jttp for geospatial info and services support to jointops

8/3/2019 JTTP for Geospatial Info and Services Support to JointOps

1/73

Joint Tactics,Techniques, and Procedures for

Geospatial Information andServices Support to

Joint Operations

Joint Pub 2-03

31 March 1999


2/73

PREFACE

i

1. Scope

This publication focuses on the

responsibilities and procedures for geospatialinformation and services (GI&S) supportto joint operations. This pub li cat io ndiscusses GI&S planning, coordination,control, production, and disseminationresponsibilities. The focus will be joint GI&Ssupport to combatant commanders for bothdeliberate and crisis planning and execution.Communications architecture required for the

dissemination of digital geospatial data willalso be addressed.

2. Purpose

This publication has been prepared underthe direction of the Chairman of the JointChiefs of Staff. It sets forth doctrine andselected joint tactics, techniques, and

procedures (JTTP) to govern the jointactivities and performance of the ArmedForces of the United States in joint operationsand provides the doctrinal basis for USmilitary involvement in multinational andinteragency operations. It provides militaryguidance for the exercise of authority bycombatant commanders and other jointforce commanders and prescribes doctrine

and selected tactics, techniques, andprocedures for joint operations and training.It provides military guidance for use by theArmed Forces in preparing their appropriateplans. It is not the intent of this publication torestrict the authority of the joint forcecommander (JFC) from organizing the forceand executing the mission in a manner the JFCdeems most appropriate to ensure unity of

effort in the accomplishment of the overallmission.

3. Applicationa . Doctr ine and se lected tac t ics ,

techniques, and procedures and guidanceestablished in this publication apply to thecommanders of combatant commands,subunified commands, joint task forces, andsubordinate components of these commands.These principles and guidance also may apply

when significant forces of one Service areattached to forces of another Service or whensignificant forces of one Service supportforces of another Service.

b. The guidance in this publication isauthoritative; as such, this doctrine (or JTTP)will be followed except when, in the judgmentof the commander, exceptional circumstances

dictate otherwise. If conflicts arise betweenthe contents of this publication and thecontents of Service publications, thispublication will take precedence for theactivities of joint forces unless the Chairmanof the Joint Chiefs of Staff, normally incoordination with the other members of theJoint Chiefs of Staff, has provided morecurrent and specific guidance. Commanders

of forces operating as part of a multinational(alliance or coalition) military commandshould follow multinational doctrine andprocedures ratified by the United States. Fordoctrine and procedures not ratified by theUnited States, commanders should evaluateand follow the multinational commandsdoctrine and procedures, where applicable.

For the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff:

V. E. CLARKVice Admiral, US NavyDirector, Joint Staff


3/73ii

Preface

Joint Pub 2-03

Intentionally Blank


4/73

TABLE OF CONTENTS

iii

PAGE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................. v

CHAPTER ITHE ROLE OF GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION IN MILITARY OPERATIONS

Introduction .............................................................................................................. I-1 Geospatial Information and Services ......................................................................... I-1 The GI&S Operations Cycle ..................................................................................... I-4 Geospatial Information Operations in War................................................................. I-9 Geospatial Information in Military Operations Other Than War ................................ I-9

CHAPTER IIDELIBERATE PLANNING FOR GI&S SUPPORT

Introduction ............................................................................................................. II-1 Deliberate Planning .................................................................................................. II-1 Phase I, Initiation ..................................................................................................... II-2 Phase II, Concept Development ............................................................................... II-2 Phase III, Plan Development .................................................................................... II-5

Phase IV, Plan Review ............................................................................................. II-6 Phase V, Supporting Plans ........................................................................................ II-6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... II-8

CHAPTER IIICRISIS ACTION PLANNING FOR GI&S SUPPORT

Introduction ........................................................................................................... III-1 Phase I, Situation Development .............................................................................. III-1

Phase II, Crisis Assessment .................................................................................... III-2 Phase III, COA Development ................................................................................. III-4 Phase IV, COA Selection ........................................................................................ III-4 Phase V, Execution Planning .................................................................................. III-6 Phase VI, Execution ............................................................................................... III-7 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. III-7

CHAPTER IVGI&S COMMAND, CONTROL, COMMUNICATIONS, AND COMPUTER SUPPORT

Introduction ........................................................................................................... IV-1 GI&S Communications Capabilities ....................................................................... IV-1 Multinational Force GI&S Support and Interoperability ......................................... IV-2 Establishing GI&S Communications Support Requirements .................................. IV-3 Combatant Commanders Communications Planning ............................................. IV-3


5/73iv

Table of Contents

Joint Pub 2-03

Communications Systems ...................................................................................... IV-7 Communications and ADP Systems and Networks................................................. IV-8 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. IV-9

APPENDIX

A GI&S Deliberate Planning Checklist ................................................................. A-1B GI&S Estimate .................................................................................................. B-1C GI&S Crisis Action Checklist ............................................................................ C-1D References ........................................................................................................ D-1E Administrative Instructions ................................................................................ E-1

GLOSSARY

Part I Abbreviations and Acronyms ................................................................... GL-1Part II Terms and Definitions .............................................................................. GL-3

FIGURE

I-1 Geospatial Information and Services .............................................................. I-2I-2 Geospatial Information and Services Operations Cycle................................... I-5I-3 Imagery Source .............................................................................................. I-7II-1 Deliberate Planning Phases............................................................................ II-2II-2 Geospatial Information and Services Deliberate Planning Cycle .................. II-3II-3 GI&S Priorities ............................................................................................. II-4II-4 GI&S Risk Assessment ................................................................................. II-5II-5 Map & Chart Transportation Planning Factors ............................................. II-7III-1 Crisis Action Planning - Phase I ................................................................. III-2III-2 Crisis Action Planning - Phase II ................................................................ III-3III-3 Crisis Action Planning - Phase III .............................................................. III-4III-4 Crisis Action Planning - Phase IV .............................................................. III-5III-5 Crisis Action Planning - Phase V ............................................................... III-7III-6 Crisis Action Planning - Phase VI .............................................................. III-8IV-1 Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Intelligence

for the Warrior Concept ............................................................................. IV-2IV-2 Geospatial Information and Services Communications

System Architecture ................................................................................. IV-4IV-3 Geospatial Information and Services Officer and Computer

Systems Staff Officer Communications Planning ...................................... IV-5


6/73

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYCOMMANDERS OVERVIEW

v

Geospatial information and services (GI&S) is the collection,information extraction, storage, dissemination, and exploitationof geodetic, geomagnetic, imagery, gravimetric, aeronautical,topographic, hydrographic, littoral, cultural, and toponymicdata accurately referenced to a precise location on the earthssurface. Joint GI&S doctrine defines the roles and relationshipsof GI&S providers at the national level, in the Services,unified commands, and subordinate joint forces. Geospatialinformation plays a significant role in military operations.Geospatial information provides the foundation upon whichall other battlespace information is layered to form the commonoperating picture. GI&S aids the commander in visualizing thebattlespace, to effectively plan and execute military operations,to navigate, and to accurately target the adversary. GI&Ssupport plays an important role in the full range of militaryoperations from peace to war. Joint force commanders cannotafford to conduct military operations without up-to-dategeospatial information.

The objective of geospatial information and services

support is to provide the commander with timely, complete, and accurateinformation about the

battlespace.

The Role of Geospatial Information andServices in Military Operations

Discusses the Role of Geospatial Information and Services(GI&S) in Military Operations

Describes Deliberate Planning for GI&S Support

Describes Crisis Action Planning for GI&S Support

Discusses Command, Control, Communications, andComputer Systems Support for Geospatial InformationOperations


7/73vi

Executive Summary

Joint Pub 2-03

The planning effort must be focused to ensure that geospatial data is available to meet the commanders requirements and the requirements of subordinate units.

Crisis action planningusually involves rapid

decisions to produce geospatial information for an area where little or noinformation exists.

Communications and automated data processing technology are undergoing continuous evolution, affecting geospatial information production,

dissemination, and exploitation applications.

The essence of effective planning is the full definition of themission, expression of the commanders intent, completion of the commanders estimate (including the GI&S estimate),and development of a concept of operations, with a GI&Sannex. GI&S deliberate planning identifies the area of interest, determines GI&S area requirements for forces andweapons systems, determines current availability of resourcesto meet those requirements, determines risk, and then developsa production strategy to address shortfalls. The entire GI&Scommunity becomes involved to support the deliberateplanning process through five phases: initiation, conceptdevelopment, plan development, plan review, and supportingplans.

