jul/aug 2013 - international aquafeed magazine

Maintaining ingredient quality in extruded feeds

Fine particle filtration in aquaculture

Effect of probiotic, Hydroyeast Aquaculture

– as growth promoter for adult Nile tilapia

Volume 16 I s sue 4 2 013 - J u lY | August

INCORPORAT ING f I sh fARm ING TeChNOlOGy

EXPERT TOPIC – channel catfish

An internAtionAl mAgAzine for the AquAculture feed

industry - incorPorAting fish fArming technologyCONTENTS

AQUAI n t e r n a t I o n a l

FEED

Volume 16 / Issue 4 / July-August 2013 / © Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2013 / All rights reserved

International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2013 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

Aqua News

3 Parasitelostassciencetacklessealicemenace4 EnvironmentaltriggerforEMSidentifiedinshrimpponds4 ApplicationsforNovusWASInternshipChallengeopen5 Widevariationsinsalmonsustainability7 IFFO'sGlobalStandardforResponsibleSupplyupdate8 FAOandILOurgecountriestobetterprotectchildrenworkinginfisheriesandaquaculture8 NoISAinthePacificNorthwest8 EncouragingsignsforNewZealand’soysterindustry10 BioMarandLallemandAnimalNutritionextendtheircollaboration11 Fishfailtodetectdangerincopper-pollutedwater11 NutrecocompletesshrimpandfishfeedacquisitioninEcuador

Features

12 Maintainingingredientqualityinextrudedfeeds

18 Fineparticlefiltrationinaquaculture

22 Chelatedmineralsinaquaculture

26 Effectofprobiotic,HydroyeastAquacultureasgrowthpromoterforadultNiletilapia

34 EffectsofSangrovit

ontheperformancesoftracatfish(Pangasius hypophthalmus)culturedinearthenponds

Regular items

5 THEAQUACULTURISTS32 PHOTOSHOOT38 EXPERTTOPIC-CHANNELCATFISH45 INDUSTRYEVENTS

ExpertsdiscussPAPsatSonacseminar ShanghaiInternationalFisheries&SeafoodExpo201348 CLASSIFIEDADVERTS50 THEAQUAFEEDINTERVIEW52 INDUSTRYFACES

www.perendale.co.uk

EditorProfessorSimonDaviesEmail: [email protected]

Associate EditorsAliceNealEmail: [email protected]

ProfessorKrishenRanaEmail: [email protected]

DrYuYuEmail: [email protected]

Editorial Advisory Panel

•Abdel-FattahM.El-Sayed(Egypt)

•ProfessorAntónioGouveia(Portugal)

•ProfessorCharlesBai(Korea)

•ColinMair(UK)

•DrDanielMerrifield(UK)

•DrDominiqueBureau(Canada)

•DrElizabethSweetman(Greece)

•DrKimJauncey(UK)

•EricDeMuylder(Belgium)

•DrPedroEncarnação(Singapore)

•DrMohammadRHasan(Italy)

Circulation & Events ManagerTutiTanEmail: [email protected]

Design & Page LayoutJamesTaylor

Email: [email protected]

International Marketing Team (UK Office) DarrenParrisEmail: [email protected]

LeeBastinEmail: [email protected]

TomBlackerEmail: [email protected]

RichardSillettEmail: [email protected]

Latin American Office IvànMarquettiEmail: [email protected]

PabloPorceldePeraltaEmail: [email protected]

India Office RajKapoorEmail: [email protected]

More information: International Aquafeed 7 St George's Terrace, St James' Square Cheltenham, GL50 3PT, United Kingdom Tel: +44 1242 267706 Website: www.aquafeed.co.uk

I have been working with fish for many years and have been particularly interested in their digestive system anatomy and physiology to fully appreciate the science of fish nutrition in its basic context. However my own gastro-intestinal system came under scrutiny in May when I was rushed to hospital from the university due

to a gangrenous appendicitis. This was subsequently removed quickly and efficiently with the advantages of modern keyhole surgery.

Fortunately, I am much better now and upgrading my dailyintakeofbothprebioticsandprobioticsupplementssoastopractisewhat Ipreachwith respect toaquaticanimalhealthmatterssoofteninthismagazine.

Aptly in this issue we are including a focus discussing themeritsofapplyingprobioticapplicationstotilapiahealthandproduction from research conducted in Egypt.Also anotherfeedadditive ishighlightedbasedonpractical trialsonAsiancatfish inVietnam confirming positive effects on the growthperformanceofthisspeciesofincreasinglygrowingexportintomanycountries.

ThismonthourExpertTopiccentresonchannelcatfishandparticularattentionisgiventothebeginningsofthecommercialchannelcatfishindustryintheUSA.

Wealsoincludearticlesonfeedtechnologyimprovementswithafocusonextrusionprocessesforpelleting,aswellasdevelopments intheareaoffiltrationvitaltorecirculationsystemsthatarenowfundamentaltolandbasedaquacultureandresearchfacilities.Theengineeringaspectsrelatingtofishandcrustaceanproductionisgoingtobeastrongelementinthefuturefortheexpansionofaquaculturebothonlandandatsea.

Alongwithourregularfeaturesweoffersomenewcolumnistsandinterviewsandnewsreportsfromtheindustrialandothersectors.EnjoythesummerandIwillbebackagainsoon,minustheappendixofcourse.

Professor Simon Davies

CROESO - Welcome

Your complimentary copy of the 2013 biomarine resources directory is included with every print edition of

this issue of International Aquafeed magazine.

A directory for the complex mosaic of fast-changing industries spanning a wide variety of markets.

The biomarine resources directory is the go to publication for

anyone involved in aquaculture, animal feed, nutraceuticals,

pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, human

nutrition, clean technology, bioenergy, biocatalysts or

cosmetics

July-August 2013 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | 3

resourcesbiomarine

www.biomarine-resources.com

Farmed salmon have beenmademoreresistanttothemenace of sea lice thanks

to a scientific breakthrough byScottishcompany,Landcatch.

Genetics exper ts have pin-pointedamajorgenethatcontrolshowsusceptibleindividualfisharetosealiceinfestation.

Thegeneticmarkerswereusedtoscreenbroodstockselectedin2012andwereintroducedtothecompany’s egg production thisyear, ensuring the next genera-tion of farmed salmon is moreresistanttotheparasites.

Sea lice are one of the long-termchallengesfacingtheaquac-ultureindustryandaffectproduc-tionacrosstheworld.Geneticsisset toplay a key role in tacklingthe issue, alongwithadvances inhusbandry, nutrition and medicaltreatments.

Landcatch, which has its head-quartersinOrmsaryinArgyllandafive-stronggeneticsteambasedat Stirling University InnovationPark, is pioneering work in thedevelopment of genetic andgenomic tools for improvingfarmedsalmon.

Genomictechnologyusesinfor-mation from DNA to betterunderstand inherited traits andpredictperformanceofindividualanimals

Landcatchwasthefirstaquacul-ture company to pinpoint genescontrolling the susceptibility ofsalmon to Infectious PancreaticNecrosis (IPN). As par t of astrategy to improve robustness,the firm’s scientists also provedthat sea lice resistance is inher-itedandproducedmoreresistantjuvenilefishandeggs.

Neil Manchester, managingdirector, Landcatch, says, “Wehave located a major gene - orQuantitativeTrait Loci (QTL)- controlling resistance to sealice.This is mapped using var-iations in DNA sequences, orSingleNucleotide Polymorphisms(SNPs), which act as biologicalmarkersandhelpscientistsidentifyindividual salmon that are morerobust forbreedingandeggpro-ductioninEuropeandChile.

“This is a significant milestonefor Landcatch and the aquacul-tureindustry.Thisisavailablenow,and the fact thatwe’veachievedthisbreakthroughayearaheadofscheduleistobewelcomed.

“Many thought it would beanotherdecade to get this far, soweareproudtobeatthecuttingedgeandthisfaraheadinanimpor-tantareafortheindustry.”

Landcatch is at the forefrontof genomic research developingnewmarkersforimportanttraits.

Incollaborationwith researchersin Scotland and the biotech-nology company Affymetrix, ithas developed a high densitySNP Chip - glass slides used toanalyse SNPs which act as bio-logical markers and help scien-tists improve the accuracy ofgenetic predictions of resistanceto disease and other commer-ciallyimportanttraits.

Dr Alan Tinch, director ofgenetics, Landcatch, said thelatest discover y is anotherimportantadvance inthedevel-opmentofmore robust farmedsalmon.

“Geneticmarkersandgenomicselection using the LandcatchSNP Chip for sea lice resistancearemajorstepsforwardindevel-opingasustainable improvementinsealiceresistancewithresultingenhancement of the welfareand performance of LandcatchAtlanticsalmon.

“ O u r g e n e t i cs t r a t e g y i s t oimprove d iseaseresistance in salmonand sea lice resist-ance is a core partof th is . Genet icresistance will actalongside advancesin husbandry, nutri-tion and medical

treatment to reduce the thornyproblemofsealice.”

Samples from the Landcatchbreeding programmes in Chilearealsobeingscreenedtodeter-mine if the major gene is alsoeffectiveagainsttheChileanformofsealice.

DrTinch adds,“The species ofsealicearedifferentinEuropeandChilebut thediscoverywemadein Scottish salmonmay still applybecauseAtlanticsalmonaroundtheworldsharethesameorigins.

“Whether we see the sameeffectinChileornotwillbeinter-estingandhelpsignificantlyinourunderstanding of the biology ofsealiceinfestation.”

Genomic se lect ion us ingSNP Chips is already routinelyapplied in crops, cattle, pigs andchickensbutLandcatchisthefirstcompanytoapplythesciencetosalmon.

Parasitelostassciencetacklessealicemenace


Aqua News

Applications are openfor the Novus WorldAquaculture Society

(WAS) Internship programmesponsoredbyNovusInternationalInc.

Novus recognises the needfor the industry to attract andeducate talented individuals tobecome future aqua researchscientists and nutritionists.Thisinternship programme repre-sents an investment by Novusinto the future of the aquacul-tureindustry.

Health problems continue tochallenge aquaculture develop-ment and expansion.Viral, bac-terial,fungalorparasiteinfectionswhether from new emergingpathogensorwellknowndiseases,often leave producers with fewavailabletreatmentorpreventionoptions and significant losses.Tobe considered for the internshipplease present a proposal thatincludesthefollowing:

• Choose a model diseaseand suggest an experimentaimed at testing a novelpossiblepreventiveortreat-mentsolution

• Provide background litera-turereviewonthepathogen,pathogenesis, epidemiologyand/or host pathogen inter-

actions etc. as appropriateto suppor t experimentaldesignsandhypotheses

Proposalsneedtobesubmittedby October 30, 2013 describingan innovative testable proposalin the area described above.Proposals should be limited totwo to three typewritten pagesplusreferences.Aone-pageCVofthecandidateshouldbeattachedto the proposal.Applicantsmustbe enrolled in a University MScor PhD programme at the timeofapplication.

The selection of the Novusintern will be announced atAsian-PacificAquaculture2013inHoChiMinhCity,Vietnam.

Following the selection, thefour-week internship will bescheduled from June toAugust,2014. The intern wil l workwithThe Novus AquacultureResearch team on a currentprojectbeingcarriedoutattheNovusAquaResearchCenterinVietnam.

Vietnam is the third largestaquaculture-producing countryin the world.The NovusAquaResearch Center is integrallyconnectedtotheaquaindustryandwillallowtheinterntolearnabout and experience aquacul-tureinVietnamthroughinterac-

tions with the Novus researchandoperationsteams.

The awa rd w i l l i n c l udeTravel to and from Ho ChiMinh City,Vietnam, accom-m o d a t i o n i n u n i v e r s i t ys tudent dor m i to r y dur ing

the internship, US$1,000 tohelp with l iving expenses inVietnam.

Submit proposals by emailto Lorraine Magney at Novus:lo r r a ine .magney@novus in t .com

Research conducted onearly mortality syndrome(EMS)atalargeintegrated

shrimpfarminMalaysiahas indi-cated that the disease repeat-edly manifests in ponds with anincreaseinpHto8.5to8.8.

