JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGYVOLUME 175 JANUARY 1993 * NUMBER 1

Graham C. Walker, Editor in Chief (1996)Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

Cambridge, Mass.

Terrance J. Beveridge, Editor (1997)University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada

James G. Ferry, Editor (1996)Virginia Polytechnic Institute and

State University, Blacksburg, Va.

Dan Fraenkel, Editor (1996)Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.

Susan Gottesman, Editor (1994)National Cancer Institute,

Bethesda, Md.E. Peter Greenberg, Editor (1996)University of Iowa, Iowa

City, IowaCarol A. Gross, Editor (1995)University of Wisconsin,Madison, Wis.

Dale Kaiser, Minireview Editor (1994)Stanford University School of

Medicine, Stanford, Calif.

A. L. Sonenshein, Editor (1995)Tufts University, Boston, Mass.

Kenneth N. Timmis, Editor (1997)GBF, Braunschweig, Germany

Robert A. Weisberg, Editor (1995)National Institute of Child

Health and HumanDevelopment, Bethesda, Md.

EDITORIAL BOARDSankar Adhya (1993)Michael Apicella (1995)Stuart J. Austin (1993)Douglas E. Berg (1994)Robert W. Bernlohr (1994)Volkmar Braun (1995)Richard Calendar (1994)George M. Carman (1994)Sherwood Casjens (1994)Trinad Chakraborty (1994)Wendy C. Champness (1994)Mick Chandler (1993)Nyles Charon (1995)Keith F. Chater (1994)Terrance G. Cooper (1993)David L. Coplin (1995)Donald Court (1994)R. L. Crawford (1993)John E. Cronan, Jr. (1995)Jorge H. Crosa (1994)Stanley J. Cryz, Jr. (1994)Richard D'Ari (1994)Dennis Dean (1995)Victor de Lorenzo (1994)Bruce Demple (1994)Patrick P. Dennis (1993)Miguel A. de Pedro (1993)William D. Donachie (1994)Timothy Donohue (1993)Ron J. Doyle (1994)Daniel Dykhuizen (1994)S. Dusko Ehrlich (1994)Rudolf Eichenlaub (1994)Lindsay D. Eltis (1994)Bert Ely (1994)Wolfgang Epstein (1993)Jeff Errington (1994)Jorge Escalante-Semerena

(1994)David H. Figurski (1993)Susan H. Fisher (1994)

Patricia L. Foster (1993)Michael G. Fried (1994)David I. Friedman (1995)Barbel Friedrich (1993)Clement Furlong (1993)Robert Gennis (1994)Costa P. Georgopoulos (1993)Jane Gibson (1994)Larry Gold (1994)Susan Golden (1994)Richard L. Gourse (1994)Nigel Grindley (1993)Alan Grossman (1994)Robert P. Gunsalus (1993)William Haldenwang (1994)Richard S. Hanson (1994)Shigeaki Harayama (1993)Caroline Harwood (1995)Robert Haselkorn (1993)Gerald L. Hazelbauer (1993)George D. Hegeman (1994)Roger Hendrix (1995)Hauke Hennecke (1995)C. F. Higgins (1993)Joachim-Volker Holtje (1993)Karin Ippen-Jhler (1993)Edward E. Ishiguro (1994)Klaus Jann (1995)Gerald Johnston (1993)Robert J. Kadner (1995)Clarence I. Kado (1994)Noel Keen (1994)Patricia Kiley (1994)H.-J. Knackmuss (1993)Roberto Kolter (1994)Wil N. Konings (1993)Dennis J. Kopecko (1993)Susan F. Koval (1994)Terry Ann Krulwich (1993)Carol Kumamoto (1993)Harald Labischinski (1995)

Joseph Lam (1994)Roger C. Levesque (1994)Mary E. Lidstrom (1993)E. C. C. Lin (1994)Lasse Lindahl (1993)John W. Little (1995)Jack London (1993)Sharon Long (1995)Stephen Lory (1995)Paul S. Lovett (1993)Paul W. Ludden (1993)Robert Macnab (1994)Peter Maloney (1995)Martin Marinus (1995)Millicent Masters (1995)Abdul Matin (1993)Philip Matsumura (1995)Russell Maurer (1993)John Mekalanos (1994)Paul Messner (1993)Charles G. Miller (1994)Virginia Miller (1994)Shoji Mizushima (1994)Charles P. Moran, Jr. (1994)Edward A. Morgan (1993)Gisela Mosig (1994)Francis E. Nano (1994)Dale Noel (1994)Staffan Normark (1994)Dennis Ohman (1994)Gary Olsen (1994)John S. Parkinson (1993)Thomas R. Parr (1994)Anthony Pugsley (1994)Juan L. Ramos (1993)Linda Randall (1993)William Reznikoff (1995)Gary P. Roberts (1993)Jeffrey Roberts (1995)Charles 0. Rock (1993)Lucia B. Rothman-Denes (1995)

Kenneth E. Rudd (1994)H. Steven Seifert (1994)Peter Setlow (1993)Hideo Shinagawa (1994)Howard A. Shuman (1994)Michael Silverman (1995)Gerald Smith (1994)Issar Smith (1993)G. Dennis Sprott (1995)Catherine Squires (1993)Gary Stacey (1994)David Stahl (1993)Brian Staskawicz (1993)Robert Steffan (1993)Michel Steinmetz (1994)Valley Stewart (1994)Susan C. Straley (1994)Anne 0. Summers (1993)Robert Switzer (1993)Andrew Taylor (1994)Nancy Trun (1994)Trevor R. Trust (1994)Charles L. Turnbough, Jr.