Scarce geospatial data production resources are usuallyfocused on high priority regions which are supported bydeliberately prepared operation plans. When military forcesare called upon to conduct missions outside their deliberateplan areas, they are often faced with little or no geospatialinformation to support their operations. The GI&S officer mustcoordinate the rapid production of geospatial information, someof which may not meet all established specifications. TheGI&S officer conducts crisis action planning in coordinationwith the combatant command or joint forces staff to providethe required support for GI&S.

Communications and automated data processing systemsprovide for the timely production, transfer, and access togeospatial data around the world. Geospatial data transferrequires large communications bandwidths, and thecommander must ensure that the most tactically relevant dataare prioritized for transmission. Combatant commanderscommunications planning consists of architecture planning,systems planning, and other planning considerations toestablish an effective and robust communications system intheater.

Crisis Action Planning for GI&S Support

Command, Control, Communications, and ComputerSystems Support for Geospatial Information Operations

Deliberate Planning for GI&S Support


8/73

vii

Executive Summary

CONCLUSION

This publication identifies approved doctrine for GI&S supportto joint operations and outlines the responsibilities of theServices, agencies, and combatant commands to ensureeffective GI&S support to commanders. It addresses howGI&S supports commanders of joint forces in the conduct of operations including, in general terms, how GI&S arerequested and disseminated to support joint operations.


9/73viii

Executive Summary

Joint Pub 2-03

Intentionally Blank


10/73

The want of accurate maps has been a grave disadvantage to me. I have in vain endeavored to procure them, and I have been obliged to make shift

with such sketches as I could trace out of my own observations and that of gentlemen around me.

General George Washington

CHAPTER ITHE ROLE OF GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION

IN MILITARY OPERATIONS

I-1

1. Introduction

The phrase geospatial information andservices (GI&S), has recently replaced theterm mapping, charting, and geodesy. Thischange was necessitated by an increasing useof digital geospatial information onsophisticated computer workstations toperform many military functions such asnavigation, mission planning, missionrehearsal, targeting, and analysis of thebattlespace. Digital geospatial informationforms the foundation for battlespacevisualization. When geospatial informationis coupled with threat analysis, meteorologicaland oceanographic environmentalintelligence, the friendly situation, and thelogistics situation, the commander can morequickly grasp the view of the battlespace. This

dominant view of the area in which jointforces conduct operations allows commandersat all levels to react quickly to evolvingsituations, and allows for friendly forces tooperate inside the decision cycle of adversaries. All military operations requiregeospatial information. Geospatialinformation provides the necessaryframework upon which all other relevantstrategic and tactical information is layered.

2. Geospatial Information and

ServicesGI&S is neither a product nor a system but

rather a concept for the collection, production,archiving, dissemination, and exploitation of information about the earth. Geospatialinformation exists in both digital (softcopy)

Digital terrain elevation data, when coupled with high resolution imagery,provides a three dimensional view of the battlespace.


11/73I-2

Chapter I

Joint Pub 2-03

and printed (hardcopy) form and includes theconcepts depicted in Figure I-1.

a. The foundation of the geospatialinformation infrastructure is composed of three major data elements, which are producedand maintained on a near-global basis.Foundation data are produced and maintainedto support strategic planning. These data setsprovide the base upon which higher resolutioninformation can be layered.

Elevation and bathymetric data.Digital terrain elevation data (DTED) andthe corresponding digital bathymetricdata base (DBDB) for ocean floor depthsare important data sets. Elevation and

bathymetric data provide a three-dimensional view of the battlespace.D T E D a r e c r i t i c a l f o r t h eorthorectification (removal of distortiondue to relief) of imagery.

Foundation feature data are those keynatural or manmade features which arerepresented in a vector file as a point,line, polygon, or text. Features arepositioned accurately, based on source.Within this data set, features includetransportation and surface drainagenetworks, vegetation, built-up areas,international boundaries, and selectedspot elevation data. Many of thesefeatures contain attributes which further

GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION AND SERVICES

Tailored, specific data,products and services for

the warfighter

Geospatial Services

Other Geospatial Information

Mission Specific Data Sets

E l e v a t i o n /

B a t h y m e t r i c D a t a

F o u n d a t i o n

F e a t u r e D a t a

S p a t i a l

I m a g e r y

Produ c tion Architect ure Exploitatio n

Figure I-1. Geospatial Information and Services


12/73

I-3

The Role of Geospatial Information in Military Operations

characterize information associated withthe feature. For example, a built-up portarea polygon will carry an attribute thatis linked to information found in theWorld Port Index. A road would bedepicted as a line and would carryattributes which describe its location,surface material, and operational status.

Spatial imagery, or imagery that hasbeen geopositioned, serves as thecornerstone of the geospatial datawarehouse. The global spatial imagerylayer will be composed of a seamlessmosaic of ortho-rectified, black andwhite, high resolution (5 meter groundsample distance or better) satelliteimagery.

b. Foundation data will be available on anear-global basis to support strategic planning.Further densification will be performed tosupport current operations, existing operationplans (OPLANs), training, and systemdevelopment. This further densification of foundation data is called mission specificdata sets (MSDS). MSDS is informationthat can be used by the National Imagery andMapping Agency (NIMA), the intelligenceagencies, other government activities, and thewarfighter to create specific data products forcomputer applications or to create hardcopymaps and charts. MSDS information can be

processed into specific products that meetestablished Department of Defense (DOD)specifications. Examples are:

Digital data (softcopy) stored oncompact disk-read only memory (CD-ROM), digital tape or other electronicmedia, or on computer servers.Examples are compressed equal arcsecond raster chart and/or map digitizedraster graphics, vector maps, DTED,DBDB, digital nautical charts, anddigital point positioning data bases.

Hardcopy (paper) maps and charts.Examples are topographic line maps,

joint operations graphics, tactical pilotagecharts, and coastal charts.

Textual data in the form of publicationsand bulletins. Examples are gazetteers,notice to mariners, country studies, andflight information publications.

c. In some cases, MSDS will not beavailable for immediate use. If warfighterrequirements cannot be met by standardproduction of MSDS, NIMA or othergeospatial producers may create otherinformation or products to satisfy immediateor crisis requirements. This information maynot conform to established data specificationsfor content or accuracy, but may still provide

MAPPING A PEACE AGREEMENT

In Dayton, Ohio in November 1995, the United States brokered a peaceagreement between the warring factions in the former Yugoslavia. Using state-of-the-art computer workstations, elements of the Defense Mapping Agency,the Topographic Engineering Center, the US Armys 30th Engineer Battalion(Topographic), and contractor personnel worked around the clock for over a

month to create instant maps which reflected the days negotiations. Usingterrain visualization workstations, the peace negotiators were able to virtuallyfly the proposed boundaries. Digital maps were then printed using on-sitehigh quality ink-jet printers. After over seventy border changes, the final mapwas accepted and the peace treaty for Bosnia-Herzegovina was signed.

SOURCE: Various Sources


13/73I-4

Chapter I

Joint Pub 2-03

the warfighter with essential datarequirements. The use of this information orproducts may involve some risk, and theproduction criteria must be firmly agreed uponby both the producer and the end user.

d. Geospatial Services. These servicesinclude, but are not limited to, functions suchas geodetic survey, software development,providing tailored geodetic and geophysicalproducts and services to support weaponssystems, the calculation of precise locationsfor targeting of precision-guided munitions,training, and on-site technical support.

e. Geospatial Data Warehouse. Thepurpose of the geospatial data warehouse isto allow the warfighter to have instant accessto the most current and accurate geospatialinformation available. If data contained inthe data warehouse do not meet the warfighterneeds, then NIMA and other activities, toinclude the user, will work together to developupdates and collect new information. Thereare three key components to the digitalgeospatial data warehouse as shown in FigureI-1: elevation and bathymetric data,foundation feature data, and spatial imagery.These near-global data sets will provide the

basic framework or grid to which all otherinformation can be linked.

f. The geospatial information productionprocess collects, extracts, and formats datato specific DOD specifications and places thedata into the data warehouse. The datawarehouse is supported by a communicationsarchitecture that allows the user to browseand download relevant data, and allowsdesignated users to provide more currentinformation to update the data set. Softwaretools provide the means to exploit the datafor specific uses.

