Journal of Pesticides and Biofertilizers Birhanu Gizaw*. J Pesticides and Biofertilizers

http://doi.org/23.2017/1.10006

Bio-priming effect of three phosphate solubilizing fungi on seed germination

and seedling development of Faba Bean (Vicia faba)

Birhanu Gizaw*, Zerihun Tsegay, Genene Tefera, Endegena Aynalem, and Endeshaw Abatneh

Microbial Biodiversity Directorate, Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute, P. O. Box 30726 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Received date: January 9, 2018; Accepted date; January 20, 2018; Published date: January 23, 2018.

Germination and seedling establishment are critical stages in the plant life cycle. The aim of this

study was to evaluate the effect of phosphate solubilizing fungi on seed germination and seedling

growth of Faba bean. Phosphorus is an essential macronutrient next to nitrogen required by plant

for vital biosynthesis. Factorial experiment based a completely randomized block design with

three replications were used. This experiment had two factors, the first factor with one level of

bean cultivar. In the second factor, three levels of phosphate solubilizer fungi were applied as

treatments. Single inoculation of each strain was done. The results revealed that seed treated with

Trichosporon beigelii B, C. albidus var aurius, Phichia norvegensis and Control showed 780.43,

749.93, 618.23, 500.73 seedling vigor index respectively and improved germination rates up to

91%. The highest mean growth of plumule length (5.6 cm) and radicle length (3.42) within 15

days growth recorded by Trichosporon beigelii B, and C.albidus var aurius respectively. The

results of this study suggest that T. begili and C. albidus var aurius have the potential to increase

the growth and development of plumul size, radicle length, and fresh biomass of Faba bean seed.

Bio-priming is a promising technique for vital application of using beneficial microbes to promote

seed germination and seedling development through phytase enzyme production, phyto hormone

production, phosphate solubilization and other plant growth promoting properties as well as bio

control activities.

Keywords: Germination, Priming, Phosphate, Seedling vigor, PGPR.

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Research Article Auctores Publishing

Citations: Birhanu Gizaw*, Zerihun Tsegay, Genene Tefera, Endegena Aynalem, and Endeshaw Abatneh .

Microbial Biodiversity Directorate, Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute, P. O. Box 30726 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. doi.org/23.2017/1.10006.

Copyright: © 2018 Birhanu Gizaw et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution

Corresponding author

Abstract

mgizachewbirhan@gmail.com

License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

mgizachewbirhan@gmail.com

: Birhanu Gizaw Microbial Biodiversity Directorate, Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute, P. O. Box 30726 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. E-mail: Phone +251911862561.

Journal of Pesticides and Biofertilizers

Introduction

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is the fourth most important

pulse crop in the world (Sainte, 2011). Ethiopia is the world’s

second largest producer of Faba bean next to China; followed

by, Egypt, Italy, and Morocco (Salunkhe and Kadam, 1989).

Its share is only 6.96 % of world production and 40.5 % within

Africa (Chopra et al., 1989). In Ethiopia, the average yield of

Faba bean under small-holder farmers is not more than 1.6 t ha-

1 (CSA, 2013). Faba bean ranks first in pulse crop in the total

area coverage and the total production of Ethiopia. It accounts

about 36% of the country’s pulse production (IFPRI, 2010).

Currently, the total area, under cultivation with Faba bean in

the country, is estimated to be about 0.54 million hectare and

the total production is 696 million kilogram (MoARD, 2009).