(1993)Ronald Unterman (1994)Mark Walker (1993)Judy D. Wall (1993)Barry Wanner (1993)Chris M. Whitfield (1995)William B. Whitman (1994)David Wilson (1995)Stephen C. Winans (1994)Malcolm Winkler (1994)C. L. Woldringh (1993)Richard E. Wolf, Jr. (1995)Hans Wolf-Watz (1994)John L. Woolford (1994)Henry C. Wu (1993)Ryland Young (1993)Takashi Yura (1994)Howard Zalkin (1994)

Barbara H. Iglewski, Chairman, Publications Board Linda M. Illig, Director, JournalsSara C. Joslyn, Production Editor Catherine E. Blickendorfer, Assistant Production Editor

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Author Index

Abaibou, Hafid, 214Abee, Tjakko, 200Adhya, Sankar, 251Agterberg, Cleem, 141Armitage, Judith P., 291Arthur, Michel, 117

Babitzke, Paul, 229Baumgartner, James W., 133Bergquist, P. L., 103Blanco, Carlos, 214Blomfield, Ian C., 27Borges, K. M., 103Brody, E. N., 85

Calie, Patrick J., 27Casadesus, Josep, 288Chan, Yiu-Kwok, 19Chen, Po, 190Chevalier, G., 266Click, Eva Marie, 222Clouthier, Sharon, 12Cole, Stewart T., 1Collinson, S. Karen, 12Cooper, Terrance G., 64Courvalin, Patrice, 117Cubellis, M. V., 299Cui, Jisong, 303

Damerau, Keith, 53Daugherty, Jon R., 64Delaney, John M., 166Depardieu, Florence, 117Doig, Peter C., 12Donadio, Stefano, 182Doran, James L., 12Dougherty, Thomas J., 111

Duclohier, H., 266

Eberhardt, Kelly J., 27Eisenstein, Barry I., 27El Berry, Hassan M., 64Ephrati-Elizur, Erela, 207

Fischer, Daniela, 259Fu, Changlin, 295Fujimoto, Kazuhiro, 176

Gabel, Christian, 128Garz6n, Andres, 288Georgopoulos, Costa, 166Gouesbet, Gwenola, 214Granger, Laurie, 229

Hall, Sharynn D., 277Hazelbauer, Gerald L., 133Hengge-Aronis, Regine, 259Henneberg, Nicola, 259Hughes, Diarmaid, 240

Imada, Chiaki, 176Inamori, Yoshihiko, 176Inatomi, Ken-Ichi, 80

Kamagata, Yoichi, 80Kane, Michael F., 277Katz, Leonard, 182Kay, William W., 12Kolodner, Richard D., 277Konings, Wil N., 200Kortstee, Gerard J. J., 200Kushner, Sidney R., 229

Le Caer, J.-P., 85Levengood-Freyermuth,Sharyn K., 222

Mahan, Michael J., 288Maier, Robert J., 128, 295Mandrand-Berthelot,

Marie-Andree, 214Marino, G., 299Marolda, Cristina L., 148McClain, Mark S., 27Miyamoto, Katsushiro, 176Molinas, Catherine, 117Mooi, Frits R., 141Morgan, David Gene, 133

Nakamura, Kazunori, 80

O'Connell, Michael, 94Okami, Yoshiro, 176Olszewski, Julie, 229Orikoshi, Hideyuki, 176Orsini, G., 85Ouhammouch, M., 85

Park, James T., 7Peeters, Marcel, 141Poole, Philip S., 291Pucci, Michael J., 111

Rai, Rajendra, 64Rao, Narayana N., 74Reigh, Geraldine, 94Reitzer, Lawrence J., 190Roberts, Mary F., 74Roy, Kenneth L., 37

Lange, Roland, 259 Sannia, G., 299

Scarano, G., 299Shechter, E., 266Shiau, Sheng-Ping, 190Smith, Michael J., 291Solomon, Marie J., 159Somerville, Ronald L., 303Speed, Robert R., 159Stassi, Diane, 182Staver, Michael J., 182St. John, Ann C., 53

Tanno, Hiromi, 176Thanassi, Jane A., 111Thomas, D., 266Torriani, Annamaria, 74Trust, Trevor J., 12Tsujibo, Hiroshi, 176Tubulekas, loannis, 240Tutino, M. L., 299

Valvano, Miguel A., 148van Agterveld, Miranda, 141van der Zee, Anneke, 141Van Veen, Hendrik W., 200

Wall, Daniel, 166Webster, Robert E., 222Weickert, Michael J., 251Wheatcroft, Roger, 19Wood, David O., 159Wr6blewski, H., 266Wu, Long Fei, 214Wu, Xiaoning, 37

Yashphe, Jacob, 74Young, Douglas B., 1

Zehnder, Alexander J. B., 200

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JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY

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corrections, additions, or deletions. Important newinformation that has become available between accep-tance of the manuscript and receipt of the proofs maybe inserted as an Addendum in Proof with the permis-sion of the editor. If references to unpublished data orpersonal communications are added, it is expectedthat written assurance granting permission for thecitation will be included. Limit changes to correctionof spelling errors, incorrect data, grammatical errors,and updated information for "submitted" and "inpress" references.

Questions about late proofs and problems in theproofs should be directed to the ASM Journals Divi-sion, telephone (202) 737-3600.

ReprintsReprints (in multiples of 100) may be purchased by

all coauthors. An order form that includes a tableshowing the cost of reprints is sent with the proofs tothe corresponding author.

ORGANIZATION AND FORMAT

Regular PapersRegular full-length papers should include the ele-

ments described in this section.

Title, Running Title, and Byline. Each manuscriptshould present the results of an independent, cohesivestudy; thus, numbered series titles are not allowed.Avoid the main title/subtitle arrangement, completesentences, and unnecessary articles. On the title page,include the title, running title (not to exceed 54 char-acters and spaces), name of each author, address(es)of the institution(s) at which the work was performed,each author's affiliation, and a footnote indicating thepresent address of any author no longer at the institu-tion where the work was performed. Place an asteriskafter the name of the author to whom inquiries regard-ing the paper should be directed, and give that author'stelephone and fax numbers. The BITNET or otherelectronic mail address of the corresponding author, ifsupplied on the title page of the manuscript, will beincluded as a footnote in the published article.

Abstract. Limit the abstract to 250 words or fewerand concisely summarize the basic content of thepaper without presenting extensive experimental de-tails. Avoid abbreviations and do not include dia-grams. When it is essential to include a reference, use

the References citation but omit the article title. Be-cause the abstract will be published separately byabstracting services, it must be complete and under-standable without reference to the text.

Introduction. The introduction should supply suffi-cient background information to allow the reader tounderstand and evaluate the results of the presentstudy without referring to previous publications on thetopic. The introduction should also provide the ratio-nale for the present study. Use only those referencesrequired to provide the most salient background ratherthan an exhaustive review of the topic.

