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Principles and Mechanics of Water (Quality) (Risk ) Management On Mine Sites
Presented by :
Dr. Michael ten Lohuis(Ph.D. MEng. Sci. MIEAus (Chem), MASM)
8‐Jul‐15
Water Treatment Services Our Trained Staff provides assistance with expertise in the following areas:
Services Methods and Areas of ApplicationsSystem, Process and Regulatory Compliance Audits
Mining, Industrial, Municipal/Power Utilities, Environmental
Tailored Treatment Concept DesignMining, Industrial, Municipal/Power Utilities, Environmental
Custom Formulations, Bench and Pilot Testing, Treatment Validation and Evaluation Mining, Industrial, Municipal/Power Utilities, Environmental
Process Engineering Batching and Process Control Equipment, Chlorine Dioxide Generators,SCD‐controllers
Real Time Process MonitoringOn‐line Remote Monitoring of chemical and physical parameters; Data Interpretation, Process adjustments
Water Quality Modelling (species fate, scaling, corrosion indices etc.) Using various “State of the Art” modelling software packages
Customer specific service programs As required by site‐specifications, standards and regulatory compliance schedules
2015 HEALTH IMPROVEMENT AND AWARENESS COMMITTEE MEETING (Brisbane)8‐Jul‐15
Water Treatment Services
Product Typical Uses
Biocides Cooling circuits, Cooling Towers, Municipal
Anti‐ScalentsMining, Industrial, Power Generation, RO, Filtration
Dispersants Cooling circuits, Mining, Municipal
Deposit Inhibitors Industrial, Mining
Oxygen Scavengers Power/Steam Generation
Chemical Cleaning Agents Power/ Steam Generation, RO, Filtration
Process Chemicals (Soda Ash, HCl,H2SO4, Na OH) Industrial, Mining, Power Generation
Flocculants and Coagulants Industrial, Mining, Municipal, Power Generation
Corrosion Inhibitors Industrial, Mining, Municipal, Power Generation
Foam Control Agents Industrial
As a “Speciality Water Treatment Chemical Manufacturer” and Water Treatment Service Provider we design, supply, deliver and apply the following Key Water Treatment Products :
8‐Jul‐15 2015 HEALTH IMPROVEMENT AND AWARENESS COMMITTEE MEETING (Brisbane)
Owners and Operators of water harvesting, water‐treatment, water‐supply and water‐distribution systems need to demonstrateknowledge of:
• Risk management principles• Source/and system specific exposure hazards• Exposure/treatment barriers
This applies to water used for: potable/domestic use,bathing/recreational use, industrial processes, cooling waters, wash‐down/cleaning uses and wastewater‐recycling.
THIS INCLUDES ALL MINE SITES POTABLE, NON‐POTABLE, PROCESSAND RECYCLED WATERS!
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Guiding Principles of Water Quality Management
Demonstrate Knowledge of Risk Management Principles
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Demonstrate Knowledge of Risk Management Principles
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• It presents a mandatory unit within the new “National Certification Framework” for operators within drinking water treatment systems.
• This unit now comprises part of Certificate II – Water Industry Operations NWP07
• It presents a recognised “Professional Development” unit relevant to drinking water systems (must include some sort of assessment!)
NWP 279 – Demonstrate Knowledge of the risk managementprinciples of the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines
8‐Jul‐15 2015 HEALTH IMPROVEMENT AND AWARENESS COMMITTEE MEETING (Brisbane)
Potable Water Risk Management Knowledge
• WHO Drinking Water Standards (1996)• Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (2011)• Public Health Act 2010, NSW• Water Supply (Safety and Reliability) Act 2008, QLD• Safe Drinking Water Act 2003, VIC• Safe Drinking Water Act 2011, SA• Water Supply and Sewerage Services Act 2000, NT • Safe Drinking Water Regulations 2005, WA
WHO/National/State/Territory Drinking Water Legislations: (Examples)
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Demonstrate Potable Water Risk Management Knowledge
AS3666 series of standards for design, installation, operation and management of: • Air‐handling systems• Water cooling systems• Evaporative cooling systems• Humidifiers
AS5059 standard• This Standard sets out control strategies considered to be suitable for use
for the major cooling tower water systems at power stations. • The strategies follow risk management principles and may also be suited
to other large cooling tower water systems for which shutdown is impractical.