The productivity of Faba bean in Ethiopia is quite lower 15.2

qt/ha (CSA, 2011) than UK 30qt/ha (Winch, 2006). The

country is considered as the secondary center of diversity and

also one of the nine major agro-geographical production

regions of Faba bean (Telaye, Bejiga et al. 1994). The

production is mainly concentrated in the high-altitudes of

Ethiopia ranging between altitudes1800-2400 m.a.s.l with

annual rain fall ranges from 700 to 1100 mm. and has suitable

environmental and soil conditions for highland pulse crops

production (Telay, 1985). Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is widely

grown in many parts of the world as a source of protein, starch,

cellulose and minerals from its mature seed for both human and

animal nutrition (Crepon, 2010). It is also traditionally used as

a cover crop to recover nitrogen content and prevent erosion of

the soil, and is appreciated for its good agronomic

characteristics (Kopke, 2010). In addition to its high contents of

protein and carbohydrates, V. faba is also rich in fiber, vitamins

and minerals, and has a hypocholesterolaemic effect (Ofuya .,

2005). Most farmers in Ethiopia cultivate local Faba bean

varieties (Thijssen et al., 2008). Local varieties are low yielding

and susceptible to both biotic and abiotic factors. Which are

highly susceptible to disease and low yielding (Samuel et al.

(2008). Among biotic stresses, diseases have always been the

major limiting factors for Faba bean cultivation. The major

ones include ascochyta blight (Ascochyta fabae Speg.), rust

(Uromyces viciae-fabae) and chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae

Sard.) and black root rot Fusarium solani highly contribute to

the low productivity of the crop in Ethiopia (Dereje1993),

Chocolate spot is considered to be the most important and

destructive in Ethiopia causing yield loss of up to 61% on

susceptible cultivars (Dereje and Beniwal, 1987). Germination

and early seedling establishment are critical stages in the plant

life cycle and important for agricultural productivity. It

determines plant density, uniformity and management options

(Cheng et al., 1999; Hadas., 2004). Rapid and uniform seedling

emergence leads to successful establishment as it produces a

deep root system before the upper layers of soil dry out, harden,

or reach supra-optimal Temperatures (Harris1996). Most of the

leguminous plant seeds are attacked by certain soil borne

pathogens i.e.,Fusarium solani Mart sacc., Rhizoctonia solani

Kuhn,

Fusarium oxysporum, Sclerotium rolfsii and Pythium spp

before they germinate and seedling establishment which

attack roots causing damping-off and root rot diseases.

(Abdel-Kader, 1997; El-Mougy, 2001). Several root rot and

wilt pathogens such as Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani

and Macrophomina phaseolina are reported to attack Faba

bean roots and stem base causing serious losses in seed

germination and plant stand as well (Abdel-Kader et al.,

2011). These diseases cause substantial losses to beans crop,

yield losses in severely infested areas may be as high as 50%

(Estevez deJensen et al., 2001).A method to improve the rate

and uniformity of germination is the priming or

physiological advancement of the seed lot (Finch-Savage,

2004; Halmer, 2004). Seed treatment is an important process

that provides insurance against seed-borne as well as soil-

borne plant pathogens and insects (Gwary et al., 2007). It is

a relatively cheap and effective way of controlling seed-

borne plant diseases (Dawar & Ghaffar 1998). Bio priming

of seeds with different bacterial strains particularly

rhizobacteria have been shown to be effective in suppressing

disease infection by inducing a resistance mechanism called

‘induced systemic resistance’ (ISR) in varied agronomic and

horticultural crops (Van Loon, 1998). Among various

bacterial genera, Bacillus and Pseudomonas spp. are

ubiquitous rhizosphere inhabitant bacteria that are the most

studied bio-priming agents reported as disease suppressing in

plants (Weller 1988). Priming seeds of many crops with

biological control agents (BCA), Bacillus subtillus and

Pseudomonas fluorescens are the most effective approach for

controlling seed and root rot pathogens (Begum, 2010, El-

Mohamedy, 2013). Various seed priming techniques have

been developed, including hydro-priming (soaking in water),

halo-priming (soaking in inorganic salt solutions), osmo-

priming (soaking in solutions of different organic osmotica),

thermo-priming (treatment of seeds with low or high

temperatures), solid matrix priming (treatment of seed with

solid matrices) and bio-priming (treatment of seed using

biological agent) (Ashraf and Foolad, 2005). Seed

biopriming is a pre-sowing approach for influencing the

seedling development by stimulating pre germination

metabolic activities prior to the emergence of radicle and

improvement in the germination rate and performance of

plant (Taylor, 1998, Halmer, 2000). Seed bio priming has

been used to improve germination, reduce seedling

emergence time and improve stand establishment and yield

(Khan, 1992). Bio-priming in addition to controlling seed

and soil borne pathogens, it has great role in stimulating

metabolic activities during germination. For instance Phytic

acid (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate) is the main storage