Conduc t ed by No r i a k iAkazawa, managing director,AgrobestSdn.Bhd.,Malaysia,withassistance from Kinki Universityand the National ResearchInstitute ofAquaculture, Japan,thefullresearchresultsarebeingprepared for publication in apeer-reviewedjournal.

EMS, more technically known

as Acute HepatopancreaticNecrosis Syndrome (AHPNS),has had a significant impact onshrimp production in SoutheastAsia.The research results areencourag ing because theyprovide shrimp farmers with atool to improvemanagementofthediseaseinponds.

The resea rch was con-ducted atAgrobest Sdn. Bhd.farm in Pahang,Malaysia,whichproduces Pacific white shrimpand black tiger shrimp in 461plastic-lined ponds. EMS firstappeared at the farm in earlyJanuar y 2011 in five ponds

stocked with post larvae fromthe same hatchery about onemonth ear l ier. Within twomonths,thediseasehadspreadthroughout the farm.Typicalmortality in the affectedpondswas 70-80 percent, and al lages and sizes of shrimp wereaffected.

A reviewofwaterqualitydatafrom approximately 80 affectedand unaffected ponds stockedduringthesamemonthindicatedseveral water quality differencesthat were correlated with out-breaks.Theresearchersthencon-ductedreplicatedaquariumtrials

with controlled levels of variousparameters.

Thesetestsconfirmedthatthedisease repeatedly regressedatlowerpH(around7)andman-ifested at higher pH (8.5 to8.8). Survival rates inAgrobestponds have greatly improvedwith management of pH toavoid the zoneofEMS suscep-tibility.

These findings come shor tlyafter a research team ledbyDrDonaldLightnerattheUniversityofArizona, USA reported thatEMS is caused by a bacterialagent.

ApplicationsforNovusWASInternshipChallengeopen

EnvironmentaltriggerforEMSidentifiedinshrimpponds

Sour

ce:

Sust

aina

ble

Fish

erie

s Pa

rtne

rshi

p

28reductionfisheriesaroundtheAtlanticOceanandSouthAmericawereratedbytheSustainableFisheriesPartnership(SFP).Theresultsshowedthat…

70%offishfromtheAtlanticOceanandSouthAmericausedforfishmealandfishoilcomefromrelativelywellmanagedstocks

30%ofthefisharefrom14stocksthatarenotwellmanaged

15ofthestocksstudiedhavefisheryimprovementprojects(FIPs)

50%ofallfishusedforfishmealandfishoilcomefromstocksthatcontainFIPsmakinggoodprogress

6ofthe15FIPsaremakingprogressaccordingtotheSFP

9oftheFIPsaremakinginsuf-ficientprogressaccordingtotheSFP

4ofthestocksassessedcontainfisheriesthatarecer-tifiedaccordingtotheMarineStewardshipCouncilorinfullassessment

12ofthestocksarecertifiedundertheIFFORSprogramme

77%ofthetotalcatchcomesfromstocksthatcontaineitheratleastoneMSC-certifiedfisheryoraFIP

0fishstocksarecurrentlymanagedwithinanecosystem-basedfisheriesmanagementregime

NUMBER CRUNCHING

4 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | July-August 2013

Aqua News


AsiaPacificAquaculture2011Provingthateventnewsisalwayspopular,thisstoryaboutAsian-PacificAquaculture 2011 is themost read articleontheblogwithover1,500views.TheconferencewasorganisedbytheWorldAquacultureSocietyandfocusedhowtomakeaquacultureeasierandmoreprofitable.

http://bit.ly/12g5vt8

IdentifyingmaletilapiaThe importanceof identifyingmale tilapia fromMarch2012takesthenumbertwospotwithjustover850viewssofar.ResearchersinFrancehavebeeninvestigatingwaystoproduceallmaleprogenyusinggenetics.

http://bit.ly/11TTjl9

FishmealreplacementInthirdplace,isanarticlebyformerInternationalAquafeededitor,AlbertTacon.TaconconsidersthereplacementoffishmealandmarineproteinsinpracticaldietsforPacificwhiteshrimpusingterrestriallandanimalproteins.

http://bit.ly/13h04jP

AwardwinnersBeingonline,meanswecanreportstoriesassoonas theyhappen.WewerethefirsttobreakthenewsthatJoãoManuelCuraRito fromCoimbra,Portugal,won theNovusWorldAquacultureSociety(WAS)InternshipinFebruarythisyear.

http://bit.ly/15alSM6

NationalAboriginalFisheriesForumAnothereventstorymakesitswayintothetopfive.TheNationalAboriginalFisheriesForum,Canada,whichtookplace inMarch 2011, caught the attention of the blogreaders,gainingmorethan400views.

http://bit.ly/16JrUCw

The Aquaculturist

Aregularlookinsidetheaquacultureindustry

i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i

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There’s been something of a party mood in the office this month, and it’s not just because the sun has made a rare

appearance in the UK. The reason behind the celebration is that the Aquaculturists blog has reached 250,000 views. Not bad for a niche blog which was started just over two years ago.

In recognition of this milestone, we take a look back at some of the most popular posts from the last two years.

www.theaquaculturists.blogspot.com

Widevariationsinsalmonsustainability

There are considerablevariations in salmon sus-tainability according to a

report by Sustainable FisheriesPartnership(SFP).

The overview looked at fish-eries that supply five commer-cialspeciesofwildPacificSalmon(Chinook, chum, coho, pink, andsockeyesalmon).

SFP’s analysis shows that justover half (51%) of the globalsupply of wild Pacific salmoncomes from fisheries in goodshape,whilejustunderhalf(49%)comes from fisheries in need ofsignificantimprovements.

While the large majority ofsalmon fisheries in good shapeare located inAlaska, the reporthighlights that there are good,medium, and poor salmon fish-eries in each salmon-producingregion (Alaska, British Columbia,Russia, Japan, and the US PacificNorthwest).Therefore,tounder-standandassess salmon sustain-ability, buyers and consumersneed toknowwhich fishery, notjust which region, their fish arecomingfrom.

Salmon hatcheries remain aleading sustainability concernacross all salmon-producingregions.Whileresearchandmon-itoring for hatchery impacts to

wild salmon remain largely inad-equate in most areas, globalproduction of hatchery fish hasincreasedoverthepast15years,and discussions are underwayin all salmon-producing regionsaround fur ther increases inhatcheryproduction.Illegalfishingandmanagementofmixed-stockfisheries are also sustainabilityconcerns.

For the 2013 season, only7 percent of wild salmon fish-eries are currently MSC cer ti-fied.Anadditional39percentoftheglobalsupplyisinfullassess-ment. Reassessment ofAlaskasalmonfisherieshasexperiencedseveral delays, and a significantportion ofAlaskan salmon fish-eries cannotbecertifiedbefore2014.

Commenting on the resultsof the repor t , J im Cannon,CEO, SFP, USA says , “Wildsalmon sustainability has beena huge topic of concern forthe seafood industryover thelast year.The variation amongsalmon fisheries highlights theneedtohavedetailedsourcingi n fo r ma t i on , and empha -sises the role robust cer ti-fication schemes can play inthe market. Industr y shouldencourage the developmentof improvementprojects inallsalmonfisherieswithsustaina-bilityconcerns”.

AQUACULTUREUPDATES

Delawarelookssettojoinsitsfellow east coast states incommercial aquaculture aftertheSenateunanimouslypassedthe Delaware AquacultureAct o f June 26 , 2013 .The bill allows the DelawareDepar tment o f Natur a lResources and EnvironmentalControltoestablishregulationsfor the leasing of acres in theInland Bays. If signed into law,thebillwouldallowcommercialshellfishfarmerstoleasetractsof shellfish grounds of up to5 acres in Delaware’s InlandBays.

TheRossSea is the subjectofour photo shoot on page 32.TheRossSeaisthemostpristineocean remainingon theplanet.We at InternationalAquafeed(IAF)would like to keep it thatway.Bydeveloping thepotentialthataquaculturehastoofferwewill ultimately takepressureoffoceans,suchastheRossSea,whilemeetingthegrowingdemandforfishandseafoodinourdiets.IAFactively supports the work of'theLastOcean' charitable trustandinparticularlitscreationofa'no-takemarineprotectedarea'bymakingregulardonations.Weinviteyoutodothesame.Learnmoren about 'the LastOcean'here: http://www.lastocean.org/Take-Action/Donate-__I.1791.Youcanmakeadonationhere:https://www.fundraiseonline.co.nz/fundraise/makedonation_direct.aspx?c=249

4 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | July-August 2013 July-August 2013 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | 5

Aqua News

viewAQUACULTURE

by Dominique P Bureau, member of the IAF Editorial Panel

The reintroduction of PAPs in European Union aquaculture feeds

NewEuropeanCommissionRegulation(Regulation56/2013)allowingtheuseofnon-ruminantprocessedanimalproteins(PAPs)infeedsforaquaculturespeciescameintoforceonJune1,2013.ThenewregulationonlyappliestoPAPsderivedfromCategory3material,whichisdefinedasby-productsofnon-ruminantanimals(poultry,swine)thatarefitforhumanconsumptionatthepointofslaughter.

ThismajordevelopmentforEuropeanrenderersandtheaquacultureindustrywasdis-cussedatanumberofeventsinrecentweeks.Personally,IhadthechancetopresentareviewsomeoftheworkdoneonPAPsinaquaculturespe-ciesoverthepast20yearsatSonac'sInternationalAquaEventinBurgum,theNetherlands,andthe2013EuropeanFatProcessorsandRenderersAssociation(EFPRA)CongressinPrague,CzechRepublic.TheseeventswererichininteractionsanddiscussionswithindustrystakeholdersandIwishtosharesomeofmyobservationsandthoughts.

Verystrictregulationswithregardstoanimalby-productswereadoptedinEuropein

reactiontothetransmissiblesponigormencephalopathies(TSEs)crisisduringthe1990s.ThenewregulationreformsthestringentrulesontheuseofPAPsinfeed.Therelaxationoftheruleshascomeaboutfordifferentreasons.OneofwhichisthattheEuropeanFoodSafetyAuthority(EFSA)emittedascientificopinionthatthatTSEriskfromfeedingnon-ruminantfeedingredientstonon-ruminantanimalsisnegligiblewhen'intra-speciesrecycling'(i.e.cannibalism)isavoided.Theverysignificantprogressesachievedinthepro-duction,traceabilityandtestingforPAPsinEuropeoverthepastdecadeortwoisalsoanotherimportantreason.

Therevisedregulationsarestillextremelystringentandcomplex.Renderersandaquaculturefeedproducersneedtosticktoverystrictproductionandtraceabilityproceduresandadoptnewtest-ingprocedures(RT-PCRtestdevelopedbytheEUreferencelaboratory)inordertomeettherequirementsofthenewlegislation.

ThemediaandstakeholdersintheEuropeanfoodindustryhaveraisedconcernswithregardstothenewregulations.Alargeseg-mentoftheEuropeanpopulationisstilltraumatizedbythemadcowcrisisandishighlycon-cernedwithfoodsafetyissues.Therecenthorsemeatscandaldidnothelpeasethesituation.Consequently,thereintroductionofnon-ruminantPAPsinaqua-culturefeedsinEuropewon'tbeawalkinthepark.However,Europeisnotamonolithicblockanddifferencesinmarketandconsumer'sacceptancearelikelytoemergesoon,notablygiveninthecurrenteconomicclimateandhighfoodprices.

Significant volume of high quality protein and fats sources

Over18millionmetrictonnes(mmt)ofanimalby-productsaregeneratedeveryyearintheEuropeanUnion.Theanimalby-productsindustryprocessestheseby-productsintomorethan4mmtofanimalproteinsperyear.In2011,morethan2.3mmtofPAPswerepro-ducedfromCategory3materi-al(fitforhumanconsumption).In2011,about1.6mmtwentintopetfoodorwerefedtofuranimals(minks,foxes)and

thebalancewasusedasferti-lizersorindustrialuses.

