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JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY Impact Factor 1.393, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 2, Issue 2, March 2014

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A N D H R A P R A D E S H C U D D A P A H D I ST R IC T

IN D IA

L O C A T IO N M A P

P E N D L I M A R R IM AN D A L

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R A M A P U R A M & M I T T A M E E D A P

E G U V A P A L L E

M O IL L A K A L A V A

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T H IP P I R E D D IP A L L E

C H I N N A D A S A R I P A L L E

C H E E M A L A P E N T A

G O N D I P A L L E

K O N D U R U

A M A N IV IS W A N A T H A P U R A M

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K A N A M A L O P A L L I F O R E S T

B A S E M A P O F P E N D L I M A R R I M A N D A L

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B A S E M A P I N F O R M A T I O N

D IS T R IC T B O U N D A R Y

M A N D A L B O U N D A R Y

V IL L A G E B O U N D A R Y

R IV E R

F ig N o : 3

MICRO-LEVEL EVALUATION OF HYDROGEOMORPHOLOGICAL AND GROUNDWATER PROSPECTS IN AND AROUND PENDLIMARRI AREA OF KADAPA

DISTRICT, ANDHRAPRADESH, INDIA BY USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS

G.SUDARSANA RAJU*

*Assistant Professor, Dept. of Geology, Yogivemana University, Kadapa, A.P., India

ABSTRACT Village wise Hydrogeomorphologjcal and ground water prospects has been carried out in and

around Pendlimari area by using IRS 1D LISS111 acquired on 18th June 2001.The area is

mostly covered by quartzites, shales and limestones. The study area mostly consists of

structural land forms, denudational land forms and depositional land forms. In respect of

hydrogeomorphology, the alluvial tracts (Alluvial plains) have better prospects. The plains

constituted by other rocks also have good prospects. The structural land forms indirectly help

in the ground water prospects, i.e., they act as recharge zones for the wells located at lower

levels. The ground water prospects reflect that the area has moderate to good prospects,

where in all the bore holes and yielding 100 to 120 lpm even in summer months and the bore

wells in the alluvial tracts have shown better yields of +200 lpm.

KEYWORDS: Hydro Geomorphology, Groundwater Prospects

INTRODUCTION The Pendlimarri Mandal, named after the village Pendlimarri is located in the topographical

map of 57/J11, of Survey of India. It is by the side of the road leading to the place Vempalle

from Kadapa. It is located within the area of intersection of 140 19’ 30” North latitude and

780 28’ 30” East longitude and 140 33’ 30” North latitude and 780 42’ 00” East longitude,

situated in the Kadapa district. The location of the Pendlimarri mandal with reference to the

Kadapa district and Andhra Pradesh is given. (Fig. 1).

Fig.1.Loaction map of the study area


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Individual works are present on the ground water condition of the Cuddapah basin. State

Ground Water Board and the Central Ground Water Board and Andhra Pradesh Irrigation

Development Corporation carried out various surveys in the basin. Amongst the individuals,

Jagadiswara Rao (1971, 1972, 1978 and 1982), Karanth (1974), Raghava Rao (1974a, 1974b

and 1975) and did commendable job. Sreenivasulu (2004) explained the geomorphic

evolution of the Chandragiri valley and its bearing on the ground water potential.

Ramakrishna Reddy (2007) presented the micro level evaluation of the ground water

potential of the Pulivendla mandal by assigning point system to various aspects related to the

ground water and evolved a prioritization scheme of villages for the development

purpose.Subba Reddy (2011) carried out morphometric analysis of Badabandla vanka,

Sudarsana Raju(2013)Sanjeeva Reddy (2011) and Tamma Rao (2012)and Ravikumar (2012)

used Remote sensing technology in their works on ground water.

GEOLOGY

Pendlimarri mandal is located proximal to the Kadapa town. It reflects the units of the

Papagni Group of rocks of the Cuddapah Basain and also the lithologies of the Kurnool

Group.

River Alluvium Quaternary

Nandyal Shale

Koilakuntla Limestone

Auk Shale Kurnool Group Late Proterozoic

Narji Limestone

Banaganapalli Quartzite

---- Unconformity ---

Vempalle Formation Papagni Group Middle Proterozoic

Gulcheru Quartzite

METHODOLOGY

The work has been carried out in three stages, namely,

1). Pre - field stage 2). Field stage and 3). Post - field stage


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1.6.1 Pre-field Stage:

The interpretation of satellite data and topographical maps has been carried out. The

materials used are detailed below:

1. The satellite hard copy of 57J/11 has been used for the study. The details are as given

below.

a) Satellite --- IRS 1D LISS 111

b) Path/Row --- P - 100 / R - 63

c) Acquired date --- 18th June, 2001

d) Band Number --- 2,3,4 (Blue, Green & Red)

2). Topographical map number --- 57J/ 11, scale 1: 50,000

3). Glass table with lights and

4). Tracing film.