Both standard series provide a guideline to risk management!
Legionella Risk Management Knowledge
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• The Queensland Plant Code of Practice 2005 the Safe Work Australia 2012 Code of Practice Managing the Risks of Plant in the Workplace give practical advice on ways to manage exposure to risks related to the use of plant in general.
• Under section 20 of the Work Health and Safety Act 2011, owners of plant, such as cooling towers and other components of cooling water systems, have a primary duty to ensure the plant is maintained in a condition that ensures the plant is safe, and without risk to health, when used properly.
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Legionella Risk Management Knowledge (QLD)
QueenslandGuide to Legionella Control in Cooling Water Systems including Cooling Towers (2013 Workplace Health and Safety Queensland)
Examples of International/ National/State Guidelines • Legionella and the prevention of Legionellosis, World Health
Organization, 2007.• SAA/SNZ HB32 ‐ Control of microbial growth in air‐handling and
water systems of buildings• NSW Code of Practice for the Control of Legionnaires’ Disease,
2nd edition, NSW Department of Health, June 2004 (under review)
• Guide to Developing Risk Management Plans for Cooling Tower Systems. 2001. Public Health Division, Victorian Government Department of Human Services
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Demonstrate Legionella Risk Management Knowledge
Cover all aerosol‐generating systems that present a microbial risk by developing a Risk Management Plan in specific context to the system and organisation. For example:• Dust control sprays, foggers and humidifiers• Pressurised cleaning and wash‐down• Fire‐fighting sources (covered by a fire‐water standard)• Clarifiers/thickner sprays‐booms. Management Plans should include control strategies and risk‐based trigger action control protocols in case of detection of Legionellae in the system. Provide a well documented, integrated and auditable approach to ensuring maximum due diligence and duty of care
Legionella Risk Management Knowledge forNon‐Regulated Systems were Exposure toAerosolized Waters is Likely
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Critical risk factors for Legionella growth in cooling water systems and resultant infection of people include: • stagnant water• nutrient availability• poor water quality• deficiencies in the system• location of the cooling tower system near the public and/or close
to other air handling services.
Risk Factors Covered in Most Standards and Guidelines
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Demonstrate Legionella Risk Management Knowledge
Demonstrate a diligent approach to Legionella management by maintaining appropriate records such as: • Risk management plans, certificates from competent persons
(eg. drift eliminators, disinfection, scale/corrosion control systems)
• Lab analyses reports (chemical and microbiological)• Compliant notification, cleaning decontamination reports. • An assessment of the system location (exposure risks)• External contaminants (eg. make‐up quality)• Public access (exposure risks)
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Legionella Risk Management Knowledge
• Recycled water is water that has been used and is then supplied for reuse, either treated or untreated. Recycled water may be sourced from sewage (wastewater treatment plants) or process water streams.
• Stormwater is the run‐off from roofs, roads, driveways and other hard surfaces. Stormwater must generally be treated for use. Water caught in rainwater tanks is suitable for some uses.
• Greywater is wastewater generated from showers and laundries. Greywater may be used treated or untreated, depending on its use.
Demonstrate Non‐Potable Water Quality Risk Management Knowledge (including recycled water
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• The person in control of the workplace must manage any risks from the use, handling, storage, and transport of non‐potable water at the workplace.
• Under the Work Health and Safety Act 2011, manufacturers, suppliers and users of non‐potable water in a workplace have an obligation to prevent death, injury or illness caused by the water.
Demonstrate Non‐Potable Water Quality Risk Management Knowledge
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Queensland• The Water Supply (Safety and Reliability) Act 2008 regulates
recycled water produced and supplied by a recycled water provider. The main aim of the Act is to ensure public health is protected. Your recycled water provider may have obligations under the legislation and may, for example, propose a recycled water agreement with your workplace.