Theunder-valorizationoflargevolumesofperfectlygoodfeed-gradeproteinsisnotanegligiblephenomenon,notablysinceEuropeisinaproteindeficit.Togetherthe27EUcountriesimportover20mmtofsoybeanmealand12mmtofsoybeansannuallytomeettheneedsoftheirfeedindustry.ThedeficitsinproteincropproductionandtheexposureofthelivestocksectortovolatilityinglobalproteinfeedpricesareamongofthereasonswhytheEuropeanParliamentadoptedtworesolutionsin2011whichcalledforreformoftherulesonPAPsinanimalfeeds.

A more level playing field?

Onlyminuteamountsofveryhighqualitylandanimalproteins(hemoglobinpowder,hydrolyzedproteins,etc)havefounduseinaquaculturefeedsinEuropeoverthepastfewyears.Incontrast,PAPshavebeenwidelyusedinaquac-ulturefeedsintheAmericas,AsiaandOceaniaforatleastthepast10years.Europeanaquacultureproducershave,thus,beenplacedatasignifi-cantdisadvantageinanincreas-inglyglobalmarket.Europeanaquaculturefeedmanufacturershavehadtomaintainhigherlevelsofexpensivefishmealintheirfeedsandrelymoreonavarietyofplantproteinsources(soy,rapeseed,sunflower,pea,wheat,etc),oftenwithsignifi-cantconsequenceonproduc-tioncostandflexibilityintheformulations.

Good news for aquaculture product exporters?

Thenewregulationisprobablyverygoodnewsfortheglobalaquacultureindustry,notablyforexportersofaquacultureprod-ucts.Forexample,aquaculturefeedproducersaroundtheglobearenowabletouseEuropeannon-ruminantCategory3PAPsintheirfeedsandtheirclientsshouldbeabletolawfullyexporttheirproductstoEUcountries.Thisnewsituationmaycontrib-utetoimprovingthesustainabilityandtransparencyofpracticesinsomecountrieswhere‘rules’mayhavebeenbentinthepast.

New entrants, new products, new ideas?

TheTSEcrisiswasagreatupheavalfortheEuropeanagricultureindustry.Fromthistraumaticevent,somepositiveaspectscanbederived.Thehugechangesintheproductionpracticesandtraceabilityproce-duresforPAPsareamongthem.Europeanrenderingplantsarenowgenerallyextremelywellorganisedandclean.Theyoftenoperateindenselypopulatedareaswithoutmajorcomplaintsfromthecommunity.

EuropeanrendererscertainlyheededtheAmericanproverbthatsays,"Iflifegivesyoulemons,makelemonade".Somestake-holdersintheEuropeanrender-ingindustryhavebeenveryresourcefulanddevelopednewproductsandapproaches.

Nonetheless,thenewregula-tioncallforstringentsterilizationmethods(i.e.steampressuresterilizationataminimumof133°Cfornotlessthan20minutesatapressureof3barsonpar-ticleswithamaximumsizeof50mm).Theserelativelyharshprocessingconditionsmayhaveanegativeinfluenceonthenutritivevalueofthefinalproductsbutthereislimitedinformationonthisissue.

Iamseeingsomegreatopportuni-tiestocomparethenutritivevaluetodifferentaquaculturespeciesofPAPsproducedaccordingtothevastlydifferentproductionpracticesandconditionsadoptedbydifferentrenderersindifferentcontinents.

Rendering: the sustainable solution

Interestedinlearningmoreaboutrenderingandtheroleitplaysintheagricultureandfoodindustry?Ashortvideowasrecentlypub-lishedbytheNationalRenderersAssociationonYouTube.Youcanaccessitviathislinkhttp://bit.ly/12Ck2OA

Thewebsiteofmyresearchgroup,theFishNutritionResearchLaboratoryattheUniversityofGuelph,Canadaalsohasnumerouspresenta-tionsandreferencesontheuseofrenderedanimalproteinsinanimalfeeds.http://fishnutrition.uoguelph.ca

Anyfeedback?Pleasedon'thesi-tatetoletmeknow!

Emailmeat:[email protected]


AQUACULTUREUPDATES

The state government in NewSouthWales,Australiahasgranteda l icence for an aquacultureresearch facility at Port Stephens.The 20-hectare farm will researchspecies such as the yellowtailkingfish and will create up to 15jobs.

Aquaculture in the South Island,NewZealandhasreceivedaboostfollowing the signing of a formalagreementbetweentheCawthronInstituteandWakatuIncorporation.The agreement marks a shift tostrategiclevelplanningandsetsoutterms around the leasing of land,shared resources, collaborationsandinfrastructureattheCawthronInstitute.

The European Union has agreedplans for new labelling rules forfish and seafood.Thedealwill leadto stronger andmore competitiveproducer organisations and thatimproves labelling of fisheriesproductstobetterinformconsumers.TheregulationforaCommonMarketOrganisation(CMO)forfisheryandaquacultureproductsisacrucialpartoftheCommonFisheriesPolicy.

The first product carrying theASC logo for respons ib leaquaculture label and the MSCecolabel has hit shop shelves inthe Netherlands. Queens Panga& Shrimp Noodles Red Curry,combining farmed pangasius andwild-caughtshrimp,willbeavailableinmajorDutchretailers.

IFFO’s Global Standard forResponsible Supply (IFFORS) is under constant review.

But that’s not a bad thing; it’san impor tant par t of stayingabreast of developments in theindustry.

The cer tification programmeenables fishmeal and fish oil fac-tories to demonstrate that theyresponsibly sources rawmaterialfrom well-managed fisheries andresponsibly conver t that intopureandsafeproducts.

To be certified, factories mustdemonstrate sourcing fromwell-managed fisheries and safe andtraceableproduction.

“Overall103plantsin10coun-tries are now IFFO RS cer ti-fied, amounting to 40 percentof wor ld combined fishmealand fish oil production and 70percentofthatproducedbyIFFOmembers,” says FranciscoAldon,head of standards, IFFO, UnitedKingdom.

“More factories are in theprocess of cer tification andsixteen fisher ies have beenapproved as sources of respon-siblerawmaterialsunder theRSstandard.”

Atarecentmeeting,theboarddiscussed improvements to thegovernance of the RS standardwhich is critical to its contin-uing credibility. The potentialaddition of social and ethicalclauses to the standard as wellas pollution clauses to reassurethe value chain was consideredand another key topic was theIFFO RS Improvers Programme(IP).This is progressing with thesupport of Sustainable FisheriesPartnershipandFAO.

TheIP'smainobjectiveistohelp

improve fishmeal and fishoil pro-ducersthatarecurrentlyunabletomeetthestandard,eitherbecauseofissueswithinthefactoryorbecauseofproblemswith the rawmaterialandtheassociatedfisheries.

In order to keep up with theprogress of the industry, ensure

fulltraceabilityandstrengthentheRS standard, the auditing processhasbeenextendedtoincludethehead offices of companies thatown multiple sites where someareRScertifiedandsomenot,andthirdpartystoragefacilities.Thesestores need checks to ensurethe IFFORS certifiedmaterial iskept separate fromnon-certifiedfishmealand/orfishoil.

The by-products (guts, trim-mings, heads and tails) of 52species usually destined forhuman consumption have alsobeen approved as raw material

for fishmeal and fish oil underthe RS standard.Thir teen units(storagefacilities,fishoilrefineries,head offices) have achieved theIFFORSChainofCustody(CoC)Standard.

BoththeRSStandardandtheRSCoCStandardhavenew logosand

thereareplanstodevelopaQRcodeforeachofthecertifiedunitsinordertogivethebuyerameansofverifyingcertificationindependently.

The IFFO RS programme isalso contributing information to'standard maps' by organisationssuch as Seafish Network whichcomparedifferentseafoodstand-ards. For the IFFO RS standard,these maps are a good way todemonstrate transparency andto ensure as many fish productsbuyersandconsumersaspossiblesee that IFFO members areworkinginaresponsibleway.

Inthetwoyearssinceitsincep-tion,thecredibilityoftheIFFORShasgrownconsiderablywithkeyplayers in industry and govern-ment recognsing the benefits ofcertification.

AtarecentmeetingbetweentheThai government, theThai aqua-culture industry and IFFO, itwasagreed that a round tablewouldbe formed identify fishmealplantsthat would enter assessment fortheIFFORScertificate.

The stakeholders recognisedtheneedtodemonstraterespon-siblefishmealproductionfollowingconcerns raised by customers,NGOsandthemediaoverunsus-tainable fishing in the region andthe sustainability of raw materialenteringfishmealproduction.

Nearly 60 percent or 180,000tonnesof the fishmealproducedinThailand is derived from therecycled trimmings of seafoodprocessing.Thefirstphaseofcer-tifications will focus on fishmealproduced from trimmings witha second phase covering wholefish raw material planned onceguidanceontropicalmixedtrawlfisheries, currently in develop-ment,isavailable.

Suppor t for the cer tificationwasdemonstratedalmostimme-diately as Charoen PokhpandFoods (CPF) Ltd, a majorproducer of feed in South EastAsia andChina anda key stake-holder in theThai round table,decidedtojoinIFFOwithaviewto entering one or more of itsplantsforcertification.

Thelatestlistofcertifiedplantswith their respective certificatesandthereportsoftheapprovedfisheries can be found at www.iffo.net

IFFO'sGlobalStandardforResponsibleSupplyupdate


Aqua News

FAOandILOurgecountriestobetterprotectchildrenworkinginfisheriesandaquaculture

Governments need totakemeasurestoprotectchildren from harmful

work in small-scale fisheries andaquaculture, say the Food andAgriculture Organization of theUnited Nations (FAO) and theInternationalLabourOrganization(ILO).

According to a guidancedocumentpublishedjointlybythetwo UN agencies, almost everycountry has signed internationalconventions to protect children,but many have not translatedthese agreements into nationallegislation.

Asa result, thedocument says,many children working in small-scale fisheries and aquacultureremain exposed to harsh andhazardous working conditions.Theymayhavetodivetounsafe

depths-oftenatnight;worklonghours in unsanitary processingplants where they are at risk ofcontracting infections; or handletoxic chemicals and dangerousequipmentorgear.Girlsworkinginfishprocessingdepotsarealsoatriskofsexualabuse.

"Workofthiskindisintolerable,"says Árni M Mathiesen, assistantdirector-general for fisheries andaquaculture, FAO. "It affects chil-dren's health and learning abil-ities, and often prevents themfromattendingschool."

"Allwork thatharms children'sphysical, mental, psychological,social and educational develop-ment,isunacceptableandviolatesinternational conventions," saysConstance Thomas, directorof child labour elimination pro-gramme, ILO. "We need toensurethatagreementsdesignedto protect children from childlabourareimplemented."

TheFAOandILOestimatethataround130millionchildrenworkin agriculture, livestock and fish-eries-accountingfor60percentof child labourworldwide.There

are no aggregate data showinghowmany childrenwork in fish-eries and aquaculture, but casestudy evidence suggests childlabour is a problem especially ininformal small andmedium-sizedfishing and aquaculture enter-prises and in family operations."Children are more at risk thanadults from safety and healthhazardsbecausetheirbodiesarenotyet fullydeveloped,"explainsRobVos, director of the gender,equity and rural employmentdivision, FAO. "There are manytasks in fisheries and aquacul-ture thatchildrenshouldnotdo.We should focus our efforts topreventchildlabour.Programmesto reduce poverty and improvefishingtechnologiesandpracticeswill takeawaytheneedforchildlabour."

Thereportstressesthatnotallfishery activities children engageinareundesirable.Somecanevenbepositivefortheirdevelopment.They can acquire practical andsocial skills as they learnhow tofish,learnhowtoprocessfishandselltheminthemarket.

Countries need to actTheFAOandtheILOareurging

compliance with internationalrulestoprotectchildrenworkingintheindustry.TheseincludetheILO'sMinimumAgeConvention,and itsWorst Forms of ChildLabour and Work in FishingConventions,theUNConventionon the Rights of the Child andtheFAO'sCodeofConduct forResponsibleFisheries.

