journal of electronic design technology vol 7 issue 3

(JoEDT)

September‒December�2016

SJIF:4.663

ISSN 2229-6980 (Online)

ISSN 2321-4228 (Print)

www.stmjournals.com

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It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 7 Issue 3] of our Journal of Electronic

Design Technology, 2016. The intension of JoEDT is to create an atmosphere that stimulates vision,

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STM JOURNALS

1. Microcontroller Based Automatic Thermal Control Mechanism in Small Scale Poultry Farm Natique Z. Khan 1

2. A DC-DC Boost Converter for Energy HarvestingYogita Dahiya, Bal Krishan 7

3. Fuel Cell Power Conditioning for Low Power ApplicationsDileep Kumar, H.A. Mangalvedekar, S.K. Mahajan 13

4. Comparative Studies of Three MPPT Strategies for Solar PV System Kishan B., Kiran K.G., Masood Ahmed, Madhu Kumar and H.N. Suresh 24

5. Survey on Voltage Stability Mahesh Koli, Vijay Bhuriya 35

ContentsJournal of Electronic Design Technology

JoEDT (2016) 1-6 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

Journal of Electronic Design Technology ISSN: 2229-6980(online), ISSN: 2321-4228(print)

Volume 7, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Microcontroller Based Automatic Thermal Control

Mechanism in Small Scale Poultry Farm

Natique Z. Khan* Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Dr. N.P. Hirani Institute of

Polytechnic, Pusad, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Abstract Improvements to poultry housing systems need to focus on providing an environment that satisfies the bird’s thermal requirements in brooding and rearing duration. Newly hatched birds have a poor ability to control body temperature, and require some form of supplementary heating, particularly in the first few days after hatch, particularly in too cold and too hot weather. This paper presents the design of automatic thermal control mechanism in small-scale poultry farm to make sure chicken grows in required healthy manner and farmers suffer minimal loss due to young bird deaths and get maximum profit. This is achieved using temperature sensors, lamp, radiant heater, fan and cooler in conjunction with 89C51 microcontroller. Hourly based status of indoor temperature is updated through GSM module. An especial emergency alarm system with separate battery is also incorporated in the system to handle the worst case scenario. Keywords: 89C51, DS1820, RTC, GSM module, fan, cooler, lamp, heater

INTRODUCTION In the modern world, every passing day, a new invention will be done, each of which will give us a new school of thought and with every invention, challenges will also increase. With a new technology around, the world is getting automated. Automatic systems are more preferred over manual systems as they are energy efficient, less time is required, less cost and there is minimum need of tedious manual labor. The agriculture being the primary economic sector of India and other developing countries, it is essential to automate it in order to increase efficiency to control a system automatically monitoring and controlling in livestock, agriculture and food industry. This paper also proposes a new concept to make a poultry farm automated by monitoring and controlling specific required temperature. India is the third largest egg-producer in the world at over 204 million eggs being produced every day or 74.75 billion eggs for the year 2013–14, and the world’s sixth largest producer of poultry meat [1]. By the poultry management which involves monitoring poultry health ensuring that the poultry house is maintained with appropriate brooding, rearing, growing and laying conditions.

Various factors to be taken care for poultry management are breed effects, temperature effects, effects of nutrition and effect of lighting. Out of them, temperature effects play a vital role to save the life of small chicks. Owners need to compensate for undesirable climatic conditions by manipulating control systems or modifying the house to ensure that the welfare and environmental needs of the birds are satisfied [2]. The period from hatching until the chickens no longer require supplementary heat is called the ‘brooding period’ and usually lasts for 3 to 6 weeks, depending on seasonal temperatures and the type of housing. Chickens need supplementary heat when they hatch, because they are unable to maintain their body temperatures. As the chicken grows, its downy coat is replaced by feathers, and the brooding temperature can be gradually reduced, until supplementary heat is discontinued at about 3 to 4 weeks. The brooder must be capable of providing a temperature of 33°C, even in the coldest conditions. It must be adjustable so that a steady temperature can be maintained by using array of lamp, radiant heater, fan and cooler controlled through 89C51




A DC-DC Boost Converter for Energy Harvesting

Yogita Dahiya*, Bal Krishan Department of Electronic Engineering, YMCA University of Science and Technology,

Faridabad, Haryana, India

Abstract Energy harvesting is an emerging technology used for wireless remote and local devices. For powering these devices such as wireless nodes battery is required which demands replacement after discharging. Energy harvesting technique helps in developing battery-free operation for these devices. To do so we need power management system which itself is power efficient. These power management systems may use many technologies but one of them is DC-DC boost converter using energy or power generated by a thermoelectric generator or a solar energy. In this paper, we design the boost converter, which provides the constant DC voltage of 4 V at the input of the 500 mV.