• State government agencies in Queensland with regulatory responsibilities for the use of recycled water in the workplace include the Department of Justice and Attorney‐General [https://www.worksafe.qld.gov.au/injuryprevention‐safety/workplace‐hazards/hazardous‐exposures/biological‐hazards/non‐potablewater]‐ using recycled water in the workplace
Demonstrate Recycled Water Quality Risk Management Knowledge
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Examples of NationalGuidelines• Overview of the Australian Guidelines for Water
Recycling: Managing Health and Environmental Risks 2006 (Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council)
Demonstrate Non‐Potable/Recycled Water Quality Risk Management Knowledge
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Risk Management/Source End‐Use Hazards/Treatment Barriers
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We have covered the Risk Management Resources and now will provide examples of actual risks associated with specific water sources and end‐use.
• Catchment, geology and anthropogenic hazard sources
• End‐Use specific Hazard
• Effective water quality risk management requires identification ofall source water and system‐specific hazards, hazardous events,and an assessment of the level of risk presented by each.
• A structured, site‐specific approach is important to ensure thatsignificant source and system‐specific issues/hazards are notoverlooked and that areas of greatest risk are identified.
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Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and System‐Specific Hazards
Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemExposure Hazards (Example Catchment/Storage)
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Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and System Exposure Hazards
Example: Cyanobacterial blooms and resulting cyanotoxins can havesevere health effects if ingested and/or contacted
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Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemExposure Hazards (Example: Catchment/Storage)
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Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and System ExposureHazards (Example: Protozoans)
(Cryptosporidium Giardia) can cause acute gastrointestinal problems
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Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemExposure Hazards (Geology) and chronic exposure toradionuclides
8‐Jul‐15 2015 HEALTH IMPROVEMENT AND AWARENESS COMMITTEE MEETING (Brisbane)
Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemExposure Hazards
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Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemExposure Hazards (Example: Fluoride)
Chronic Exposure causes brittle bones/teeth
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Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemExposure Hazards (Anthropogenic Origin)
Eg. Mine Waters adjacent to surface/groundwaterextraction (eg. acids, heavy metal mobilisation)
Surface/Groundwater Extraction
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Acidic mine‐dams can mobilise heavy metals
Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemExposure Hazards (Example: Heavy Metals)Prolonged exposure affects organs, nervous system
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Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemExposure Hazards (Example: Hydrocarbon Spillagesfrom vehicle work/shops)
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Summary of some Ingestion Hazards
Source Hazard Examples Examples of Barriers
Catchment GiardiaCryptosporidiumAmoebaCyanobacteriaBacteria, Virus, DBP‐precursors
Restricted access, buffer zones,Life‐stock/wildlife barriers, flow/retention, aeration/de‐stratification
Geology Heavy metals, fluorides, salinity, radionuclides, solids
Oxidation, precipitation, coagulation/flocculation,clarification, filtration, ion‐exchange, reverse osmosis,
Anthropogenic Input Nutrients, hydrocarbons, heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, industrial/process chemicals,Bacteria, Virus, Disinfection By‐products (DBP’s)
Oxidation, precipitation, coagulation/flocculation,clarification, filtration, ion‐exchange, reverse osmosis, disinfection,
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Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemExposure Hazards (Example Artesian Water Make‐Upfor Cooling and Dust‐suppression)
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Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemExposure Hazards (Make‐Up)(eg. Artesian Water)
• Artesian Sources are often corrosive, nutrient rich and exhibit temperatures in the range of 30‐45 degC, which provides optimal conditions for amoeba and for Legionella growth
• Mines may transport the Artesian Water over long distances in surface pipe networks exposed to the sun, therefore maintaining an optimal temperature for Legionella growth
• Mine‐sites may store well aerated, warm/hot water in ponds and storage tanks that provide a suitable environment for Legionella growth
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Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemExposure Hazards (Example: Inhalation of Legionellacontaining Aerosols via spray‐nozzles)
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Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and System ExposureHazards: (Example: Spray‐drift of Cooling Towers,evaporative condensers)
Example:
Many of Australia’s River SystemsCarry significant quantities of legionella bacteria and risks require to be managed in cooling water systems
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Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemExposure Hazard (Example: Legionellae exposure viahand‐held high pressure hoses and drill spray‐nozzles)
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Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemExposure Hazards (Examples: Legionellae exposurevia large area fogging)
8‐Jul‐15 2015 HEALTH IMPROVEMENT AND AWARENESS COMMITTEE MEETING (Brisbane)
Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemExposure Hazards (Legionellae in Dust Suppressionand equipment cooling)Example: Scraper Dust‐suppression and Drill ‐equipment cooling circuits
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Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemExposure Hazards (Legionellae exposure via ShowerRoses)
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Australian and New Zealand Standard (AS/NZS 3500.4.2:1997) which sets a minimum temperature of 60°C for hot water storage systems to protect against legionella.