They point to the importanceofoccupationalsafetyandhealthassessments in assessing hazardsand specific risks for children.Working with fishing commu-nities is also essential to ensurethat children receive adequatecare and education, and are notinvolved in hazardous activi-ties.

Amajorchallengeisaddressingthe root causes of child labour- pover ty and food insecurity.Promotingdecentworkoppor-tunitiesforadults,socialprotec-tion and, free education withschool feeding programmescan lead to sustainable solu-tions.

NoISAinthePacificNorthwest

Astudyby theWashingtonDepartmentof Fish andWildlife,USA that shows

infectious salmonanemia (ISA) isnotpresentinwildorfarmedfishinthePacificNorthwest.

The research was conductedafter concerns were raisedabout ISA possibly appearinginWashington waters and thepotential impactonWashington’ssalmon.

Thestudyinvolvedtheimprove-mentof testingprotocols for thevirusand tobetterdetect ISA inavarietyoffishspecies.Itincludedsamples fromwild andhatchery-producedPacificChinook, coho,sockeye, chum and steelheadas well as farm-raised Atlanticsalmon.

ISAwasnotdetected inanyofthemorethan900tissuesamplesthatwere taken.TheWashingtonStatetestingispartofatwo-yearmonitoringprogrammespecificallydesigned to detect ISA andwillcontinueforanotheryear.

EncouragingsignsforNewZealand’soysterindustry

Acollaborative researchprogramme to breedoysters resilient to a

virus that three years ago dev-astated New Zealand’s Pacificoyster industry is star ting todeliverpromisingresults.

ScientistsatCawthronInstitute,togetherwith industrypartners,have been working towardsbreeding Pacific oysters resilienttotheostreidherpes(OsHV-1)virusthatalmostwipedoutthecountry’sPacificoysterstocksin2010.

“We have identified oysterfamilieswithaveryhighsurvivalratewhenexposedtotheoystervirus,whichdecimatedstocksin2010,” says Professor CharlesEason,chiefexecutive,CawthronInstitute.“These recent findingsare most encouraging. Theysuggest that selective breedinghas great potential to addressthecurrentcrisis.”

ProfEasonsayswhilethelatest

resultsareencouraging,thereisstillalotmoreworktobedone.

“There are still further trials togo.These are very encouragingpreliminary results for our long-termbreeding programme, high-lighting that through a combina-tionofimprovedgeneticsandhus-bandry, promising outcomesmaybeachieved inavery short timeframe.”

Cawthron Institute scientistshave been researching the resil-ience of Pacific oysters to thevirus since 2010when it first hitNewZealand.Theviruscaused90percent losses in thewild caughtspat the industry heavily reliedonforitsmarinefarmstocks.Thecrisis led to job losses, factoryclosuresand sawanoveralldropin production of 50-60 percent,with some individual farmers hitsignificantlyharder.

When the virus hit, CawthronInstitute was already involvedin a joint research project withindustrypartnersintobreedingofoysterspat.

“When the virus hit we allworked together to address this

problem,”saysNickKingculturedshellfish programme leader,CawthronInstitute.“Wecouldnothavegotthisfarwithoutthehugesupport we have received fromourindustrypartners,inparticularPacific Marine Farms - a subsid-iaryofAotearoaFisheriesLimited,andTeMatukuBayOysters,whomanagedthebulkoftheon-farmtrials.Itistrulyajointeffort.”

Dr Jacquie Reed, aquacul-turemanager,Cawthron Institutesays the research and farm trialsindicate that a combination ofgenetic improvement throughbreeding, and improved farmhusbandry - such as by growingoysters to a larger size and agebefore exposure to the virus,makesabigdifferenceintermsofoystersurvivorshipandareturntoviableproduction.

“We’re hoping these newbreeding strategies will help usachievegeneticgainsinarelativelyshort time frame,”DrReed says.“We are fully aware that timingis critical in times of crisis, andthe industry needs fast results tosurvive.”


Aqua News


Thank you fo r thecommen t s I h avereceived following the

first version of this regularcolumn that aims to bring younews and information aboutAquaculture without Frontiers(AwF) and the issues thatsurroundourorganisation.

It seems that pover ty andhunger are getting put in thelimelight for the moment withthe G8 summit meeting inNor thern Ireland. PresidentObamawill bewith the groupat the annual meeting of theworld’s wealthiest countries. Inote that the countries look abit‘old school’ with the USA,Canada, France, Germany, Italy,Japan, Russia, and the UnitedKingdom.WhyisChinanotpartofthis?

In the USA, the farm billand food aid reform is on thedomestic US agenda so thepresident has a rare chance toreturntothemeoflastyearandmakealastingimpactonworldhungeronceandforall.

AsItravelIamalwaysamazedabout how many people/gov-ernments put money to thecause of eradicating hungerand pover ty.You would thinkthatwewouldhavesolved theissuebynowbutwearealongway fromthatandchildrenaredying every day because theproblemshavenotbeensolved.Itisamassivetragedy.

AtAwFwehavebeenhavingthis discussion and one of theissueswekeepcomingbacktoisthattheproblemgetscompli-catedbecausethereisalackofaglobalapproach.People,com-panies,NGOsandgovernmentshaveboughtintotheissueatdif-ferent levels and with differentplans so everyone does their

own thing.As a result, we getwastage and many poor deci-sionsagainstafewwins.

My own thought is that theworld (who is that? FAO?*)needs to create a‘Poverty andHunger Framework’ whichhighlights all the countries inthe world with the issue.Thisneeds to be documented andfrom that independent expertsneed to highlight the issues ineachcountrywithpossiblesolu-tionsalongsidethem.Thislistingneeds then to be prioritized -alwaysa toughoneandharderwhen you are talking aboutpeople.

It seems that governmentswanttodotheirownthingwiththeirforeignaid,inprobablynodifferent way than informedcompaniesdo.Theywanttoseetheir name on the project andthe hopefully good outcomesandwhy not?Well maybe thatit is not working as well as itshouldistheanswer.

The problem I see at themoment is that it could all beso much better.We need toreform food aid and take thepoliticsoutofit.

As an example it has beendocumentedthateveryyeartheUSgovernmentmakesavailablenearly $2.2 billion in food aidto countries facing food short-ages and star vation aroundthe world.The caveat on thisthatUS food aidmust be pur-chasedfromUSproducersandshipped on US flagged vessels.Sothatisgoodandbad.Itgivesononehandbuttakesawayontheotherasitclearlymakestheprogramme more costly andprobablyinefficient.

To make matter s wor sesome food aid is distributedthroughwhat is called‘moneti-

zation’.Through this‘monetiza-tion’ food from US is donatedto charities, they then sell thefoodtoothercountriesandusethe proceeds for developmentprojects. Do you think othercountrieslikethisidea?Farmersinthosecountriesareforcedtocompeteon an unevenplayingfield in selling their product sothis is likely doing more harmthangood.

Back in the mid-1990s Ibelieve the European Unionreformed its food aid policyeffectively eliminating themon-etizationofaidandsourcing itsfood from the most proficientfarmers/growers/processors. Itwould seem that this puts theEU aid position in a slightlybetterlight.

In Austral ia , we have astrategy thathighlights thatourAid Program (AusAID)‘fundsresearch to reduce pover tyand achieve sustainable devel-opment’.There is a belief that‘goodresearch leadstogreaterdevelopment effectiveness’ andtheysaythat‘AusAIDhasbeena strong supporter of practical,policy-relevant social scienceresearchintodevelopmentchal-lenges’.

Therearetwomajorproblemsas Isee itwiththis.Research isgood but unless we train thepeopleonthegroundonhowtoadapttotheanswersresearchisgiving then we are unlikely toseeimprovement.

Theotherdifficultyisthatpol-iticiansaregenerallyshort-termplanners and research doesnot happen overnight and themoney will get spent in areasthat suitsAustralia and not fortheglobalgood.

I am giving the last wordon this to Graziano da Silva,

director general, FAO, whosaidrecently,“Foodoutputperperson has grown by nearly40percentinthelastdecades.But the increase in food pro-duction has come at a highenvironmental cost becauseofthe intensiveuseofnaturalresourcesandchemicalinputs.And, despite higher produc-tion,nearly870millionpeopleare stil l chronically hungr y,at least 2 billion suffer fromother forms of malnutrition.If we keep looking at hungersimply in terms of food pro-duction,wewillnot solve thisproblem.

“As ProfessorAmar tya Senrecently pointed out, hungerand starvation result from thefact that people do not haveenough food to eat; that doesnot mean that there is insuffi-cient food available.The worldalready produces enough food.The main cause of hungernowadays is the lack of access:hundreds of millions of peopledo not have the income tobuythe foodtheyneedor themeans toproduce it for them-selves.”

We look forward to contin-uing thisconversationwithyouand for your suppor t in theareas with which we work. Inthe meantime have a look atour website www.aquaculture-withoutfrontiers.org and seehow you might help us in ourquest.

*TheWorld -The founda-tion of FAO in 1945 reflectedtheneedforbetterglobalfoodgovernance and for collectiveresponsibilities.The belief thatit was possible to achieve uni-versal “freedom from want”and that this was“essential forlastingpeace”.

Aquaculture - eradicating hunger?

Roy Palmer, director AwF

More information about AwF can be found at: www.aquaculturewithoutfrontiers.org


Aqua News

The fish feed supplier,BioMar,andthefeedaddi-tives and specialty func-

tional feed ingredients manufac-turer,LallemandSAS,havesigneda formal research, developmentand commercial collaborationagreement aimed at expandingtheknowledgeanduseofprobi-oticsinfishfeeding.

“This agreement is a naturalcontinuationoftheexcellentrela-tionship forged with LallemandAnimal Nutrition for more than10years,whichhasledtoimpor-tant innovative landmarks suchastheapproval forthe first timeof the use of a probiotic in fishfeeding by the European FoodSafety Authority - Lallemand’sBACTOCELL® for use in fishfeed”saysTorbenSvejgaard,CEO,BioMarGroup,Denmark.

Since 2010, when the firstEFSA approval was g iven,BioMar has been the only feedsupplier to offer fish feed withBACTOCELL®.With the exten-sion of the EU approval earlierthisyeartoallfishspecies,BioMarhas launched additional newproducts with BACTOCELL®.TheseincludeLARVIVAProStartwhichtargetedearlyweaningforfishlarvae,aswellasothertypesof fish feed such as the INICIOPlus fry feed for Mediterraneanfishspecies.

”Lallemand Animal NutritionseesanaturalallyinBioMarwithboth companies equally devoted

to funding robust research anddevelopment aimed at effectivecommercialization of products”says DrYannig LeTreut, generalmanager, Lal lemand AnimalNutrition,France.

“We are also both committedto seeking sufficiently high levelof understanding andwell docu-mented support for the naturalsolutions we offer to our cus-tomers. BACTOCELL® is stillthe only zootechnical additiveapprovedbytheEuropeanFoodSafetyAuthorities for use in fishfeed, having unequivocally dem-onstrated beneficial animal per-formances.

DrLeTreutadds,“Onthedevel-opment stance, a par tnershipwith BioMar gives us access tobothtrialfacilitiesforfishfeedingas well as access to the exten-sive network BioMar has amongfishfarmers;providingwillingsitesand capabilities to enable testingof new feed solutions in ‘reallife’ situations.Thishasproven tobe very effective and beneficial.For example in the approval ofBACTOCELL®wherelaboratoryresults were subsequently con-firmed in field trialsunder indus-trialproductionconditions.”

The current agreement con-solidates an already substantialresearchanddevelopmentcollab-orationbetweenthetwocompa-nies.DrPatrickCampbellandDrMathieuCastex are in chargeofthejointR&Dprogrammes.