3. The GI&S Operations Cycle

Generally speaking, GI&S supportoperations follow the cycle shown in FigureI-2, which applies to geospatial informationproducers as well as users of those data. GI&Soperations are planned and controlled by thecommand GI&S officer or staff. This staff element may be subordinate to either theoperations or intelligence staff element atvarious echelons from the combatantcommander level down to various operationalunit levels. Given the increasing importanceof geospatial information, and due to the

Geospatial information can be used by computer workstations to support a variety of military applications.


14/73

I-5


complexity of production, dissemination, andexploitation, it is recommended that allechelons which employ operations andintelligence sections designate a command orunit GI&S officer.

a. Define Needs. The combatantcommands, military Services, DODintelligence agencies, and other federalactivities such as the Drug EnforcementAgency submit their specific GI&S needs forstandard DOD products and data to NIMA inaccordance with Chairman of the Joint Chiefsof Staff Instruction (CJCSI) 3901.01,Requirements for Global GeospatialInformation and Services (GGI&S). NIMA

allocates production resources against theseGI&S requirements with prioritizationguidance provided by the Joint StrategicCapabilities Plan (JSCP) and other nationalmilitary strategy documents.

The military Services submit requirementsfor GI&S to support Service training.Services also submit their needs to validateService requirements for new DOD dataor product standards to support research,development, test, and evaluation. TheServices may also submit worldwide arearequirements to support a global systemsuch as a command and control (C2)system.

GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION AND SERVICESOPERATIONS CYCLE

DefineNeeds

AssessData

CollectSources

ExtractData

ArchiveData

Disseminate

Exploit

MISSION

V ALU E - A D D

Figure I-2. Geospatial Information and Services Operations Cycle


15/73I-6

Chapter I

Joint Pub 2-03

When required, the military Services, USSpecial Operations Command, and theDOD intelligence agencies have theresponsibility as defined in DODInstruction 5000.56, ProgrammingUnique Mapping, Charting, and Geodesy(MC&G) Requirements for DevelopingSystems, to submit requirements fornew geospatial data to support emergingsystems.

The combatant commands submit arearequirements to support OPLANs,operation plans in concept format(CONPLANs) with or without time-phased force and deployment data(TPFDD), functional plans, andcampaign plans or operation orders(OPORDs). Combatant commands alsosubmit requirements for geospatial datafor areas outside the continental UnitedStates and for continental United States(CONUS) areas to support joint trainingexercises.

The Services assist the combatantcommands in determining GI&Srequirements by maintaining a currentGI&S planning factors data base (PFDB).The PFDB provides the operational

planner with information as to whatparticular geospatial data is required forweapons and C2 systems. The PFDBalso provides the GI&S officer with anestimate of quantities needed to supportthe forces available. The Services alsohave a responsibility to keep combatantcommands informed on Service GI&Sprograms and capabilities.

In addition to reviewing datarequirements for OPLANs, it is alsoimportant to identify geospatial datarequirements to support rehearsal of thoseplans. In preparation for the plannedamphibious invasion for OperationDESERT STORM, a suitable beach wasrequired in the theater of operationswhich best emulated the actual landingbeach. Once the rehearsal area wasselected, the command engaged crisissupport procedures to obtain thenecessary hydrographic survey data tosupport the rehearsal phase.

b. Assess Data. Once the total requirementfor GI&S is known, the GI&S officer, incoordination with NIMA, makes a detailedassessment of what products and data areavailable. This assessment must also include

US Naval Service Ships are used to collect oceanographic and bathymetric data in support of combatant command requirements.


16/73

I-7


an assessment of substitute products andconsideration for the production and use of data that may not fully meet established DODspecifications. Detailed and accurategeospatial data require long lead times forproduction. Long production lead times,coupled with the large quantities of productsand data sets needing initial production orrevision, complicate availability of geospatialinformation. For this reason, the GI&S officermust carefully plan for GI&S support andensure that the most critical requirements areavailable or are scheduled for production.

c. Collect Sources. Once specific arearequirements are identified and prioritized, thetask of source collection begins. Currently,the major source for geospatial data is visible-

spectrum imagery provided by nationalintelligence systems (See Figure I-3).Imagery provides a detailed overhead viewof the area that is analyzed to identify naturaland manmade features. Stereo imageryprovides elevation data and improvedidentification of features. Ephemeris andattitude data which accompanies the imageryallows for the precise geodetic positioning of the image and mensuration of features.During a time of crisis, it is important to notethat geospatial information producers are indirect competition with intelligence activitiesfor these collection systems. The combatantcommand GI&S officer must be aware of thisfact and assist NIMA in receiving the properpriority for imagery by coordinating with theintelligence officer (J-2) collection manager

IMAGERY SOURCE

Softcopy

GI&SProductionHardcopy

60 % to 100% Overlap80% Cloud FreeEphemeris Data for Precise Positioning

StereoImagery

Figure I-3. Imagery Source


17/73I-8

Chapter I

Joint Pub 2-03

for tasking priority. Other source materialplays a key role in data analysis. Theseancillary sources include native edition mapsand charts, geographic names data,commercial imagery, and other textual datato assist the analyst in identifying features.

Ocean floor mapping is a critical datacollection requirement for accurate oceannavigation charts, combat charts, andother hydrographic data sets. TheCommander, Naval Meteorology andOceanography Command, maintains afleet of eight survey ships for deploymentworldwide and coordinates withhydrographic fleets of the United Statesand other nations to obtain data. Currentprocesses routinely use the sonar andother sounding devices. These ships arecapable of collecting oceanographic datathroughout the water column to includecurrents, physical parameters of the water(e.g., conductivity, temperature, pressure,salinity) bathymetry, and other relateddata. These data are processed intoproducts which support amphibiouswarfare, special warfare, and minewarfare operations for supportingcommanders. The collection of surveydata can be lengthy; therefore, allrequirements for this type of data shouldbe stated well in advance. An evolvingbathymetric survey method is the laserairborne bathymetry system (LABS).Mounted on airborne platforms, LABSuses laser technology to rapidly mapocean depths in relatively clear coastaland ocean waters up to 50 meters deep.

Other sources of geospatial data arerapidly evolving. Interferometricsynthetic aperture radar (IFSAR) canrapidly provide accurate and closelyspaced elevation posts, and can providea data source for images of the terrain.IFSAR technology allows for the day ornight collection of data through clouds,smoke, fog, and haze, and therefore has

a distinct advantage over optical systems.IFSAR systems are currently employedon aircraft.

Commercial multispectral andhyperspectral imagery provides animportant source of radiometric andspatial data. New commercial sensorswith high spectral (ten nanometer,hundreds of bands) and spatial (1-5 meterground sample distance) commercialspace imagery will be available as asupplement to national imaging systems.

d. Extract Data. While NIMA fulfills thebulk of DOD standard geospatial informationextraction requirements, the Services and jointforces also possess limited data extractioncapabilities. Service assets are best suited forthe production of system or theater-specificdata and the update of standard data sets.

e. Archive Data. Once digital geospatialdata are processed, they are archived to a datawarehouse, ready to be used for the creationof specific products or to be used in militaryapplications. The data warehouse providesthe foundation for a DOD-wide distributednetwork of geospatial information thatincludes topographic, aerospace, andhydrographic information, as well as imageryand geographic names and boundary data.

f. Disseminate

Digital geospatial data will be availableon global or regional servers which areaccessible by users through severalmethods. These electronic communicationspathways are discussed further in ChapterIV, GI&S Command, Control,Communications, and ComputerSupport. Geospatial data may also bedistributed on electronic media (such asCD-ROM) and shipped to usersworldwide to be pre-positioned on localservers that are regionally specific incontent.


18/73

I-9


High resolution geospatial data such asraster imagery, maps, and denseelevation and feature data very oftencomprise large digital files, even aftercompression. Electronic transmission of these files can clog even the largestcurrent communications paths. It istherefore critical that the user strive toacquire the most current data via CD-ROM or digital tape for storage on localservers or media. During a crisis orcontingency, there will be intensecompetition for electronic bandwidth.

While NIMA retains the responsibility for the bulk of DOD map and chart printing requirements, advances in printing technology have provided the means for deployed forces to produce low volume, full color hardcopy maps,charts, and other graphics. Local p r i n t i n g c a p a b i l i t i e s e n a b l e commanders to tailor standard data sets for specific missions and provide hardcopy output for the warfighters

use. This capability can also serve to print small numbers of standard or updated products to support planning or special operations.