Keywords: Energy harvester, DC-DC boost converter, TEG (Thermo-Electric Generator) INTRODUCTION Wireless sensors are becoming popular in different field’s applications from agriculture (pervasive computing) to medical (health monitoring). Initially for powering these sensors, we use ion battery but they have limited lifetime, therefore, need replacement after some interval, which increases the maintenance cost and size of the sensor device [1–3]. Ideally, the power management system should meet these design criteria: Extract maximum power from the ambient

source. Operate for wide range of input voltage Provide accurate output voltage High-efficiency throughout the input

voltage gain. Power consumption by the power

management system should be negligible. Small size

They can also be used in converting the ultra-small voltages sensed from the ambient energy source to DC voltage (Figure 1) which can be used to drive the ICs or CMOS circuits [4, 6]. DC-DC CONVERTER

Buck Converter

In buck converter as the name suggest, the output voltage is lesser than the input voltage (Figure 2). The switch S1 connected directly between input and output controls the switching and the charging time of inductor [5, 7–9].

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐷𝑉𝑖𝑛 Boost Converter In boost converter, the output voltage is always greater than the input voltage (Figure 3). The switch is connected so that the inductor charges first through the switch [10].

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 =𝑉𝑖𝑛1 − D




Fuel Cell Power Conditioning for Low Power Applications

Dileep Kumar1,*, H.A. Mangalvedekar

1, S.K. Mahajan

2

1Department of Electrical Engineering, Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

2Director, Directorate of Technical Education, Maharashtra State, Mumbai, India

Abstract Fuel Cells are the important building blocks of hydrogen-based applications. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFCs) are useful for ambient temperature operating conditions. Fuel Cells cannot be interfaced to loads directly owing to many sources of power losses. Power Conditioning and Interface are equally important for driving loads using Fuel Cell generated power. Paper discusses the requirements of power conditioning, types of DC–DC converters, Experimental work performed on DC–DC converter using BJT, IGBT, Voltage Doubler IC and DC–DC converter ICs. The results have indicated promise of interfacing circuits for fuel cell based applications. Keywords: Fuel cell, power conditioning, power electronics, boost converter

INTRODUCTION Modern society uses many battery operated appliances, which are portable and compact. The devices operate on low voltage and power. Low Power Fuel Cells could be an excellent renewable alternative for conventional battery operated devices [1]. With Fuel Cell being one of the important components of such systems, the paper focuses on basic limitations, the need for power conditioning and experimental results of low power control circuits. Normal batteries power the utility for a limited period beyond which they need recharging. The Fuel Cells supply power to load as long as Fuel supply is ensured. Low Power Fuel Cells produce power in the range of 250 mW to few Watts of power. A Fuel Cell is an electrochemical device, which converts chemical energy into electrical energy [2]. Fuel Cell energy conversion is a noise-less process as the device does not possess any mechanical part. The feature promises better scope for efficiency improvement and increased lifetime. Fuel Cell consists of two electrodes namely the positive cathode and the negative anode connected by an electrolyte [3]. Hydrogen and oxygen flow to the anode and cathode, respectively results in the following electrochemical reactions [4]: Reaction at Anode

H2 2H+ + 2e- (1) Reaction at Cathode

½ O2 + 2H+ + 2e- H2O (2) Combined Reaction

2H2 + O2 2H2O + Electricity + Heat (3) The electrodes serve the purpose of electron conduction and provide necessary surface area for the initial deposition of the molecules into atomic species before electron transfer. For higher voltages, multiple Fuel Cells are combined into a Fuel Cell stack. This is done by connecting each cell to the next in an efficient way to avoid the current being taken over the whole surface of the electrode. The continuous operation of the stack requires effective heat, air, hydrogen, and water management, which is taken care with necessary additional devices and controls. PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE

FUEL CELL (PEMFC) Proton exchange membrane Fuel Cell schematic diagram is shown in Figure 1 is suited for powering stationary and mobile applications due to its relatively moderate operating temperatures around 80°C, high power density, rapid change in power, and quick start-up [5]. These features makes the device a promising and suitable candidate for a




Comparative Studies of Three MPPT Strategies

for Solar PV System

Kishan B., Kiran K.G., Masood Ahmed, Madhu Kumar, H.N. Suresh* Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Malnad College of Engineering,

Hassan, Karnataka, India

Abstract The solar power technology is one of the most predominant technologies that serve as a major source of power supply. But, its initial cost is too high and its lesser efficiency has not made its use very attractive as an alternate. Hence, it is quite critical to use maximum power available from the solar PV panel and operate it at its highest energy conversion output. For this, the solar PV system has to function at the highest power output point. MPPT technique is used to make the system operate at MPP. The work proposed here compares the performance of fuzzy logic (FL) control method developed, with that of two other MPPT methods presently used by solar PV system and upholds which MPPT technique has better performance among them. Firstly, a MATLAB based PV array us developed. Then, three MPPT methods (Perturb and Observe (P&O), incremental conductance method and fuzzy logic method) are applied on the PV array model under constant insolation condition. Relative comparison of the performance of these three techniques showed that FL based control method developed is relatively superior and effective for MPPT. Keywords: Maximum power point tracking (MPPT), perturb and observe (P&O), maximum power point (MPP), solar photovoltaic (SPV)

