion to produce methane using

broccoli as substrate, the result conclude that

concentration 2:1 Broccoli: water was the most

efficient and production of methane with an

average of 23.14 L of methane per kg of

broccoli. Residence time was 40 days for all

mixtures.

The present work was made with de goal to

evaluate if the methane production could be

scaling up to pilot size and generate information

which let us make projection to industrial scale.

Methods

The digester was supported in a masonry

structure. It was built of geomembrane, length

5.5 m, diameter 1.18 m, with approximate

volume of 6 m3.

The digester have the general diagram

Figure 1. Digester general scheme

1) Digester. 2) Inlet feed. 3) Outlet pipe. 4) Test

access. 5) Gas outlet. 6) U tramp. 7) Flow

bench. 8) Gas burner. 9) Methane stock.

Variable design

Volume: 6000 L

Work volume (WV) 62.5 % = 3750L (1)

Hydraulic Retention Rime (HRT) 40 days

Q

WVHRT (2)

88











Where:

WV: Work volume

Q: Daily flow

Introducing data in the equation.

dayLdays

LQ / 75.93

40

3750 (3)

Data collected:

Before start: humidity and total solids was

measured according to NMX-AA-034-SCFI-

2001. One HANNA C-214, was used to determine

total nitrogen in accordance with maker’s

handbook.

Total carbon, pH, Temperature was evaluated

according to NMX-FF-109-SCFI-2007. At the

moment of feeding, pH and temperature of

influent and effluent was measured.

Sample

Precooked broccoli was given for a freezing

company. To reduce the size of broccoli pieces

were cut into a metal container with a shovel

and ground with a power mill.

Start

To begin, a digester effluent from the

University of Guanajuato, Life Sciences

Division, Irapuato campus was used. There

were added 100 liters of cow dung. Plus 100

liters of water.

The digester was fed from Monday to Friday

with three mixes broccoli:water 1:1, 2:1, 3:3.

With 93.75 L/day, test 1:1 and 3:1 was ran at 40

days. Test 2:1 was ran at 16 days.

Results

Moisture

Moisture

Sample Moisture Solids

Raw broccoli 86 14

Coked broccoli 89 11

Mix 1:1 97.2 2.8

Mix 2:1 96.98 3.02

Mix 3:1 96.05 3.95

Chart 1. Moisture of broccoli. Different

presentations

The moisture showed an increase from raw

broccoli to mix 2:1, surprisingly the mix 3:1

showed a little less moisture than the mix 2:1,

the possible explanation is that the broccoli

used for mixture 3:1 could be dryer than the rest

of the broccoli Chart 1.

Density

Sample Density

g/cm3

Raw broccoli 0.976

Coked broccoli 1,019

Mix 1:1 1.043

Mix 2:1 1.0316

Mix 3:1 1.021

Chart 2. Density of broccoli. Different presentations

Density of mixtures and broccolis density was

very similar. This is because broccoli has

similar density to water. Chart 2.

89











Reaction mix

Proportion to prepare mixtures

Mix

Broccoli:

Water

Broccoli

Kg

Water Kg Total

Charge

Kg

1:1 46.875 46.875 93.75

2:2 62.5 31.25 93.75

3:3 70.3125 23.4375 93.75

Chart 3. Calculating for preparing mixtures

Mixture 1:1 Broccoli: water

Methane production

Fig 2. It show methane production. Mixture 1:1.

Methane production start the fourth day with 85

L. Then it increase continually until the highest

peak in day no. 15, which showed 2298 L of

biogas production. There are three more peaks,

day 22 with 2256 L, day 26 with 2194 L and

day 30 producing 2177 L of biogas, the average

production was 1505.59 per day.

Fig. 2. Methane production. Mixture 1:1

Broccoli:Water

Figure 3. It shows pH and temperature. Lowest

peak of pH was 6.72 in the day no. 5. And the

highest peak was the day no. 13 with pH 7.1.

Diference between the lowest and highest pH

measure was 0.38. So one might assume that

the pH was arround pH 7. Near of neutral. With

an average pH 6.92. Showing a very efficient

system in pH control.

Fig 3. Effluent Temperature and pH. Mixture1:1

Broccoli:Water

By other hand, temperature suffers more

variations. Starting with 19 °C. The first peak

of 28 °C the days 14 and 15, followed for two

peaks, days 21 and 25 with the same

temperature. The last peak appear the day no.

29 with 27 °C. The difference between lowest

and highest temperature was 10 °C suggesting

the need control temperature.

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

bio

gas

(lts

)

Time(days)

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

pH

Tem

pe

ratu

re °

C

time (days)

Temperatura

pH

90











Fig. 4. Methane production and temperature

mixture1:1 Broccoli:Water

If the relationship between production of

methane and temperature is observed. Figure 4

It showed that peak of high temperature match

with high methane production. Although with a

little delay. The graphic show a temperature

increase and immediately rising methane

production. Day no. 14 and 15 temperature was

28 °C and day no. 15, with 2298 L of biogas

production. It could be mentioned three more

peaks. 28 °C day no. 21 and day 22 with 2256

L. Day 25 with 27 °C and day 26 with 2194 L.

Finally day 29 was at 27 °C and day 30 it

produced 2177 L of biogas. These results

suggest that bacteria grow better at 28 °C or

may be at higher temperature.

Fig. 5. Liters of biogas per mixture kg. Mixture 1:2

Performance: biogas production per mixture

kilogram was 14.85 L.

Mixture 2:1 Broccoli:Water

Some difficulties occurred in the test 2:1. First:

for calendar reasons only allowed us to work 16

days. And second: a failure in gas

measurement. It caused that first five days of

gas production measurement they were lost.

Although these two problems it could be

considered that there are strong data to have

conclusions.

In the fig. 6 can be seen three production peaks.

Day nine with 2407 L. Day 11 with 2335 L and

day 13 with 2493.

Fig. 6. Methane production mixture 2:1

Broccoli:Water

Concerning to pH. All the time was at pH 7 or

little higher, never was under pH seven and

neither rise until pH 8. These data indicate a

very good pH regulation. Fig. 7.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45Te

mp

era

ture

°C

Lts

bio

gas

time (days)

Lts biogas

Temperatura

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Lts

bio

gas/

Kg

mix

ture

time (days)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

bio

gas

(lts

)

time (days)

91











Fig 7. Effluent temperature and pH. Mixture 2:1

Broccoli:Water

Temperature have more variation than pH. Fig

7. The lowest temperature was 24 °C the day 2.

And the highest was 30 °C, the day eight. With

three peaks: days, 10, 12 and 15, all days with

29 °C.

Figure. 8. There are a relationship between

temperature and generation of biogas. The days

with high temperature. Days 8, 10, and 12 they

are followed for peaks on methane production.

Days 9, 11 and 13.

These data suggest a delay time to bacteria

reproduction.

Fig. 8. Methane production and temperature.


Fig. 9. Liters of biogas per mix kg. Mixture 1:2

Performance. Production of biogas per liter of

mixture was 15.5


In the figure 10 can be noted a delay time of

three day to start methane production. The

graphic also show three production peaks: 1797

L in the day no. 8, day no. 24 with 1824 L and

day no. 28 with 1949 L biogas.

Fig 10 Methane production mixture 3:1

Broccoli:Water

By other hand the pH (fig. 11) start with 6.8

and stay around neutrality with lowest reading

in 6.72 and highest in 7.16, the days 4 and 32

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18p

H

Tem

pe

ratu

re °

C

time (days)

Temperatura

pH

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Tem

pe

ratu

re °

C

Lts

bio

gas

time (days)

Lts biogas

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Lts

bio

gas/

Kg

mix

ture

time (days)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0 10 20 30 40

bio

gas

(lts

)

time (days)

92











respectively. That means an efficient control of

this parameter.

Fig. 11. Effluent temperature and pH. Mixture3:1

Broccoli:Water

In counterpart temperature has more variation.

Figure 11. During the run of the experiment.

Temperature has three peaks 27 °C in day no. 8.

28 °C day 23 and 28 °C day 28.

Fig. 12. Methane production and temperature

mixture 3:1 Broccoli:Water

In the same way biogas production it was

intimately related with temperature. Figure 12.

It shows this relationship with the data: 27 °C

and 1797 L in day no. 8. Day no. 23 with 28 °C

and day no. 24 with 1824 L plus day no. 28

with 1949 L of biogas and 28 °C. There was a

synchrony between temperature and the biogas

production. Except days 23 and 24. These days

showed a delay time in the same way that

mixtures 1:1 and 2:1

Fig. 13.

Mixture 3:1 performance was the lowest of the

three mixtures tested with an average 12.57

liters of biogas per kg of mixture.

Three mixtures: performance comparison

Performance of three mixtures

Mixture Biogas

production

L. Average

Broccoli

Kg

Performance

biogas L/ Kg

broccoli

1:1 1392.67 46.87 29.71

2:2 1450.18 62.5 23.2

3:3 1176.27 70.31 16.79

Chart 4. Performance of three mixtures

Chart 4 shows that mixture 1:1 has the best

performance with 29.71 L of biogas per kg of

broccoli. Followed for the mixture 2:1 with 23.2

L/kg.

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

pH

Tem

pe

ratu

re °

C

time(days)

Temperatura

pH

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Tem

pe

ratu

re °

C

bio

gas

(lts

)

tiempo (dias)

Biogas

Temperatura

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 10 20 30 40

lts

bio

gas/

kg

mix

ture

time (days)

93











Total Solids (TS) remotion percent

Mixture TS in TS out Remotion %

1:1 28191 5237 81.4

2:1 31010 4292 86.1

3:1 39528 10025 74.6

Chart 5. Total Solids (TS) remotion percent

By other hand about total solids remotion. In

chart 5. Mixture 2:1 showed the best

performance with 86.1 percent of remotion.