Hardcopy products may be stocked intheater and regional map depots operatedby the Services, combatant commands,or by NIMA. NOTE: Effective 1 April1998, the responsibility for map, chart,and electronic media distributionshifts from NIMA to the DefenseLogistics Agency.

g. Exploit. Geospatial data can bemanipulated by the user to produce tailoreddata sets or products that serve specificmission purposes. Data might be modified tosupport a specific mission rehearsal or severaldata sets might be fused to create a three-dimensional view of the battlespace.Hardcopy products can also be tailored tospecific uses; however, the process is usuallymore time consuming.

h. Value-add. Detailed, high resolutiondata are subject to rapid change. For example,new roads are constructed, new obstacles tosea navigation are discovered, aerialobstructions are built, and beaches shiftconstantly. Commanders require accurate andup-to-date geospatial data in order to makethe best tactical decisions. Value-adding isthe process by which both the producer andthe user of geospatial data constantly updategeospatial data with current information.While digital systems enable the commanderto capture and analyze tremendous amountsof data, the management of these enhanceddata sets can become difficult. Multiple datasets of differing content and currency canconfuse operations. The commander mustdetermine what data are tactically significantvice data that become computational andmanagement burdens.

4. Geospatial InformationOperations in War

Geospatial information plays a key role inthe full range of military operations frompeace to war. Commanders use geospatialdata to help determine friendly and enemycourses of action (COAs) and to plan for thedeployment of forces and key weaponssystems. When coupled with intelligencedata, the disposition of friendly forces,weather, and the logistics situation, geospatialinformation assists the commander tovisualize and develop the battlespace in orderto exploit enemy weaknesses or takeadvantage of friendly strengths.

5. Geospatial Information inMilitary Operations OtherThan War

a. Operations associated with militaryoperations other than war (MOOTW) focuson deterring war, promoting peace,conducting counterdrug operations, andproviding foreign humanitarian assistance or


19/73I-10

Chapter I

Joint Pub 2-03

disaster relief. Geospatial informationrequirements for these operations are similarto operations in wartime, although intendeduses may be different. The commander mustbe able to visualize the battlespace in order toplace forces where needed.

GI&S OPERATIONS DURING HURRICANE ANDREW

In August, 1992, Hurricane Andrew, the mightiest hurricane to strike the UnitedStates in modern times, crossed southern Florida and tracked into Louisiana,causing billions of dollars in damage while killing 88 people. The town ofHomestead, Florida and nearby Homestead Air Force Base were devastated.Federal Emergency Management Agency personnel sprang into action and

coordinated disaster relief efforts with state and local authorities. Ordinaryroad maps became useless as street signs and many landmark features weredestroyed by the force of the hurricane. Coincidentally, the Department ofAgriculture had already planned a low-altitude aerial photo mission for thearea, and once the hurricane had passed, this mission was conducted. Usingthe available photographs, the US Armys 30th Engineer Battalion (Topographic)at Fort Bragg, NC created a photo mosaic map with overprinted street andlandmark information. This rapidly-produced image map served the localauthorities and deployed military units until standard products from the USGeological Survey became widely available.

SOURCE: XVIII Airborne Corps After Action ReportOctober, 1992

b. Conditions of MOOTW may changerapidly and therefore the GI&S officer mustremain flexible and poised to transition into ahigher state of conflict. Direct combatoperations usually require more accurate anddetailed geospatial information.


20/73

CHAPTER IIDELIBERATE PLANNING FOR GI&S SUPPORT

II-1

The commander must acquaint himself beforehand with the maps so that he knows dangerous places for chariots and carts, where the water is too deep for wagons; passes in famous mountains, the principle rivers, the

locations of highlands and hills; where rushes, forest, and reeds are luxuriant; the road distances; the size of cities and towns; well-known cities and abandoned ones; and where there are flourishing orchards. All this must be known as well as the way boundaries run in and out.

Tu Mu, 803-852, Wei Liao Tzu

1. Introduction

a. Deliberate planning requires the fulldefinition of the mission, the expression of the commanders intent, completion of thecommanders estimate (including theGI&S estimate), and the development of aconcept of operations with Annex M(GI&S). The planning effort must beresponsive to the commanders requirementsand to the requirements of subordinate units.The GI&S officer must coordinate and shareinformation with the J-2, the operations officer(J-3), the logistics officer (J-4), the plansofficer (J-5), and the command, control,communications, and computer systemsofficer (J-6).

b. The Joint Pub 5-0 series providesdetailed information on planning jointoperations. The Joint Operation Planning andExecution System (JOPES) provides thefoundation for conventional C2 by national-and theater-level commanders and their staffs.It is designed to satisfy their information needsin the conduct of joint planning andoperations. JOPES translates policy decisionsinto OPLANs, CONPLANs, functionalplans, and OPORDs. JOPES formats can befound in Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Manual (CJCSM) 3122.03 Joint OperationPlanning and Execution System, Vol II:(Planning Formats and Guidance), and

CJCSM 3122.04, Joint Operation Planningand Execution System, Vol II: (SupplementalPlanning and Execution Formats andGuidance).

2. Deliberate Planning

a. The GI&S officer supports the deliberateplanning process by preparing for a possiblecontingency based on the best informationavailable and using forces and resourcesapportioned by the JSCP. Deliberate planningrelies heavily on assumptions regarding thepolitical and military circumstances that willexist when the plan is implemented.Conducted primarily in peacetime, thedeliberate planning process engages the entire

joint community in the methodicaldevelopment of plans for contingenciesidentified in strategic planning documents,and for the transition to and from war.

b. During deliberate planning, the GI&Sofficer works closely with subordinate commandGI&S officers and with NIMA to develop astrategy to provide GI&S support for futureoperations. Plans developed during deliberateplanning provide a foundation for, and ease thetransition to, crisis resolution. Figure II-1 showsthe five phases of deliberate planning. AppendixA, GI&S Deliberate Planning Checklist,provides broad guidance to the GI&S officer asthe deliberate plan is prepared.


21/73II-2

Chapter II

Joint Pub 2-03

c. During the deliberate planning process,the GI&S officer works closely with theappropriate customer support team at NIMAto determine specific GI&S requirements tosupport the plan. This process normallyfollows the sequence of events shown inFigure II-2.

3. Phase I, Initiation

a. The Service components provideinformation to the supported combatantcommands on available GI&S-capable forcesand GI&S requirements needed to support theplan. Service component GI&S officers usePFDB to accomplish this task. Servicecomponents also describe specific GI&Scapabilities organic to assigned forces. GI&Scapabilities include such functions assurveying, bathymetric data collection, dataextraction, data processing, data management,and hard copy printing.

b. During Phase I, the GI&S officer shouldcarefully review the PFDB to ensure that allunits and weapons systems are included. Itis also important to maintain a constant

dialog with the appropriate customer supportteam at NIMA to inform them of any newemerging plans or modifications to existingplans.

4. Phase II, ConceptDevelopment

a. During Phase II, the supportedcombatant commanders concept of theoperation is developed and is documented asthe combatant commanders strategic concept.The staff prepares alternative COAs.

b. During this phase, the GI&S officer:

Submits planning information to theprimary staff to be included in the COAdevelopment.

Coordinates the development of apreliminary geographic footprint forthe area of interest (AOI) with the J-2and the J-3 for the plan. This earlydetermination of the AOI is necessaryinformation for NIMA to begin anassessment of GI&S source materials and

DELIBERATE PLANNING PHASES

Phase II

InitiationConcept

DevelopmentPlan

Development PlanReview SupportingPlans

Phase III Phase IV Phase VPhase I

Figure II-1. Deliberate Planning Phases


22/73

II-3


data availability. Ensure that thegeographic footprint includes areasoutside of the primary AOI which maybe used for rehearsal or staging areas.

Works closely with the J-2 during the jointintelligence preparation of the battlespace(JIPB) process to provide input on availableand required geospatial data.

Assists other staff elements as requiredto apprise them of geospatial datarequirements and availability.

Prepares a GI&S estimate (Appendix B,GI&S Estimate) and a preliminaryGI&S concept of operations.

Identifies and receives combatantcommander guidance on any datum issuethat may arise. Although CJCSI 3900.01,Position Reference Procedures,establishes World Geodetic System 84

(WGS-84) as the joint operationsstandard, this standard may not beachievable in the short-term to supportthe plan. Many large scale standardNIMA products still exist using localdatums, and the effort to change allhardcopy products to WGS-84 is anenormous undertaking. Multinationaloperations may dictate that the commanduse a local datum to ensureinteroperability. The GI&S officer mustexplain datum issues in detail to thecombatant commander and the staff andwork closely with NIMA to provide arecommended COA.