INTRODUCTION Increasing power demand is becoming a key concern in power sector due to the unavailability of adequate means to meet the power demand. Renewable and non-renewable are the two sources of energy. Non-renewable energy sources cannot be replenished and are finite. But renewable sources of energies are replenished naturally. Over the last decade, many renewable energy technologies, such as solar, wind, bio-mass, wave, have advanced significantly from the viewpoint of conversion efficiency and unit cost production. But, the real energy conversion effectiveness of PV unit is rather low [1]. To overcome this difficulty and to obtain the high efficiency, optimization of all the elements taken in designing the PV module is necessary. A much needed consideration in using PV is to operate the system such that maximum power is obtained. This improves the output of the PV cells. PV modules can be made to operate at MPP using maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controllers. Thus, by employing a suitable MPPT technique, PV module can be made to deliver maximum power to load. MPPT algorithms are necessary to maximize the conversion efficiency of PV arrays. The

MPPT have non-linear V-I characteristic at which power produced is maximum. This point greatly depends on the irradiance and temperature. Irradiation and temperature change during daytime and also have seasonal variations. Also, due to cloud covers, the irradiation changes rapidly. Under all these conditions, the MPP has to be tracked accurately, so that the maximum available power is always obtained. A review on previously established works proposes many methods for attaining MPPT [2]. A comparative analysis of these techniques with respect to cost, efficiency, temperature ranges and insolation level is required. In this context, the proposed work gives a comprehensive comparison on the performance of few already available tracking techniques in a solar PV system in terms of trapped energy, efficacy of the conversion phenomenon and response time. Finally, all these three parameters are compared for three different MPPT techniques employed.




Survey on Voltage Stability

Mahesh Koli*, Vijay Bhuriya Department of Electrical Engineering, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior,

Madhya Pradesh, India

Abstract Power quality has a vital role lately because of the impact on electricity suppliers, equipment manufacturers and customers. Power quality is described as the variation of current, voltage and frequency in a power system. It mentions to an extensive type of electromagnetic (EMI) phenomena, which describes the current and voltage at a given time and at a given locality in the power system. Currently, there are several industries exploiting technology for processing units and manufacturing. This technology needs higher quality and consistency of power supply device. The industries like equipment of manufacturing units, semiconductors, computers, etc. are very sensitive to the changes of quality in power supply. Power quality (PQ) difficulties encompass an extensive range of disturbances network such as impulse transient, voltage, harmonics distortion, sags/swells, flicker, and interruptions. Voltage swells/sags can happen mainly than dissimilar PQ phenomenon. These voltage swells/sags are essentially the most undesired power problems in the vigor distribution network. The objective and scope of this paper is the study of power quality (PQ) occurrence in distribution systems. Keywords: Custom power, distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM), unified power quality compensator (UPQC), dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), power quality (PQ)

INTRODUCTION In the power system, PQ difficulty has presented significance since the late 1980s. The interest in power quality is related to all three parties concerned with the power, i.e. equipment manufacturers, utility companies and electricity consumers. Problems affecting the electric supply that were once considered tolerable by the electricity utilities and users are now frequently taken as a problem to the users of everyday tools. Sightedness power quality (PQ) can be bewildered at best. There are two terms known in electrical power systems about the quality of power: Best power quality and poor power quality. PQ can be exploited to define a power supply, which is always accessible, within the frequency and voltage tolerances and has a pious sinusoidal wave shape to each equipment, because most equipment was designed on that basis [1]. Unfortunately, most of the equipment that is technical, distorts the voltage on the electric distribution system, leading to what is called as bad PQ [2]; and thus affecting other

equipment that was designed with the expectation of consistent undistorted voltage, and are thus sensitive to power disturbances resulting in less enact and will cause elements’ odd operation or premature failure [3]. The cost of power quality (PQ) problems can be very high and include the cost of demurrage, loss of customer confidence and, in some cases, equipment damage. Indeed, power quality (PQ) is an important point in the relationship between suppliers and consumers but might become a contractual gratitude that stresses on improving power quality (PQ) [2], availability, performance and efficiency and these improvements will have advantage for industrial customers (customized and flexible availability) and for suppliers utilities [4]. CLASSIFICATION AND IMPACT OF

POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS The study of PQ difficulties is beneficial for several kinds of disturbances necessary to be sorted through magnitude and duration.

(JoEDT)

September‒December�2016

SJIF:4.663

ISSN 2229-6980 (Online)

ISSN 2321-4228 (Print)

www.stmjournals.com

STM JOURNALSScientific Technical Medical