form of phosphorus (P) in plants and accounts for more than

80 % of the total Phosphorus in cereals. It is one of the

sources of energy and an important mineral chelating

compound in plants.

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Journal of Pesticides and Biofertilizers

Phytate P constitutes the major portion (60–82%) of total P in

cereal grains, oilseeds, and grain legumes, with 1–25% of total

P being found in various roots and tubers (Ravindran, 1994).

The degradation of phytate is catalyzed by enzymes called

phytases (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate phosphor hydrolases.

Degradation of phytate by microbial enzyme in leguminous

seed makes bioavailability of minerals that help for germination

and seedling growth. Beneficial effects of priming have been

demonstrated for many field crops such as barley

(Abdulrahmani et al., 2007), maize (Parera and Cantliffe,

1994), lentil (Ghassemi-Golezani et al., 2008a), chickpea

(Ghassemi-Golezani et al., 2008b), sugar beet (Sadeghian and

Yavari, 2004) and sunflower (Singh, 1995). Faba bean is one of

the preferred leguminous plants for its richness in protein,

enzymes and vitamins. Though the crop is widely grown in

Ethiopia, beneficial effects of bio-priming on Faba bean seed

germination and seedling enhancement as well as seed borne

pathogens inhibition did not studied well. The objective of this

study was to investigate the effect of bio-priming on Faba

bean (Vicia faba) by plant growth promoting microbes on

germination rate and seedling development.

Materials And Methods

Study Area

The study was carried out at Ethiopian biodiversity institute

microbial laboratory at 2017 GC.

Faba Bean SEED (Vicia faba) CollectionFaba bean seed

purchased from Shola Market from AddisAbaba

Isolation of Microorganism

Phosphate solubilizing fungi were isolated and

identified from teff rhizosphere soil of crop fields collected

from Gojam and North Showa. Soil sample (10 g) was mixed

with 90 mL sterile distilled water from each collected soil

sample. It was vigorously shaken and left to stand for 5 min.

Homogeneous soil solution was serially diluted up to 10-6and

transferred to PDA and MEA. Fungal culture were incubated at

28 ± 20C for 3 days. Isolated fungal strains were maintained on

BUY agar for biolog identification. Pure isolate were identified

using Biolog Microstation according to Biolog Procedure

(Biolog, 1993). Phosphate solubilizing ability of the fungal

isolates was confirmed by incubating them on PVK medium for

9 days. Diameter of clearance zone was measured successively

after 3 days intervals, up to 9 days. The Solubilization Index

(SI) is the ratio of total diameter i.e. clearance zone including

fungal growth and the colony diameter. All the observations

were recorded in triplicate and highest phosphate fungi in

solubilizing index were selected for evaluation. A copy of

genetic materials were kept at -800C at Microbial Gene Bank.

Determination of Phosphate solubilization index (SI)

Phosphate solubilization index (SI) was calculated using the

formula outlined in Premonoet al. (1996). A loopful of 24h

old cultures was spotted at four points on Pikovskaya’s agar

plate and incubated at 260C for 2 to 4 days .The diameter of

colony and halo zone was measured using transparent ruler.

SI= Colony +Halo Zone diameter Colony diameter.

Faba bean Seed Disinfection

Thirty six Faba bean seeds were disinfect using

70% ethanol alcohol for 15 minute and 3% hypochlorite for

10 minute and washed 6 times by distilled water. Finally

disinfected bean seed were kept on sterilized Whiteman No1

filter paper inside petridish until germination bioassay

carryout.