Materials and Methods. The Materials and Methodssection should include sufficient technical informationto allow the experiments to be repeated. When cen-trifugation conditions are critical, give enough infor-mation to enable another investigator to repeat theprocedure: make of centrifuge, model of rotor, tem-perature, time at maximum speed, and centrifugalforce (x g rather than revolutions per minute). Forcommonly used materials and methods (e.g., mediaand protein determinations), a simple reference issufficient. If several alternative methods are com-monly used, it is helpful to identify the method brieflyas well as to cite the reference. For example, it ispreferable to state, "cells were broken by ultrasonictreatment as previously described (9)," rather than tostate, "cells were broken as previously described (9)."The reader should be allowed to assess the methodwithout constant reference to previous publications.Describe new methods completely and give sources ofunusual chemicals, equipment, or microbial strains.When large numbers of microbial strains or mutantsare used in a study, include tables identifying thesources and properties of the strains, mutants, bacte-riophages, plasmids, etc.Enzyme purifications should be described in this

section, but the results of such procedures should bedescribed in the Results section.A method, strain, etc., used in only one of several

experiments reported in the paper may be described inthe Results section or very briefly (one or two sen-tences) in a table footnote or figure legend.

Results. The Results section should include theresults of the experiments. Reserve extensive interpre-tation of the results for the Discussion section. Presentthe results as concisely as possible in one of thefollowing: text, table(s), or figure(s). Avoid extensiveuse of graphs to present data that might be moreconcisely presented in the text or tables. For example,except in unusual cases, double-reciprocal plots usedto determine apparent Km values should not be pre-sented as graphs; instead, the values should be statedin the text. Similarly, graphs illustrating other methodscommonly used (e.g., calibration plots for molecularweight by gel filtration or electrophoresis) need not be

iV

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

shown except in unusual circumstances. Limit photo-graphs (particularly photomicrographs and electronmicrographs) to those that are absolutely necessary toshow the experimental findings. Number figures andtables in the order in which they are cited in the text,and be sure to cite all figures and tables.

Discussion. The Discussion should provide an inter-pretation of the results in relation to previously pub-lished work and to the experimental system at handand should not contain extensive repetition of theResults section or reiteration of the introduction. Inshort papers, the Results and Discussion sections maybe combined.

Acknowledgments. Acknowledgments of financialassistance and of personal assistance are given inseparate paragraphs. The usual format for acknowl-edgment of grant support is as follows: "This workwas supported by Public Health Service grant CA-01234 from the National Cancer Institute."

Appendixes. Appendixes, which contain supplemen-tary material to aid the reader, are permitted. Titles,authors, and References sections that are distinct fromthose of the primary article are not allowed. If it is notfeasible to list the author(s) of the appendix in thebyline or the Acknowledgment section of the primaryarticle, rewrite the appendix so that it can be consid-ered for publication as an independent article, eitherfull-length or Note style. Equations, tables, and figuresshould be labeled with the letter "A" preceding thenumeral to distinguish them from those cited in themain body of the text.

References. The References section must include allrelevant sources, and all listed references must becited in the text. Arrange the citations in alphabeticalorder, by first author, and number consecutively. Ab-breviate journal names according to Serial Sourcesforthe BIOSIS Data Base (BioSciences Information Ser-vice, 1992). Cite each listed reference in the text bynumber.Follow the styles shown in the examples below.

1. Anagnostopoulos, C., and J. Spizizen. 1961. Require-ments for transformation in Bacillus subtilis. J. Bacte-riol. 81:741-746.

2. Berry, L. J., R. N. Moore, K. J. Goodrum, and R. E.Couch, Jr. 1977. Cellular requirements for enzyme inhi-bition by endotoxin in mice, p. 321-325. In D. Schles-singer (ed.), Microbiology-1977. American Society forMicrobiology, Washington, D.C.

3. Cox, C. S., B. R. Brown, and J. C. Smith. J. Gen.Genet., in press.*

4. Dhople, A., I. Ortega, and C. Berauer. 1989. Effect ofoxygen on in vitro growth of Mycobacterium leprae,abstr. U-82, p. 168. Abstr. 89th Annu. Meet. Am. Soc.Microbiol. 1989.

5. Finegold, S. M., W. E. Shepherd, and E. H. Spaulding.1977. Cumitech 5, Practical anaerobic bacteriology. Co-ordinating ed., W. E. Shepherd. American Society forMicrobiology, Washington, D.C.

6. Fitzgerald, G., and D. Shaw. In A. E. Waters (ed.),Clinical microbiology, in press. EFH Publishing Co.,Boston.

7. Gustlethwaite, F. P. 1985. Letter. Lancet ii:327.8. Jacoby, J., R. Grimm, J. Bostic, V. Dean, and G. Starke.

Submitted for publication.9. Jensen, C., and D. S. Schumacher. Unpublished data.

10. Jones, A. (Yale University). 1990. Personal communica-tion.

11. Leadbetter, E. R. 1974. Order II. Cytophagales nomennovum, p. 99. In R. E. Buchanan and N. E. Gibbons(ed.), Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology,8th ed. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore.

12. Miller, J. H. 1972. Experiments in molecular genetics, p.352-355. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold SpringHarbor, N.Y.

13. Powers, R. D., W. M. Dotson, Jr., and F. G. Hayden.1982. Program Abstr. 22nd Intersci. Conf. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother., abstr. 448.

14. Sigma Chemical Co. 1989. Sigma manual. Sigma Chem-ical Co., St. Louis, Mo.

15. Smith, J. C. April 1970. U.S. patent 484,363,770.16. Smyth, D. R. 1972. Ph.D. thesis. University of Califor-

nia, Los Angeles.17. Yagupsky, P., and M. A. Menegus. 1989. Intraluminal

colonization as a source of catheter-related infection.Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 33:2025. (Letter.)

* Note that an "in press" reference to an ASMpublication should state the control number (e.g., JB576-93) or the name of the publication if it is a book.

Notes

The Note format is intended for the presentation ofbrief observations that do not warrant full-length pa-pers. Submit Notes in the same way as full-lengthpapers. They receive the same review, and they arenot considered preliminary communications.Each Note must have an abstract of no more than 50

words. Do not use section headings in the body of theNote; report methods, results, and discussion in asingle section. Paragraph lead-ins are permissible. Thetext should be kept to a minimum and if possibleshould not exceed 1,000 words; the number of figuresand tables should also be kept to a minimum. Materialsand methods should be described in the text, not in thefigure legends or table footnotes. Present acknowledg-ments as in full-length papers, but do not use aheading. The References section is identical to that offull-length papers.

