Journal of Management Policy and Practice

North American Business Press Atlanta Seattle South Florida - Toronto

Journal of Management Policy and Practice

Editor Dr. Daniel Goldsmith

Founding Editor

Dr. William Johnson

Editor-In-Chief Dr. David Smith

NABP EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD

Dr. Andy Bertsch - MINOT STATE UNIVERSITY Dr. Jacob Bikker - UTRECHT UNIVERSITY, NETHERLANDS Dr. Bill Bommer - CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, FRESNO Dr. Michael Bond - UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA Dr. Charles Butler - COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY Dr. Jon Carrick - STETSON UNIVERSITY Dr. Mondher Cherif - REIMS, FRANCE Dr. Daniel Condon - DOMINICAN UNIVERSITY, CHICAGO Dr. Bahram Dadgostar - LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY, CANADA Dr. Deborah Erdos-Knapp - KENT STATE UNIVERSITY Dr. Bruce Forster - UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA, KEARNEY Dr. Nancy Furlow - MARYMOUNT UNIVERSITY Dr. Mark Gershon - TEMPLE UNIVERSITY Dr. Philippe Gregoire - UNIVERSITY OF LAVAL, CANADA Dr. Donald Grunewald - IONA COLLEGE Dr. Samanthala Hettihewa - UNIVERSITY OF BALLARAT, AUSTRALIA Dr. Russell Kashian - UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN, WHITEWATER Dr. Jeffrey Kennedy - PALM BEACH ATLANTIC UNIVERSITY Dr. Jerry Knutson - AG EDWARDS Dr. Dean Koutramanis - UNIVERSITY OF TAMPA Dr. Malek Lashgari - UNIVERSITY OF HARTFORD Dr. Priscilla Liang - CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, CHANNEL ISLANDS Dr. Tony Matias - MATIAS AND ASSOCIATES Dr. Patti Meglich - UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA, OMAHA Dr. Robert Metts - UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO Dr. Adil Mouhammed - UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, SPRINGFIELD Dr. Roy Pearson - COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY Dr. Veena Prabhu - CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, LOS ANGELES Dr. Sergiy Rakhmayil - RYERSON UNIVERSITY, CANADA Dr. Robert Scherer - CLEVELAND STATE UNIVERSITY Dr. Ira Sohn - MONTCLAIR STATE UNIVERSITY Dr. Reginal Sheppard - UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA Dr. Carlos Spaht - LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY, SHREVEPORT Dr. Ken Thorpe - EMORY UNIVERSITY Dr. Robert Tian - MEDIALLE COLLEGE Dr. Calin Valsan - BISHOP'S UNIVERSITY, CANADA Dr. Anne Walsh - LA SALLE UNIVERSITY Dr. Thomas Verney - SHIPPENSBURG STATE UNIVERSITY Dr. Christopher Wright - UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE, AUSTRALIA

Volume 14(4) ISSN 1913-8067 Authors have granted copyright consent to allow that copies of their article may be made for personal or internal use. This does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale. Any consent for republication, other than noted, must be granted through the publisher:

North American Business Press, Inc. Atlanta Seattle South Florida - Toronto Journal of Management Policy and Practice 2013 For submission, subscription or copyright information, contact the editor at: customerservice@na-businesspress.com Subscription Price: US$ 340/yr Our journals are indexed by one of more of the following: UMI-Proquest-ABI Inform, EBSCOHost, GoogleScholar, and listed with Cabell's Directory of Periodicals, Ulrich's Listing of Periodicals, Bowkers Publishing Resources, the Library of Congress, the National Library of Canada. Our journals have been used to support the Academically Qualified (AQ) faculty classification by all recognized business school accrediting bodies.