Bio-priming of Faba bean (Vicia faba) with plant growth

promoting Microbes and its vigor index

Faba bean seed germination bioassay

Twenty seven seeds of Faba bean were dipped into

Malt extract broth culture for Trichosporon beigelii B,

Cryptococcus albidus var aerius, Phichia norvegensis for 6

hour which contain the fungal suspension 90% inoculum

density measured by Terbidiometer. While nine seeds were

dipped in distilled water as control. Three seeds per plate of

inoculated Faba beans from each strain in triplicate were

plated in petri dishes with one layer of whatmanNo.1 filter

paper. Both treated and untreated plate containing Faba bean

seeds were arranged in complete randomized design (CRD)

in triplicate and incubated at 260C for 3 to 7 days. Then the

percent of germinated seeds for 1 to 3 days, radicle and

plumule length of germinated seeds were taken up to 15

days. The vigour index of germinating seeds was also

determined using this formula. A vigor is the sum total of

those properties of the seed which determine the level of

activity and performance of the seed or seed lot during

germination and seedling emergence (Gholami et al., 2009).

Vigor index= (Mean radicle length+ mean plumule length)

% Germination.

Percentage of germination

Percentage germination was calculated counting the number

seed germinated divided for the total number of seed

multiplied by hundred

GP= Seeds germinated/total seeds x 100

Fresh biomass determination

At the end the experiments the root of Faba bean was

carefully uprooted and washed to remove soil. Root

separated from the base of stem and weighed. Fresh biomass

of seedling stem, leaves was weighed and the fresh biomass

result was recorded.

Statistical analysis

The data of seed germination, fresh biomass, plumule length,

radicle length, its vigour index were analyzed using

descriptive statistics like percentage frequency, mean and

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Journal of Pesticides and Biofertilizers

Results

Isolation of phosphate solubilizing fungi

Table.1. Phosphate solubilizing index measure on

Pikovskaya’s agar media

Figure1. Phosphate solubilizing fungi on Pikovskaya’s agar

media.1.Trichosporon beigelii B 2, Phichia

norvegensis.3.Cryptococcus albidus var aerius.

Percentage of germination

Among 36 seed sowed 33 seed were germinated and 3

fails to produce radicle and plumule. Their percentage

germination was 91.6 % in this study.Effect of Phosphate

solubilizing fungi inoculation on seed germination and seedling

growth The results of Faba bean seed inoculation with

Trichosporon beigelii B, Phichia norvegensis. Cryptococcus

albidus var aerius.in the presence of Phosphate sources on

growth parameters significantly increase height compared to

control. Among all fungi inoculum Trichosporon beigelii B

gave the maximum growth in plumule mean height (5.6 cm)

followed by Cryptococcus albidus var aerius (4.2 cm), Phichia

norvegensis (3.6 cm) and control (3.2 cm) within 15 days

growth.C. albidusvar aurius showed the highest mean radicle

growth (3.4cm) followed by Control (2.7 cm), Trichosporon

beigelii(2.9 cm) and least radicle growth recorded by Phichia

norvegensis (1.8 cm)in 15 days growth (Table2 and Figure 2).

Fungi inoculum Meanplumul

growth(cm)

Mean

radicle

growth(cm)

Trichosporon beigelii

B

5.6*a 2.9ab

Cryptococcus albidus

var aerius

4.2ab 3.4*a

Phichia norvegensis 3.6bc 1.8bc

Control 3.2cd 2.7cd

Table.2. The effect of plant growth microbs on plumul and

radicle growth of Faba bean within 15 days

*=Significant at p<0.05. Note; Mean in column followed by

the same superscripts are not statistically different at P<0.05

according to Turkeys test.

Vigor index result

The number of germinated seeds inoculated by

Trichosporon beigelii B, C.albidus var aurius , Phichia

norvegensis and control was counted. Root and shoot length

of individual seedling was measured to determine the vigour

index. The result were summarized in Table 3.