Identifies possible issues that may arisewith the disclosure (confirmed to exist)and release (physical transfer) of limiteddistribution and classified GI&S productsand data to multinational forces. TheGI&S officer must coordinate theseissues with NIMA.

GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION AND SERVICESDELIBERATE PLANNING CYCLE

Initiate and/orReview GI&S

Plan (Annex M)

DetermineSpecific

GI&SNeeds

DetermineDesired

ReadinessState

ConductGeospatial

Assessmentand/or Determine

Actual Status

PrepareProduction

Strategy and/orDetermine Risk

Figure II-2. Geospatial Information and Services Deliberate Planning Cycle


23/73II-4

Chapter II

Joint Pub 2-03

With the assistance of the appropriatecommand customer support team fromNIMA, conducts a detailed analysis of the supportability of the operationalconcept.

The first step in this process is todetermine an appropriate level of readiness required for the plan, based onlikelihood of execution and calculationof preparation times based on indicationsand warnings. Priorities for availabilityof GI&S products are shown in FigureII-3. The appropriate level of readinessis a combatant commanders assessmentof the adequate level of GI&Spreparedness at a given point in timebefore an operation is executed. Thegeospatial assessment is a planning toolwhich both the combatant commanderand NIMA use to determine how mucheffort should be allocated to a particularOPLAN to produce standard geospatialdata and products.

DATUM ISSUES DURING OPERATION ABLE SENTRY

As US ground forces deployed to Macedonia in late 1993 for peacekeepingoperations, they faced a situation in which three different maps were in use.Older, 1:50,000 scale topographic line maps (TLMs) made by the Defense

Mapping Agency (DMA) were on the European datum (ED-50), in compliancewith North Atlantic Treaty Organization agreements. United Kingdom (UK)1:100,000 scale maps were made using the WGS-84 datum. Yugoslavian-produced 1:25,000 scale maps were produced using the local Hermannskogeldatum. The Yugo maps provided great detail of the terrain, and portrayed theSerbia-Macedonia border more accurately than the DMA and UK sheets. Facedwith a potentially serious interoperability problem, the combatant commanderrequested that DMA update all the standard 1:50,000 TLMs to the WGS-84standard, and that the Serb-Macedonian border be shown as on the Yugo1:25,000 scale maps. The newly revised maps also included many details

provided by the ground forces to depict trails and outposts encountered duringroutine patrols. During the early stages of Operation ABLE SENTRY, the datumdifferences on maps did not hamper operations. Subordinate commandersensured troops were properly trained on the datum differences and coordinateswere routinely transformed until full coverage of WGS-84 products becameavailable.

SOURCE: Various Sources

G I & S P R I O R I TI E S

P riority 1 : If da ta and/orproduct isunavailable, willPREVENTperformance ofmission.

P riority 2 : If da ta and/orproduct isunavailable, will

SIGNIFICANTLYimpact performanceof mission.

P riority 3 : If da ta and/orproduct isunavailable, willhave MINOR impacton performance ofmission.

Figure II-3. GI&S Priorities

As shown in Figure II-4, thisassessment is articulated using the GI&Sreadiness levels: (1) C-1: All requiredproducts and information must exist asstandard or substitute products and


24/73

II-5


information must exist as either standardor substitute products and information,acceptable interim products andinformation, or can be generated anddelivered within the commands requiredtime. Significant deficiencies exist in thecoverage of Priority 2 and 3 products andinformation. Existing products andinformation cannot be made adequatewithin the required time for each plan. (4)C-4: Major deficiencies may exist forPriority 1, 2, or 3 products.

c. With the recommendations of the staff,the combatant commander chooses one COAand that COA is developed into the strategicconcept, which is forwarded to the Chairmanof the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) for reviewand approval.

5. Phase III, Plan Development

a. A CJCS-approved concept of operationsis expanded into a complete OPLAN duringthe plan development phase of deliberateplanning.

Those who do not know the conditions of mountains and forests, hazardous defiles, marshes, and swamps cannot conduct the march of an army.

Sun TzuThe Art of War

b. During this phase, the GI&S officershould:

Determine what shortfalls exist in GI&Scoverage and, in conjunction withNIMA, develop a production strategy toeliminate or reduce the risk of thoseshortfalls. Determine the appropriatepriority for the production or update of required geospatial data and products inaccordance with CJCSI 3901.01,Requirements for Global GeospatialInformation and Services (GGI&S).

information. All products can be madeadequate and delivered within the timerequired for the plan. (2) C-2: All Priority1 and 2 products and information mustexist as either standard or substituteproducts and information, or interimproducts and information can begenerated and delivered within thecommands required time. Deficienciesexist in the coverage of Priority 3 productsand information. Priority 1 and 2 productsand information can be made adequatewithin the required time based on eachplan. Existing Priority 3 products andinformation cannot be made adequatewithin the required time for each plan. (3)C-3: All Priority 1 products and

GI&S RISK ASSESSMENT

In determining an acceptable C-ratingfor any plan, the GI&S officer isrecommending a level of risk that the

command accepts for pre-existinggeospatial products and information:

C-1: Minor deficienciesmay exist forgeospatial support:NEGLIGIBLEimpact on mission.

C-2: Minor deficienciesexist for geospatial

support: MINORimpact on mission.

C-3: Significantdeficiencies existfor geospatialsupport: reducedcapacity to supportmission.

C-4: Major deficienciesexist for geospatialsupport: mayprevent missionaccomplishment.

Figure II-4. GI&S Risk Assessment


25/73II-6

Chapter II

Joint Pub 2-03

Determine what GI&S support shortfallsexist with the forces apportioned by theJSCP.

Develop Annex M (GI&S) to the basicplan. A sample Annex M is shown inCJCSM 3122.03, Joint OperationPlanning and Execution System, Vol II:(Planning Formats and Guidance).Guidelines for the review of OPLANsare contained in CJCSM 3141.01,Procedures for the Review of Operations Plans.

Ensure that GI&S assets and productsare included in the TPFDD to ensureproper movement of critical personnel,equipment, and GI&S data and productsinto theater. Responsibility for buildingthe TPFDD records rests with theService components; therefore, constantcoordination with the Servicecomponents and supporting combatantcommand GI&S officers is required.

6. Phase IV, Plan Review

The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff conducts a final review of the OPLANsubmitted by the supported commanderduring Phase IV. This review evaluates theplan to determine whether taskings have beenmet and whether resources have been usedeffectively with the constraints of the JSCPapportionment guidance. NIMA conducts aformal review of the plans Annex M (GI&S).

7. Phase V, Supporting Plans

a. This phase deals with mobilization,deployment, employment, sustainment, andredeployment of forces and resources insupport of the concept described in thesupported commanders approved plan. Thereview and approval of supporting plans isthe responsibility of the commander theysupport. However, the Chairman of the JointChiefs of Staff may be requested to resolve

critical issues that arise during the review of supporting plans, and NIMA and the JointStaff may coordinate the review of anysupporting plans on behalf of the Chairmanand other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) should circumstances warrant.

b. Support planning identifies the quantityof supplies, equipment, and replacementpersonnel required to sustain the force, and tophase their movement into the theater.Support planning determines the quantities of supply by broad category and converts theminto weights and volumes that can becompared to available strategic andintratheater lift capacity.

The combatant command GI&S officermust coordinate with the J-4 to ensureadequately prioritized lift and distributionsupport are provided for the shipment of paper maps and charts as well as data indigital format such as tapes and CD-ROMs (See Figure II-5).

In coordination with the J-6, the GI&Sofficer will plan communications supportso that adequate communicationsbandwidth exists to transmit digitalgeospatial information from CONUS todeployed units and data managementcenters.

c. During this phase, the combatantcommand GI&S officer works closely withthe appropriate NIMA customer support teamand will:

Coordinate with Service components andsupporting combatant commands todetermine their GI&S basic load and warreserve stock (WRS).

Task Service components and supportingcombatant commands to provide NIMAwith automatic distribution (AD)requirements to support unit basic loadand planning stock requirements.


26/73

II-7


Activities responsible for the WRSmaintenance must be directed to ensurethat their AD accounts and listings areup-to-date.

Ensure Service components andsupporting combatant commands includeGI&S requirements in their TPFDDrecords.