The hard copy of the beginning of Kharif season (18th June, 2012) is used with an intention

to study the area under cultivation in the month of May, just before June, the peak summer

season, when the water table goes down considerably. This in fact is essential in the

evaluation of ground water.

The imagery (hard copy) has been interpreted keeping it on the glass table and covering it

with the tracing film. The following maps are prepared from the imagery.

1. Collection of satellite data, topographical maps of Survey of India and the existing

literature.

2. Preparation of various thematic maps, viz., Drainage, Geological, Geo-hydrological,

Geomorphological/ Hydro-Geomorphological/ Ground water prospects.

3. The maps related to ground water are prepared using the satellite data and the

corresponding topographical map. The data is interpreted visually using the image

signatures like, tone, texture, shape, size pattern, association and human influence.

4. The maps are checked for the quality of the data.

5. Field visits are made to check the maps prepared and the corrections or modifications

are incorporated where ever necessary. Number of field photographs is taken to

support the field observations. Data related to well inventory and the data pertaining

to irrigation ground water are also collected.

6. All the maps are converted into soft copies. Further, editing, labeling, mosaicing,

quality checking and data integration are also done.


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Field Stage (VISIT):

Field work was carried out in the months of February and March 2012 and again in the

month of June 2012. During the field visit, each map prepared in the pre- field stage was

checked. Modifications wherever needed were incorporated.

Post Field stage

The data collected in the field has been transferred on to the maps. The well inventory data

has been incorporated in the map on Hydrogeology. The culmination of the work is the

preparation of ground water prospects map that has been done in the following manner. The

thematic, namely, Geological, Geomorphological, Structural, Hydrological and Base maps

have been scanned. The maps were verified thoroughly to make sure that no mismatch

exists in the quadrants of different maps. Further, vectorisation of scanned files of the said

map overlays using RVCS, (Raster to Vector Conversion System) and generation of the

output files in vector format was done. Creation of coverage in Arc/Info (GIS) for all the map

overlays was also made.

The Geological and Geomorphological map overlays have polygon features. Hydrological

map overlay has polygon, line and point features. Structural map overlay has line and point

features. Base map overlay has polygon, line and point features. Editing was done in each

overlay to remove errors such as angle nodes, overshoots and undershoots etc. The

errors, which were insignificant in number, were brought within the tolerance limit to build

the final topology.

The village level maps with different themes are documented for better appreciation. It is also

felt that as the title of the paper is “Micro level evaluation ----, “ the village level maps are

necessary in which the features are reflected clearly.

As the name point it deals both with geomorphology and hydrology. The basic hydrological

conditions, viz., 1. Nature of the land form, 2. Prospects of ground water are considered

under this head. Ground water potential of each geomorphic unit is also presented. As the

study is on “Micro level evaluation ----“, Geomorphological map of each village is presented

for better appreciation.

Basic Geomorphic units:

The basic geomorphic units that are recognised are, 1. Structural land forms,

2. Denudational land forms and 3. Deposotional land forms.

Structural land forms:


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Cuesta: Gulcheru Quartzite (Papagni Group): This has steep obsequent slope and gentle consequent

slope. Gulcheru Quartzite reflects this land form as a prominent one. The consequent slope is

also the dip slope, i.e., towards north. The nature of the quartzite do not allow any infiltration.

Hence, the prospects are poor. Occasionally it is affected by faults. In such areas springs are

noticed. One such example is near Lord Narasimha Swamy temple near

Chinnadasarapalle.(Fig.1a).

Fig.1a. The consequent slope of cuesta.

Vempalle Formation (Ppagni Group): This unit towards north exhibits the cuesta type of land

form with the consequent slope sloping towards north. Almost all the villages located north

of the Kadapa – Vempalle road exhibit the cuesta type of land forms.

The lithological units associated are dolomite, chert and shale. In general, as the last two

units are aquifuge type, the prospects are poor to limted, but the dolomite with its internal

flow occasionally forms an aquifer. When the component of chert is more, the possibiity of

forming an aquifer becomes difficult unless well developed secondary porosity is available.

Rarely on the fringes of cuesta occasional bore wells are observed (Figs. 2 to-5) as in the case

of the area 1.5 km south south west of Chinnachappalle (B1) and 0.5 km east of Tummaluru (A1).

Fig.2. A bore hole on the gentle slope of Fig. 3. A bore hole on the fringe cuesta . of cuesta. Note the cuesta slope at the backdrop.