Physical Map of E. coliThe Journal of Bacteriology publishes on a quar-

terly basis short reports on the physical locations ofgenes and loci assigned to the Escherichia coli chro-mosome. This information can be presented by theunambiguous identification of a matching restriction

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INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

pattern or by the assignment of a gene or locus to aparticular X phage from the miniset library describedby Kohara and coworkers (Y. Kohara, K. Akiyama,and K. Isono, Cell 50:495-508, 1987; Y. Kohara, p.29-42, in K. Drlica and M. Riley, ed., The bacterialchromosome, American Society for Microbiology,Washington, D.C., 1990). Contributions should besubmitted in triplicate to the Journals Division. Allparts must be typed double spaced. For examples oftypical map articles, see the Joumal of Bacteriologyvolume 174, 1992, numbers 5, 11, 17, and 23.

Page charges will be assessed for physical maparticles submitted after 1 January 1993. As for regularjournal articles, page proofs will be sent to authors andreprints may be purchased. A page charge/reprint formwill be mailed with the page proofs.

MinireviewsMinireviews are brief summaries (limit of 4 printed

pages) of developments in fast-moving areas. Theymust be based on published articles; they may addressany subject within the scope of JB. Minireviews maybe either solicited or proffered by authors respondingto a recognized need. Irrespective of origin, minire-views are subject to editorial review. Three double-spaced copies must be provided.

Letters to the EditorLetters to the Editor must include data to support

the writer's argument and are intended only for com-ments on articles published previously in the journal.They may be no more than 500 words long. Send lettersto the Journals Division. They will be processed andsent to the editor who handled the article in question.If the editor believes that publication is warranted, hewill solicit a reply from the corresponding author ofthe article and make a recommendation to the editor inchief. Final approval for publication rests with theeditor in chief. All letters intended for publicationmust be typed double spaced.

ErrataThe Erratum section provides a means of correcting

errors (e.g., typographical) in published articles.Changes in data and the addition of new material arenot permitted. Send errata directly to the JournalsDivision.

Author's Corrections

The Author's Correction section provides a meansof adding citations that were overlooked in a publishedarticle. The author who failed to cite a reference andthe author whose paper was not cited must agree tosuch a publication; the editor, editor in chief, andchairman of the Publications Board will not be in-volved. Letters from both authors must accompanythe author's correction sent to the Journals Division.

Disclaimers

Statements disclaiming governmental or any othertype of endorsement or approval will be deleted by theJournals Division.

ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES

The figure number and authors' names should bewritten on all figures, either in the margin or on theback (marked lightly with a soft pencil). For micro-graphs especially, the top should be indicated as well.Do not clasp figures to each other or to the manu-

script with paper clips. Insert small figures in anenvelope. To avoid damage in transit, do not submitillustrations larger than 8½ by 11 inches.

Illustrations in published articles will not be re-turned to authors.

Continuous-Tone and Composite Photographs

When submitting continuous-tone photographs(e.g., polyacrylamide gels), keep in mind the journalpage width: 35/16 inches for a single column and 67/8inches for a double column (maximum). Include onlythe significant portion of an illustration. Photos mustbe of sufficient contrast to withstand the inevitable lossof contrast and detail inherent in the printing process.Submit one photograph of each continuous-tone figurefor each copy of the manuscript; photocopies are notacceptable. If possible, the figures submitted should bethe size they will appear when published so that noreduction is necessary. If they must be reduced, makesure that all elements, including labeling, can with-stand reduction and remain legible.

If a figure is a composite of a continuous-tonephotograph and a drawing or labeling, the originalcomposite must be provided for the printer (i.e., not aphotograph of the composite). This original, labeled"printer's copy," may be sent with the modifiedmanuscript to the editor.

Electron and light micrographs must be direct cop-ies of the original negative. Indicate the magnificationwith a scale marker on each micrograph.

Computer-Generated ImagesAt this time, the highest-quality and simplest repro-

duction of gels (and similar illustrations) continues tobe scanning of author-supplied continuous-tone photo-graphs by the printer. However, ASM recognizes theincreasing use of new technology by authors. Thefollowing information and guidelines will help to en-sure good reproduction of computer-generated im-ages.The new image-processing software/hardware pro-

duces digitized hard-copy images consisting of pat-terns of dots. To produce the negatives essential forplate making and web printing, the printer must shoot/scan this hard copy through a "screen," which breaksdown the image into dots. When the two sets of

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INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

dot patterns are thus combined, the resulting printedimage is often of unacceptable quality. To avoid thisproblem, you may want to consider using a fileinterchange known as tagged image file format (TIFF)or encapsulated postscript (EPS). Files (along withprints, which the copy editor will use for sizing) shouldbe supplied on a floppy disk (either MS-DOS orMacintosh) with the accepted manuscript. For largeimages, 40- or 80-megabyte Syquest cartridges ormagneto-optical cartridges may be used. For transferfrom UNIX systems, either 9-track or 8-mm "tar"

archives may be submitted. (Note that floppies, car-tridges, and tapes will not be returned to the author.)Remember that for this method, all final lettering,labeling, tooling, etc., must be incorporated in the finalsupplied material. It cannot be added at a later date.Do not include figure numbers on the images in casefigure order must be changed during the editing pro-cess.

Since the contents of computer-generated imagescan be manipulated for better clarity, the PublicationsBoard at its May 1992 meeting indicated that a descrip-tion of the software/hardware used should be includedin the figure legend(s).

Color Photographs

Color photographs are discouraged. However, ifthey are necessary, include an extra copy at the timeof manuscript submission so that a cost estimate forprinting may be obtained. The cost of printing colorphotographs must be borne by the author.

DrawingsSubmit graphs, charts, sequences, complicated

chemical or mathematical formulas, diagrams, andother drawings as glossy photographs made fromfinished drawings not requiring additional artwork ortypesetting. Computer-generated graphics producedon high-quality laser printers are also usually accept-able. No part of the graph or drawing should behandwritten. Both axes of graphs must be labeled.Most graphs will be reduced to one-column width (35/16inches), and all elements in the drawing should belarge enough to withstand this reduction. Avoid heavyletters, which tend to close up when reduced, andunusual symbols, which the printer may not be able toreproduce in the legend.