Table 3. Vigor index of germinated seed treated by each

plant growth promoting fungi.

Plant growth promoting

Fungi

Vigor index of

Germinated seed

Trichosporon beigelii B 780.43

Cryptococcus albidus var

aerius

749.93

Phichia norvegensis 618.23

Control 500.73

Figure 2. germinated seeds of faba beans from different

treatments versus control.

A total of

sixteen phosphate solubilizing fungi were isolated and

identified from teff rhizosher soil and based on the SI and

phosphate solubilizing efficiency three superior fungi

species, Trichosporon beigelii B, Cryptococcus albidus var

aerius, Phichia norvegensis were selected and evaluated for

seed germination test. (Table 1, figure 1).

Plant growth promoting

Fungi(PGPF)

Phosphate solubilizing

index at 15 days

1 Trichosporon beigelii B 5.3

2 Phichia norvegensis 3.35

3 Cryptococcus albidus var

aerius

3.32

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Control

control

C.albidus var

control T.Begilli

Phichia norvegensis

Journal of Pesticides and Biofertilizers

FABA BEAN FRESH SEEDLING BIOMASS

Faba bean seedling were measured to determine the

effect of plant growth promoting fungi on biomass of plumule

and radicle compared with controlled one. The results revealed

that the biomass of plumule was 24.6 g, 20.1 g, 17.8 g , and

13.22 g treated with T. begilli, C. albidusvar aurius , P.

norvengenesis and control respectively. Whereas the biomass

of radicle 17.4 g, 13.2 g, 11.8 g, and 8.7 g recorded in, C .

albidusvar aurius ,Control, P. norvengenesis T. beglli

respectively. The highest plumul biomass was recorded treated

by T.beglli B and the highest radicle biomass were recorded by

one C,albidus var aurius

FABA BEAN FRESH SEEDLING BIOMASS

Faba bean seedling were measured to determine the

effect of plant growth promoting fungi on biomass of plumule

and radicle compared with controlled one. The results revealed

that the biomass of plumule was 24.6 g, 20.1 g, 17.8 g , and

13.22 g treated with T. begilli, C. albidusvar aurius , P.

norvengenesis and control respectively. Whereas the biomass

of radicle 17.4 g, 13.2 g, 11.8 g, and 8.7 g recorded in, C .

albidusvar aurius ,Control, P. norvengenesis T. beglli

respectively. The highest plumul biomass was recorded treated

by T.beglli B and the highest radicle biomass were recorded by

one C,albidus var aurius.

Discussion

Soil microbes since their discovery in the late 18 th

century have been used extensively in crop production. Since

the advent of seed priming a lot of work has been done on this

aspect of seed treatment and is now common in most of the

area for delayed sowing and to obtain vigours plant growth. As

defined by McDonald (1999), seed priming is soaking the seeds

in any solution containing our required priming agent followed

by re drying the seeds which result into start of rapid

germination. Among different priming techniques, using any

biological agent is termed as bio priming (Ashraf and Foolad

2005). Reddy (2013) explained bio priming more in bio control

aspect application of beneficial bacterial inoculum to the seeds

and their hydration to protect seeds against disease control.

Stem and total seedling fresh weight was increased with the

priming of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in maize

seedlings in a laboratory experiment (Gholami, Shhsavani and

Nezarat, 2009). Role of bio priming in salinity stress tolerance

is widely studied and promising results have recorded. Most

notable Genus used in abiotic stress tolerance is Bacillus which

is used in Potaato (Gururani et al., 2012), radish (Kaymak et al.,

2009) rice, mungbean and chickpea (Chakraborty et al., 2011).

Gholam et al., (2009) demonstrated the enhancement of seed

germination by plant growth promoting fungi inoculants

because of the synthesis of seed germination hormone like

gibberllins which triggered the activity of specific enzymes that

promoted early germination, such as alpha amylase that

increase the availability of starch assimilation. Plant growth

promoting fungi bio priming activity on faba bean seed in

addition to

controlling seed and soil borne pathogens, it has great role in

stimulating metabolic activities during germination. For

instance Phytic acid (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate) is the

main storage form of phosphorus (P) in plants and accounts

for more than 80 % of the total Phosphorus in cereals.