“We have from both sidesallocated significant amounts ofresources in a bid to continueto fund research which providestangible, natural and economicsolutions with regards to opti-mizing fish health, nutrition andwelfare. In par ticular, we arelookingattheeffectsofprobioticson the microbiome and on gutfunction,whichhasbeenhypoth-esized to be linked to the pre-ventionofviralandbacterialout-breaks”,theysay.

The agreement grants BioMaran exc lus iv i ty par tner sh ipwith Lallemand on the use ofBACTOCELL® in fish feed in allthe key markets where BioMaroperates.

“Weseeahugepotential for

the use of probiotics in fishfeed, and we are thereforeof course extremely pleasedwith this collaboration, whichwi l l extend our lead withthese kinds of products” saysSvejgaard.

While the current agree-ment focuses on the use ofprobiotics, both Lallemand andBioMar admit that future agree-ments could extend to otherareas of research, development,additives and animal categoriesof mutual interest. LallemandAnimalNutritionalreadysuppliesseveralotherimportantadditivesand ingredients to the fish feedindustryandnewactivesarecur-rently being evaluated in aquaticspecies.

BioMarandLallemandAnimalNutritionextendtheircollaboration

Dr Yannig Le Treut, general manager, Lallemand Animal Nutrition, France

Torben Svejgaard, CEO, BioMar Group, Denmark

AQUACULTUREUPDATES

Cinema-goers in rural Scotlandwill be able to enjoy films in 3Dthanks to a donation by twoaquaculture companies. ScottishSeaFarmsandFusionMarinehavedonated £8,000 to Oban Cinemato help fund the new digitaltechnology.

Catfish farmers in Nigeria area im ing to inc rease ca t f i shproduction to 1 million metrictonsayearby2018.Thedrivewilltakeplaceinthesoutheastofthecountrywhichandwillcreatemorethan500,000jobs.

Fish lovers in New Zealand cannowbesuretheir farmedseafoodis sustainable thanks to Forest &Bird’s new Best Fish Guide.Theguide,whichhashelpedconsumerschooseecologically sound seafoodsince 2004, has been updated toincludeaquaculturefarms.

Barramundi may be the next bigfish trend in Sri Lanka after thegovernment approved a US$2.5millionfarmingprojectoffthecoastofTrincomalee in North EasternSri Lanka.Oceanpick, a Sri Lankanfirm, will par tner with a Scottishcompany to farmthe fish incages,in the first aquaculture facility inopenwaterinthecountry.

Olmix,Franceisorganisingatourto discover the richness of algaeinBrittany and theOlmix facilities.The 'BreizhAlgaeTour' will takeplace September 8-11, 2013. Itwill star t from Paris, France andwill then take the participants tonorthernBrittanyforatourofthehistorical heart of algae scientificknowledge. The tour will alsoincludeanonsiteviewofdifferentmodes of algae harvesting, visit tothe first algae bio-refinery in theworld,professionalvisitsandatripto the international livestock tradefairSPACE.

Algae is a feed, a biofuel and acomesticingredient,nowgetreadyforalgaeasart.TheV&Amuseumin London is hosting an ar tist inresidence who creates ar t fromseaweed. The 'Depar tment ofSeaweed' will be at the museumuntil September and there will bevarious open days throughout thesummer.


Aqua News


NutrecocompletesshrimpandfishfeedacquisitioninEcuador

Nutreco has successfullycompleted its acquisi-tionof75percentofthe

sharesinGisisSA,theshrimpandfish feedsubsidiaryof theExpalsagroup.

The EUR 81 million transac-tion received unconditional clear-ance by the Ecuadorian competi-tionauthority.TheacquisitiontakesNutrecointotheglobaltopthreeshrimpfeedsuppliers.

The move supports Nutreco'sstrategy to expand its fish feedbusiness in growing markets andnon-salmonid species while main-taining itsnumberoneposition insalmonfeed.

Ecuador's shrimp feed marketis LatinAmerica's largest and thethird largest in the world afterChinaandThailand,andgrowingataround8percentannually.

An associated joint venture inHonduras with tilapia producerRegal Springs provides potentialforfurthergrowthinLatinAmericaandSoutheastAsia.

Anewstudyshowsthatfishcannot smell a dangerodour signal emitted by

otherfishinwaterscontaminatedwithcopper.

Research conducted by DrBill Dew at the University ofLethbridge,Canadalookedattheeffectof themetal contaminantsnickelandcopperonspecificfisholfactory sensory neurons, andhowtheseaffect the fish'sabilitytodetectandswimawayfromanodour released by other fish ofthe same species (conspecifics)when a predator attack takesplace.

Dr Dew said, "Our researchshows that copper affects thefunctionofaspecifictypeofolfac-tory neurons in fish, preventingthem from detecting importantolfactory signals used to detectfishinjuredbypredation."

Usingatechniquethatmeasures

theresponseoftheolfac-tory system to odours,the researchers showedthat copper and nickelaffect the ability of dif-ferent cells to detectodours. Fur thermore,using a series of anti-predator tr ials, whichmeasured avoidance offish to a conspecific skinextract, the researchersfound that fathead minnowsexposedtocopperdonotavoidtheskinextract,whileunexposedandnickel-exposedfishdo.

"Thismeansthatfishinanenvi-

ronment contaminated withcopper would not be able todetect compounds releasedduring a predation event andpotentially not avoid predators,

whilefishinanickelcontaminatedenvironment would be able todetect these compounds andunder take predator-avoidancebehaviours,"saidDrDew.

Fishfailtodetectdangerincopper-pollutedwaterFathead minnows fail to detect a danger signal emitted

by other fish in waters contaminated with copper

Imag

e co

urte

sy o

f ©

Bill

Dew


Aqua News

OUR OUTPUT COMES IN ALL SHAPES AND SIZES

Insta-Pro’s new medium shear extruder answers the market’s demand for a low cost extrusion solution that effectively produces pet and fish feeds of high quality, equal to that of higher cost extrusion systems.

Don’t pay more than you have to, to get the quality & quantity you need.Contact us at +515-254-1260 or visit us at insta-pro.com/medium to learn more.

+515-254-1260 | Insta-Pro.com | [email protected]

2.0 mm floating fish feed

dog food 14mm

• Ease of operation• Low cost of production

• Ability to make pellets of different shapes and a variety of sizes, down to 2mm

• Thru capacities up to 1.5 TPH

Extrusion processing using a com-bination of moisture, pressure,temperature and mechanical shear,isusedinthefeedindustry.Itresults

in physical and chemical changes such asingredient particle size reduction, starchgelatinization and inactivation of enzymes.Mild extrusion processing usually enhancesthedigestibilityofplantproteins.

Fishmeal production is not expandingworldwide; therefore, more plant meals willhave to be formulated into fish feeds toaccommodateexpectedincreasesinfishfeedproduction.Plantmealscontainstarch,whichmustbecookedtomakeitdigestibletofish.Extrusion processing gelatinizes starch andimprovesthedigestionofstarch.

Extrusion processing can increase thenutritional value of canola meal, rapeseed,peas and soybean meal. As higher amountsofplantmealsareformulated intofishfeeds,thebioavailability of nutrients, especially bio-availability of minerals, will be of increasingconcern because plant meals contain loweramountsofmineralscomparedtofishmeal.

The effect of extrusion processing onmineralavailabilityforfishisnotknown.Thus,the raw ingredient formulation, selection ofprocess equipment, and processing condi-tionsareindependentregionsofcontrolthatmay be exercised in the extrusion cookingof aquafeed. Although the control regionsareindependent,theyareinterrelatedtothepointthatdiscussionofonemustincludetheother.

Rawmaterialutilizationandcosteffectiveformulation are key operational factors. Theabilitytoalterprocessingconditionsandrawmaterial formulations to keep formulationcosts at a minimum while maintaining highquality standards and minimum operatingcostsisachallengeforeveryprocessor.

Within certain limits set by a nutritionist,theextrusioncookingprocesscanproduceawiderangeofproducts.Ingeneral,duringtheextrusioncookingofcerealgrainandproteinblends, the moistened granular or flourymaterials are converted into dough. Thestarchy components gelatinize, resulting in asubstantialuptakeofmoistureandanincreaseindoughviscosity.Someproteinconstituentsmay impact elasticity properties that arecharacteristicofhydratedanddevelopedglu-tinousdough.Otherproteinaceousmaterials,thosewithlowproteinsolubilitysuchasmeatmealor fishmeal,may contribute less to theadhesiveandstretchablefunctionalproperties.

Impact of starch, protein, fat and fibre quality on extrusion

Raw materialsIngredient selection has a tremendous

impact on final product texture, uniformity,extrudability,nutritionalquality,economicvia-bilityandabilitytoacceptoilduringcoatingorflavoringprocess.The commoncomponentsof a recipe include starch, protein, fat, andfibre. An understanding of each componentandhow theextrusionprocess is affected iscritical to forming an approach for effectivediagnosticsandtroubleshooting.

StarchOne of the main categories of compo-

nents found within many of the extrudedproducts is carbohydrates. The primary typeisstarch,acomplexcarbohydrate.Thestarchisusuallysourcedfromeitherthecerealgrainsor from tubers. The cooking process has apronounced effect upon the starch. In theraw state, starch has a granular nature andexists as a distinct particle (or granule) withvery strong internal attractions between thevariousportionsofthestarchmoleculewithin

thegranule.This isalso theconditionof thestarch as it enters the extruder barrel. Thisconditioniscommonlyreferredtoas‘raw’or‘native’starch.

Starchmaybegelatinizedatdifferentmois-turelevels.Forexample,whenboilingstarch,moisture levels as high as 90 percent w/ware used, but in the extruder barrel, muchlowermoisturelevelsareused.However,theextrusioncookingprocessisseldomoperatedwithanexcessofwater.Thetotaloperatingmoistureistypicallyw≈15-30percentw/w.In the extruder, the complete rupture ofthe starch granule is brought about by thecombination of the moisture, the heat, thepressureandmostimportantlythemechanicalshear.Thisprocesswilltypicallytakebetween10-15seconds.

Within theextruder,moisture is requiredtoallowstarchtogelatinizeintoafluidmass,permittingittopassthroughthedieopeningatthedischargeoftheextruder.Asthemate-rialdischargesfromthedie,themoisturelevelshouldbesufficientlyhightoretainitsfluidity,butlowenoughtoensurethatthestarchwillstiffenup(asaresultoftheinherentmoistureand temperature losses, which occur at thedie).Asaresult,moisture levels intherangeof15-30percentw/waretypical.Excessivelylowmoisturelimitsthelubricatingeffectastheproductisconveyedalongthebarrel,causinghigh energy consumption. Water contentalsoallows theexpandedproduct to remainsoft,permittingthecellstructuretopuff(andsubsequentlycollapse).

The gelatinization of starch is affected bythe conditions of heat and moisture duringcooking. Additional cooking of gelatinizedstarch increases theviscosityandthesurfacetension of the gel sufficiently to cause thematerial to become so thick it cannot bepoured fromanopen container.This condi-tionisreferredtoasretrogradation.

Maintaining ingredient quality in extruded feedsby Mian N Riaz, PhD, head of extrusion technology program, Texas A&M University System, USA


FEATURE



FEATURE

Extruder OEE for the Production of Fish FeedExtruder OEE for the Production of Fish Feed

AMANDUS KAHL GmbH & Co. KG, Dieselstrasse 5-9, D-21465 Reinbek / Hamburg, Phone: +49 40 727 71 0, Fax: +49 40 727 71 100, [email protected] www.akahl.de

Starch, when cooked, can be puffed orexpanded to a remarkable degree. If a com-parisonbetweenthediametersoftheexpandedproducttothediameterofthedieorificeisusedtoexpressthedegreeofexpansion,thenstarchcanbeexpandedbyafactorofuptofive.

ProteinThe next most important category of

components is the proteins. The extrusionprocesshasbeen found toprovidesufficientcookingtodenatureproteins,butbecauseofthe short retention time, does little damageto the nutritional value of the heat-sensitiveaminoacids.Thedenaturationofproteinisaphenomenonverysimilartothegelatinizationof starch. In thepresenceofheat andmois-turethegrainshydrateandswell.Theactionoftheshearencounteredwithintheextruderbarrelleadstotheruptureofthemembraneand the disentanglement of the molecules.The shear also leads to the alignment andstretchingofthesemolecules.