In figure ordinate and abscissa scales (as well astable column headings), avoid ambiguous use of num-bers with exponents. Usually, it is preferable to use theappropriate SI symbols (j± for 10 6, m for 10-3, k for10, M for 106, etc.). A complete listing of SI symbolscan be found in the 1UPAC "Manual of Symbols andTerminology for Physicochemical Quantities andUnits" (Pure Appl. Chem. 21:3-44, 1970). Thus, rep-resentation of 20,000 cpm on a figure ordinate shouldbe made by the number 20, accompanied by the labelkcpm.When powers of 10 must be used, the journal

requires that the exponent power be associated with thenumber shown. In representing 20,000 cells per ml,the numeral on the ordinate would be "2" and thelabel would be "i04 cells per ml" (not "cells per ml x10-4,'). Likewise, an enzyme activity of 0.06 U/mlwould be shown as 6, accompanied by the label 10-2U/ml. The preferred designation would be 60 mU/ml(milliunits per milliliter).

Presentation of Nucleic Acid Sequences

Nucleic acid sequences of limited length which arethe primary subject of a study may be presentedfreestyle in the most effective format. Longer nucleicacid sequences must be presented in the followingformat to conserve space. Submit the sequence ascamera-ready copy of dimensions 8½2 by 11 inches (orslightly less) in standard (portrait) orientation. Printthe sequence in lines of approximately 100 to 120nucleotides in a nonproportional (monospace) fontthat is easily legible when published with a line lengthof 6 inches. If possible, lines of nucleic acid sequenceshould be further subdivided into blocks of 10 or 20nucleotides by spaces within the sequences or bymarks above it. Uppercase and lowercase letters maybe used to designate the exon/intron structure, tran-scribed regions, etc., if the lowercase letters remainlegible at a 6-inch line length. Number the sequenceline by line; place numerals, representing the first baseof each line, to the left of the lines. Minimize spacingbetween adjacent lines of sequence, leaving room onlyfor annotation of the sequence. Annotation may in-clude boldface, underlining, brackets, boxes, etc. En-coded amino acid sequences may be presented, ifnecessary, immediately above the first nucleotide ofeach codon, using the single-letter amino acid sym-bols. Comparisons of multiple nucleic acid sequencesshould conform as nearly as possible to the sameformat.

Figure LegendsLegends should provide enough information so that

the figure is understandable without frequent refer-ence to the text. However, detailed experimental meth-ods must be described in the Materials and Methodssection, not in a figure legend. A method that is uniqueto one of several experiments may be reported in alegend only if the discussion is very brief (one or twosentences). Define all symbols and abbreviations usedin the figure that have not been defined elsewhere.

TablesType each table on a separate page. Arrange the

data so that columns of like material read down, notacross. The headings should be sufficiently clear sothat the meaning of the data will be understandablewithout reference to the text. See Abbreviations inthese instructions for those that should be used intables. Explanatory footnotes are acceptable, butmore-extensive table "legends" are not. Footnotes

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INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

should not include detailed descriptions of the ex-periment. Tables must include enough informationto warrant table format; those with fewer than sixpieces of data will be incorporated into the text bythe copy editor. A well-constructed table is shownbelow.

TABLE 1. Induction of creatinine deiminase in C. neoformansand C. bacillisporus

C. neoformans C. bacillisporusNIH 12 NIH 191

N sourceaTotal Sp act Total Sp act

enzyme" (U/mg of enye (U/mg ofprotein) protein)

Ammonia 0.58 0.32 0.50 0.28Glutamic acid 5.36 1.48 2.18 0.61Aspartic acid 2.72 0.15 1.47 0.06Arginine 3.58 2.18 3.38 2.19Creatinine 97.30 58.40 104.00 58.30

a The inoculum was grown in glucose broth with ammonium sulfate,washed twice, and then transferred into the media with the N sources listedabove.

b Enzyme units in cell extract obtained from ca. 1010 cells.

Tables that can be photographically reproduced forpublication without further typesetting or artwork arereferred to as "camera ready." They should not behand lettered and must be carefully prepared to con-form with the style of the journal. The advantage ofsubmitting camera-ready copy is that the material willappear exactly as envisioned by the author, and nosecond proofreading is necessary. This is particularlyadvantageous when there are long, complicated tablesand when the division of material and spacing areimportant.

NOMENCLATURE

Chemical and Biochemical NomenclatureThe recognized authority for the names of chemical

compounds is Chemical Abstracts (Chemical Ab-stracts Service, Ohio State University, Columbus) andits indexes. The Merck Index (11th ed., 1989; Merck &Co., Inc., Rahway, N.J.) is also an excellent source.For guidelines to the use of biochemical terminology,consult Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Doc-uments (1978; reprinted for The Biochemical Society,London) and the instructions to authors of the JournalofBiological Chemistry and the Archives ofBiochem-istry and Biophysics (first issues of each year).Do not express molecular weight in daltons; molec-

ular weight is a unitless ratio. Molecular mass isexpressed in daltons.For enzymes, use the recommended (trivial) name

assigned by the Nomenclature Committee of the In-ternational Union of Biochemistry as described inEnzyme Nomenclature (Academic Press, Inc., 1992).If a nonrecommended name is used, place the proper(trivial) name in parentheses at first use in the abstractand text. Use the EC number when one has been

assigned, and express enzyme activity either in katals(preferred) or in the older system of micromoles perminute.