This Issue

Proactive Personality and Intent to Remain with an Organization: Understanding Factors Affecting Retention of Israeli Employees ....................................................... 11 Veena P. Prabhu This study examined the factors that affect retention of proactive employees. Data was collected from employees in Israel and the results supported the mediating effect of three factorsorganizational commitment, perceived organizational support and managerial communication in the relationship between proactive personality and intent to remain with the organization. Implications for organizations and future research are discussed. The Ties that Influence: A Social Network Analysis of Prototypical Employees Effects on Job Attitudes among Coworkers ....................................................................... 26 Thomas J. Zagenczyk, Ray Gibney, W. Timothy Few, Russell L. Purvis We explore whether or not prototypical employees employees who represent the goals and values of the organization - are socially influential. We contend that employees will hold similar attitudes (organizational commitment, job satisfaction) to those of prototypical employees when strong (as opposed to weak) tie relationships characterized by friendship or advice exist between an employee and a coworker. A social networks study of admissions department employees revealed that employees tend to have similar organizational commitment and job satisfaction to prototypical coworkers with whom they maintain strong friendship ties as well those with whom they maintain strong advice ties. Motivating Healthcare Workers to Work During a Crisis: A Literature Review .............................. 43 Christine D. Valdez, Thomas W. Nichols Healthcare professionals are vital for assisting society through public health crises, natural disasters, and catastrophes. A review of the literature reveals many such professionals, however, are unwilling to work during these times, for various reasons. Motivational tools are reviewed and suggestions are made on how to best ensure healthcare workers will report for duty when they are most needed. New Perspectives in Economic Development: The Role of China in African Development .............. 52 Winston Awadzi Africa still has some of the poorest nations in the world despite over half a century of efforts by Western countries and institutions. Today, the Chinese have a stronghold in Africa and are working to help African nations develop. The Chinese approach is diametrically opposite to the Western approach. Where the West has failed, the Chinese hope to build new, vibrant economies. They also intend to be there for the long term. While early results indicate significant progress, the success of the Chinese effort will depend more on the capacity of African countries to capitalize on the opportunity to develop.

Discrepancies in Entrepreneurship Ratings: A Search for Answers in Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, and Panama .......................................................................................................... 63 Daniel Thurston, Kaylee Hackney, David J. Boggs Number of new firms per working-age population is an entrepreneurship measure used by the World Bank. This rating varies between Central American and Caribbean economies; Panama is rated low, Dominican Republic medium, and Costa Rica high. This study examines country competitive advantages in an effort to determine causes of this discrepancy. Regression analysis is performed using Global Competitiveness Report data to compare Central American and Caribbean countries to 34 other nations. We find entrepreneurship is related to (1) foreign direct investment, (2) legal rights, (3) property rights, and (4) strength of the education system. Surprisingly, ease of access to financing is not found to be significant. Toward a Better Understanding of the Relationships among Received Wisdom, Groupthink, and Organizational Ethical Culture.................................................................................. 75 Ronald R. Sims, William I. Sauser In this article we (a) describe our perspective on received wisdom and groupthink and how these phenomena affect organizational ethical culture, (b) provide numerous examples of the negative effects of unwise received wisdom and groupthink on poor ethical decisions and actions taken by organizations in recent history, (c) discuss our concept of ethical organizational cultures based on character, and (d) outline intentional steps organizational leaders can take to see that received wisdom leads to an ethical organizational culture based on character. Legalized Market for Human Kidneys: A Wrong Solution to a Right Problem ................................. 91 Reza Varjavand Out of 113, 000 patients who are waiting for organ transplants, as of Feb. 8th 2012, almost 91,000 of them, more than 80%, are waiting for a kidney. Additionally, the number of kidney donors is 12,090, indicating that there are only thirteen donors for every 100 patients on the waiting list. Evidently, there is a severe kidney shortage in the US, thus creating the possibility of alleviating it through monetary incentives like paying donors. This paper discusses the suitability of such incentives as solutions to the shortage of human organs in general and kidneys in particular? Dynamics of the Work Life Balance at the Firm Level: Issues and Challenges ................................ 103 Sami A. Khan, Kakul Agha We cannot ignore the realities of the workplace today, which have produced more stress and made the lives of individuals more complex, extending beyond the physical boundaries of the organization. There is a need to adopt a well thought out work life balance (WLB) initiative that should be strategic, credible, and coherent with the business and HR policy framework at the firm level. It will surely enhance the corporate image as well as help in institutionalising a performance-based culture in the firm. WLB is a growing cause of concern for all stakeholders and it should be pursued religiously in order to seek a mutually beneficial solution for the organizations and the employees in the long run.

A Primary Study on Long Term Care in China: Perceptions of the Elderly .................................... 115 Qiu Fang, Scott Stegall, Deborah Gritzmacher, Ron Fuqua, Peter Fitzpatrick China has undergone dramatic changes in both economic and social situations for the past three decades. Faced wi