Determine locations for storage of WRS,to include coordination for facilities anda maintenance plan. Maintenance of theWRS will be accomplished by eitherNIMA or a Service component. Amemorandum of understanding (MOU)will be prepared to assign maintenanceresponsibilities.

Plan to implement augmentation fromcomponents and NIMA for distributionoperations, if necessary. If NIMAaugmentation is to be used, therequirement should be stated in both the

MAP & CHART TRANSPORTATIONPLANNING FACTORS

A map palletnormally holds25,000 maps...

48 in... and weighsapproximately2500 lbs

Sea ...

Air ...

4 map pallets = 1 463L aircraft pallet

C141 holds 14 463L palletsC5 holds 35 463L pallets

Sea-Land

20 map pallets = one 40 ft container

Figure II-5. Map & Chart Transportation Planning Factors

plans Annex M and in a formal MOUbetween the command and NIMA.

Coordinate formal agreements orMOUs, if required, to support otheraspects of the GI&S logistics. Examplesinclude provisions for support from hostnations and the role of allied units inGI&S operations.

Develop procedures to process thedisclosure and release of geospatial dataso that any assigned multinational forceshave access to required geospatialinformation.

Develop a plan for residual GI&S stocksthat may remain in-theater afteroperations cease. This plan may call forthe destruction of GI&S stocks, turnoverto host-nation forces (once properdisclosure and release has been granted),or shipment back to theater or CONUSdepots. Classified GI&S data and products


27/73II-8

Chapter II

Joint Pub 2-03

must be disposed of in accordance withDOD Manual 5200.1. DoD InformationSecurity Program. Unclassified limiteddistribution products may be disposed of in accordance with DOD Manual4160.21-M, Defense Utilization andDisposal Manual.

Identify and task a geospatial data basemanager and unit to maintain the theatergeospatial information data warehouse.

Define procedures for reporting andrequesting geospatial information to andfrom the theater geospatial data warehouse.

Establish co-production procedures andrequirements for intratheater support.

8. Conclusion

During deliberate planning, the GI&Sofficer coordinates with the combatantcommand staff to determine requirements forGI&S support and ensures that GI&S assets,products, and digital data are included intransportation and communications planning.The GI&S officer works closely with NIMAto determine what geospatial informationalready exists, what risks can be accepted,and the priority for production to satisfyshortfalls.


28/73

CHAPTER IIICRISIS ACTION PLANNING FOR GI&S SUPPORT

III-1

1. Introduction

a. The basic planning process is adaptedto execute joint operations in crisis situations.

Crisis action planning (CAP) proceduresprovide the GI&S planner with an abbreviatedprocess for determining GI&S support to arapidly developing military operation.

b. Deliberate and CAP for any particular joint operation are interrelated by the degreeto which deliberate planning has been able toanticipate and prepare for the crisis. Everycrisis situation cannot be anticipated, butdetailed analysis and coordinationaccomplished during the deliberate planningperiod may greatly expedite CAP. GI&Ssupport planning for CAP should alwaysbegin with a thorough examination of relevantdeliberate plans.

c. CAP and execution are accomplishedwithin a framework of six phases as describedin Joint Pub 5-0, Doctrine for Planning JointOperations. Discussed below are theprocesses and procedures pertinent to GI&Splanning during CAP. Appendix C, GI&SCrisis Action Checklist, serves as a starterchecklist for the GI&S officer to considerwhen conducting CAP.

2. Phase I, SituationDevelopment

Situation development is a dynamicprocess that evolves simultaneously with

Just as our soldiers must carry their weapons and ammunition as they deploy,they must also carry the maps which make maneuver and fire effective on the battlefield.

Major General Barry R. McCaffreyCommanding General, 24th Infantry Division

Operation DESERT STORM

policy (See Figure III-1). Proper situationdevelopment demands that staffs be able toprovide immediate advice to commanders,based on deliberate planning. The combatant

command GI&S staff must be able to provideto the staff those products and data necessaryfor planning their assessments. During thisphase, a principle task of the GI&S officer isto develop a commanders situationassessment for geospatial informationsupport. The report must provide current andaccurate assessments of the preparedness of the command to execute military operationsin the AOI from a GI&S perspective. TheGI&S officer should make this assessmentin conjunction with the appropriate customersupport team from NIMA. The GI&Sofficers assessment must consider thefollowing factors.

a. The geographic footprint of the AOI.

b. The operational requirements for GI&Sbased on the mission and the force structure.The PFDB can be used to determine whatgeospatial information is needed by specificweapons and C2 systems.

c. The availability and currency of geospatial information that is whatproducts and data currently reside on theshelf at depots and servers.

d. A preliminary recommendation for whatGI&S forces should be included on the jointtask force (JTF) composition.


29/73III-2

Chapter III

Joint Pub 2-03

e. In conjunction with the J-6, an initialestimate of the communications requirementsneeded to transmit digital geospatial databetween forward-deployed units, CONUSproduction centers and digital datawarehouses, theater-level computer dataservers, and to multinational forces.

f. The use of interim products such assatellite image maps instead of topographicline maps, and meteorological data systemsinstead of more standard and more detaileddigital data. What geospatial information canbe developed or updated is a function of requirements and time available. NIMA canassist in determining what data can be madeavailable in the time required.

3. Phase II, Crisis Assessment

During Phase II, the National CommandAuthorities (NCA) and the JCS analyze thesituation assessment and determinewhether a military option should be

prepared. The combatant command GI&Sofficer continues to refine the GI&Sassessment completed in Phase I and nowbegins to consider the strategic liftrequirements for transporting requiredgeospatial data of the operational area andthe AOI. The crisis assessment phase endswith a decision by the NCA to return tothe pre-crisis state or to have militaryoptions developed for consideration andpossible use. The NCA decision providesstrategic guidance for joint operationplanning and may include specificguidance on the COAs to be developed (SeeFigure III-2). The responsibilities of theGI&S officer during Phase II are as follows:

a. Coordinate with NIMA to ensure thatthey are informed of the NCA decision andthe CJCS planning guidance directive.

b. Provide a recommendation and receivecombatant commander guidance on thedatum to be used for the operation.

CRISIS ACTION PLANNING - PHASE I

Situation Development

National CommandAuthorities Decisions

NationalCommandAuthorities

Chairman of theJoint Chiefs of

Staff

Combatant Command

Commander'sAssessment

SupportingPlans

GI&S Annex

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

Develop situation assessmentGeographic "footprint" of area

of operationsGI&S availabilityForce structure

recommendations for GI&SsupportCoordinate national and theater

level GI&S forcesCoordinate crisis productionCoordinate communications

links and transportation supportwith J-6 and J-4

Geospatial Informationand Services (GI&S) Staff

Figure III-1. Crisis Action Planning - Phase I


30/73

III-3


c. Coordinate with NIMA to place a holdon distribution of any hardcopy products anddigital media covering the AOI. This willallow the GI&S officer to prioritize thedistribution of the required data and productsto the units involved in the immediateoperation. This hold should not, however,restrict activities from obtaining smallnumbers of products for planning purposes.

d. Develop and provide guidance toNIMA, subordinate and supporting GI&Sstaffs, and appropriate forces regarding specialprocedures to be used when requisitioningproducts over the AOI. Information aboutdistribution limits and unit priorities must beestablished early to prevent depletion of stocks.

e. Coordinate with the J-4 to determinethe effect the transportation infrastructurestatus has on deployment planning for GI&Sproducts, data, and GI&S production-capableunits as early as possible in the planning effort.

f. Coordinate with NIMA and the Servicesfor GI&S staff augmentation, if required.NIMA has crisis response teams speciallytrained in requirements planning, GI&Sproduction, distribution, and map depotwarehousing operations that can be deployedin theater upon request by the combatantcommander. These assets may be assigned towork directly for the combatant commanderor the designated JTF GI&S officer to helpdevelop and execute the GI&S support plan.The National Imagery and Mapping Collegemay provide technical assistance to jointforces. The US Army TopographicEngineering Center, the Naval OceanographicOffice, and other Service assets may alsoprovide assistance to joint forces as part of their Service components assigned to theoperation. Information required by theseDOD and Service activities includes

justification for request, what expertise isneeded, where support will be located, andapproximately when the support will need tobe in place.