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. Fig. 4. Yet another bore hole on the Fig.5. Yet another bore hole on the fringe of cuesta. gentle slope of cuesta. Denudational land forms / hills:

Vempalle Formation (Papagni Group): These are mostly seen in the areas of Kondur (A1),

Gondipalle (A1) and south of Cheemalapenta (B1). This type of land form is observed only

when the lithological unit is mostly constituted by dolomite with very less percentage of

chert. The prospects of this type of land form is generally poor with occasional limited

prospects, if the area has secondary porosity in the form of lineaments.

Pediment:

The distribution of this unit is very limted. Occasionally, the chert and cherty dolomite occurs

as pedinent. The prospects are poor to limited.

Depositional land forms:

Plains are considered as depositional land forms. In the area under report there are

insignificant valley fills and alluvial fans that are also recognised as depositional land forms.

Plains:

Plains are considered as depositional forms as they have formed due to partly by erosion and

mostly by the development of soil that gets deposited on it to give the final shape of plain .

Vempalle Formation (Papagni Group): Plains are observed in the areas of Tummaluru ,

Konduru , Gondipalle , Cheemalapenta , Pagadalapalle and Pendlimarri .

Most of the bore wells are located in the plains. The subjacent rock is mostly shale with very

less percentage of dolomite. Based on the lithology of the sub-crop different colors are

reflected by soils. If the sub-crop is purple shale with limited carbonate percentage the color


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of the soil is reddish brown; if the dolomite content is more, the dark grey color is reflected

by the soil.

Alluvial Plains:

These are located adjacent to the river Papagni and can be considered as old flood plain

(Fig.6and 6a.). As the river Papagni has become misfit, the old flood plains have become the

centres of Anthropogenic influence reflecting the excessive agricultural activity.

.

Fig.6 A bore well on alluvial sand unit Fig.6a.A bore well inAlluvial plain

Alluvial fan:

This has very limited distribution, mainly located in the Gondipalle area. The ground water

prospects are supposed to be good. But the limited distribution in the area may restrict the

prospects.

Valley fill.

As in the case of alluvial fan this unit also has the limited distribution. The prospects are

moderate to good.

Village wise geomorphology and groundwater prospects are given

1. Pendlimarri: Geomorphology: Ferruginous Shale of the Vempalle Formation in association with dolomite

has yielded to secondary porosity in the form of lineaments. The pebbly float ore of iron and

the bedding fissility help in the infiltration of surface water. Prospects are moderate to good.

The other units of the Vempalle Formation form cuesta type of land form. The consequent

slope helps in the run – off. Limited prospects are expected if there are any lineaments. The

prospects are poor to limited. In the case of the cuesta of the Gulcheru Quartzite the prospects

are poor. Ground water prospects: In the case of plains the depth range of the wells is 75m –

100m. The yield is + 150 lpm. The calcareous nature of the shale and the secondary porosity

help in getting aquifer conditions at depths.

The cuesta mainly acts as run-off zone. Acts as recharge zone to the wells located at the

lower levels(Table.1and 1a and Figure.7)


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2. Pagadalapalle:

Geomorphology: Shale in association with dolomite has yielded to secondary porosity in the

form of lineaments. The prospects are limited to moderate

The gentle slope of the pediment and the consequent slope of the cuesta of dolomite of the

Vempalle Formation help in the run – off. Limited prospects are expected if there are any

lineaments at lower levels.

Ground water prospects: In the case of plains the depth range of the wells is 75m – 100m.

The yield is + 150 lpm. The calcareous nature of the shale and the secondary porosity help in

getting aquifer conditions at depths. (Table.2 and Figure.8)

3. Chabali:

Geomorphology: Alluvial sands form a river plain that have good porosity and permeability.

Proximity to river helps in the good recharge. Hence, the prospects are good.

Shale and dolomite have moderate to good prospects. In general, the prospects of the gentle

cuesta of the Vempalle Formation are considered as moderate. But there are certain areas

affected by lineaments. Such areas aided by the above said reasons may yield good prospects.

Ground water prospects: In the alluvial plains there are shallow wells and tube wells with

yield of +200 lpm. T the prospects are good.

Shale in association with dolomite has 100m depth of wells that have yielded 150 – 200 lpm.

The yield is due to the secondary porosity in the form of lineaments. The aquifer lies in the

fractured carbonate at depth.

In general if the Vempalle Formation has chert the depth of the wells goes beyond 100m and

the yield will be limited. Certain areas may yield good prospects if the wells are located on

lineaments.

( Table.3 and Figure.9 and9a)

9a..A bore well on shale +olomite


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4.Tummalur:

Geomorphology: In colluvium recharge from the slopes will be good. The unconsolidated

material in the valley fill helps in the infiltration. The prospects are moderate to good.