Followed for mixture 1.1 with 81.4 %.

The mixture 3:1 showed the lowest

performance with 74.6 of solids removed and

12.57 L of biogas per Kg of mixture.

Laboratory scale versus pilot scale

If the results of the laboratory scale reported by

Peña et al 2015 are compared to the pilot scale.

In laboratory scale. The mixture 2:1 have the

best performance with 23.14 L of biogas per kg

of broccoli, whereas in pilot scale the best

performance was showed for mixture 1:1 with

29.71 L of biogas per kg of mixture. Chart 6.

The mixtures 1:1 and 1:3 increased production

in pilot scale. The first by 116 % and de second

by 77 %. The divergency was found in mixture

2:1 which have no increase. The pilot scale

suggests a decrement of production of methane

with an increase the concentration of broccoli.

Performance. Biogas generated

per kg of broccoli

Mixture Lab scale Pilot scale

1:1 13.714 29.71

2:1 23.14 23.2

3:1 9.485 16.79

Chart 6. Performance. Biogas generated per kg of

broccoli. Scale laboratory and pilot

Remotion of total solids.

There are a difference between laboratory scale

and pilot scale. Chart 7. In laboratory scale the

solids remotion have a gradual decrement with

the increasing concentration, but in pilot scale

the mixture 2:1 has the best performance with

86.1 % of total solids removed.

Performance.

Remotion of total solids %

Mixture Lab scale Pilot scale

1:1 79.85 81.4

2:1 59.71 86.1

3:1 58.56 74.6

Chart 7. Remotion of total solids. Comparison chart

between scale laboratory and pilot

One very interesting fact is the remotion of total

solids. It was increased with the size of digester

these data suggested the possibility to get better

stability by increasing mass.

If production performance and total solids

remotion are considered. The data suggest that

the mixture 1:1 could be the best choice for use

to industrial scale.

Methane combustion

94











Fig 14 Methane combustion

The biogas must have more than 50 % of

methane to have combustion. The blue color of

the flame is an indicative of good methane

concentration. Which is considerate adequate

for fuel use.

Conclusions

Laboratory scale provides invaluable

information to guide the scaling test.

Mass increased was an improvement in

performance of all mixture tested.

The best mixture tested was 1:1 with 29.71 L of

biogas per Kg of broccoli and remotion of total

solids 81.4 %.

Perspectives

The pilot scale lets to have a better approach for

industrial scale.

Thanks

This proyec was sponsored by “Fondo Mixto de

Fomento a la Investigación Científica y

Tecnológica CONACYT-Gobierno del estado

de Guanajuato” (FONINV), proyecto GTO-

2009-C02-119846. Which we thanks.

References

Espinoza Pozo Manuel, Enríques Reyes Sergio,

Servantes Macswiney Alejandro and Ramos José

Manuel. Plan estratégico de investigación y trasferencia

de tecnología en el sector agropecuario y agroindustrial.

Cadena agroalimentaria de brócoli, etapa IV trayectoria

y prospectiva de la oferta tecnológica. 2003. Fundación

Guanajuato produce A.C. 93 pp.

Ferrer Ivet, Uggetti Enrica, Poggio Davide, Martí Jaime

and Velo Enric. Producción de Biogás a partir de

residuos orgánicos en biodigestores de bajo coste. 2010.

Grup de Recerca en cooperación i desenvolpament humá

7 pp.

Fountoulakis M. S., Drakopoulou S., Terzakis S.,

Georgaki E and Manios T. Potential for methane

production from typical Mediterranean agro-industrial

by-products. Biomass and bioenergy. 2008. Vol 32 pp

155 – 161.

Henderson. Anaerobic Treatability and Methane

Production from Fruit and Vegetable Processing Wastes.

2006 Michigan State University

Peña Ramírez Rafael, Soto Alcocer José Luís, Ayala Islas

Alberto y González Ponce María del Refugio. Evaluación

de mézclas de brócoli (Brassica oleracea) para la

producción de metano. Revista de tecnología e

innovación. 2015. Vol. 2. No. 4 Pg. 816 – 824

Sagagi B. S., Garba B. y Usman N. S. Studies on biogas

production from fruits and vegetable waste. Bayero

Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences. 2009. Vol 2 Num.

1 pg. 115-118.

SENACICA 2016

Vidal-Martínez J. Luis, Núñez-Escobar Roberto, Lazcano

Ferrat Ignacio, Etcheverts-Barra Jorge D y Carrillo-

González Rogelio. Nutrición potásica del brócoli

(Brassica olereacea con manejo convencional y

fertirrigación en un vertisol y en invernadero.

Agrociencia 2006. Vol. 40. Pg. 1-11

95

Results on measuring velocity and distance of minimum proximity using a fuzzy

control of a mobile robot for handicapped users implemented on mobile computing

Technology Sciences July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 95-109



SÁNCHEZ MEDEL- Luis Humberto, GONZÁLEZ SOBAL-

Juan Manuel et al. Results on measuring velocity and distance

of minimum proximity using a fuzzy control of a mobile robot

for handicapped users implemented on mobile computing.

UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 95-109



SÁNCHEZ MEDEL- Luis Humberto †, González Sobal Juan Manuel, Castillo Domínguez Gaspar,

Avendaño Cortés Isaías Huatusco Technology Institute, México

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Abstract

Rehabilitation robotics is a combination of industrial robotics and medical robotics, through algorithms,

mechanical elements, electric and electronic circuits allowed to evolve to intelligent wheelchairs (IWS) for users

that can’t drive an electric wheelchair (EPW) using classical methods for input such as joysticks, taking the

universal design concept to the assistive technology. A parameter to consider in the control systems of the IWS,

is the determination of the minimum distance of contact and the maximum allowable speed for the user, who do

not adapt themselves according to the user experience. This article proposes determining the minimum contact

distance and speed based on a fuzzy system implemented on a mobile robot, which is controlled by tilting the

user's head to identify 5 different types of instructions using a Smartphone for those users who can’t opt for a

traditional control.

Smartphone, mobile computing, fuzzy logic, robotic, disabled user

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Citation: SÁNCHEZ MEDEL- Luis Humberto, GONZÁLEZ SOBAL-Juan Manuel et al. Results on measuring velocity

and distance of minimum proximity using a fuzzy control of a mobile robot for handicapped users implemented on mobile

computing. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 95-109

96



Technology Sciences









1. Introduction

Providing proper assistance in a shared control

environment is a complex task. Given its

specific nature, assistance is multifaceted and

dependent on many factors including task in

hand, user´s state, and environment and

assistance capacities [1]. An intelligent

wheelchair must face the hard decision of not

only assist a patient, but when and how

interfere, to accomplish low control tasks while

the user is primarily responsible of decisions at

the highest levels [2].

Actually, the surrounding objects and systems

are designed for easiness of use; however, this

is not always been like that. On 1985 Ron Mace

founder of the Universal Design Ideology [3]

and the University of North Carolina on 1997

[4] oriented design and construction of a

product for all people to easily use it.

The concept of Universal Design relates to

products and environments useful for all

people, in the widest extension, without the

need of an adaptation period [5]. The UD is

based on 7 proposed principles created by the

University of North Carolina [6] and [7]:

Principle 1: Equitative use

Principle 2: Flexibility of use

Principle 3: Simple and intuitive

Principle 4: Perceptible information

Principle 5: Error tolerance

Principle 6: Minimum physical error

Principle 7: Size and space for approximation

of use

The concepts like “form”, “characteristic”,

“attribute” and “user interface” ore ven the “all

users” concept play an important role in

describing an object using UD. [8]. Physical

form is the design of the physical appearance of

an object, in both its size and proportion or

structure. A characteristic is any distinguishable

element in any design scale. All objects are

categorizable, but no all of them can be

measured, only described. An attribute is a

quantifiable just as height, wide, color, texture

and condition defining proportion, appearance

and other qualities. The user interface includes

a variation of control and hardware, that can be

customizable or operational.

Source Year Average concept Percentage

Census 1900 Mental and physical

defects

0.20


defects

0.21


defects

0.65


defects

0.66


defects

0.54

Census 1980 School absenteeism

by disability

2.80

Disability

national

survey

1982 Disability 0.03

Census 1995 Disability 2.33

National

minors

registration


Census 2000 Disabillity/limitation 1.84

National

healthcare

survey


National

survey of

performance

evaulation

2002 Disability/dificulty 9.00

Healthcare

and nutrition

national

survey


Census 2010 Disability/dificulty 5.10

Home

income and

expenses


97



Technology Sciences









national

survey

Table 1 Statistical evolution in México and percentage of

population with disability

The “all users” concept used in UD, indicates

that an object must have complete usability for

every person, considering their capacities and

disabilities inherent to their original

community. The capacity of a person is the

quality on performing a certain function

distinguished on type and magnitude; the

disability is described in mental or physical

terms on which the user presents a certain

impediment to perform common activities;

however, disability is not associated with the

same type or level [8]. The skills of a person are

classified in [9] motor, mental, sensation,

perception and communication.

In accordance to the Nacional Census of 2010,

the population of México is 112’336,538

people [10]. The census including total people

with disability since 1900 is show non Table 1;

from that, it can be noted that in the 2000

census the count was 1.8% for that specific

group, growing to 5.1% in the 2010 census,

revealing a notorious increment. Actually,

INEGI defines as disabilited people those who

meet the following:

Population with walking or moving,

difficulties

Population with vision difficulties

Population with hearing or listening difficulties

Population with speaking difficulties

Population with selfcare difficulties

Population with learning or focusing difficulties

Population with brain limitation

It is crucial to properly understand the

capacities and disabilities of a given person in

order to appreciate the impact of a moving

form, starting with the origin of the disability

and allowing the adaptation to the for

specialized and universal designs.