Due to these changes the formulationbecomesaplasticized,fluidmass.Asthemassbegins tocool cross-linkingof themoleculesinto a three-dimensional structure begins tooccur,leadingtoarigidphysicalform.

As a result of denaturation, protein mayundergooneormoreofthefollowingchanges:

1.Thoseproteinswhichareenzymeslosetheirenzymicactivity

2.Thoseproteinsthataredifficulttodigestbecomemoredigestible

3.Those proteins which are soluble intheirnativestatelosetheirsolubilityandcoagulateafterbeingdenatured

When more severe cooking takes place,the protein is not merely denatured, but ishardenedbeyondthatstagetoaverytough,horn-likecondition.Underspecificconditions,severe cooking can damage certain aminoacids, rendering them unavailable to animalnutrition.

Proteins can be classified as plant andvegetable sources or as animal and marinesources. Vegetable or plant proteins arelargely water-soluble and therefore possessvery functional properties during extrusion.The functionality or water-soluble proper-ties of plant proteins can be measured withseveral laboratory tests.Theprimary test forpotential functionality is themeasurementofproteindispersibilityindex(PDI).ThePDIisameansofcomparingthesolubilityofaproteinin water, and is widely used in the soybeanprocessing industry. A PDI of 100 indicatestotalsolubility.

During the milling or extraction steps torefineaplantproteinforuseasaningredientin extruded products, there are often oneor more heating steps which affect the PDIvalue.TheseheatingordryingoperationsareusuallyverymildanddonotsignificantlylowerPDI values. A PDI value of greater than 40willhavesignificantfunctionalityduringextru-sion,reasonablebinding,andsomeexpansionpotential. Extremely high PDI values (>80)mayactuallybesofunctionalthat,athighlev-elsinarecipe,maycontributetoastickinessor tackiness when hydrated that eventuallyresultsinunstableextrusionconditions.

Proteins of animal or marine origin maybe subjected to higher temperatures duringmanufacturing. Higher process temperaturesare employed for many reasons includingimprovedextractionand separation from fatand water components, and adequate pas-teurization. Where high temperatures havebeenemployedoveranextendedtimeperi-od,theresultingproteinsolubilityisquitelowand these proteins may be essentially inertduringtheextrusionprocess.Inertmeansthattheproteinwillnotcontribute tobindingorexpansion, but may actually reduce expan-sion. This is in part due to the presence ofsignificant levels of minerals and fat compo-nents,butmainlyduetothedenatured(non-

soluble) structure of the protein. The hightemperatureprocessingofingredientswillbereflectedinlowPDIvaluesanddarkcolours.

Animal proteins are supplied to theextrusion system in a fresh (un-cooked orlightly cooked) or spray-dried form that willhave significant solubility and functional-ity. Protein solubility is an indication of thedegreeofdenaturationofproteiningredients.Denaturation does not necessarily impactproteindigestibility.Denaturationdoesimpactextrusionfunctionalityandusuallyoccursinatemperaturerangeof55-70°C.

Oil and other lipid componentsExtrusion does not seem to adversely

affectfatsandoils.Studieshaveshownlittleornochangesinthefreefattyacidlevels,noranyindication of rancidity due to heat oxidationofthefat.Properlevelsoffatareimportantinthecookingprocess.Fat isa lubricant,allow-ingproducttoeasethroughthescrew(s)andbarrel of the extruder with less resistance.Toomuchfatretardsproductexpansionandthedegreeofcook,makingadenserproduct.More retention time in the barrel, togetherwith higher temperatures, in most instanceswill tolerate levels of fat in excess of 12-15percentw/w.

Converselyifthefatisbound,suchasinacoarsely ground or whole oil seed, then sig-nificantlyhigherlevelsoffatmaybetolerated.Almostallingredientscontainsomelevelofoilorotherlipidconstituents.Oilsorderivativesofvarious fatssuchas lecithinormonoanddig-lyceridesareoftenaddedtorecipestoimpartspecificemulsifyingortexturalproperties.Thepresenceofoilandsimilar ingredientswillactasa lubricant intheextruderscrew.Fataddi-tionreducesspecificmechanicalenergyinputs.At lower inclusionrates, lipidscandisruptcellstructureandtexturebyaffectingplasticityandviscosity.Inmostrecipes,theadditionoflipidswill begin to affect expansion and productdurabilityatlevelsoflessthan7percent(totalcrudefat).If internalfatlevelsexceed12per-cent(totalcrude fat),distinctshapesmaynotbepossible.Atmoderate inclusion levels, fatswill tendtoyield largecellsizesandthickcellwallsintheextrudate.

FibreMaterialswith ahigh fibre content show

an increase in bulk density after expan-sion,when the product densities are basedupon uniform grinds of feed and expandedproduct.Thepresenceof the fibreparticlesappears to provide a nucleation site forbubble formation during the puffing proc-ess.At low inclusion levels (less than 5%),fibrousingredientsmaynothaveanoticeableimpact on extruded products. Particle sizeof the fibre is important and if smaller than400microns, the fibremayactually increaseexpansion and reduce bulk density of the


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extrudate. Largeparticles of fibrein a recipe usuallyresult in a coarse,fuzzy product sur-face appearanceafter extrusion. Ifthe particle size islessthan50microns,there is less effecton expansion evenat higher levels intherecipe.Very finefibreparticlescreatean extremely smallcell structure in theproduct after extru-sion. Insoluble fibreremains nearly inertduring extrusionand the individualfibreparticulatescanserve as nucleat-ing sites during theexpansion processat the die. Moresoluble forms offibre have less con-tribution to reducedexpansion even athigh inclusion levels.Several studies haveindicatedthatextru-sion can increasefibre solubility. Theextent of this con-version depends onprocessing condi-tions.

Measuring raw material quality in relation to extrusion

The PhaseTransition Analyzer(PTA) instrumentmeasures the glassand melt transi-tion temperature ofingredients whichare a complex mixof biopolymers.Knowing the glassand melt transitiontemperatures ofthe ingredients oringredient mix helpsassess the suitabilityof the raw materi-als forextrusionandhow the propertiesofthatrecipewillbe

affected by the extrusion temperatures andmoistures.

Grinding and mixing and extrusion

Theparticlesizeoftherawmaterialswillaffectthe texture anduniformityof the final product.Theextrusioncookingprocesscanutilizeabroadspectrumofingredientparticlesizes.Itisdesirable,butnotnecessarilyessential thatparticlesbeofuniformsizeanddensity topreventsegregationduring mixing and transport prior to extru-sion. Most importantly, a uniform particle sizepromotesuniformmoistureuptakeandcookingduring extrusion which prevents hard, partiallycookedparticlesinthefinalproduct.

When whole grains are received into themanufacturingfacility,theyshouldbepre-groundtopassthroughanopeningof1,000micronorlarger prior to mixing. The final formulation isthenground justprior toextrusion toachievethedesiredfinalparticlesize.Whendieopeningsare3mm indiameteror larger, it iscommonforthisfinalgrindingsteptobethroughascreenhaving 1.2 mm openings. With die openingssmaller than3mm indiameter, themaximumparticle size should be one-third of the dieopening.Smalleringredientarticlesizeresultsinsmallercellstructureoftheextrudate.

ConclusionRawmaterialsareselectedprimarilybased

on their nutritional and functional contribu-tions. Secondly, economics enters into theselection process. Many recipes are formu-latedbasedonleastcostformulationsoftwareprograms. Thirdly, the availability of the rawmaterialbecomesafactor.

Whenpurchasingorselectingrawmateri-als, establish a specification range based ondesirablecharacteristics.Thisrangeofspecifi-cationsshould includetheproximateanalysisand other known critical qualities. However,somedesirablecharacteristicsareonlyvaguelyrecognised and no satisfactory test exists asyet to monitor quality in a reliable manner.Thereexistvariabilitieswithina rawmaterialduetoinfluencessuchasthevariety,growingseason,andpost-harvesthandlingorprocess-ingofgrains.Differenttypesofgrains,legumes,andvariationswithinanimalormarineproteinsources are reflected in theprocessability ofrawmaterials.Manyproblemscanbeavoidedbydevelopinghistoricaldatabasesthatrecordrawmaterialcharacteristicsthatcorrelatewithgoodprocessing.Establishingasamplelibraryof acceptable and unacceptable raw materi-als may be especially useful in maintaining asmoothrunningextruderandtroubleshootingfuturechallenges.

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Aquaculture is the fastestgrowinganimalproductionindustryintheworld; almost every region isexperiencingrapidgrowthinthe

farming of fish, molluscs, crustaceans andaquaticplants.

WorthoverAUD$200billionglobally,theaquaculture industry has been growing at afasterratethantheworld’spopulationforthepastfivedecades,resultinginaverycompeti-tivemarketplacetoday.

Suchdramaticgrowthintheaquacultureindustry has driven trends in filtration andoxygenation techniques forward to focuson high efficiency systems which offer fineparticle filtration.This isduetotherealisa-tion that systems chosen purely for theirlowcostmaynotnecessarilydeliverprofit-ableresults.Thehealthandgrowthofyourfish depend greatly upon the filtration andoxygenationofthewaterinwhichtheylive.Therefore, it is vital you invest in a quality

system so you can produce large, healthyfish as quickly as possible to increase yourprofitmargin.

“Thefiltrationforaquacultureisverydiffer-enttoanythingelse,asyouarefilteringtotallydifferent material which is much larger inmass–suchaspondweed,fishfoodandfishwaste,” says Bryan Goh, director, WatercoLtd, Australia, an international manufacturer,whichproducesarangeoffiltrationsolutionsforcommercialanddomesticsystems.

Those using closed systems have takenparticularly to recirculating filtration systems,which entail the same water being recircu-lated an infinitenumberof times afterbeingproperly filtered and slightly topped up tomakeup forthewaterwhich is lost throughevaporation.

Fine particles are defined as particulatematterthatis2.5micronsorlessindiameter;therefore, they can be left behind by somefiltration systems that are not designed tocaptureparticlesthatsmall.

Fineparticlefiltrationisimportantforthreereasons:1.Theamountofwastethatfishproduce

can quickly destroy water clarity andreduce the amount of oxygen the fishcan absorb, which in turn lowers theirgrowth rate. The quicker this waste isremoved; less oxygen will be used bythebacteriathatarebreakingitdown

2.Substancesthataretoxictofishinsmallquantities, suchasammoniaandnitrite,needtoberemovedquicklybeforetheyuseupagreatdealoftheoxygeninthewaterandimpactonthehealthofyourfish

3.Large amounts of feed can also intro-ducewasteintothewaterandencour-age bacteria growth, which eat up theoxygen supply that your fish need;adequatefiltrationaddressesthisissue

Types of filtrationThemovementtowardsfineparticlefiltra-

tionhas resulted ina fewparticular typesoffiltration and waste removal systems beingfavoured in the aquaculture industry. Theseincludescreens,gravitationalsettling,sandandbead filters, flotation/foam fractionation andcentrifuges.

Gravitational settling, also known as sedi-mentation, is a waste removal system thatdepends on the different densities of thewaterandwasteparticlesdrawingthewasteparticlesdownandoutofthetank.However,wasteparticlesinaquacultureareusuallyonlyslightlydenserthanthewaterandsocantaketime to settle. Faster separation is achievedwhen the density is vastly different; mostaquaculturesystemsuse15-20minutereten-tiontimesforwaste.

Filter screensFilter screens are a form of mechanical

waste removal.Opening sizes can vary from

Fine particle filtration in aquacultureby Katie Adema, journalist, Waterco Ltd, Australia


FEATURE


severalmillimeterstolessthan0.001micron.Fine filtration systems, such as microscreendrum filters which are already commonlyused in aquaculture, typically require muchlargerfilterscreensand/orhigherpressurestooperate effectively than a screen with largeropenings.