CRISIS ACTION PLANNING - PHASE IICrisis Assessment

Strategic Guidance


(NCA)Decisions

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

Define and answerinformation requirements ofthe NCA and Chairman of theJoint Chiefs of StaffSelect and/or appoint

subordinate forces GI&SofficerIdentify GI&S support

requirements to theaternational level

Coordinate disclosurerelease to allies and/orcoalition forcesCoordinate GI&S staff

augmentation with Servicesand /or NIMACoordinate with US

Transportation Command forGI&S support andDeployment planning

Pre-crisis Stateof Military Option

Commander'sAssessment

Combatant Command


Figure III-2. Crisis Action Planning - Phase II


31/73III-4

Chapter III

Joint Pub 2-03

g. Coordinate the early geospatialinformation production and collection effortsof national and theater assets. The combatantcommand GI&S officer must coordinate withall GI&S producers, including subordinateGI&S units, units from multinational forces,Service assets, and NIMA, to eliminateduplication of effort.

h. Identify, in coordination with the jointforce staff, GI&S requirements and/orrequests from multinational forces. If required, begin coordinating requests forforeign disclosure and/or release with NIMA.

i. Establish points of contact withmultinational forces for supply and receiptof GI&S products and data.

4. Phase III, COA Development

At the beginning of Phase III, an NCAdecision or CJCS planning directive todevelop military options is issued. Thisdirective (and required actions) are described

in Joint Pub 5-0, Doctrine for Planning JointOperations, and Joint Pub 5-00.2, Joint Task Force Planning Guidance and Procedures.The supported commander analyzes eachCOA and provides recommendations to theNCA and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (See Figure III-3). This phase ends withsubmission of the commanders estimate,which includes the GI&S estimate (AppendixB, GI&S Estimate).

a. In this phase, the GI&S officercoordinates with NIMA for analysis of allCOAs, and determines the supportability of each.

b. The GI&S officer supports other staff elements with their planning effort byproviding geospatial information or guidance.

5. Phase IV, COA Selection

In Phase IV, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefsof Staff reviews and evaluates the combatantcommanders estimate and prepares

CRISIS ACTION PLANNING - PHASE IIICourse of Action (COA) Development

Planning Guidance

Estimate COAs

!

!

!

Develop GI&S staff estimateCoordinate with NIMA for

analysis of each COADetermine the supportability

of each COA


NationalCommandAuthoritiesDecisions Military Option

Combatant Command



Staff

Figure III-3. Crisis Action Planning - Phase III


32/73

III-5


recommendations and advice for the NCA (SeeFigure III-4). The NCA selects a COA anddirects that execution planning be accomplished.An alert order implements the NCA decisionand contains sufficient detail to allow the jointforce commander (JFC) to conduct detailedplanning. A CJCS planning order could beissued to initiate execution planning before theNCA selects a COA. The focus of the GI&Sstaff element shifts to the COA selected by theNCA. In addition, the GI&S officer willcomplete the following tasks.

a. Review the checklist found in AppendixC, GI&S Crisis Action Checklist, for issuesto consider.

b. Ensure that all subordinate joint forceGI&S personnel understand theorganizational structures, command, andmultinational relationships established forthe mission. Subordinate forces andsupporting command GI&S personnelshould be briefed on key C2 relationshipsaffecting their specific responsibilities.

c. Coordinate with the J-3 and J-4 toensure adequate lift and priority is providedfor the shipment of paper maps and charts aswell as electronic media.

d. In coordination with the J-6, finalizecommunications support for the subordinateforce GI&S element so that adequatecommunications bandwidth exists to transmitdigital geospatial information from CONUS todeployed units and data management centers.Develop backup procedures for maintainingsupport to units if primary communications arelost.

e. Ensure that requests for theater andnational augmentation (both personnel andequipment, to include NIMA resources) areformally submitted and responses are tracked.Coordinate with the manpower and personnelofficer to ensure that logistic preparations forlocating and housing augmentees are underway.

f. Coordinate final personnel, systems,supply, and equipment requirements with the

CRISIS ACTION PLANNING - PHASE IV

Course of Action (COA) Selection

Selects COAAlert Order

Estimate COAs

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

Shift focus to selected COAReview GI&S checklistsBrief GI&S commandand controlCheck augmentation from Service

and/or national assetsEnsure GI&S items in JOPES and

TPFDDResolve foreign disclosure and/or

release issuesObtain status on GI&S crisis

productionBegin map depot coordination

Combatant Command

Military OptionGeospatial Information

and Services (GI&S) StaffNational

CommandAuthorities


Staff

Figure III-4. Crisis Action Planning - Phase IV


33/73III-6

Chapter III

Joint Pub 2-03

subordinate GI&S officer and ensure thatthese requirements are submitted to JOPESand the TPFDD.

g. Resolve foreign disclosure and/orrelease policies with respect to geospatialinformation and inform subordinate GI&Spersonnel of these procedures. Requirementsto share geospatial data must be finalized andspecific products or data to be shared must beidentified in Annex M in the OPORD.Coordinate with NIMA for support beingprovided to multinational forces through theUnited Nations (UN), North Atlantic TreatyOrganization (NATO), or other internationalorganizations.

h. Obtain a status from NIMA on theircrisis production plan to cover GI&Sshortfalls.

i. Begin coordination with NIMA on in-theater map depot establishment and manningrequirements.

6. Phase V, Execution Planning

This phase begins with receipt of the alertorder or planning order from the Chairmanof the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The approvedCOA is transformed into an OPORD.Detailed planning occurs throughout the jointplanning community. If required, thesupported commander will initiate campaignplanning or refine a campaign plan alreadydeveloped. The supported commanderdevelops the OPORD and supporting TPFDDby modifying an existing OPLAN, expandingan existing CONPLAN, or developing a newplan (See Figure III-5). This phase ends withan NCA decision to implement the OPORD.In those instances where the crisis does notprogress to implementation, the Chairmanof the Joint Chiefs of Staff provides guidanceon continued planning using either deliberateor CAP procedures.

a. The planning emphasis during thisphase shifts to transportation requirementsand the building of movement schedules.The movement status of GI&S forces,equipment, and geospatial data should beincluded in every status report and briefingprepared during the planning of jointoperations.

b. GI&S officer actions during this phaseincluding the following:

Brief subordinate GI&S officers, NIMA,and Service geospatial informationsupport activities on the alert or planningorder;

Finalize any remaining Phase IV orprevious actions that were compresseddue to the rapid development of the crisissituation;

Refine Annex M (GI&S) to the OPORDaccording to CJCSM 3122.03, JointOperation Planning and ExecutionSystem, Vol II: (Planning Formats andGuidance);

Ensure that all subordinate GI&Spersonnel understand the GI&S supportoperations concept;

Ensure tha t command , cont rol ,communications, and computers (C4)relationships have been defined for GI&Ssupport to major component forces of the subordinate joint force;

Apprise the supported commander of thecurrent status of GI&S capabilities andlimitations as well as the status of crisisproduction of geospatial information;and

Brief personnel on the completeOPORD.


34/73

III-7


7. Phase VI, Execution

If the NCA decides to execute the selectedCOA, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff issues an execute order to begin Phase VI,Execution. The execute order directs thedeployment and employment of forces,defines the timing for initiation of operations,and conveys guidance not provided in earlierCAP orders and instructions. This phasecontinues until the crisis or mission ends andforce redeployment has been completed. If the crisis is prolonged, the process may berepeated continuously as circumstanceschange and missions are revised. If the crisisexpands to major conflict or war, CAP willevolve into and be absorbed within the largercontext of implementation planning for theconduct of the war. As soon as the deploymentbegins, the supported command GI&S officercoordinates the deployment of requestedGI&S augmentation of personnel and/or

CRISIS ACTION PLANNING - PHASE V

Execution Planning

Combatant Command

Alert Order

Implementation OPORD

Operation Order (OPORD)

Campaign Plan

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

Brief subordinate joint force GI&Sstaff on the alert or planning order

Brief NIMA and other GI&Sproduction activities

Finalize Phase IV actionsFinalize Annex M (GI&S)Define C4 relationshipsApprise supported commander of

the GI&S situationCoordinate crisis production of

geospatial information andproducts

Brief personnel on the completeOPORD

Geospatial Informationand Services (GI&S) StaffMilitary OptionNational

CommandAuthorities


Staff

Figure III-5. Crisis Action Planning - Phase V

equipment to the theater. The supportedcommand GI&S officer continues to provideproduction guidance to NIMA and otherCONUS-based geospatial data productionactivities, and provides taskings for in-theaterassets until the subordinate joint force GI&Sstaff has reached operational status at thedeployed location (See Figure III-6).