Assistance technology is essentially the one

who serves to support those with disabilities

[11] and is a generic expression including

services and systems related to deliver support

services and products [12]. Assistance

Technology (AT) and rehabilitation device

engineering for disability people includes 3

approximation design types: for the widest

population, for sub-population and for specific

individuals [3].

In the state of the art section, it is presented an

in depth coverage of the projects related to

hardware, control algorithms of the IW

multimodal systems, commercials, man-robot

interaction and mobile computing. The main

problem is the determination of the minimum

impact distance and speed according to the

user´s experience, his risk for approaching an

object (i.e. a table) choosing the appropriate

threshold that indicates the right path to follow.

From this, man-robot interaction can be

benefited with a variable threshold depending

on the user’s experience. The selected

algorithm was implemented in a mobile robot.

98



Technology Sciences









Figure 1 IntellWheels Project components

2. State of the art

Man-robot interaction references to the process

in which a robot can interact not only with its

user but with the environment and even another

users, namely: partially observed, deterministic,

episodic and dynamic.

2.1 Multimodal Wheelchairs

The majority of the projects with IWs don´t

include a reference of the user´s adaptation to

the wheelchair or how to improve the interface

based on the interaction of the user with the

IWs, sacrificing comfort and regular usability

of the wheelchair for solving problems related

to robotics.

The IWs controlled by devices other than the

joystick are known as multimodal (MMIWs),

controls can be movements of: eyes, eyebrows,

face, head, hands, fingers, tongue or voice.

The IntellWheels project proposes a user-

centered design via a multimodal and

intelligent/adaptive control able to help

improving user´s mobility [13] and [14]. The

development of IntellWheels proposes an user-

centered design in which confort, security and

workspace are the main priorities, without

risking price and without adding a rigid

hardware unadaptable to a wheelchair. The

multimodal user interface is controlled using

joystick, keyboard, touchscreen, facial gestures,

voice and a commercial CBI. The multimodal

interface (MMI) allows the user to define his

input commands, through homogeneous

devices (only one type) or heterogeneous (many

different types).

The multilevel control is divided in 3 layers:

strategic (goal planning, path planning using

A*), tactics (basic actions control and angular

velocity) and basic control. The employed

sensors are laser and ultrasonic, and are located

far from reach. Also, they are interconnected

using an Arduino controlled board and an

engine, as shown on Fig. 1. The data processing

device is a computer. The main goal of the

project is to facilitate IWs for people and

researchers. For this, the tests are qualitative

based on surveys answered by researchers of

different levels and their comparison with other

IWs.

An IW is developed in the Tecnológico de

Orizaba [15] and [16]. Comprises a multimodal

interface for properly controlling a wheelchair,

being those interfaces mainly voice

commands, as shown on the Table 2.

Command Actions Command Actions

“One” Starts the

system

“Right” Turns right

“Forward” Moves

forward the

IW

“Down” Stops the

engines

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“Backward” Moves back

the IW

“Up” Turns off

the engines

“Left” Turns left

Table 2 Voice commands fo the ITO-IWs

The system comprises 26 HC-SR04 ultrasonic

sensors, distributed as shown on Figure 2. The

sensors and the multimodal systems of

homogeneous input (voice,joystick,button) are

interconnected with an ADK Mega Arduino,

which operates as acquisition and embedded

card. It is important to highlight that the

multimodal system was tested on users

presenting complete and incomplete marrow

injury in 5 A and E types using a simulator,

obtaining measurements on average colissions

for every turn, time of test completion, speed

and control method.

The IATSL-IWs project from the Toronto

Rehabilitation Institute is focused on the

wheelchair control for adults with cognitive

complications [17], [18] y [19]. The system

uses an EPW modified to be controlled by the

haptic joystick as shown on Figure 3.

Additionally, the system communicates with

the user using sound. The IWs is tested on real

assisted environments to conduct electric power

systems in inner spaces (PIDA) [20].

Figure 2 Ultrasonic sensors located inside the IWs

The system has 3 types of operational modes:

the basic is automatically activated when the

chair is approximately at 0.3 meters from an

object and it has been stopped previously

informing the user for the possible impact using

a specific sound and with the joystick, the

maximum speed is controlled as well as the

minimum allowed speed for the wheelchair.

The correction mode on the steering wheel , if

the chair is less than 0.3 meters and the user has

not been stopped, then it will turn automatically

without lowering speed or stopping; on

automatic mode, the chair is driven

automatically and can only be stopped with the

joystick. The IATSL-IWs project, considers

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also the user preferences when choosing the

control mode, noting that in some work

environments the user would want to take full

control (hallways mainly), while in another

ones (elevators or doors) the user opts out for a

support system, making mandatory a dynamic

selection system.

Figure 4 Haptic Interface

There’s been a low trend to create commercail

IWs since there’s a gab among researchers,

academic, manufacturers and users [21]; for

this, some projects had emerged to figure as a

bridge for those sectors [22], [23] y [24].

2.2 Intelligent wheelchairs with

commercial scope

The SYSIASS project aims to reduce the

technical barrier to research over obstacle

detection while, at the same time, seeks for

maintaining a simple route for

commercialization [23]. This IWs uses sensor

nodes of infrared and ultrasonic presence

controlled by an Arduino Nano, which are

intercommunicated via an RS-485 protocol, as

shown on Figure 4. Using a communication

protocol allows to increase the number of

sensor nodes; however, the refreshing

frequency for every sensor is 80 ms, due to the

nature of the protocol, sequential control and

acquisition time of every sensor.

Figure 4 SYSIASS Project topology

The control of the IWs is a joystick as show

non Figure 5; however, it is posible to

implement multimodal inputs modifying the

control program and adding one extra node.

Alas, this system, is not adaptable to many

models of wheelchairs, only those including a

Dynamic Controls control type. Its main system

is a computer.

2.3 Wheelchairs with man-robot

interaction

The LIASD-Wheelchair Project by Laboratoire

d’Informatique Avancée from Saint-Denis in

the University of París, proposes a haptic

interaction method including feedback via the

joystick and using a LIDAR sensor network as

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show non Figure 6, [25], it also has precedents

in the haptic joystick control in [26].

Figure 5 Inputs/Outputs and detection limits of the SYSIASS

project

Contains an embedded control structured in 3

levels: basic (position and velocity control),

tactical (follow path, reference generator, goal

search) and strategic (service administrator).

The project uses the virtual impedance concept

through a model, assuring a smooth transition

of velocity for path following, conforming a

full user-robot interaction.

The LURCH Project by the artificial

intelligence and robotic laboratory in the

electronic, informatic and bioengineering

department from the Politécnico de Milano [27]

y [28], presents a multimodal control using a

classic joystick, touchscreen, miographic

interface and computer brain interface in order

to create a semiautonomous system for wide

user range with motor disability as shown on

Figure 7. The user has the opportunity to select

among 3 autonomy levels from obstacle

evasion to complete autonomy

The sensors, electronics and computer

equipment are aggregated to a commercial

EPW; the smart control system uses an

interface that simulates the signal of the original

joystick. The design of the chair has 3 modules:

computer vision targeting to the roof of a house

and passive markers for the IWs to be able to

determine the room in which the user is located,

as shown on Figure 8.

Figure 6 LIASD Prototype

Planning: uses a modified A* algorithm for 2D

spaces.

Control. Uses 2 sets of fuzzy rules for

orientation and obstacle detection, enabled only

when the user needs autonomous navigation.

The LURCH project is still active and suggests

to consider using ISO 13482 for man robot

interaction.

Figure 7 Proyecto LURCH

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2.4 Intelligent wheelchairs with mobile

computing interface

Adding mobile devices and IWs makes posible

to take advantage of SMS, e-mail, touchscreens,

VR and phone sensors to interact with the user.

The PUNE-IWs Project from the Dnyanganga

engineering and research college in India

comprises an intelligent wheelchair with

obstacle sensors, temperatura, gas and linking

to a Smartphone via Bluetooth in order to

achieve independent mobility. [29].

Figure 8 Passive marks

Figure 9 depicts the sensors used in the project

capable of obstacle detection, including

temperature and gas sensors, and an emergency

botton. The control App is designed for

Android OS. The interface design allows voice

recognition, including a touchscreen and an

accelerometer.

Figure 9 Block diagram and interfce for Pune-IWs project

3. Control interface design

The named IWs share the use of sensors in

order to determine the presence of an obstacle

through a wide variety of sensors: ultrasonic,

laser and micro controlled computer vision

cameras. The system is being adapted thorugh

user experience to adjust máximum speed or

minimum distance before hitting an object, but

if detection or speed ranges are not properly

adapted to the user in accordance to his

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experimentation, this will become a barrier in

his interaction with the robot.

Another shared features are the control

directives independent of the multimodality of

the IWs. To obtain more autonomy they are

supported in their own coomputer vision,

simultaneous location, mapping and search

algorithms; however, a manual reconfiguration

performed by the user for a particular parameter

is hard to implement since the systems take

control of direction or destination of the IWs,

making this the reason why the system must be

adapted to the user.

3.1 Determination of mínimum resolution

needed for direction control

The movements performed by the robot are 5:

stop, forward, back, left and right. The

information entered by the user is a slight head

bending as shown on Figure 10. The detection

process offers a 5 bits response to identify the

user input. This reveals the system as

combinatory. If executing more movements or

including another robot control options is

required, the system would become sequential,

since no combinations can be done all at once

in the user inputs.