Alluvial sands form river plains that have good porosity and permeability. Proximity to river

helps in the good recharge. Hence, the prospects are good.

Shale in association with dolomite of the Vempalle Formation have yielded to secondary

porosity in the form of lineaments. This aspect further supported by the “Karst” nature of the

dolomite has boosted the prospects. This has been further aided by the recharge from the river

that is proximal to the geomorphic unit.

The gentle slope of the pediment and the consequent slope of cuesta help in the run – off.

Limited prospects are expected, if there are any lineaments.

Ground water prospects: In colluvium the depth range of wells will be 75m -100m with

moderate to good yield of +150 lpm. Recharge from the slopes will be good. The

unconsolidated material in the valley fill helps in the infiltration. Aquifer lies in the

underlying fractured rock.

In alluvial sands the wells are of shallow nature and yield will be good with +200 lpm. The

prospects are good. The calcareous nature of the shale and the secondary porosity help in

getting aquifer conditions at depths.

The pediment and the consequent slope of cuesta have depth range of wells of + 100m with

limited yield of 75 lpm. These act as a recharge zone to the wells located at lower levels.

( Table.4 and Figure.10)

5. Machanur:

Geomorphology: Alluvial sands form a river plain that has good porosity and permeability.

Hence, the prospects are good.

In the case of Narji Limestone secondary porosity is considerably good. “Karst”

topography that develops help in the formation of good prospects. Proximity to river helps in

the good recharge. However, the prospects are moderate.

The consequent slope of the cuesta of chert of the Vempalle Formation helps in the run – off.

This acts as a recharge zone to the wells located at lower levels. The prospects are poor to

limited. Ground water prospects: Alluvial sands form a river plain that has good porosity and

permeability. The wells are shallow and have good yield of + 200 lpm. Proximity to river

helps in the good recharge. Hence, the prospects are good.


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The wells in the Narji Limestone have depth range of 75 – 100m with moderate yield of

150lpm The secondary porosity is considerably good. “Karst” topography that develops help

in the formation of moderate prospects.

The depth of the wells in shale in association with dolomite of the Vempalle Formation is

about 100m. The yield due to secondary porosity in the form of lineaments is of the order of

150lpm -200lpm. The aquifer lies in the fractured carbonate at depth. (Table.5 and Figure.11)

6. Kondur:

Geomorphology: In the case of alluvial fan and valley fill, recharge from the slopes will be

good. The unconsolidated material in both the land forms will help in the infiltration that has

qualified the prospects to be moderate to good.

Shale in association with dolomite have been aided by the recharge from the river that is

proximal. This has boosted the prospects to be good.

The hill forming dolomite acts as run-off zone. Limited prospects are expected at lower

levels, if there are any lineaments.

Ground water prospects: The slope debris, the colluvium and the calcareous shale can have

wells up to the range of 75 – 100m with moderate to good yield of + 150 lpm.

Wells are not located in the hilly terrain of dolomite. It helps in more run-off. Acts as a

recharge zone to the wells located at lower levels. ( Table.6 and Figure.12 and 12a)

Fig.12,a. A bore well on shale + limestone. Fig.13.a A bore well on dolomite

7. Gondipalle:


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Geomorphology: The colluviums gets recharge from the slopes. The unconsolidated material

in the valley fill helps in the infiltration. Alluvial fans will also similar conditions.

In the plains recharge from the slopes will be good. The secondary porosity and the plain

nature of the land form helps in infiltration. In fact, more number of wells are located on this

land form.

The hilly nature the dolomite of the Vempalle Formation helps in more run-off. Limited

prospects are expected at lower levels, if there are any lineaments.

Ground water prospects: In the case of colluviums and slope debris, the depth of the wells

will be 75 – 100m and the yield will be + 150 lpm with moderate to good prospects.

The shale (calcareous) will have wells ranging from 75m – 100m, with yield of + 150 lpm

and with moderate to good prospects.

The dolomite (hilly nature) will have wells of +100m with yield of 75 – 100 lpm and with

poor to limited prospects.

The dolomite + chert have wells of + 100m and the yield is of the order of 75 lpm indicating

poor prospects.

The quartzite does not have any wells, but it acts as a recharge zone to the wells located at

lower levels. ( Table.7 and Figure.13 and 13a.)

8. Cheemalapenta:

Geomorphology: In the case of colluviums the recharge from the slopes of the hills will be

good. The unconsolidated material in the valley fill helps in the infiltration. The prospects are

moderate to good.

In the plains recharge from the slopes will be good. In fact more number of wells is located

on this land form. The prospects are moderate to good.

The denudational hills (hilly nature) have limited prospects at lower levels, if there are any

lineaments and the prospects are poor to limited.

The dolomite and chert form consequent slope that helps in the run – off. Hence have limited

prospects.