8. Conclusion

The requirement to plan GI&S support forcrisis operations depends greatly upon the scopeof the mission, how much can be adapted fromexisting deliberate plans, and the total timeavailable for the CAP process. In some cases,phases may be skipped. To better prepare forthis eventuality, combatant command GI&Sofficers should create their own crisis planningchecklists and exercise them. Appendix C,GI&S Crisis Action Checklist, provides astarting point for checklist development.


35/73III-8

Chapter III

Joint Pub 2-03

CRISIS ACTION PLANNING - PHASE VI

Execution

Combatant Command

Deploy GI&S Augmentation

Assets

Operation Order

Campaign Plan

!

!

!

Continue production anddistribution guidance to NIMAand other GI&S assets

Coordinate deployment of GI&Saugmentee personnel andequipment

Conduct hand-off of GI&Soperations to supportingcommand GI&S officer

Military OptionGeospatial Information

and Services (GI&S) StaffNational

CommandAuthorities


Staff

Figure III-6. Crisis Action Planning - Phase VI


36/73

the mission. Technological developmentmust be realistically tempered by thelimitations of fielded and deployed systemsand of the consumers themselves.

The challenge for the young leaders of tomorrow is to find the proper balance between those infantrymen and the technology needed to give them the improved mobility, lethality,

and survivability required to win on the battlefields of the future.

LtGen Charles E. WilhelmCommander

Marine Forces AtlanticView from the Foxhole,

Marine Corps Gazette, Aug 95

2. GI&S CommunicationsCapabilities

a. The DOD GI&S architectureimplements common procedures, standards,data formats, and interoperable software,while continuing to evolve with theCommand, Control, Communication,Computers, and Intelligence (C4I) for theWarrior concept. This broadly connected

joint system provides total battlespaceinformation to the warrior, and establishes aglobal C4I capability for the warfighter toplug in anytime, anywhere, for any mission(See Figure IV-1).

CHAPTER IVGI&S COMMAND, CONTROL, COMMUNICATIONS,

AND COMPUTER SUPPORT

IV-1

1. Introduction

a. Communications and automated dataprocessing (ADP) systems provide the basicframework for the timely dissemination of current digital geospatial information duringthe planning and execution phases of militaryoperations. Communications and ADPtechnology are undergoing continuousevolution affecting GI&S architecture,systems, and applications. These rapidtechnology advances, while allowing for moredata to be visualized and analyzed in betterand faster ways, present tremendouschallenges to operator training, integration,interoperability, and the efficient use of available resources. These challenges can beovercome by professional training, hands-onexperience, realistic exercises, and carefulcoordination and planning throughout theGI&S community.

b. Geospatial information producers,weapons and C2 systems developers, andother ADP professionals must continuouslyraise the threshold of dynamic support tocommanders by successfully creating andrefining digital dissemination and exploitationof geospatial data. However, all developmentmust be supported by a warfighter need technology is not an end in itself, but ratherthe means to transmit and exploit geospatialinformation in support of the commander and

During the Civil War, Grant received information by telegraph and messenger...The 21st-century commander will have real time information

from all dimensions of the battlefield and must be capable of decisive action within hours if not minutes. As we insert digital technology into our battlefield systems, we are building an Army of unprecedented capability.

General Gordon R. SullivanArmy Chief of Staff

March 1994


37/73IV-2

Chapter IV

Joint Pub 2-03

b. National Imagery and MappingAgency Support. The Director, NIMA, asthe DOD program manager for GI&S,establishes interoperability standards anddata formats for joint and Service GI&Ssupport. NIMA coordinates the nationalcommunications and ADP structure for GI&Ssupport to the combatant commands andintelligence agencies. The combatantcommands and intelligence agencies use thesesame standards and data formats fortransmitting geospatial data to subordinatecommands and joint forces.

3. Multinational Force GI&SSupport and Interoperability

a. Combined operations and coalitionwarfare are now common for militaryoperations, which makes the sharing of

geospatial information with allies increasinglyimportant. There is no existing multilevelsecurity system to facilitate dissemination of disclosable and releasable information to US,allied, and/or coalition operationalcommanders. Combatant commands andsubordinate JTFs can request through NIMAthat geospatial data be either disclosed orreleased to coalition and/or allied nations asnecessary.

b. A subordinate joint force should beinteroperable with, and have access to, theater-ADP systems and geospatial data bases, aswell as allied and/or coalition force data basesand GI&S dissemination systems. Forexample, geospatial data may be stored onsystems such as the Linked OperationalIntelligence Centers Europe (LOCE). LOCEis the primary automated system for

COMMAND, CONTROL, COMMUNICATIONS,COMPUTERS, AND INTELLIGENCE FORTHE

WARRIOR CONCEPT

National and/orTheater

Operational

Tactical

Global Commandand Control System

Global Internet(Defense Information

Systems Network)

Air Force

NavySpecial Operations

Forces

MarineCorps

ArmyJointTask

Force

Figure IV-1. Command, Control, Communications, Computers,and Intelligence for the Warrior Concept


38/73

IV-3

GI&S Command, Control, Communications, and Computer Support

exchanging information with NATO allies. Asimilar capability exists in Korea with thePacific ADP Server Site-Korea.

4. Establishing GI&S

Communications SupportRequirements

a. A wide range of national, theater, andcomponent C4 systems are available to a JFC.The continuing evolution of the primaryDepartment of Defense IntelligenceInformation System (DODIIS), includingt h e J o i n t Wo r l d w i d e I n t e l l i g e n c eCommunications System (JWICS) and theJoint Deployable Intelligence Support System(JDISS) or client-server environmentcompliant workstation, provides a robust andflexible capability for a subordinate jointforce. While these systems are designed andused primarily for the transfer of intelligencedata, they can also be used for thedissemination of updated geospatial data. Theexistence of this capability does not, however,ensure that geospatial data can bedisseminated without significant planning andcoordination.

When planning communicationsrequirements, the GI&S officer identifiesthe type of mission, formulates theconcept of operations, considers joint andService doctrine, and determines thespecific mission requirements. TheGI&S officer must work closely with theJ-2 and the J-6 to determine GI&S databandwidth requirements, recommendpriorities of data transmission, anddevelop backup plans. Supportingcommunications paths will requireprocurement or extension to link the JFCwith the Defense Information SystemsNetwork (DISN) to allow for thetransmission of large geospatial data files.

Specific mission objectives of the JFCand each of the subordinate commanders

are developed. The GI&S officerprovides a list of the subordinate jointforce GI&S assets assigned fromnational, theater, and Service levels, aspecific activity timeline for operationsplanned for the JFC and each subordinatecommander, and an estimate of the databandwidth requirements to fill shortfallsin geospatial data transmissions.

The J-6 determines the specificcommunications plan to delivergeospatial data to the JFC and to thesubordinate commanders. Productsinclude a node-to-node layout of existingand planned data transmission routes andthe identification of all organizations orunits that will be included on thecommunications architecture (SeeFigure IV-2).

b. Key concepts to successful GI&Ssupport are joint interoperability, streamlinedflow of information, and the provision forpull-down geospatial information tailored tothe needs of the operational forces. The abilityto provide the tactical commander with nearreal time geospatial data continues to be acritical factor that is becoming more importantas supporting technology matures.

5. Combatant Commanders

Communications Planninga. Architecture Planning

The transmission and dissemination of digital geospatial data is an evolvingconcept. The DOD GI&S community isinvolved in ongoing research to developnew and faster ways to transfer the largedata files associated with geospatialinformation. The GI&S officer mustcarefully plan and coordinate this aspectof the mission with NIMA and otherCONUS GI&S support activities, the J-2,the J-6, and subordinate units.


39/73IV-4

Chapter IV

Joint Pub 2-03

Every effort should be made for units todeploy with the most current geospatialdata on electronic media such as digitaltape, CD-ROMs, or removable disks.Pre-positioned geospatial data will limitthe load on communications bandwidthsto data updates.

In coordination with the J-2 and theGI&S officer, the combatant commandJ-6 should establish an adequate GI&Scommunications path for the subordinateJFC and/or subordinate command priorto operational deployment (See FigureIV-3). The joint force should useestablished wide-area networks (WANs)as the basis for planning its

communications, ADP support, anddissemination to the joint forcecomponent commanders for bothclassified and unclassified geospatialdata. In coordination with the J-2 andthe GI&S officer, the combatantcommand J-6 builds a tailored,integrated communications architecturewhich links the JTF and subordinateforces with NIMA and other national,Servic

jttp for geospatial info and services support to jointops

Documents