Stop Left Forward

Right Back

Fig. 10 Face bending as control method of the robot

3.2 Determination of the bending angle

The proposed speed and direction for an EPW

chair is proportional to the bending of the

joystick; however, for a person with movement

deficiency in his extremities it is not possible to

adopt this input method. Face bending for

controlling the robot allows using the head as a

joystick, as a sensing device a 3 axis

accelerometer of a smartphone, since this is a

common hardware for users with EPW. The

sensor location is very important for detection.

For this, a base was set on the left side of the

user, near the ear. The relation of the bending

angle and movement is show non Table 3.

x Axis y Axis z Axis Action

-5<x<5 DC -5<x<5 Stop

-5<x<5 DC -10<x<-5 Left

-5<x<-15 DC -5<x<5 Forward

-5<x<5 DC 5<x<10 Right

5<x<15 DC -5<x<5 Back

Table 3 Bending and action relation of the robot

3.3 Fuzzy system for velocity control

based on user experience

Determination of proposed speed is calculated

with a fuzzy system [30] whose state variables

are the user experience and the distance from an

obstacle. This way, if the user has little

experience he still can move at minor velocity,

and consequently, with more experience he´ll

move faster. State variables have 5 language

labels: far away (ML), far (L), normal (N),

close (C) and very close (MC). Figure 11 shows

the relation of those labels and distance

measured in decimetres according to an

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obstacle detected by an ultrasonic sensor.

Figure 12 shows the relation between language

labels and user experience, measured from 0 to

100% and obtained using a survey with

information relative to EPW control and

freedom of movement for the neck.

Fig. 11 State variable collision distance measured on

decimeters

Variables to be controlled are mínimum

collision distance and máximum speed, since an

inexpert user must keep his distance when

approaching to an object to avoid contact,

whereas an experimented user must be able to

approach even closer given his ability to

interact with the hardware. Figure 13 shows the

relation of language label with speed limited to

10 km/h, the top speed of a robot. The labels

are: very low speed (VMB), low speed (VB),

normal speed (VN), high speed (VA) and very

high speed (VMA). The ISO-13482 standard

shows that any robotic device used for

rehabilitation and care must not exceed 20 km/h

[31].

Fig. 12 State variable experience of the user

Fig. 13 Control variable speed

3.4 Fuzzy system for controlling

minimum collision distance

Determination of the required distance is

calculated with a fuzzy system which variables

are user experience and distance to an obstacle,

tihs way, if the user has little experience, he can

stop on time, and an experienced user can get

closer to the objects. State variables are shown

on Figures 11 and 12, while Figure 14 shows

the relation of language labels with minimum

distance, state variables have 5 language labels:

far away (ML), far (L), normal (N), close

(C)and very close (MC).

Fig. 14 Control variable mínimum distance

The defined fuzzy rule set is shown on Table 4.

It was obtained with surveys with wheelchair

users measuring the type of required speed to

perform their activities. Table 5 shows the

fuzzy rules required for determining the

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minimum stop distance and sound

retrofeedback using text to voice modules in the

mobile device.

Experience

Distanc

e

MB B N A MA

MC VM

B

VM

B

VM

B

VB VB

C VM

B

VB VB VB VN

N VB VB VN VN VN

L VN VN VA VA VA

ML VN VA VM

A

VM

A

VM

A

Table 4 Fuzzy rules for maximum speed

Experiencia

Distancia MB B N A MA

MC MC MC MC C C

C MC C C C N

N C C N N N

L C N L L L

ML N N ML ML ML

Table 5 Fuzzy rules for minimum distance

3.5 Interface system design between

Smartphone and hardware

Figure 15 shows the block diagram for the

hardware, consisting of a serial Bluetooth

module for the interface between the hardware

and the app on the Smartphone. An IOIO

module habilitates the interoperation among the

sensors, Bluetooth and the H bridge. The IOIO

receives the serial signal from the data

acquisition board, from this, the information

update is performed at 20 milliseconds per

ultrasonic sensor. One complete cycle measures

100 milliseconds plus 1 milisecond for each

packet, resulting in a 9.6 rimes per second for

update frequency. TREX board allows control

of the 5 amperes engines via a programable

PWM on serial protocol [32]. The serial signal

originates from the smartphone app through

Bluetooth modules and the IOIO board. The

data acquisition board, receiving information

from the sensors is an Arduino Mega. The

acquisition time is performed sequentially.

4. Results

The application identifies face bending of the

user in the stablished limits, informing the

selected option. Figure 16 depicts the created

interface and the adaptation of the mobile

device to the user’s face interface. The answer

time of the system when a decision is made

varies from 120 ms to 131 ms, as shown on

Table 6, including communication time, data

acquisition and using of serial protocols. The

implemented hardware is shown on Figure 17.

Fig. 15 Block diagram of the hardware

The application was tested on different

Smartphones obtaining a frequency on the

detection and control cycle with a variation

AP

P

SM

AR

TP

HO

NE

DATA ACQUISITION

BOARD

SENSOR

ULTRASÓN

ICO

SENSOR

ULTRASÓN

ICO

SENSOR

ULTRASÓN

ICO

SENSOR

ULTRASÓN

ICO

IOIO

IOIO

BL

UE

TO

OT

H

TREX H

BRIDGE

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between 8.3 and 7.6 times per second, since the

engines require a startup time and velocity

variation. Though the proposed change of

direction is variable and the direction change

isn´t constant, the obtained period is acceptable.

The requirements for the application are: data

memory 12 KB of free space, and 3.52 MB for

program space.

Fig. 16 User employing bending control with an Android

Smartphone

Acknowledgments

This research work was developed with the

support of Instituto Tecnológico Superior de

Huatusco, on the computing systems

engineering department, Information Systems

research group for managing processes under

Domotic and Robotic LGCA.

Conclussions

The mobile implemented control offers another

advantages in comparison to traditional

computing: the battery recharging circuits are

cheaper, bigger autonomy time, the utilization

of the integrated sensors from the cellphone

allows measuring speed, acceleration and

presence, among other variables without

increasing the cost of an IWs. The method for

acquiring the desired direction via face bending

gives the users enough ability for controlling a

mobile robot with lesser effort compared to a

joystick scheme. Determination of the

minimum collision distance and maximum

speed allows the user to be able to modify the

control variables of a mobile robot, facilitating

the user to adapt and enhance man robot

interaction.

Model Microprocessor Memory Time

Galaxy S5 2.5 Ghz 2G 120 ms

Moto G 1.2 Ghz 1G 131 ms

Galaxy A5 1.2 Ghz 2G 125 ms

HTC ONE 1.5 Ghz 1G 123 ms

Table 6 Acquisition time and robot control

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Fig. 17 Implemented hardware

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110

Perception of Personal Welfare in a Magic Town and its Relation with

Exchange Cycles for Tourist Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study

Case.

Social Sciences July-December, 2016 Vol.III Issue.VI 110-126



MORADO HUERTA, Ma. Guadalupe †; LOPEZ HERNÁNDEZ,

Edgardo; SOTO SEVILLA, Sergio. Aa Perception of Personal Welfare

in a Magic Town and its Relation with Exchange Cycles for Tourist

Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study Case. UTSOE-Journal




Case.

MORADO HUERTA, Ma. Guadalupe †; LOPEZ HERNÁNDEZ, Edgardo; SOTO SEVILLA,

Sergio Universidad Tecnológica de San Juan del Río, Qro. México

______________________________________________________________________________________

Abstract

Magic Towns are a tourist product seeking localities with specific peculiarities of

behavior and conservation of cultural identity. This is the context in which this research

has been developed. Its main purpose is to identify the perception of personal well-being

in the SME the magical town of Jalpan de Serra, Qro.

The methodology is based on an exploratory quantitative study because the current

situation and evaluation of perception in a given period is obtained. Is a descriptive

transectional study since it investigates the impact of levels of perception within the

described objectives.

Contribution of this study to general knowledge is how micro entrepreneurs self-assess

their living conditions and the impact that tourism has on this perception recognizing

personal welfare have an impact in other dimensions of perception. Keywords: Perception, Welfare, Magic Town, Cycle Exchange

Citation: MORADO HUERTA, Ma. Guadalupe †; LOPEZ HERNÁNDEZ, Edgardo; SOTO

SEVILLA, Sergio. Aa Perception of Personal Welfare in a Magic Town and its Relation with

Exchange Cycles for Tourist Activity: Jalpan de Serra, Qro. Study Case. UTSOE-Journal

Multidisciplinary Science 2016, 3-6: 110-126.

111



Case.









Introduction

Perception evaluation of personal

welfare

Is attended by some national and

international bodies, identifying the

subjective point of view from the general

public for social dimensions such as

heatlth, government, economy, personal

relations, standard of living, personal

security, achivements, among others.

For this, personal welfare is associated

with standard of living and human

development. Then, this approach is

focused on studying the evaluation

condition delivered by the

microentrepreneurs of a Magic Town

and its relation with the interchange

cycle those bussinesses belong.

It is important to highlight that the

importance of this research relies on the

concept that tourist activity provides

wellness to those visitors arriving to

explore and take advantage of its

resources; however, the point of view of

the inhabitants for this activity is not

always ideal, consequently showing even

some hostility to the visitors. Focus of

perception on welfare starts from

emotional bases, and has been studied

through concepts as happiness,

affectivity or vital satisfaction. (Zubieta

& Muratori, 2012)

Being the survey tool applied mainly to

companies related to tourist activities,

and benefited directly in economy terms

from that, results that the core

hypothesis of the study is the one

mentioning that the personal welfare

perception is influenced by the

designation of Jalpan de Serra as Magic

Town.