Nomenclature of MicroorganismsBinary names, consisting of a generic name and a

specific epithet (e.g., Escherichia coli), must be usedfor all microorganisms. Names of higher categoriesmay be used alone, but specific and subspecific epi-thets may not. A specific epithet must be precededby a generic name the first time it is used in a pa-per. Thereafter, the generic name should be abbrevi-ated to the initial capital letter (e.g., E. coli), provid-ed there can be no confusion with other generaused in the paper. Names of all taxa (phyla, classes,orders, families, genera, species, subspecies) areprinted in italics and should be underlined (or itali-cized) in the manuscript; strain designations and num-bers are not.The spelling of names should follow the Approved

Lists ofBacterial Names (amended edition) (V. B. D.Skerman, V. McGowan, and P. H. A. Sneath, ed.) andthe Index of the Bacterial and Yeast NomenclaturalChanges Published in the International Journal ofSystematic Bacteriology since the 1980 ApprovedLists ofBacterial Names (1 January 1980 to 1 January1989) (W. E. C. Moore and L. V. H. Moore, ed.), bothpublished by the American Society for Microbiologyin 1989, and the validation lists and articles publishedin the Intemational Journal of Systematic Bacteriol-ogy since 1 January 1989. If there is reason to use aname that does not have standing in nomenclature,the name should be enclosed in quotation marks andan appropriate statement concerning the nomencla-tural status of the name should be made in the text (foran example, see Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30:547-556,1980).

Since the classification of fungi is not complete, it isthe responsibility of the author to determine the ac-cepted binomial for a given organism. Some sourcesfor these names include The Yeasts: a TaxonomicStudy, 3rd ed. (N. J. W. Kreger-van Rij, ed., ElsevierScience Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, 1984) andAinsworth and Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi, In-cluding the Lichens, 7th ed. (Commonwealth Myco-logical Institute, Kew, Surrey, England, 1983).

Microorganisms, viruses, and plasmids should begiven designations consisting of letters and serial num-bers. It is generally advisable to include a worker'sinitials or a descriptive symbol of locale, laboratory,etc., in the designation. Each new strain, mutant,isolate, or derivative should be given a new (serial)designation. This designation should be distinct fromthose of the genotype and phenotype, and genotypicand phenotypic symbols should not be included.

Genetic Nomenclature

Bacteria. The genetic properties of bacteria aredescribed in terms of phenotypes and genotypes. The

. .i.

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

phenotype describes the observable properties of anorganism. The genotype refers to the genetic consti-tution of an organism, usually in reference to somestandard wild type. Use the recommendations ofDemerec et al. (Genetics 54:61-76, 1966) as a guide tothe use of these terms.

(i) Phenotypic designations must be used whenmutant loci have not been identified or mapped. Theycan also be used to identify the protein product of agene, e.g., the OmpA protein. Phenotypic designa-tions generally consist of three-letter symbols; theseare not italicized, and the first letter of the symbol iscapitalized. It is preferable to use roman or arabicnumerals (instead of letters) to identify a series ofrelated phenotypes. Thus, nucleic acid polymerasemutants might be designated Poll, Pol2, Pol3, etc.Wild-type characteristics can be designated with a

superscript plus (Pol+) and, when necessary for clar-ity, negative superscripts (Pol-) can be used to desig-nate mutant characteristics. Lowercase superscriptletters may be used to further delineate phenotypes(e.g., Strs for streptomycin sensitivity). Phenotypicdesignations should be defined.

(ii) Genotypic designations are similarly indicatedby three-letter locus symbols. In contrast to pheno-typic designations, these are lowercase italic (e.g., arahis rps). If several loci govern related functions, theseare distinguished by italicized capital letters followingthe locus symbol (e.g., araA araB araC). Promoter,terminator, and operator sites should be indicated asdescribed by Bachmann and Low (Microbiol. Rev.44:1-56, 1980), e.g., lacZp, lacAt, and lacZo.

(iii) Wild-type alleles are indicated with a super-script plus (ara+ his'). A superscript minus is not usedto indicate a mutant locus; thus, one refers to an aramutant rather than an ara- strain.

(iv) Mutation sites are designated by placing serialisolation numbers (allele numbers) after the locussymbol (e.g., araAl araA2). If only a single such locusexists or if it is not known in which of several relatedloci the mutation has occurred, a hyphen is usedinstead of the capital letter (e.g., ara-23). It is essentialin papers reporting the isolation of new mutants thatallele numbers be given to the mutations. ForEscherichia coli, there is a registry of such numbers:E. coli Genetic Stock Center, Department of Biology,Yale University, P.O. Box 6666, New Haven, CT06511-7444. For Salmonella, the registry is: Salmo-nella Genetic Stock Center, Department of Biology,University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4Canada. For Bacillus, the registry is: the BacillusGenetic Stock Center, Ohio State University, Colum-bus. A registry of allele numbers and insertion ele-ments (omega [fQ] numbers) for chromosomal muta-tions and chromosomal insertions of transposons andother insertion elements has been established in con-junction with the ISP collection of Staphylococcusaureus at Iowa State University. Blocks of allelenumbers and fQ numbers are assigned to laboratorieson request. Requests for blocks of numbers and addi-

tional information can be obtained from Peter A.Pattee, Department of Microbiology, Iowa State Uni-versity, Ames, IA 50011. A registry of plasmid desig-nations is maintained by the Plasmid Reference Cen-ter, Department of Microbiology and Immunology,5402, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stan-ford, CA 94305-2499.

(v) The use of superscripts with genotypes (otherthan + to indicate wild-type alleles) should beavoided. Designations indicating amber mutations(Am), temperature-sensitive mutations (Ts), constitu-tive mutations (Con), cold-sensitive mutations (Cs),production of a hybrid protein (Hyb), and other im-portant phenotypic properties should follow the allelenumber [e.g., araA230(Am) hisD2l(Ts)]. All othersuch designations of phenotype must be defined at thefirst occurrence. If superscripts must be used, theymust be approved by the editor and they must bedefined at the first occurrence.

Subscripts may be used in two situations. Subscriptsmay be used to distinguish between genes (having thesame name) from different organisms or strains, e.g.,hisE. coli or hisK12 for the his genes of E. coli or strainK-12 in another species or strain, respectively. Anabbreviation could also be used if it were explained.Similarly, a subscript is also used to distinguish be-tween genetic elements that have the same name. Forexample, the promoters of the gin operon can bedesignated glnAp1 and glnAp2. This form departsslightly from that recommended by Bachmann andLow (e.g., desClp).