Centrifuges and hydro clones Centrifugesandhydroclonesaregrowing

inpopularityastheycrossfromdomesticuseintocommercialuse.Cylindricalinshape,themechanismrotates thecentralchamberveryrapidly,forcingwasteparticlesthataredenserthanthewatertothesidesofthecylinder.Alayerofwaterfromtheouterrimisthentakenout,whichremovesmostoftheparticleswithit,leavingthecleanwaterinthecentretobeputbackintotheaquaculturesystem.

Bruce Atkinson, aquaculture design andsalesmanager,Aquasonic,Australia,sayscen-trifugal solutions such as Waterco’s newrangeofMultiCyclonefilterscanallowyoutoincreasestockingrates.

“The link between feed rates andMultiCyclonesisfairlyobviousforfishculturesystems,” says Atkinson. “With the additionof theMultiCyclone,moreefficientmechani-cal filtration takes place and hence greatervolumes of feed can be introduced withoutsystem fouling caused by organic depositionandbacterialproliferation.

“This means stocking rates can beincreased,withsubsequent improvedpro-duction. MultiCyclones in fish culturesystems are best deployed on thesystemreturnpumppriorto,say,bagor cartridge polishing filters on thewaybacktothefishtank.”

Sand or bead filters Sand or bead filters can be either

fixedbedandparticlebedfiltersthatcon-sistofaboxfilledwithsandoranotherparticulatematerial.Toachievefinepar-ticle filtration, the filter medium shouldbe very fine grain and may also need tobepressurised.Waterpassesthroughthefixedbedeither in a downwarddirectionor and upward direction (down flow andupflow),andwasteparticlesareremovedby the sand/beads. The size of particlesremoveddependsonthesizeofthefiltermedium,flowrateandwastecharacteris-tics.Asand/beadfiltermayneedfrequentbackwashingifwasteisveryconcentrated.

Floatation or foam fractionation

Floatationorfoamfractionationisaformofchemicalfiltration;thistypeoffiltrationisabletoretrieveveryfineparticlesfromanaquaculturesys-tem,andisconsequentlyalready

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usedwidely.Ittakesadvantageofthesurfacetensionandchargesattheair/waterinterface,using bubbles to capture dissolved and veryfineparticlematter.Inthissystem,anairstonein the bottom of a vertical pipe producesbubbles. As they rise through the pipe theycollectdissolvedmineralsfromthebulkliquid,

andwhenthebubblesreachthesurfaceandareremoved,soarethe waste particles. It’s a sim-ple,inexpensiveformoffiltrationthat can also remove dissolvedpollutants from the water. Thisremovalmechanismisparticularlyeffectiveinsaltwaterapplications,as formation of fine bubbles ismuch easier than in fresh waterapplications.

It is quite common in aqua-culture to use a combinationof different filtration and wasteremovalsystemstoachieveopti-mumwaterquality.

Oxygen conesOxygen concentration is

worth mentioning in relation tofineparticlefiltrationbecausethebacteria that break down fishwaste and leftover feed use upa great deal of oxygen, whichis paramount to fish health andgrowth.The longer thiswaste isleft in the water, the smaller itbecomes as it is broken down,causing it to be very difficult toremove. Therefore, this wasteneeds tobe removedasquicklyand as effectively as possibleby your filtration system, whichneedstobeequippedtohandleverysmallparticlesofwaste.

After filtration, an oxygenconecanbeused to restoreoxygen satura-tiontooptimumlevels.

“OxygenconeshavetheabilitytoincreaseO²levelsinfishculturesystems,withincreasedlevels of O² being of great benefit to fishhealthingeneral,”saysAtkinson.

“Inexperimentscarriedoutonhalibutspe-

cies, oxygen saturation levels wereshown to have a positive effect onthe growth and feed conversionratioat80percentand120percentsaturation.

“The conclusion was that theoxygen saturation levels have apositive effect on growth and feedconversion ratios of fish, and in thecase of Atlantic halibut, the growthrateishigherwhentheoxygenlevelis between 80 percent and 120percent.”

Thecorrectcombinationofoxy-gen,freshwaterandfoodisessentialfor fish production, and maintainingwater oxygen levels is a carefulbalancingact.

Waterco’s specially createdOxygen Cone allows the oxygenlevelsinwatertobemanagedmoreeffectivelyforhigherquantitiesoffish

per volume of water. The industry standardfor most species of fish is up to 50 kg ofstockto1,000litresofwater;withanoxygencone,youcanincreaseyourproductivityandstockingrates.

Oxygenconesinjectoxygenintothewaterdeliverylineandintothefishculturetanks.TheOxygenConeisshapedtooptimisethesatu-rationofgasesinwater-upto100percent.Water and oxygen enter at the top of thecone at relatively high speed and then thestreamofwater pushes the oxygen bubblesdownuntiltheycompletelydissolve.

“Severalstudieshaveinvestigatedtherela-tionship between oxygen saturation and fishfoodintake,”saysAtkinson

“In 1976, Randolph and Clemens foundthatfeedingpatternsofchannelcatfishvariedwith temperature and oxygen availability.When the oxygen content drops below 59percent, a fish starts to lose its appetite.Rainbowtrout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)appetiteisreducedwhenoxygensaturationfallsbelowapproximately60percent.”

“From these studies, using varied speciesitcanbeconcludedthatbyincreasingoxygensaturation with the use of a saturation ves-sel such as a Waterco Oxygen Cone, thefarmercanincreasehisproductionsignificantlyand save on food costs as well because ofimprovedfeedconversionratios.”

More InforMatIon:Waterco Ltd Tel: +44 1795 521733Email: [email protected]: www.waterco.eu

Aquasonic P/L Aquaculture Supplies Tel: +61 2 6586 4933Email: [email protected]: www.aquasonic.com.au

In focus: koi pondsAlthoughkoipondsaremostcommonlyusedasan

aestheticadditiontoabackyard,theyrelyonadelicatebalance of filtration and oxygenation to keep the fishhealthy,justlikeatankusedforcommercialaquaculture.

The large amount of waste these fast growing fishproducealsomakesthemagoodexampleoftheimpor-tanceoffineparticlefiltrationandoxygensaturation.Akoipondusuallyrequiresbothamechanicalfilterandabiologicalfiltertomaintainwaterclarityandfishhealth.Aturnoverrateofatleast1.5timesperhourwillensuregoodcirculation,aerationandfiltration.

“Inmanycases,largepre-filtersystemsarerequired,suchasvortexchambersand/orsievesaswellasamainfiltration system that in many cases is used both as amechanicalaswellasabiologicalfilter.Thisliterallytrapsthesolidwastesandremovesthemfromthewaterflowandprovidesalargesurfaceareatosupportthegrowthof beneficial bacteria that breaks down pollutants inthe water,” explains Bryan Goh, director, Waterco,Australia.

“Such filters can be single or multimedia chambersaswellasbead filters.The filtrationsystem isnotonlydesigned based on the volume of water but also thequantityandsizeof fish,anticipated feedingcyclesandtheamountoffishwaste.”

Filtrationneedstobebackedupwithadequateoxy-gensaturationlevels,deliveredbyoxygencones,waterplants and/or aeration. One thousand litres of watersaturated with oxygen at 8 parts per million containsonly8gramsofdissolvedoxygen.Thehealthofkoifishiscompromisedwhenoxygen levels fallbelow6ppm,somethingthat10kgoffishwhichconsumeaboutthreegramsofoxygenperhourcanbringaboutinabout40minutes without the help of adequate filtration andoxygenation.


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Trace minerals found in mammalsand birds are very important inthemetabolismoftheaquaculturespecies. The inclusion of trace

mineralinaquafeedsisaguaranteetoreachagoodlevelofgrowthanddevelopment.

The main functions we have to highlightare the essential role in the skeleton andsoft tissues involved in nerve transmission,as well as in the maintenance of pressureand regulation of blood pH. They are partof many enzymes, vitamins, hormones andact as enzyme activators. Trace minerals actby modulating the immune system and areessential in preventing deficiency and patho-logicaldiseasesofdifferentkinds.

The mineral requirements in aquaculturespecies are well defined, although in recentyears much research has been done on thewaytoprovidethem.Fishareabletoabsorbminerals from the environment through thegills,althoughtheyneedanutritionalmineralsupplementinthediet.Traditionally,themin-eralsupplementationhasbeencarriedoutbytheintakeofinorganicminerals.

Inthelastfewdecadesithasbeenshownthat interactions between different miner-als, when added inorganically, greatly hinderabsorption. This effect has been tradition-allycompensatedbyincreasingmineraldoses.However,this increaseof inclusionlevelshasleadtonegativeeffectsontheenvironment.

The use of organic minerals (chelatedminerals), with better absorption and lowerinteraction problems, allows us to meet theneeds of the aquaculture species withoutoverdosing diets, avoiding environmentalproblems, maximizing growth, and loweringtheinclusioncost.

Contribution and bioavailability of minerals in aquaculture

The contribution of minerals to fish andshrimp farmingcomes from feed ingredients,aswellasfromthecontributionprovidedbythemineralconcealerandtheabsorptionabil-ity,throughtheskinandgills,ofthosemineralsdissolvedinwater.

Mineralrequirementsdifferamongspeciesof freshwaterand seawater,due to thedif-ferentcapacitytoabsorbmineralsfromwater,whichiscausedbythedifferentosmoticpres-sureinbothgroups.

In aquafeed, minerals usually are addedtothefeedinaninorganicform,combinedwith other chemical elements, such ascarbonates,phosphates,sulfatesandoxides.In this embodiment, the inorganic mineralabsorption doesn’t show a high efficiency.A high percentage of minerals are notabsorbedintheintestine.Whentheyinter-actwithotherelements,theydonotreachthe bloodstream to go to the differentorgansandtissues.

The absorptionefficiency of inor-ganic minerals inaquaculture is at anaverage/lower level,below 20 percent.For this reason, inanimal nutritionthere is a tendencyto incorporate highamountsofminerals,to ensure the realneeds of the organ-ism.

It is important tostress that thepres-

ence of certain substances in the diet suchas phytate, or high calcium or phosphoruscontent, also decrease mineral absorptioncapacity.

In herbivorous fish species, whose dietshave a high percentage of vegetable rawmaterials, it is necessary to provide a higheramount ofminerals an inorganic form, giventhehighphytatecontent.

Thebioavailabilityofmineralsisalsocondi-tionedbythedigestibilityoffeed,theparticlesize, the synergistic or antagonistic interac-tions,healthstatusofthefish,thespecies,andthechemicalstateofthemineral(Watanabeet al.1997).

Chelation - an effective solution to increase the bioavailability

Chelationisaprocesswhichoccursnatu-rally in thebodyof living creatures.As clearexamples of chelation we have hemoglobinwith iron, chlorophyll with manganese, orcobalt with vitamin B12, which allows themineral (metal), in an inorganic form, to be

Chelated minerals in aquacultureby A Rodriguez, i Lopez, E Sujka, S De la Cuesta, C Lopez, R Nieto, Liptosa technical team, Spain

infrared spectrophotometry of a Zn glycinate


FEATURE


transformed to an organic form, increasingavailability. Inorganicminerals are chelated inthe intestine, in order to enable their trans-portacrosstheintestinalwall.

Aquaculturenutrition,likeinmammalandbird nutrition, found an alternative in thechelation process, which is a very effectivealternative togreatly increase theabsorptionofessentialminerals.

Chelation is a highly effective technologyfor theprotectionof inorganicminerals, andcurrently is a widespread practice in animalnutrition. It allows essential minerals to bemanagedmorerationally,increasingtheirbio-availability.Thisalsohelpsavoidexcretioninto

the environment due to lack of absorptionandcontributespositivelytoreduceenviron-mentalpollution.

Minerals,bydefaultorexcessofabsorp-tionmaybeharmful tohealth.The interac-tion between chelated minerals is muchlowerthantheonethatoccurswhenminer-alsarepresentedoninorganicform.Inturn,inorganicmineralsactonBvitamins,enablingoxidation.Anexampleofmineralinteractionistheonethattakesplacebetweentheironandzinc.