Summary of Legionella Exposure Hazards viaaerosol inhalation)
Hazard Examples Barriers
Make‐up water Re‐inoculation with LegionellaBacteria
Disinfection, clarification, filtration, change of source,
Cooling Water Providing suitable growth conditions for LegionellaBacteria
Disinfection, side‐stream filtration, management of (flows, retention, dead‐legs)Regular flushing/blowdown, drift‐eliminators, P2‐maskPPE, restricted access,
Water used in shower facilities and for dust‐suppression
Inhalable aerosol generation of waters that contain Legionella Bacteria
Disinfection, clarification, filtration, change of source, prevention of aerosol, restricted areas, P2‐mask PPE, hot‐water storage temperatures,
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Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemSecondary Contact Exposure Hazards (Example:Recycled STP Effluent)
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8‐Jul‐15 2015 HEALTH IMPROVEMENT AND AWARENESS COMMITTEE MEETING (Brisbane)
Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemSecondary Contact Exposure Hazards (Example:Recycled STP Effluent used in irrigation)
Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemExposure Hazards (Contact with Pathogens inRecycled Water)Example: Recycled STP‐Effluent use for road dustsuppression
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Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemExposure Hazards (Contact with Pathogens inRecycled Water)Example: Recycled STP‐Effluent blended withrecycled process water
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Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemExposure Hazards (Contact with Pathogens inRecycled Water)Example: Recycled STP‐Effluent re‐used in dustsuppression and process.
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Hazard Examples Barriers
Recycled STP‐effluent
Pathogenic Bacteria and Viruses in irrigation, dust‐suppression, process re‐use
Disinfection, clarification, filtration, change of source, membrane filtration, PPE
Recycled Process Water
Process water specific organic and inorganic chemical exposure; additional bacteria
Oxidation, precipitation, coagulation/flocculation,clarification, floatation, filtration, ion‐exchange, reverse osmosis, disinfection, PPE
Blended Natural and Recycled Water Sources
Pathogenic Bacteria and Viruses, Process water specific organic and inorganic chemical exposure; bacteria, cyanotoxins,
Disinfection, clarification, filtration, change of source, prevention of aerosol, temporary restricted access, PPE,
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Summary of Recycled Water ExposureHazards (via Secondary Contact)
• The water harvesting storage treatment and supply system must have, and continuously maintain, robust multiple barriers appropriate to the level of potential contamination facing the raw water supply.
• The owners and operators must demonstrate knowledge of the capabilities and key principles of the treatment barriers.
Demonstrate Treatment Barrier Knowledge
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• Catchment management /source water protection
• Water extraction and storage systems
• Water Treatment systems
• Distribution systems
Hazard Analysis & Critical Control Points ( HACCP)
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Treatment Barrier Critical Control Point Knowledge
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• Catchment Barriers and Restricted Access• Intake Weirs and Screens• Clarification (coagulation, flocculation, filtration,
sedimentation); • Filtration (conventional and membrane)• Ion‐Exchange; softening; demineralisation processes• Reverse Osmosis• Disinfection (halogens, CLO2, non‐oxidizing,ozone,UV)
Summary of Treatment Barriers
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Membrane Filtration Barriers
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Disinfection Barriers (Chlorine Dioxide)
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Microbe Log‐Reduction of Treatment Barriers
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On behalf of Water Treatment Services I would like to thank the audience for the opportunity to present this summary and we hope that it will assist you in managing your water‐quality associated risks on your sites. Feel free to contact us if you require further information and help to achieve compliant water qualities. 07 47 288920
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