Phytate constitutes the major portion (60–82%) of total

phosphorus in cereal grains, oilseeds, and grain legumes,

with 1–25% of total P being found in various roots and

tubers and small amounts in leaves and 56–77% of total P in

rice bran and various oilseed meals (Ravindran1994). The

phytate content was highest in faba bean and soybean (836

mg/100 g and 588 mg/100 g), followed by rice (417 mg/100

g) and wheat (278 mg/100 g) (Bartnik & Szafranska, 1987;

Cheryan, 1980; Luo,Xie, Xie, Li, & Gu, 2009; Reddy, Sathe,

& Salunkhe, 1982). Phytase (myo-inositol

hexakisphosphatephosphohydrolases) is a phytate-specific

phosphatase enzyme produced by plant growth promoting

fungi that hydrolyses phytate to inositol and free

orthophosphate that releases minerals for energy source in

seed germination and seedling development. In this study 3

phosphate solubilizing fungi were were studied for their

effect as bio priming agent on the seed germination and

seedling growth of Faba bean.The result revealed that the

highest mean growth of plumule length 5.6 cm was

recorded by Trichosporon beigelii B and C,albidusvar aurius

showed the highest mean radicle growth of seedling to

3.4cm within 15 days growth. The highest vigour index of

the biopriming agent recorded by Trichosporon beigelii B

(780.43), followed by C,albidusvar aurius (749.93), Pichia

norvongensis (619.23) and control(500.73) (Table3).

Fekadu et al. (2015) reported that the highest shoot length

88.25 cm was recorded on faba bean plants of ILB 938

variety inoculated with P. fluorescens 9 and 91.92 cm was

recorded on Moti variety inoculated with P. fluorescens10

after 70 days growth. On other study, Abd-El-Khair et al.

(2010) reported Trichoderma hamatum gave the highest

increase of plant height 49.8 cm compared to 37.3 cm in the

control plants. The highest root length per plant 49.75 and

53.00 cm root length/faba bean were recorded in faba bean

Moti bio-primed with P. fluorescens9 and P. fluorescens10

respectively after 70 days growth. Bio-primed seed of faba

bean with P. fluorescens 9 and P. fluorescens 10 increased

the shoot fresh weight on 3 varieties. The highest shoot fresh

weight (360.30 g) was observed on ILB 938 variety, the

while bio-primed seed of faba bean with P. fluorescens10

increased the shoot fresh weight on Moti, NC 58 and ILB

938 faba bean varieties and gave maximum shoot fresh

weight (517.70 g) on ILB 938 variety (Fekadu et al.,2015).

Shiferaw et al., (2013) reported that Pseudomonas and

Rhizobia species isolated from Faba bean rhizoshere soil

either in combination or separately enhanced both Phosphate

content and uptake of Faba bean plants significantly over

uninoculated treatments. Gholami et al. (2009) who reported

the increament of maze seeds germination by (18.5%) over

control due to plant growth promoting rhizobacteria

inoculants due to the ability of synthesis of seed germination

hormone like gibberellins.

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Journal of Pesticides and Biofertilizers