The sections of this paper are distributed

as follows: Literature review: focused on

how human development and its

dimensions determine life quality and, as

a consequence, the factors to evaluate

personal welfare. An approach of this

concept is carried out in the tourist

destinations as an element of the context

under research, namely, a magic town. It

is established, as well, the description of

the interchange cycles in the tourism

activity to delimitate the study, which is

guided to the touristic micro business

and the owners or managers in them.

On the other side, the method describes

the research context, the followed

procedure for the application of the

instrument, and its validation. Features

of the sample are enlisted.

For data anlysis, descriptive statistics are

used as starting point to determine trends

for evaluating perception.

For data discussion, goals and research

questions are accounted, complementing

the information from the planted

hypothesis.

Literature review

Personal welfare perception, an approach

from human development

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Case.









According to (Ibarra & Unceta, 2010)

the question would be how to measure

these development levels in the nations.

For this, it has been determined the per

capita income as the leading indicator

for progress, aside from another existent

measurement levels.

For instance, life quality index (created

by Economist Intelligence Unit) is based

on a unique methodolgy vinculating the

survey results of subjective life

satisfaction with the determinant

objective factors for life quality among

contries (The Economist, 2005), which

are:

Personal material welfare, politic

stability and security, family,

community, job security, divorce rate,

weather, politic and civil freedom.

On the other side, (Yasuko & Watanabe,

2005) mention that personal welfare

domains were, on importance order, the

following: personal relationships, life

level, personal security, health, life

achievements, future security and

community relations.

In the same subject, the Human

Development Index aims to measure

capacities, the set of options for a

person, and, finally, the freedoms he

enjoys. The index comprises four

components: born life expectancy,

scholarship rate on elementary, high and

university school, adult alfabetization

rate, real rent in terms of purchasing

(Ibarra & Unceta, 2010)

Within the framework of personal

welfare perception, the human

development fundaments that life quality

(Sabino, 2004) is a hard to measure

concept, since excessive ownership of

something hardly influences negatively

on perception of people welfare.

Consequently, some important factors in

human development indicating life

quality and welfare are described in the

next section.

Education and personal welfare

perception

Every person has the right to be

educated. Education will aim to

facilitate full development of human

personality and strengthen respect to

human rights and fundamental freedom

(United Nations Organization, 1948).

Also, guarantees a linked learning to

personal identity growth and their

ability to continously learn, do, gather

and undertake (United Nations, 2005)

Is on this approach that (Becaria, 2001)

mentions that incomes and job

opportunities will be directly

contributing to perceived welfare given

the access conditions to education for

inhabitants.

Culture and perception of personal

welfare

Culture is another characteristic that may

become extrinsic to human development.

Is an unavoidable factor being

commonly ignored (Rey, 2002).

According to (2002) adaptations suffered

by society through the different

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Case.









implemented development stages,

ocassionated social stress, unforgivable

forgetfulness and evident isolation due to

massive generation of proposals and a

weak reproduction of all of them.

According to Rey (2002), human

development receives big influence from

urban cultures strongly promoting life

forms, imageries, social interaction

systems. Also from cultural industries

participating on building social identities

as well as promotion of a tissue

consisted of simbolic production and

cultural appropiation. Jerome Bruner

(1988) states: “I believe that the main

worrying technique of the development

theory will be how to create in the

youngster a valoration for the fact that

many worlds are posible, meanings and

reality are created not discovered, and

negotiation is the art of building new

meanings with which individuals will be

able to regulate relationships among

them”

Health and perception of personal

welfare

The three essential abilities for human

development are: long and healthy life,

having necessary knowledge and access

to needed resources for an acceptable

life quality (Casas-Zamora, 2002).

Health can be defined in the context of

human development, as the collective

worriedness translated to a set of

articulated actions, in order to leverage

human life to a dignity level, implying

satisfaction of basic needs and

guaranteeing access to those

opportunities that allow to develop all

potentialities of the person in the family

and social context he is involved into.

From the point of view of human

development, health is aimed to revalue

life as the supreme good we all have, and

to position it in a dignity level. This

way, health becomes the only condition

for life to be manifested in all its

splendor and potential (Nuñez, 2016).

In health welfare perception, even

though they live longer, women feel less

healthy than men, according to OCDE

research (OCDE, 2015). Life expectancy

for women is bigger than men´s, but

their auto reported health conditions are

qualified as worse.

Also, the academic variable directly

influences this perception, corresponding

to a higher level, a better health and

income evaluation.

The economic situation and

perception of personal welfare

The income level of people is an

important issue to achieve more freedom

of choice. The economic growth is a

necessary but not enough condition for

human development (United Nations,

2012) The objective of public policy

must be human development, not

economic growth. The measured degree

on which people can creatively take

advantage of their existence in society is

their measure of development. (Güell,

2001).

On the other hand, (Rojas, 2009)

mentions that there are two traditional

approaches on welfare studies:

imputation and presumption, and raises

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Case.









the context of a “hapiness economy” on

which hapiness perception levels how

people is satisfied, accordingly with their

purchasing power, that is, if they have an

employment, house and belongings,

anything tangible they are able to

purchase. This, consequently, can affect

their welfare and make them fully happy

with their life.

Also, on happyness economy, variables

such as rent, education, health and

security are involved.

This is how those variables are

presented, all of them involved in human

development in order to distinguish a

certain standard of living into a town.

Being the context of this work developed

in a tourist destination, on the next

section is going to be presented how the

tourist activity generates welfare in those

places arising from this vocation.

Welfare of population in tourist

destinations

The purpose that tourism arises as an

economic activity inside the services

sector, mainly focuses on improving the

standard living of the local

inhabitants(Napo, 2015)

In the previous perspective, economic

stability should be addressed, and in the

same topic, it must suitabily accomplish

with attracting a growing number of

tourists to reach full development.

Nowadays, and following the previous

sentence, (Jiménez & Muñoz, 2015)

there is no certainty that tourism

generates human development.

Specifically, there is clarity that tourism

goodness is able to propitiate economic

growth and contains deterministic

methods; but there is no evidence to

assess the living standards of people

dedicated to tourist activities, not even

for the local residents; which is

explained by the lack of theory and

method to discuss living standards

generated by tourism.

This the answer to the lack of a

methodology for a good life standard

originated by tourism in accordance to

the Interamerican Tourism Congress

(2001) , and for the recurrent questions

on the possibilities for the tourism

activity to propitiate human welfare and

for the inappropriate side of the

techniques for positive economy,

functionalist-rational to describe life

valuations.

IDHT on human tourism must become

the main indicator of quality in the

tourist destinations, supporting a demand

that continously supports human welfare

from the visited places (Lopez, 2012).

According to the Oficial Dairy of the

Federation, on the National

Development Plan 2013-2018, human

development and tourism can

comprehend some criteria such as

housing, incomes, employment,

community, education, environment,

civic commitment, satisfaction, security,

life-work balance, in such a way that an

index can be structure to determine

human development as a whole in tourist

destinations.

From this, is unacceptable for a country

that only a fraction of the community

115



Case.









can reach an acceptable development

level. It is mandatory that the majority of

them modernize for their development to

be possible (Sabino, 2004).

According to the analyzed context, it has

to be highlighted that the main statistics

of human development on the states

including Magic Towns in which is valid

to analyze how a tourist program

stablished at federal level since 2000 has

contributed in the adopted locations, and

if tourism is really contributing to

increase that level.

Magic, precisely that one mentioned on

the distinguished towns, evoques

supernatural, astonishment, ilussion, and

all elements capable to persuade tourists.

However, nowadays the meaning of

magic emaned from the Magic Town

concept, is considered from the public

politics to be associated to local

development.

Nomination as Magic Town, according

to López-Levi (2015) for a location, has

the goal of transforming and positioning

it in a list of places assumed as

privileged. For a town, it has the

objective that it can evolve and be

positioned in a list of privileged places.

Under this distinction, the towns are

ubicated to be transformed on successful

tourist developments where economic

growth can be guaranteed as well as

social welfare and progress.

On “Welfare evaluation in Mexico. A

perspective from the organizations of

civil society” (Jaime, n.d.), mentions that

the idea of progress as welfare identifies

its determinants in correspondence to its

impacto ver people welfare, that is,

economic income, can be a means to

access wider freedoms, but progress is

not measured according to media or

tools to wealthiness, but as the

expansion of people capacities and the

impact on social welfare.

Method

The municipality of Jalpan de Serra is

located North of the state of Querétaro.

Its altitude varies from 200 msnm

(meters above sea level) nearby Santa

María river, to 2440 msnm atop Cerro

Grande mountain located South from the

region of San Juan de los Durán.

(INAFED, 2010). Magic Towns possess

many types of micro companies

receiving direct and indirect benefits

from the tourists, for that, is mandatory

to identify the conditions of public

politics in order to contribute to its

success.(Márquez C.Osuna JL, 2000)

This paper conforms a section from a

knowledge state seeking to explore the

determinant conditions for the

perception levels in a town located in a

tourist destination into the Magic Towns

denomination. Consequently, this

research aims to identify from the state

of the art those objective factors used by

the organizations to evaluate human

development and life standard, which

can be questioned directly to individuals

in order to know their perception, being

reflected in the survey tool, consisting of

the following structure:

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Case.









Personal welfare perception, including

seven indicators and twenty ítems,

obtained from:

· BIARE extended module ampliado,

survey 2014. INEGI

· Autoreported welfare indicators from

the urban population, 2016. INEGI

Towards a new system of welfare

indicators. Josué de Jesús García

Vega. Domains of INCAVI and

corresponding subdomains. 2011

Welfare perception towards nomination

as Magic Town with three indicators and

12 retaken ítems from:

· Satisfaction level perception of the

residents with tourist activity:

Comala Case, Colima. México.