Ground water prospects: Recharge from the slopes will be good for colluvium. The depth

range of wells is 75 – 100m and the yield is 150 lpm with moderate to good prospects.

In the calcareous shale, the depth range of wells is 75m – 100m and the yield is + 150 lpm.

The prospects are moderate to good.

The hill forming dolomites have wells of the depth of + 100m at lower levels with yield of 75

– 100 lpm. The prospects are limited.


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The consequent slope on the units of dolomite + chert will have wells of + 100m at lower

levels. The yield is 75- 100 lpm with poor to limited prospects. ( Table.8and Figure14)

9. Gangannapalle:

Geomorphology: Though the plains have shale, calcareous component is more. This makes

the rock to yield to fracturing that helps in the infiltration of surface water that finally

develops into good prospects.

The consequent slope is towards north, the direction in which the plains are located. The run-

off is more due to the slope. Limited prospects are expected at lower levels of the slope, if it

is affected by lineaments.

Ground water prospects: The prospects are good. In the Kurnool Group of rocks, the depth of

the wells is of the order of 75-100m and the yield is + 150 lpm. In the carbonates the well

depth goes up to 100m and the yield is + 150 lpm. In the dolomite + chert + ferruginous shale

it is mostly run-off and the depth of wells is + 100m and the yield is poor, i.e., 75 lpm.

(Table.9 and Figure 15)

CONCLUSION

Geomorphologically, the quartzite hills of the Gulcheru Quartzite form the structural hills.

The units of the Vempalle Formation reflect cuesta, pediment and pediplane type of land

forms.

The rocks of the Kurnool Group also form the pediplane. The alluvial tracts represent the old

flood plain of the river Papagni.

In respect of hydrogeomorphology, the alluvial tracts (Alluvial plains) have better prospects.

The plains constituted by other rocks also have good prospects. The structural land forms

indirectly help in the ground water prospects, i.e., they act as recharge zones for the wells

located at lower levels. The ground water prospects reflect that the study area has moderate to

good prospects, where in all the bore holes and yielding 100 to 120 lpm even in summer

months and the bore wells in the alluvial tracts have shown better yields of +200 lpm.

Table. – 1, Village Name --- Pendlimarri


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Group / Formation / Lithology

Land form

Ground water prospects

Remarks

Papagni Group Vempalle Formation Shale + Dolomite

Plains Good Ferruginous Shale in association with dolomite has yielded to secondary porosity in the form of lineaments. The pebbly float ore of iron and the bedding fissility help in the infiltration of surface water.

Papagni Group / Vempalle Formation Ferruginous shale + Dolomite + Chert + Quartzite (B.Q)

Gentle Cuesta

Poor to Limited The consequent slope helps in the run – off. Limited prospects are expected if there are any lineaments.

Papagni Group / Gulcheru Quartzite / Quartzite

Cuesta Poor The lithology involved acts as aquiclude.

Village Name --- Pendlimarri .Table. – 1A

Group / Formation / Lithology Depth range of

wells Yield of wells Remarks

Papagni Group Vempalle Formation/ Shale + Dolomite

75-100m Moderate to good + 150 lpm

The calcareous nature of the shale and the secondary porosity help in getting aquifer conditions at depths

Papagni Group / Vempalle Formation / Ferruginous shale + Dolomite + Chert + Quartzite (B.Q)

Wells not located -------------- Mainly run-off zone. Acts as recharge zone to the wells located at the lower levels


Wells not located -------------- Mainly run-off zone. Acts as recharge zone to the wells located at the lower levels

(B.Q) = Banaganapalle Quartzite / Kurnool Group

Table. – 2.Village Name --- Pagadalapallle

Group / Formation / Lithology Land form Ground water

prospects Remarks

Papagni Group / Vempalle Formation Ferruginous shale + Dolomite

Plains Limited to Moderate

Shale in association with dolomite has yielded to secondary porosity in the form of lineaments. The pebbly float ore of iron and the bedding fissility may help in the infiltration of surface water.

Papagni Group / Vempalle Formation Dolomite

Pediment Poor to limited The gentle slope helps in the run – off. Limited prospects are expected if there are any lineaments.

Papagni Group / Vempalle Formation Ferruginous shale + Dolomite + Chert + Quartzite (B.Q)

Gentle Cuesta

Poor to Limited The consequent slope helps in the run – off. Limited prospects are expected if there are any lineaments.

Table.2a.Village Name --- Pagadalapallle

Group / Formation / Lithology Depth range Yield of wells Remarks


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of wells

Papagni Group / Vempalle Formation/ Ferruginous shale + Dolomite



Papagni Group / Vempalle Formation/ Dolomite

Wells not located

----------- The gentle slope helps in the run – off. Acts as a recharge zone to the adjacent wells.