Furthermore, the co-inoculants of Pseudomonas and Rhizobia

species increased vigore index,radicle and plumule length

compared to control. Sharma et al (2007) reported that the PSB

co-inoculants (P. fluorescens and B. megaterium increased

percent of radicle and plumule length ranging from 13.8-15.7

and 19.4% respectively Aipova et al (2010) also reported the co

inoculation of PSB enhanced the radicle and seed of wheat as

compared to individuals. According to Shiferaw (2013) in pot

experiment, the selected inoculants of Pseudomonas sp. and

Rhizobium improved significantly the growth of Faba bean

compared to inoculated plant either individually or co-

inoculation. Among the treatment with Pseudomonas sp. and

Rhizobium were superior in enhancing shoot height over the

uninoculated. This could be due to high Phosphate-solubilizing

ability from Phosphorus source production of growth

promoting substance such as Indol Acitic Acid an production

of bio control compounds like hydrogn cyanid (HCN) (Aditya

etal. 2009, Akhtar., 2010). In Faba bean bio priming with

different bacterial strains was tested to reduce the incidence of

root rot, and it was observed that use of the bio priming

technique can be used as economical ,safe and easy to apply bio

control method(El-Mougy and Abdel Kader 2008).Under in

vitro conditions, seed treatment with plant growth promoting

rhizobacteria strains improved seed germination, seedling

vigor, seedling emergence and seedling stand over the control.

Similar improvement of seed germination parameters by

rhizobacteria has been reported in other cereals such as

sorghum (Raju et al., 1999) and pearl millet (Niranjan 2004,

Niranjan2003). The improvement in seed germination by plant

growth promoting rhizobacteria was also found in work with

wheat and sunflower (Shaukat et al., 2006a, Shaukat et al.,

2006b), where it was found that some plant growth promoting

rhizobacteria induced increases in seed emergence, in some

cases achieving increases up to 100% greater than controls.

This present work revealed that under in vitro conditions, seed

treatment with plant growth promoting fungi strains improved

seed germination, seedling vigour, seedling emergence and

seedling stand over the control. Similar improvement of seed

germination parameters by rhizobacteria has been reported in

other cereals such as sorghum (Raju etal., 1999) and pearl

millet (Niranjan SR et al, 2004).These findings may be due to

the increased synthesis of hormones like gibberellins, which

would have triggered the activity of specified enzymes that

promoted early germination. Beside, significant increase in

seedling vigour would have occurred by better synthesis of

auxins, in

addition to that these fungi may produce phytase enzyme for

phytate degradation for bioavailability of mineral for energy

source during germination and seedling growth. Biopriming as

a promising technique for vital application of using beneficial

microbes to promote seeds germination and seedling through

phytase enzyme production, phyto hormon production,

phosphate solubilization and other plant growth promoting

properties as well as bio control activities in product and

productivity of Faba bean.

Conclusions

In conclusion from this laboratory result the two species of

fungi Trichosporon beigelii B and C. albidus var aurius

showed good vigor index in Faba bean germination and

seedling growth. Trichosporon beigelii B was the highest in

Phosphate solubilizing index and mean growth of plumule

within 15 days growth. Whereas C. albidus var aurius were

highest in mean growth of radicle length over

controlled(Uninnoculatred) one. There for co inoculation of

Trichosporon beigelii B and C. albidus var aurius used to

promot plumul and rhadicle growth of Faba bean.This in

vitro study confirmed that after further evaluation of other

PlantGrowthPromotor properties of these fungi species used

as standard seed bio priming agent and bio control for many

seed and soil born Faba bean pathogens.

RECOMMENDATION

Synergistic effect of this plant growth promotor fungi co

inoculant study must be carry out to see the effect on

growth of plumule size , radicle size, flower number, pod

number, seed number, dry and fresh biomass in an extended

time up to fruiting and flowering time. This in vitro study

need to extend to green house and field trials under other

environmental condition.

Acknowledgements

It gives me a great pleasure to acknowledge Dr. Genene

Tefera for his unreserved guidance and encouragement and

support in providing and facilitating the necessary

equipment. Finally goes to Ethiopian biodiversity institute,

microbial directorate for every budget grant to carry out this

study and its research team for their unreserved support at

laboratory and field work especially, Endeshaw Abatneh,

Endegena Aynalem, as part of research group in tireless

effort in teff rhizospher soil sample collection. Lastly, I

acknowledged Woyenshet Lule for her kindly support

especially laboratory chemicals facilitation.

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Essential oils and Trichoderma harzianum as an

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pathogens.J. Plant Prot Res.51:306–313.

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