Rafael Covarrubias y Ernesto

Manuel Conde Pérez. Volume 2, No.

4 (January, 2009). TuryDes

Magazine.

According to (Hernández et al., 1991), a

quantitative non experimental research

with an exploratory design lead us to

expose the next goals:

General Goal:

Identify perception of personal welfare

on the pyme of Magic Town Jalpan de

Serra, Querétaro

Specific Goals:

1. Identify the perception level of

personal welfare in micro and little

companies from Jalpan de Serra

2. Identify relationship among

perception levels of welfare and

nomination of Jalpan as Magic Town,

according to the interchange cycle of the

tourist micro industry

Research questions

1. ¿Which are the personal welfare

perception levels on micro and little

companies from the Magic Town of

Jalpan de Serra?

2. ¿Are there meaningful differencies

between the perception levels of

personal welfare and nomination of

Jalpan as Magic Town according to the

interchange cycle of tourist

microcompanies?

On the same subject, this research is

justified on the basis that tourism is an

economic activity known as industry

without chimneys (MUÑOZ DE

ESCALONA, 2007) characterized by

enjoying the attractive from certain

locations. This is why an economic

dynamic is generated characterized in

the services sector.

Measurement

The measurement tool was applied on 13

suburbs and 3 towns from the

municipalities, covering the economic

roles show non Table 2.

Validity calculation

Alfa of Cronbach measurement was

applied, obtaining a result of 0.896,

showing the high reliability of the tool.

(Frías-Navarro, 2014), cites Huh,

Delorme & Reid (2006): indicating that

the reliability of the explanatory research

must be equal or higher than 0.6, thus

the tool is reliable enough.

Hypothesis

H1. Perception on personal welfare is

influenced positively by the nomination

117



Case.









of Magic Town, only on those suburbs

with pymes characterized for being

among those in the first and second

interchange cycle in the tourist activity.

Ho: Perception of personal welfare is not

positively influenced by the nomination,

in those suburbs with pymes

characterized for being among those in

the first and second interchange cycle in

the tourist activity

Sample

A stratified random sample is used:

consists in considering typical categories

different between each other ((stratums)

and possessing big homogeneity

according to some feature.

This is why all the strata are determined


tourist activity, which references the

classification of the economic activities

in accordance to the series of impacts

that can represent their direct contact

with tourist flow, resulting on the

following:

CYCLE

% OF

EACH

STRATUM

SAM

PLE

First Cycle

(Tourist

transportation -

51-; Hosting

companies -22-;

Food and

Beverage

Companies -231-

51% 162

;Complimentary

Services -13-)

Second Cycle

(Finantial

Services -11-

;Professional

Services -115-;

Suppliers -531-)

32% 267

Third cycle-437- 30% 133

Total 562

Table 1. Sample distribution

Source: Own elaboration

Then, it is calculated that the sample

concentrates in 562 surveys to be applied

to the 13 suburbs from the municipality

of Jalpan de Serra and 3 communities.

RESULTS ANALYSIS

According to pymes concentration, they

conform a 61.2% located in Jalpan de

Serra, with a trend of starting operations

on year 2010, with 2 employees per

economic unit, 50% of them are women,

and with an average age of 45 years old

for manager or owner.

On this same study, the civil status for

the owner is characterized of being

married.

The interchange cycles were classified

on the following categories in order to be

accounted: 1 Tourist transportation 2

Hosting companies 3 Complementary

services 5 Financial services 6

Professional services 7 Suppliers 8

Office suppliers, Photocopies , Internet,

Doctor, Clothing store. (Table 2)

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Case.









Table 2. Variable statistics. Personal

perception.


For the first interchange cycle 162

organizations were interviewed, for the

second cycle, 267 microcompanies. The

third cycle included: Office suppliers,

photocopies, internet, doctor, clothing

stores, and some others.

7 variables conforming the perception of

personal welfare are studied: PPHealth

,PPEconomy , PPEducation , PP

Security , PPGood Govt PPCommunity ,

PPWelfare

Also, 3 variables for perception of

welfare alongside the nomination of

Magic Town: PPMWelfare,

PPMEconomy,PPMquality. A Likert

scale was used to qualify the intervals

for perception: Strongly agree 5, Agree

4, Not agree or disagree 3, Disagree 2,

Strongly disagree 1

Table 2 shows that the trend for most

repeated value is 4.0 “Agree”, for all

variables, except for security and good

government showing a level 3.0 “Not

agree or disagree”

Table 4 shows the behavior for the

involved variables: 4.0 for

PPMEconomy and PPMQuality.

PPMSocialWelfare qualifies with a

bigger proportion of 3.5, close to a

“Strogly Agree” range.

PPMSo

cWelfa

re

PPMEc

onomy

PPMQu

ality

N Valid 562 562 562

Invalid 0 0 0

Mean 3.456 3.6932 3.513

PPHealt

h

PPEcono

my

PPEducati

on

PPSecu

rity

PPGood

Govt

PPCo

mmuni

ty

PPWelfar

e

N Valid 562 562 562 562 561 560 561

Invalid 0 0 0 0 1 2 1

Mean 4.1468 3.9345 3.7218 3.4104 3.0743 3.9438 3.9248

Standard

error

from the

mean

0.03103 0.02863 0.03664 0.0347

3

0.03924 0.0487

7

0.03032

Median 4.0000 4.0000 4.0000 3.3333 3.0000 4.0000 4.0000

Mode 4.00 4.00 4.00 3.00 3.00 4.00 4.00

Standard

deviation

0.73569 0.67867 0.86864 0.8232

5

0.92937 1.1540

4

0.71811

Variance 0.541 0.461 0.755 0.678 0.864 1.332 0.516

119



Case.









Mean

standard

error

0.0303

8 0.03017 0.03874

Median 3.5 3.8 3.6667

Mode 3.50a 4 4

Standard

deviation

0.7201

9 0.7153 0.91829

Variance 0.519 0.512 0.843

Table.3. Variable statistics. Welfare

perception for Magic Town


CICLO

Econom

ic

activity

Magic

Town

perceptio

n

Persona

l

Welfare

percepti

on

FIRST

CYCLE

1

Tourist

transport

ation

3.5 3.7

2

Hosting

compani

es

3.7 3.6

3 Food

and

beverage

s

3.7 3.8

4

Compli

mentary

services

3.8 3.8

SECON

D

CYCLE

5

Finantial

services

3.6 4.1

6

Professi

onal

services

3.3 3.7

7

Supplier

s

3.4 3.7

THIRD

CYCLE

8 Office

supplier

,

Photoco

pies,

Internet

,

Doctor,

Clothin

g store,

and

others

3.7 3.9

Hypothesis testing

H1. Personal welfare perception is

influenced positively by the nomination

of magic town, only in those suburbs

with pymes characterized for being

included on first and second cycle of

tourist activity interchange.

According to Table 4, for every

interchange cycle, those cycles with a

higher personal welfare perception are

the financial ones, located on the second

cycle on interchange, followed by the

ones on the third cycle, qualified with

3.9. Next, the companies of the first

cycle of food and beverages and

complimentary services.

Influence of perception for magic town

relies on the fact that the highest range is

aligned on the complementary services

Table 4. Personal and Magic Town

welfare perception, per interchange

cycle

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Case.









sector, qualified with 3.8; followed by

third cycle companies of food and

beverages.

Graphic 1. Perception for Magic

Town nomination in the Suburbs


Graphic 2. Welfare perception of

Magic Town. Suburbs

Source: Own elaboration Graphics 1 and 2 show perception

distribution and its trend in the suburbs

numbered according to the following

nomenclature: 1.Downtown ,2.-

Alcantarillas, 3.El Coco, 4.El mercado,

5.El puente, 6.La cruz, 7.Las Ortigas,

8.Lindero, 9.Piedras Anchas, 10.Puerto

San Nicolás, 11.Rivera del Rio Jalpan,

12.Saldiveña, 13.San Francisco, 14.San

José, 15.Villas Jalpan, 16.Vista hermosa.

The suburbs Downtown, Alcantarillas,

Rivera del Río, are the nearest to the

economic center where the majority of

business are located in. There, the trend

to a higher level is observed for

downtown in a scale of 3.8 to 5.

Therefore, since the tourist activity

concentration is related to the location of

companies at the heart of the city, the

hypothesis of a positive influence on the

personal welfare is verified for those

first and second cycle of interchange.

Discussion

According to (Miranda, 2005) “The

multiplier effect is an event bringing a

set of increments produced on the

national rent favoring the development

of an economic system due to an

external increment in expenses,

investments or public spending”,

therefore, after an increase on visitor´s

demand in a tourist location, these will

start cyclic spending processes aimed to

improve their income

It is important to highlight that not only

the companies from the first interchange

cycle are benefited, also their suppliers

or those that sell some product to the

companies from the top related

companies.

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.01

23

4

5

6

78

910

11

12

13

14

1516

Welfare perception Suburbs

Percepción deBienestarPersonal

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.01

23

4

5

6

789

10

11

12

13

1415

Magic Town Perception Suburbs

Percepciónen el PuebloMágico

121



Case.









It is understandable that personal welfare

perception tends to appear on a positive

visualization for closer companies, and

in a certain time, for those on lesser

contact, tending to an indifferent level of

perception.

According to the study, it is revealed that

50% of the owners are women and 50%

men, on an age range of 45 years old,

therefore, welfare perception can be

studied on this age range, coincidentally

with the national survey on housing

conducted by Parametría on January

2013, in which the level of life

satisfaction ascended to Satisfied.