(vi) Deletions are indicated by the symbol A placedbefore the deleted gene or region, e.g., AtrpA432,A(aroP-aceE)419, or Ahis(dhuA hisJ hisQ)1256. Simi-larly, other symbols can be used (with appropriatedefinition). Thus, a fusion of the ara and lac operonscan be shown as (F(ara-lac)95. Similarly, 4(araB'-lacZ+)96 indicates that the fusion results in a truncatedaraB gene fused to an intact lacZ, and 1§(malE-lacZ)97(Hyb) shows that a hybrid protein is synthe-sized. An inversion is shown as IN(rmD-rrnE)1. Aninsertion of an E. coli his gene into plasmid pSC101 atzero kilobases (0 kb) is shown as pSC101 fl(Okb::K-12hisB)4. An alternative designation of an insertioncan be used in simple cases, e.g., galT236::TnS. Thenumber 236 refers to the locus of the insertion, and ifthe strain carries an additional gal mutation, it is listedseparately. Additional examples, which utilize aslightly different format, can be found in the papers byCampbell et al. and Novick et al. cited below. It isimportant in reporting the construction of strains inwhich a mobile element was inserted and subsequentlydeleted that this latter fact be noted in the strain table.This can be done by listing the genotype of the strainused as an intermediate, in a table footnote, or by adirect or parenthetical remark in the genotype, e.g.,(F-), AMu cts, mal::AMu cts::lac. In setting paren-thetical remarks within the genotype or dividing thegenotype into constituent elements, parentheses andsquare brackets are used without special meaning;

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INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

square brackets are used outside parentheses. Toindicate the presence of an episome, parentheses (orbrackets) are used (X, Fe). Reference to an integratedepisome is indicated as described for inserted ele-ments, and an exogenote is shown as, for example,W3110/F'8(ga1+).Any deviations from standard genetic nomenclature

should be explained in Materials and Methods or in atable of strains. For information about the symbols incurrent use, consult Bachmann (B. J. Bachmann, p.807-876, in J. L. Ingraham, K. B. Low, B. Ma-gasanik, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger, ed.,Eschenchia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: Cellu-larand MolecularBiology, 1987, American Society forMicrobiology, Washington, D.C.) for E. coli K-12,Sanderson and Roth (Microbiol. Rev. 52:485-532,1988) for Salmonella typhimurium, Holloway et al.(Microbiol. Rev. 43:73-102, 1979) for Pseudomonas,Piggot and Hoch (Microbiol. Rev. 49:158-179, 1985)for Bacillus subtilis, Perkins et al. (Microbiol. Rev.46:426-570, 1982) for Neurospora crassa, andMortimer and Schild (Microbiol. Rev. 49:181-213,1985) for Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Conventions for naming genes. It is recommendedthat new genes whose function is yet to be establishedbe named by one of the following methods. (i) Whenapplicable, the new gene may be given the same nameas a homologous gene already identified in anotherorganism. (ii) The gene may be given a provisionalname based on its map location in the style yaaA,analogous to the style used for recording transposoninsertions (zef) as discussed below. (iii) A provisionalname may be given in the style described by Demerecet al. (e.g., usg, for gene upstream offolC).

"Mutant" vs. "mutation." Keep in mind the distinc-tion between a mutation (an alteration of the primarysequence of the genetic material) and a mutant (astrain carrying one or more mutations). One mayspeak about the mapping of a mutation, but one cannotmap a mutant. Likewise, a mutant has no geneticlocus, only a phenotype.

Strain designations. Do not use the genotype as aname (e.g., "subsequent use of leuC6 for transduc-tion"). If a strain designation has not been chosen,select an appropriate word combination (e.g., "anoth-er strain containing the leuC6 mutation").

Bacteriophages. The genetic nomenclature forphages differs from that for bacteria and tends to haveseparate conventions for each phage. Genetic symbolsmay be one, two, or three letters and are italicized.For example, a mutant strain of X might be designatedAamll int2 redll4 cI857; this strain carries mutationsin genes cI, int, and red and an amber-suppressible(am) mutation in gene A. Phenotypic symbols anddesignations of gene products are not italicized (e.g.,"the Spi phenotype" or "Int protein"), and super-

script plus and minus symbols can be used to indicatewild-type and mutant phenotypes, respectively. HostDNA insertions into phages should be delineated bysquare brackets, and the genetic symbols and designa-tions for such inserted DNA should conform to thoseused for the host genome. Lists of gene symbols forseveral phages can be found in Genetic Maps, 5th ed.(S. J. O'Brien, ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1990). Relevant referencesfor some of the more widely studied phages are asfollows: for phage X, Daniels et al. (D. L. Daniels,J. L. Schroeder, W. Szybalski, F. Sanger, and F. R.Blattner, p. 469-515, in R. W. Hendrix, J. W. Rob-erts, F. W. Stahl, and R. A. Weisberg, ed., LambdaII, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Har-bor, N.Y., 1983); for phage T4, Mosig (G. Mosig, p.362-374, in C. K. Mathews, E. M. Kutter, G. Mosig,and P. B. Berget, ed., Bacteriophage T4, AmericanSociety for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 1983);and for phage T7, Dunn and Studier (J. Mol. Biol.166:477-535, 1983).

Transposable elements, plasmids, and restriction en-zymes. Nomenclature of transposable elements (inser-tion sequences, transposons, phage Mu, etc.) shouldfollow the recommendations of Campbell et al. (Gene5:197-206, 1979), with the modifications given in sec-tion vi. The system of designating transposon inser-tions at sites where there are no known loci, e.g.,zef-123::TnS, has been described by Chumley et al.(Genetics 91:639-655, 1979). The nomenclature rec-ommendations of Novick et al. (Bacteriol. Rev. 40:168-189, 1976) for plasmids and plasmid-specifiedactivities, of Low (Bacteriol. Rev. 36:587-607, 1972)for F-prime factors, and of Roberts (Nucleic AcidsRes. 17:r347-r387, 1989) for restriction enzymes andtheir isoschizomers should be used. RecombinantDNA molecules constructed in vitro follow the no-menclature for insertions in general. DNA insertedinto recombinant DNA molecules should be describedby using the gene symbols and conventions for theorganism from which the DNA was obtained. ThePlasmid Reference Center (E. Lederberg, PlasmidReference Center, Department of Microbiology andImmunology, 5402, Stanford University School ofMedicine, Stanford, CA 94305-2499) assigns Tn andIS numbers to avoid conflicting and repetitive useand also clears nonconflicting plasmid prefix designa-tions.

ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS

Verb TenseASM strongly recommends that for clarity you use

the past tense to narrate particular events in the past,including the procedures, observations, and data ofthe study that you are reporting. Use the present tensefor your own general conclusions, the conclusions ofprevious researchers, and generally accepted facts.

x

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

Thus, most of the abstract, Materials and Methods,and Results sections will be in the past tense, and mostof the introduction and some of the Discussion will bein the present tense.Be aware that it may be necessary to vary the tense

in a single sentence. For example, it is correct to say"White (30) demonstrated that XYZ cells grow at pH6.8," "Figure 2 shows that ABC cells failed to grow atroom temperature," and "Air was removed from thechamber and the mice died, which proves that micerequire air." In reporting statistics and calculations, itis correct to say "The values for the ABC cells arestatistically significant, indicating that the drug inhib-ited...."For an in-depth discussion of tense in scientific

writing, see p. 158-160 in How to Write and Publish aScientific Paper, 3rd ed.

Abbreviations

General. Abbreviations should be used as an aid tothe reader, rather than as a convenience to the author,and therefore their use should be limited. Abbrevia-tions other than those recommended by the IUPAC-IUB (Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Docu-ments, 1978) should be used only when a case can bemade for necessity, such as in tables and figures.

It is often possible to use pronouns or to paraphrasea long word after its first use (e.g., "the drug," "thesubstrate"). Standard chemical symbols and trivialnames or their symbols (folate, Ala, Leu, etc.) may beused for terms that appear in full in the neighboringtext.

It is strongly recommended that all abbreviationsexcept those listed below be introduced in the firstparagraph in Materials and Methods. Alternatively,define each abbreviation and introduce it in parenthe-ses the first time it is used: e.g., "cultures were grownin Eagle minimal essential medium (MEM)." Gener-ally, eliminate abbreviations that are not used at leastfive times in the text (including tables and figurelegends).Not requiring introduction. In addition to abbrevia-

tions for Systeme International d'Unites (SI) units ofmeasurement, other common units (e.g., bp, kb, andDa), and chemical symbols for the elements, thefollowing should be used without definition in the title,abstract, text, figure legends, and tables: DNA (deoxy-ribonucleic acid); cDNA (complementary DNA);RNA (ribonucleic acid); cRNA (complementaryRNA); RNase (ribonuclease); DNase (deoxyri-bonuclease); rRNA (ribosomal RNA); mRNA (mes-senger RNA); tRNA (transfer RNA); AMP, ADP,ATP, dAMP, ddATP, GTP, etc. (for the respective 5'phosphates of adenosine and other nucleosides) (add2'-, 3'-, or 5'- when needed for contrast); ATPase,dGTPase, etc. (adenosine triphosphatase, deoxygua-nosine triphosphatase, etc.); NAD (nicotinamide ade-nine dinucleotide); NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinu-cleotide, oxidized); NADH (nicotinamide adenine

dinucleotide, reduced); NADP (nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide phosphate); NADPH (nicotinamide ade-nine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced); NADP+ (nic-otinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, oxidized);poly(A), poly(dT), etc. (polyadenylic acid, polydeoxy-thymidylic acid, etc.); oligo(dT), etc. (oligodeoxythy-midylic acid, etc.); Pi (orthophosphate); PPi (pyro-phosphate); UV (ultraviolet); PFU (plaque-formingunits); CFU (colony-forming units); MIC (minimalinhibitory concentration); MBC (minimal bactericidalconcentration); Tris [tris(hydroxymethyl)aminometh-ane]; DEAE (diethylaminoethyl); A260 (absorbance at260 nm); EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid); andAIDS (acquired immunodeficiency [or immune defi-ciency] syndrome. Abbreviations for cell lines (e.g.,HeLa) also need not be defined.The following abbreviations should be used without

definition in tables:amt (amount)approx (approximately)avg (average)concn (concentration)diam (diameter)expt (experiment)exptl (experimental)ht (height)mo (month)mol wt (molecular weight)no. (number)prepn (preparation)SD (standard deviation)

Reporting Numerical Data

SE (standard error)SEM (standard error of themean)

sp act (specific activity)sp gr (specific gravity)temp (temperature)tr (trace)vol (volume)vs (versus)wk (week)wt (weight)yr (year)

Standard metric units are used for reporting length,weight, and volume. For these units and for molarity,use the refixes m, ,u, n, and p for 10-3, 10-6, 10-9,and 10- 2, respectively. Likewise, use the prefix k for103. Avoid compound prefixes such as mpL or ,u~u. UseFg/ml or ,ug/g in place of the ambiguous ppm. Units oftemperature are presented as follows: 37°C or 324 K.When fractions are used to express units such as

enzymatic activities, it is preferable to use wholeunits, such as "g" or "min," in the denominatorinstead of fractional or multiple units, such as [ug or 10min. For example, "pmol/min" would be preferable to"nmol/10 min," and "pmol/g" would be preferable to"nmol/4ug." It is also preferable that an unambiguousform such as the exponential notation be used; forexample, ",umol g-1 min-"'" is preferable to "pumol/g/min."

See the CBE Style Manual, 5th ed., for more de-tailed information about reporting numbers. Also con-tained in this source is information on SI units for thereporting of illumination, energy, frequency, pressure,and other physical terms. Always report numericaldata in the appropriate SI unit.

Isotopically Labeled CompoundsFor simple molecules, isotopic labeling is indicated

in the chemical formula (e.g., 4co2, 3H20, H235S04).

Xi

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

Brackets are not used when the isotopic symbol isattached to the name of a compound that in its naturalstate does not contain the element (e.g., 32S-ATP) orto a word that is not a specific chemical name (e.g.,311-labeled protein, G4C-amino acids, 3H-ligands, etc.).

For specific chemicals, the symbol for the isotopeintroduced is placed in square brackets directly pre-ceding the part of the name that describes the labeledentity. Note that configuration symbols and modifiersprecede the isotopic symbol. The following examplesillustrate correct usage:

[14C]ureaL-[methyl- '4C]methionine[2,3-3H]serine[cx-'4C]lysine

[e-32P]ATPUDP-[U-14C]glucoseE. coli [32P]DNAfructose 1,6-[1-32P]bisphosphate

This journal follows the same conventions for isoto-pic labeling as theJoumal ofBiological Chemistry, andmore detailed information can be found in the instruc-tions to authors of that journal (first issue of each year).

xii

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