Papagni Group / Vempalle Formation/ Ferruginous shale + Dolomite + Chert + Quartzite (B.Q)

Wells not located

---------------- The consequent slope helps in the run – off. Acts as a recharge zone to the wells located at lower levels.

Table. - 3Village Name --- Chabali

Table. – 3AVillage Name --- Chabali

Group / Formation / Lithology Depth range of wells

Yield of wells Remarks

Alluvial Sands Shallow wells and tube wells

Good + 200 lpm It forms a river plain that has good porosity and permeability. Proximity to river helps in the good recharge. Hence, the prospects are good.

Papagni Group / Vempalle Formation / Shale + Dolomite +

100m Moderate to good 150lpm -200lpm

Shale in association with dolomite has yielded to secondary porosity in the form of lineaments. The aquifer lies in the fractured carbonate at depth.

Papagni Group / Vempalle Formation / Shale + Dolomite + Chert + Quartzite (B.Q)

+ 100m Limited In general more of run-off. Certain areas may yield good prospects if the wells are located on lineaments.

(B.Q) = Banaganapalle Quartzite / Kurnool Group

.

Table. - 4Village Name --- Tummaluru

Group / Formation / Lithology Land form


Remarks

Alluvial Sands Alluvial Plains

Good It forms a river plain that has good porosity and permeability. Proximity to river helps in the good recharge. Hence, the prospects are good.

Papagni Group / Vempalle Formation / Shale + Dolomite +

Plains Good Shale in association with dolomite has yielded to secondary porosity in the form of lineaments. This aspect further supported by the “Karst” nature of the dolomite has boosted the prospects. This has been further aided by the recharge from the river that is proximal to the geomorphic unit.

Papagni Group / Vempalle Formation / Shale + Dolomite + Chert + Quartzite (B.Q)

Gentle Cuesta

Moderate to Good

In general the prospects are considered as moderate. But there are certain areas affected by lineaments. Such areas aided by the above said reasons may yield good prospects.


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Land form Ground water prospects

Remarks

Colluvium Valley fill Moderate to Good

Recharge from the slopes will be good. The unconsolidated material in the valley fill helps in the infiltration.

Alluvial Sands Alluvial Plains

Good It forms a river plain that has good porosity and permeability. Proximity to river helps in the good recharge. Hence, the prospects are good.

Papagni Group / Vempalle Formation / Dolomite + Shale


Papagni Group / Vempalle Formation /Dolomite

Pediment Poor to limited

The gentle slope helps in the run – off. Limited prospects are expected, if there are any lineaments.

Papagni Group / Vempalle Formation/ Chert +Dolomite

Cuesta Poor to limited

The consequent slope helps in the run – off. Limited prospects are expected at lower levels, if there are any lineaments, as the lithology involved has the nature to develop “Karst” topography also.

Table. – 4AVillage Name --- Tummaluru


Depth range of wells

Yield of wells

Remarks

Colluvium 75-100m Moderate to Good +150 lpm

Recharge from the slopes will be good. The unconsolidated material in the valley fill helps in the infiltration. Aquifer lies in the underlying fractured rock.


Good + 200 lpm

It forms a river plain that has good porosity and permeability. Proximity to river helps in the good recharge. Hence, the prospects are good.



The calcareous nature of the shale and the secondary porosity help in getting aquifer conditions at depths.

Papagni Group / Vempalle Formation/ Dolomite

+100m Limited 75 – 100 lpm

The hilly nature helps in more run - off. Limited prospects are expected at lower levels, if there are any lineaments.

Papagni Group / Vempalle Formation/ Chert + Dolomite

+100m Poor to limited 75 lpm

The consequent slope helps in the run – off. Limited prospects are expected at lower levels, if there are any lineaments. This acts as a recharge zone to the wells located at lower levels.

Table. – 5.Village Name --- Machanuru


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Table. – 5A.Village Name --- Machanuru Group / Formation

/ Lithology Depth

range of wells



Good + 200 lpm

It forms a river plain that has good porosity and permeability. Proximity to river helps in the good recharge. Hence, the prospects are good.

Kurnool Group / Narji Limestone (Massive)

75-100m Moderate 150 lpm



100m Limited to Moderate 75- 150 lpm

Secondary porosity is considerably good. “Karst” topography that develops help in the formation of moderate prospects.


100m Moderate to good 150lpm -200lpm

Shale in association with dolomite has yielded to secondary porosity in the form of lineaments. The aquifer lies in the fractured carbonate at depth.

Papagni Group / Vempalle Formation/ Chert + Quartzite (B.Q).


The consequent slope helps in the run – off. Limited prospects are expected at lower levels, if there are any lineaments. This acts as a recharge zone to the wells located at lower levels.