It is necessary to highlight that

perception from a subjective point of

view, (Parametría, 2013) , quotes

(Cuadra, 2003), mentioning that

“subjective welfare is a psychologic and

sociologic indicator validating the

relation that people have according to

life, hapiness and their affective

abilities” . This is the situation that the

present research raises: life quality,

competitivity and human development

fundament the evaluation on welfare

perception in both personal and

professional scopes.

On reference to the Magic Town

denomination, a series of indicators are

incorporated, retaken from evaluations

of tourist destinations and a study case as

reference.

Given that, it can be mentioned that on

the developed evaluations, some

inequality conditions can be found

between those developments for

providing services and the communities

receiving them. (Martínez, Angeles

Villa, & Gámez, 2013).

The goals of the present research are

then capable of being answered:

1. Identify the perception level of

personal welfare in micro and Little


Jalpan de Serra

According to(Zubieta & Delfino, 2010),

quoting (Casullo, 2002).”It is actually

raised that psychologic welfare is

profoundly linked to the individual

subjectivity “

Understanding that subjectivity is the

representation of things, the internally

experienced and with certain quality

associated to those perspectives people

have for those subjects in accordance to

a specific experience. This is, a person

having pleasant experiences is more

likely to perceive his life as desirable

and positive. Also, people with high

welfare experiment life satisfaction, and

a predominant positive valuation on their

vital circumstances (Veenhoven, 1991)

As a result, it is assumed that personal

welfare perception on micro and little

companies from this Magic Town, will

be oriented interpreting the proposed

variables with this dimensions, namely:

health, economy, education, security,

good government, community life, and

personal welfare, all of them inside the

framework of human development and

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Case.









life quality, circumscribing personal

welfare.

Consequently, the proposed research

question is:

1. ¿Which are the perception levels for

personal welfare on micro and little


Jalpan de Serra?

Table 3. Perception levels of Personal

Welfare


The average rate for this dimension

reaches 3.71, this leads to the

assumption that the microcompanies are

on “Agree” terms, with general personal

welfare, but on dissaproval with security

and government in the location,

attending correlation for both variables.

As for the items in the health variable,

they report the autoevaluation for the

conditions of the auto-reported welfare

and attention received on medical

appointments.

For the items of the Economy variable,

these reference the income for the job

and if it covers the basic food needs. It

has to be precised that in reference to the

perceived conditions, the

microcompanies obtaining better results

aren´t among the ones for the first

interchange cycle, which implies that for

a positive influence, not necessarily

corresponds a welfare perception

correlated with the nomination of Magic

Town.

Education evaluates satisfaction with

academic level and the access to quality

schools.

Security obtains the lowest rating, the

evaluated factors are security level and

capacity of authorities to solve this

problem.

Community life variable evaluates the

quality of the environment and facilities

to move around the locality.

Personal welfare is measuring life

satisfaction and coexistence facilities, as

well as facilities to coexist with relatives

and friends.

Identify relationship between personal

welfare and nomination as Magic Town


tourist microcompanies

Objective 2. Identify relationship

between levels of personal welfare

perception and the nomination of

Jalpan as MAgic Town, accordingly

with interchange cycle of tourist

microcompanies

There is a tight relationship on the

incidence of tourism over production,

and consequently, on rent generation.

This situation is reflected on both tourist

and non-tourist goods and services

Variable Highest

mentioned

rate

PPHealth

PPEconomy

PPEducation

PP Security

PPGood Govt

PPCommunity

PPWelfare

4.0

4.0

4.0

3.0

3.0

4.0

4.0

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Case.









production. This is where the multiplier

effect of tourism is presented, when

original expense filtrates in the whole

productive sectors from economy.

Thus, tourism has a great trawling

capacity over productive branches like

construction, food industry, transport

and commerce in general, therefore a

chain reaction is generated for different

effects following the tourist expense. In

consequence, there is a set of impacts

producing many changes on economy in

terms of value creation, employments

and foreign exchange generation, among

others (Ball & Ibañez, 2006).

One of the impacts on economy is the

creation of new direct or indirect jobs

resulting from the expenses from visitors

in tourism locations (Dieckow, 2010).

Therefore, perception in classification of

the many interchange cycles will attend

the perceived benefits on short and

médium terms. It is assumed that those

companies with bigger contact will have

a better perception of the benefits of

tourism.

This is why the research question is

answered in the following manner:

2. ¿Are there differences between the

perception levels on personal welfare

adn nomination of Jalpan as Magic

Town, accordingly to the interchange

cycle of tourist microcompanies?

The companies set in transportation

activities show a higher level of

perception in Enterprise Perception in

3.9, above Personal Welfare in 3.7 and

nomination of Magic Town in 3.5.

Hosting companies tend to have the

same behavior that the ones of tourist

transportation.

The companies of food and beverage,

complimentary and financial services are

positioned in a higher level of perception

with a rating of 4.0 for enterprise

perception, set above personal and

nomination dimensions.

The perception for the nomination is

evaluated from the impact of tourism on

every day, prices, employments and life

standard.

Thus, there is little difference among the

three dimensions, located on, if not ideal,

on normal circumstances of perception

toward those variables.

On the third cycle, the highest perception

is for the enterprise sector with a rating

of 4.1, 3.9 for Personal Welfare and 3.7

for Magic Town nomination.

Conclussions

This research allows to identify the

welfare of microcompanies on personal

dimension,to associate obtained benefits

with the nomination of Jalpan de Serra

as Magic Town. Therefore, and given

those results, it can be suggested for

future work that sociodemographic

variables can be added as well as their

influence on personal welfare. On the

other hand, a transversal research can be

performed on every vacation season to

properly observe the behavior of people

on different moments. Another variable

that could be added is investment and the

welfare perception generated, coupled

with this, the perception level can be

measured on those zones were surveys

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Case.









are conducted according to the Magic

Town fund.

Acknowledgment

It is necessary to remark the institutional

support from Universidad Tecnológica

de San Juan del Río on financing this

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16862010000100027

127

Preventive Maintenance Plan in the Crossing Units of a Chihuahuense Cement

Company, Prior to Expiry of the CVSA certification

Administrative Sciences




ROJO, E., HERNANDEZ, K., PORTILLO, V. y SANDOVAL, J.

Preventive Maintenance Plan in the Crossing Units of a Chihuahuense

Cement Company, Prior to Expiry of the CVSA certification. UTSOE-

Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2016, 3-6: 127-135



Rojo Simental Erick Octavio†, Hernández Martínez Karla Ivonne†, Portillo Castillo Víctor Manuel†,

Frausto Sandoval Juan


___________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract

This writing pretends to show the results obtained in one mexican enterprise who produces cement,

related with an preventive maintenance plan implementation, from vehicles for cruising to United

States, before to expiry the Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance (CVSA), with the intention to not

affect the distribution in that country. The methodology used in this investigation are quantitative,

descriptive.

Keywords: Logistic, Goods Distribution, CVSA Certification

___________________________________________________________________________________ Citation: ROJO, E., HERNANDEZ, K., PORTILLO, V. y SANDOVAL, J. Preventive Maintenance

Plan in the Crossing Units of a Chihuahuense Cement Company, Prior to Expiry of the CVSA

certification. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2016, 3-6: 127-135

___________________________________________________________________________________

128











Introduction

In the state of Chihuahua, for decades one

cement enterprise, has maintain the leadership

in the production and distribution cement to the

construction industry. This company, nowadays

are present in the international markets, where

their sales have growing up in the last years.

Reason of this, the vehicles where transport

their products have to cross constantly the

mexican frontier, to the United State.

In relation to the above, the crossings are made

by Ciudad Juarez, to the neighboring town of El

Paso, Texas; A process that can be done up to

three times a day. The vehicles are subject to

inspections by the US customs inspectors, in

case of any defect or violation of the transport

safety policies, especially in the case of

mechanical damages, they are out of service

until Be repaired.

The cement company has about 100 transport

units between tractors and cement revolving

trucks. Which have enrolled in the Commercial

Vehicle Safety Alliance (CVSA) program,

order to expedite the crossing to the United

States. Every vehicle are identified with a decal

that certifies that the transportation has been

previously reviewed and that it does not have

faults that affect the transit in the customs, and

in the neighboring country.

However, in spite of having this certification,

continue to hinder timely deliveries in the

international market, due to the failures, since

the company does not keep a check on the dates

on which the decals expire. Causing at the day

to be re-Inspect the units, find new unidentified

fault in the company's workshops, since there

are no preventive procedures, because are

limited to performing only corrective actions to

the units.

As mentioned, the cement company does not

have a schedule previous revisions of its

transport units, so that they can anticipate the

expiration of decals that certify that there is no

failure, agree whit CVSA program itself,

allowing the company's units to cross the

border, without being subjected to thorough

inspections by customs brokers.

The consequences, of the fact that the units

stopped, at customs and not let them cross, it

decreases and losses in fundamental aspects the

company. Such as low availability of units;

disbursements of extra expenses; increase of the

dead time in the working days of the drivers

(company operators), etc.; but above all,

inefficiency in delivery and distribution

compliance levels; and competitiveness. All

this, caused by inspections in the courtyards of

the customs, which throw faults in the units that

must be, repaired at that time, or otherwise,

depending on the magnitude of the defect, the

units can be, put out of service.

In relation to the aforementioned, the present

investigation raises the benefits of having a

preventive maintenance plan for the crossing

units, in order to avoid delays at the crossing,

which may affect the competitiveness of the

129











company and the distribution of the goods; As

well as maintain the CVSA certification, in the

vehicles of load and distribution.

Literature Review

The supply chain, the transport and the

distribution like a competitive advantage and

customer satisfaction

At present, the supply chain (SC) is an issue

that has gained a lot of importance, so it has

been give a specific area for its treatment. This

activity over time has evolved, to become one

of the main tools for a company to be highly

competitive. Initially, logistics was nothing

more than just having the right merchandise, at

the right time and the right place, with

operating costs at the lowest level, but today

they are part of a whole process along with

other significant elements for the operation of

this department (Robuste, 2005).

Conceptualizing now as SC (Granada, 2008).

An important part of this activity is the

transport, especially when plans made to move

goods or merchandise between companies and

customers geographically dispersed, so it is

important to structure and design the routes. It

also adds value to the products transported,

when they delivered on time, without damages

and in the quantities required (Anaya, 2009).

For most companies, the transport is a

significant component of the logistics process.

The transport system is physically composed of

the networks through which the cargo

transported, and the equipment used (Callaba,

2004). Hence, the importance to companies of

having a good transportation system guarantees

the timely delivery of their inputs, as well as

delivery in the time and place required by their

customers. The characteristics required by the

market, on this subject are flexibility,

personalization, delivery time and closeness to

the customer (Sanjur, 2014).

The distribution of goods is the activity aimed

at moving the products from a point of origin to

a place of destination; the role of transport,

deals with all activities directly and indirectly

related to the need to place the products at the

corresponding destination points (Anaya,

2009). Contributing whit the customer

satisfaction, by delivering the orders in the

conditions, quantities and time agreed (Tejero,

quoted by Zuluaga, et. al, 2014)

In relation to the above, it is relevant for any

company, to achieve and maintain a good

management of the distribution process, since

its pertinence will have an impact on the

customer or final consumer of the goods and/or

services, thus allowing keep them satisfied

(Velázquez, 2012). Moreover, to maintain a

competitive advantage, through achieving a

differentiation with respect to its competitors,

through generate value to the product, trying to

keep costs low (Granada, 2008).

Damages effects in the physical distribution by

the transport

130











A correct management of the transport from the

logistic point of view requires that the

responsible is involved not only in the day-to-

day tasks, but is part of the strategic and tactical

plans of the company, to adapt their needs in

the medium and long term (Robuste, 2005).

Since the purpose of distribution, is to move the

goods from point A to point B, it is a

responsibility to ensure that they arrive under

the terms of the contract (Molins, 2011).

A failure in transportation can cause situations

that affect the guarantees, the reliability of the

delivery; Hence the importance of preventive

maintenance in order to maintain a correct

operation in accordance with the requirements

of the market (Cano, et. al., 2010).

Preventive maintenance in the transport units

for at goods distribution

In order to develop the distribution of goods in

an efficient way, in order to have an impact on

the competitiveness of the company, it is

necessary to have vehicles that do not failed at

the moment of carrying out such action. It is for

this reason that Laureno (et al., 2012) mentions

that in order to maintain good management of

the transport fleet, maintenance must be

provide, as well as monitoring and control;

obtain and service the mechanical diagnostics,

fuel and safety needs. In general, everything

related to keeping the transport in good

condition.

For an organization that does not apply to its

fleet a preventive maintenance, constantly, may

be making a serious mistake, since it not only

commercial affects, but also increases costs

(Alday & Morales, 2008). In addition to the

above, it also contributes, by being able to

avoid accidents, allowing drivers to concentrate

on the function they perform (Laureno, Garza,

& Mar, 2012).

CVSA certification, as a tool to ensure a good

distribution of goods in the cross-over

transport

The CVSA is an international non-profit

organization made up of transportation security

functionary and representatives of industry

local, state, provincial, territorial and federal,

from Mexico, United States and Canada. Its

mission is to promote the safety and

commercial protection of vehicles. The main

purpose is to be, used as a tool to detect

transport failures and identify those that are in

an optimal operational status and cover the

necessary requirements to cross the border, thus

increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of

the revision protocol, and limiting the crossing

to those units that present faults (CVSA, 2015).

It was practically, promoted as a way to

reduce wait times in customs reviews on

international bridges, thereby reducing the

thorough or thorough checks, since the unit in

question had already been examined (Maryland,

Sf).

The program operates by issuing a decal, which

guarantees that the vehicle carrying, it has

131











undergone a series of inspections. Where

reviews different critical points specified in the

program manual, certifying that the units, don´t

violate some politics contained in the program.

Because have seven levels of inspection for

CVSA standard, but only Level I, and V

revisions, authorize to issue the decal, what

consist of: (CVSA, 2015).

Level I: Call Inspection Standard,

includes and inspects aspects from the

driver's personal documentation,

license, driving record, past inspection

reports, to the mechanical and electrical

operation of the vehicle, for example

brake system, exhaust system, Fuel

system, lighting devices, load securing,

steering mechanisms, suspensions, tires

among others; All this is done in the

crossing area with the present vehicle

driver.

Level V: includes each of the Level I

inspection elements, the only difference

being that this revision is in a specific

area of the customs in question and

without the presence of the driver.

The CVSA certification designed a decal for

viewed, by the competent authority. When the

truck passes inspection and obtains a decal, the

inspector must affix the tag to the lower right

corner of the passenger glass; In the case of a

trailer, it should be, placed in the lower right

corner, as close to the front of it as possible.

The exception is for cargo tanks, as it should

be, placed at eye level, on the right side near the

front of the cargo tank. The placement of the

badge is an intended to help the inspector to

determine instantly, if a vehicle needs an

inspection or can afford to continue

uninterrupted travel; and if the verifier can´t see

it, the vehicle is more probably to be, stopped

for inspection (Bontz, 1997).

Methodology

The present investigation is a quantitative,

descriptive and cross sectional study. To do

this, it occupy as a study element the total

number of trucks that to carry out the crossing

and distribution of merchandise in the City of

El Paso, Texas.

As a method of collecting the information, was

used a binnacle to record the incidents of

damage in the units; and data analysis were

performed using the absolute frequency

technique.

F=n/N

F = Absolute frequency

n = Number of observations

N= Total data

Results

During the period from January to March of

2016, it´s recorded and documented the

frequencies and types of faults most common in

the transport units used in the cement

company's exports. As can be seen in graphic1,

were listed the 40 vehicles, which present

incidents with some type of malfunction during

the first quarter of the year.

132











Graphic 1: Frequency of failures in tractor trucks

Source: Own elaboraration

As shown graphic1, the units with the highest

fault rates its: T-71, T-103 and T-134 in which

preventive maintenance should schedule more

frequently. On the contrary, the T-76, T-102, T-

158 and T-180 units had 1 to 2 failures in the

period, which allows them to lengthen their

programming for review in the company's

workshops.

In the same way, with the help of the internal

format "Request for Service" that the company

handles in order to give a composure to the

damages presented by the units and reported by

the drivers of the same, graphic 2, was

elaborated which shows the types of damage

most common in vehicles. Of a 280 total flaws,

39 were for the same concept, and this is a

breakdown in the lights and foci in the tractors;

is failure in which greater emphasis it should be

place on carrying out preventive maintenance.

The same is true of air leaks, braking

adjustments and equipment valves, which,

although presented on lesser occasions, are still

indicators for constant revision.

According to the results evidenced in graphs 1

and 2, four periods of preventive maintenance

were developed, according to the frequencies in

which the faults were presented in each

transport unit. The periods were 15 days, 1, 2

and 3 months (See Table 1).

Based on the analysis related to the frequency

of the faults, a preventive maintenance program

was developed for the units, presenting a

considerable decrease in the failure reports, as

the units were inspected according to an

stablished check list and only entered to the

workshop in the corresponding dates for an

internal inspection, eliminating the vast

majority of reports of decomposing vehicles.

With the result obtained, after the

implementation of this preventive control, it

was observed that during the months of January

to March of the current year, and considering

the same units verified in the month of May,

207 faults occurred, generating an average

monthly of 69 corrections of failures; against

Month average

133











35 faults detected and corrected during the

month of May, due to a preventive analysis,

resulting in a decrease of 34 corrective faults

(See graphic 3).

Graphic 2: Failures recurrent


Graphic 3: Comparative of corrective failures

with the implementation of a preventive maintenance

plan


Table 1: Preventive maintenance program for unit


Conclusions

The results obtained at the end of this project,

emphasized the importance of replacing

69.00 35.00

Promedio mensual Mayo

Serie 1

134











corrective maintenance with a preventive

maintenance correctly, especially for a

company that maintains foreign trade, it is very

important to have the minimum of units out of

service due to faults.

In this way different aspects are realized vital

for a good operation and growth of the

company, among them are the fulfillment with

the scheduled delivery dates for the delivery of

the goods, at the same time, the standard

established in quantity of daily trips respect to

the programming and logistics area; while for

the internal maintenance department, the levels

of repair costs are considerably reduced,

because preventive maintenance reduce the

faults to be corrected in the units, because

generate extra costs of repair and labor, because

it be repaired inside the courtyards of the

corresponding customs. Allowing you to

anticipate the possible presence of some fault

with a deep revision in aspects that went from

the general thing to the particular thing in each

vehicle of the fleet.

Another fundamental aspect for the success of

the company is customer satisfaction, which is

achieved thanks to deliveries of goods in time

and agreed form, as a result of which during the

crossings in the international bridges Zaragoza

and Santa Teresa, in Cd. Juarez, Chih.; there

not will be anomalies during the reviews

developed by the customs authorities

responsible for the validation of CVSA decal.

With regard to the company's employees

handling freight vehicles, their levels of

uncertainty were reduced, as with these prior

reviews, the chances of units failing to comply

with CVSA standards were minimized.

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