B.Q = Banaganapalle Quartzite

Table. – 6.Village Name --- Konduru



Remarks

Alluvial Sands

Alluvial Plains Good It forms a river plain that has good porosity and permeability. Proximity to river helps in the good recharge. Hence, the prospects are good.


Plains Moderate Secondary porosity is considerably good. “Karst” topography that develops help in the formation of good prospects Proximity to river helps in the good recharge. However, the prospects are mpderate. .


Plains Limited to moderate

Secondary porosity is considerably good. “Karst” topography that develops help in the formation of good prospects. Proximity to river helps in the good recharge. However, the prospects are limited to moderate.


Plains Good Shale in association with dolomite has yielded to secondary porosity in the form of lineaments. This aspect further supported by the “Karst” nature of the dolomite has boosted the prospects. This has been further aided by the recharge from the river that is proximal to the geomorphic unit

Papagni Group / Vempalle Formation/ Chert + Quartzite (B.Q).


The consequent slope helps in the run – off. This acts as a recharge zone to the wells located at lower levels.


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Remarks

Slope debris Alluvial fan Moderate to Good

Recharge from the slopes will be good. The unconsolidated material in the fan helps in the infiltration.



Papagni Group Vempalle Formation Shale + Dolomite


Papagni Group Vempalle Formation Dolomite

Denudational Hills

Poor to limited The hilly nature helps in more run-off. Limited prospects are expected at lower levels, if there are any lineaments.

Table. – 6AVillage Name --- Konduru




Slope debris 75-100m Moderate to Good +150 lpm




Papagni Group Vempalle Formation/ Shale + Dolomite



Papagni Group Vempalle Formation/ Dolomite

Wells not located --------------- The hilly nature helps in more run-off. Acts as a recharge zone to the wells located at lower levels.

Table. – 7.Village Name --- Gondipalle


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Remarks

Colluvium Valley fill Moderate to Good Recharge from the slopes will be good. The unconsolidated material in the valley fill helps in the infiltration.

Slope debris Alluvial fan Moderate to Good Recharge from the slopes will be good. The unconsolidated material of the fan helps in the infiltration.

Papagni Group / Vempalle Formation Shale

Plains Moderate to Good Recharge from the slopes will be good. The secondary porosity and the plain nature of the land form helps in infiltration. In fact more number of wells are located on this land form.


Denudational Hills

Poor to limited The hilly nature helps in more run-off. Limited prospects are expected at lower levels, if there are any lineaments.

Papagni Group / Vempalle Formation Dolomite + Chert

Cuesta Poor to limited The consequent slope helps in the run – off. Limited prospects are expected at lower levels, if there are any lineaments, as the lithology involved has the nature to develop “Karst” topography also.



Table. – 7A.Village Name --- Gondipalle






Slope debris 75-100m Moderate to Good+150 lpm


Papagni Group / Vempalle Formation / Shale




+100m Limited 75 – 100 lpm

The hilly nature helps in more run-off. Limited prospects are expected at lower levels, if there are any lineaments.

Papagni Group / Vempalle Formation / Dolomite + Chert


The consequent slope helps in the run – off. Limited prospects are expected at lower levels, if there are any lineaments.


Wells not found -------- Mostly run-off that acts as a recharge zone to the wells located at lower levels.

Table. – 8.Village Name --- Chemalapenta


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Remarks



Papagni Group / Vempalle Formation Shale

Plains Moderate to Good

Recharge from the slopes will be good. The secondary porosity and the plain nature of the land form helps in infiltration. In fact more number of wells are located on this land form


Denudational Hills

Poor to limited

The hilly nature helps in more run-off. Limited prospects are expected at lower levels, if there are any lineaments.

Papagni Group / Vempalle Formation Dolomite + Chert


The consequent slope helps in the run – off. Limited prospects are expected at lower levels, if there are any lineaments, as the lithology involved has the nature to develop “Karst” topography also.



Table. – 8A.Village Name --- Chemalapenta

Table. - 9Village Name --- Gangannapalle




Colluvium 75-100m Moderate to Good +150

lpm


Aquifer lies in the underlying fractured rock

Papagni Group / Vempalle Formation/ Shale

75-100m Moderate to good + 150

lpm

The calcareous nature of the shale and the secondary porosity help in getting

aquifer conditions at depths. Papagni Group / Vempalle

Formation / Dolomite +100m Limited 75 –

100 lpm The hilly nature helps in more run-off.

Limited prospects are expected at lower levels, if there are any lineaments.

Papagni Group / Vempalle Formation/ Dolomite + Chert

+100m Poor to limited 75

lpm

The consequent slope helps in the run – off. Limited prospects are expected at

lower levels, if there are any lineaments. Papagni Group / Gulcheru

Quartzite / Quartzite Wells not found -------- Mostly run-off that acts as a recharge

zone to the wells located at lower levels.


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Land form


Remarks

Kurnool Group / Nandyal Shale

Plains Good Though it is stated as shale, calcareous component is more in this unit. This makes the rock to yield to fracturing that helps in the

development of secondary porosity. Further, the contact between the Vempalle Formation and the rocks of the Kurnool Group is faulted.

This also adds to the infiltration of surface water. Kurnool Group / Narji Limestone

(Massive)

Plains Good Secondary porosity is considerably good. “Karst” topography that develops help in the formation of good prospects.

Papagni Group / Vempalle

Formation/ Dolomite +

Chert + Ferruginous

shale

Cuesta Poor to Limited

The consequent slope is towards north, the direction in which the plains are located. The run-off is more due to the slope. Limited

prospects are expected at lower levels of the slope, if it is affected by lineaments.

Table. – 9AVillage Name --- Gagannapalle

Group / Formation /

Lithology Depth

range of wells

Yield of wells

Remarks Kurnool Group / Nandyal Shale

75-100m

Good + 150 lpm



100m Good + 150 lpm

Secondary porosity is considerably good. “Karst” topography that develops help in the formation of good prospects.

Papagni Group / Vempalle Formation/ Dolomite + Chert + Ferruginous shale

+100m Limited 75 lpm

More of run-off but at lower levels the yields are limited.

Fig.7 Fig.8 Fig.9


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Fig.10 Fig.11 Fig.12

Fig,13

Fig.14 Fig.15

REFERENCES

1. Bowden, L.W., And Pruit. E. L., (1975). Manual of Remote Sensing vol.2. Interpretation and applications. Amer. Soc. of Photogrammetry. Falls Church. Virginia P-58

2. Howe, R. H. et.al., (1956). Application of photo interpretation in the location of Ground Water. Jour Water works assoc., vol 48. P-58

3. Jagadiswara Rao, R., (1971). Ground Water Surys in Rayalaseema paper presented at the seminar on industrial potential of Rayalaseema, S.V.University, Dec 18, 1971.

4. Jagadiswra Rao, R., (1972). Ground Water Surys in Rayalaseema, the Deccan Chronicle, Hyderabad, Jan 9, 1972.

5. Jagadiswra Rao, R., (1978). Development and protection of Ground Water resources in the drought-prone areas of South India: paper presented at the UNESO-Sponsored course , seminar and tour on scientific basis f Ground water Research and protection, Moscow State.

6. Karanth, K.R., (1974). Present exploration and additional Potential of Ground water available for development In the Rayalaseema region, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.

7. Karanth, K.R., (1987). Ground water assessment development And management: McGraw- Hill publishing company, Ltd., New Delhi.


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8. Krishna Rao (1970), Hydrometerological aspects of estimating ground water potential seminar volume, Ground Water potential of hard rock areas of India, Bangalore, p - 10..

9. Nagaraja Rao, B.K., Rajurkar, S.T and others (1987) - Stratigraphy, Structure and Evolution of the Cuddapa basin. Mem. 6, Geol. Soc. Ind., Bangalore, pp. 33 – 86..

10. Nagaraja Rao , B.K. (1997) - Geology of the Cuddapah basin. Pp. 1 – 626,(Unpublished).

11. Pluhowski, E.J., (1972). Hydrological Interpretation based on informed Imagery of long Island, New York. U.S. Geological Survey Water supply paper 2009 B, P-58.

12. Ramakrishna Reddy. N (2007). Micro level evaluation of ground water potential and prioritization of villages for the development of Pulivendla Mandal, Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh, India by using remote sensing data and GIS. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, S.V. University, Tirupati.

13. Ravi kumar.M(2012)Micro level evaluation of water resources in and around pendlimarri area, kadapa district ,A.P . India by using remote sensi ng and GIS. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, S.V.University,Tirupati.

14. Sabins, Floyd. F., (Jr) (1997) - Remote sensing principles and Interpretation. 3rd Edition. W.H. Freeman. New York.

15. Sreevasulu, J., (2004) Geomorphic evolution and it’s reflection on the Ground Water evaluation of the Chandragiri Valley in Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh, India, by using Remote Sensing data and GIS. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, S.V. University, Tirupati.

16. Subba Reddy, M.V., et. Al, (2011). Morphometric analysis of Badabandala vanka watershed, Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Gondwana Geological Magazine, 26, vol. 1.

17. Sudarsana Raju.G(2013)Application of remote sensing data for identification of groundwater potential in and around kadapa, A.P. India. International journal of remote sensing and geosciences. Vol.2,issue1,2013

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