It hasbeen shown that amineral chelatecouldbeup to four timesmorebioavailablewhen is presented inorganically. Therefore,chelation becomes a very useful processfor optimizing diets, according to the needs,either in isolation or in a chelated mineralcomplex, specifically formulated for a targetspecies.

Amino acid chelated mineralsIt is very important to highlight that

althoughaminoacidsarenottheonlychelat-ing agents used, the organic minerals withthe greatest bioavailability are amino acidchelatedminerals.Theaminoacidmoleculeacts as a protection of mineral interactionswith the substances present in the gastricjuice.

Chelates of molecular weight below 800dalton,arecapableofcrossingthemembranesoftheintestinalcellswithoutbeinghydrolyzedin the lumen.However, chelatesbigger thandipeptides, cannot be transported efficientlyandendupbeinghydrolyzedinthegut.

Duringthe1990sthefirstchelatedminer-

als with methionatebegan to be pro-duced. Subsequently,in 2003 proteinatechelation startedand by 2006 the EUapproved Glycinateschelation.

Glycine, due toitshighproteincon-tent, allows a verystrong link with themineral, allowingthe preparation ofchelated minerals,characterised by itshigh stability andbioavailability.

The body's abil-ity to absorb singleamino acids is veryhigh. Glycine is themost efficient aminoacid because of itseasy absorption intothe intestinal wall,duetoitslowmolec-ularweight.

Glycine added tothe diet can protectthe body againstendotoxins and canfacetheshockcausedby bleeding. It alsoreduces liver damageinduced by hepato-toxic drugs and actsagainst inflammationby reducing cytokineformation.

Thestabilitycoef-ficient of chelatedminerals to assessabsorption abilitymustbeintherangeof 4-5. Glycinateprovides a betterstability coefficientthanmethionates;forexample the stabil-ity constant of zincglycinateis5.26com-pared to the 4.38of zinc methionine.The stability coeffi-cient of iron glyci-nate is about 10.0versus 9.1 from ironmethionate. Infraredspectrophotometryisthetechniqueusedtoevaluatethequal-ity of chelation andthereforeitsbioavail-ability.

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FEATURE

Importance of minerals Zn and Fe in aquaculture

Zincand ironalsoplayan important rolein fish and shrimpmetabolism.Zinc require-ments are estimated between 15-40 mg /kg,andironbetween30-170mg/kgofdiet,depending on the specie. (Watanabe et al.(1988).Hilton(1989)Lall(1989)andSteffens(1989).

Zincisanessentialmineralasit isacom-ponentofalargenumberofmetalloenzymessuchascarbonicanhydrase,whichisinvolvedin the transport of carbon dioxide in theblood,andthealkalinephosphatase.

Inturn,itactsascofactorinmanyenzymaticprocessesinvolvedinthemetabolismoflipids,proteins and carbohydrates.Also, it hasbeenreported itsrole inthesynthesisofRNAandDNA,aswellasinproteins,hormones,inproc-essesofwoundhealing,andantistresseffect.

Zinc deficiencies in fish diets cause poorgrowth, poor appetite, blindness, develop-mentalproblemsintheskeleton,withsmallervertebrae, and bone matrix with a lowerhardness.

Zincdeficiencyreducesthedigestibilityofproteinsandcarbohydrates,probablydue topooractivityoftheenzymecarboxypeptidase(OginoandYang,1978).Abnormalitiesintheskinandfinsduetozincdeficiencieshavealsobeenreported.

Iron,likezinc,isanessentialcomponentofmanyenzymesandvariousenzymaticsystems.It is an essential component of hemoglobinandmyoglobinandisakeyfactorinthetrans-portofoxygenwithinthebody.

Iron content in fish is relatively lowcompared with that of vertebrates (Van

Dijket 1975)althoughatgilllevel,absorp-tion also occurs. This takes place in theintestinal mucosa is where iron contentishigher.

Theextendedirondeficiencyinfishcausesanemia and poor growth, as well as anincreasing sensitivity to infections.Themajorcontributionoftheironinfishcomesfromthediet,duetothe lowconcentrationof ironinfarmwater(NRC1993).

Ironisoneofthemineralsinvolvedinlipidoxidationprocesses.Ferricsaltscatalyzetheformation of hydroperoxides and free radi-cals, providing a free radical in presence ofunsaturated fattyacidsandoxygen (Chvapilet al.,1974,Leeetal.,1981,Fujimotoetal.,1982).

Thesupplyofchelatedironinthediet,ata much lower dose than those reported ininorganic form(dueto itshigherbioavailabil-ity),isagoodchoiceforthedevelopmentofaquaculturedietswithahighcontentoflipidsand pigments, and for preventing oxidativeprocesses.

Replacementpracticesofanimalrawmate-rialsby thoseofplantorigincausesignificantvariations in the content provided by traceminerals. The addition of chelated mineralsprovidesabalancetothereplacementofrawmaterials, and allows effective corrections inthediet.

Iron and zinc glycinates Thechelationwithoneortwomolecules

ofglycinehasshownagreatimpactonaquac-ultureduetothefollowingadvantages:

• Nointeractionwithothercompoundsintheintestine

• StableindifferentpHranges• Stableathightemperatures• Low molecular weight, less than 200

Dalton,which ease an absorption levelcloseto100percent

• No interaction with other substances,macrominerales or microminerals fromthediet,favouringitsabsorptionintotheintestinallumen

• Chelation doesn´t have an ionizableneutralcharge,soit’slessreactive

• Itisnotpollutantduetoitshighdegreeofabsorption

• It doesn’t provide flavour to the feed,but it’s more palatable than inorganicminerals

Contribution to sustainabilityIntheaquaculturesectorthere isgrow-

ing sustainability commitment to achievecleaner and environmentally friendly pro-duction. The global demand for aquacul-ture species increases every year due tothe increasing demand for animal proteinworldwide.

Fish farms have increased their degreeof specialization and efficiency greatly, sothe time invested in the development oftheproduction cycle and the costof feed,plays a key role on the profitability of thecompanies.

Thanks to theefforts in genetic improve-ment,someaquaculturespeciesexhibitahighlevelofdevelopment,showingahighgrowthpotential and feed efficiency. On the otherhand, other aquaculture species should godeeper into the genetic improvement withthe aim of optimizing their production andpreservetheenvironment.

The addition of chelated minerals to thediet allow us to provide certain amounts ofminerals according to the needs of the fish.Chelated minerals provide greater bioavail-ability and produce lower excretion rates incomparisonwithinorganicminerals.

A balanced diet is one that incorporatesagreaterdiversityofingredientswithacom-pensatoryeffectbetweenthem.Fromanenvi-ronmentalpointofview,thebestdietisonethatprovides ahigherdegreeofdigestibility.Mineralbioavailabilitywithinadiet isafactortobeconsidered,becauseofsupplementationcanbereducedthreefoldwithrespecttothecontributionsininorganicform.

As a final conclusion we can say that inaquaculturenutrition,thebenefitprovidedbytheuseofchelatedmineralsinthedietmustbe taken intoaccount, toallowamorebio-availableandbalancedcontribution.

More InforMatIon:Website: www.liptosa.com


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Hormones,antibiotics,ionophersand some salts compoundshave been used as growthpromotersandtosomeextent

to prevent diseases. However, their inad-equate applications show a negative effectonaquacultureproductionandenvironment(Góngora, 1998). Functional additives, likeprobiotics,areanewconceptinaquaculture(LiandGatlinIII,2004)wheretheadditionsofmicroorganisms in diets show a positiveeffectongrowthcausedbythebestuseofcarbohydrates, protein, and energy (IriantoandAustin,2002).Itfurtherdiminishesmor-tality by disease, antagonism to pathogens,andbettermicrobialintestinalbalanceintheenvironment(Holmströmet al.,2003).

Theuseofprobioticsforfarmanimalshasincreasedconsiderablyoverthelast15years.Once ingested,theprobioticmicroorganismscan modulate the balance and activities ofthe gastrointestinal microbiota, whose roleisfundamentaltoguthomeostasis.Themostimportant benefits of yeast and bacterialprobiotics upon the gastrointestinal micro-bialecosysteminruminantsandmonogastricanimals (equines, pigs, poultry, fish) werereported in the recent scientific literature(Chaucheyras-DurandandDurand,2010).

Nowadays, a number of preparations ofprobioticsarecommerciallyavailableandhavebeenintroducedtofish,shrimpandmolluscanfarmingasfeedadditives,orareincorporatedinpondwater(Wanget al.,2005).

Why tilapia?Tilapias are the most successfully cul-

turedfishintheworldbecauseoftheirfastgrowing and high efficiency to utilize thenatural and artificial supplemented feeds(Ishak,1980).Tilapiashavebecomeincreas-inglypopularforfarmingastheyareabletoreproduce rapidly, easily bred in captivity,tolerateawiderangeofenvironmentalcon-ditions,arehighlyresistanttodiseases,andmost important of all, have good flavour.Though the fish originated in Africa, Asiancountrieshavebecometheleadingproduc-ers of these fish (Rana, 1997). Tilapias aresecond only to carps as the most widelyfarmed freshwater fish in theworld (FAO,2010).

table 1: Details of the experimental treatments

Details

t1 Basal ration (Br)+ 0 g Hydroyeast aquaculture®/Kg diet (as a control)

t2 Basal ration (Br)+ 5 g Hydroyeast aquaculture®/Kg diet







table 2: Formula of the tested probiotic, Hydroyeast aquaculture®

Ingredients Units/kg min. Yeats probiotics CFU/kg min.

oligosaccharides 50,000 ppm active live yeast 5,000,000,000,000

enzymes Probiotics

amylase 3,750,000 lactobacillius acidophlus 22,500,000,000

Protease 500,000 Bifedobacterium longhum 22,500,000,000

Cellulase 200,000 Bifedobactrium thermophylum 22,500,000,000

Pectinase 100,000 Streptococcus faecium 22,500,000,000

Xylanse 10,000

Phytase 3,000

table 3: Ingredients and proximate chemical analysis (% on dry matter basis) of the experimental basal diet

Ingedients %

Yellow corn 22.50

rice bran 23.00

Soybean meal (44%) 37.50

Fish meal (65%) 6.00

Salts 0.50

Calcium carbonate 4.67

Vegetable oil 3.00

Premix 0.30

Di-nitro bio (anti oxident) 0.025

Bintonite (as banding agent) 2.50

nutrient composition

Dry matter (DM) 88.18

Crude protein (CP) 25.10

ether extract (ee) 7.90

ash 7.30

Crude fibre 6.00

nitrogen free extract (nFe) 54.60

Gross energy (Kcal/100g DM(Ge)* 440.94

Protein energy (P/e) ratio (mg CP/Kcal Ge) 56.92

Effect of probiotic, Hydroyeast Aquaculture as growth promoter for adult Nile tilapia by FF Khalil, Ahmed ismail Mehrim and Montaha E M Hassan, Al-Mansoura University, Egypt


FOCUS|PROBIOTICS

Foodavailabilityandqualityareknowntoinfluencebothfecundityandeggsizeintilapia(Coward and Bromage, 2000). So, brood

stock nutritionis recognisedasamajorfac-tor that caninfluence fishreproductionand subse-quent larvalquality ofmany fishspe-cies(Izquierdoet al., 2001).The develop-ment of costeffective andnutrient opti-mized broodstockfeedsfortilapia is bothpertinent andcrucial. Yet,many studieshave revealedthe positiveeffects ofprobiotics ongrowth per-formance indifferent O.

niloticusstagessuchfry(Abdel-Tawwabet al.,2008;Lara-Floreset al.,2010;Abdelhamidet al., 2012; Abdel-Tawwab, 2012) and finger-

lings (Mehrim, 2009; Ghazalah et al., 2010;Khalafalla,2010).

However, no attempts were designedconcerningtheeffectsofprobioticsongrowthperformance of adult fish. Therefore, theobjectivesofthepresentstudyweretoevalu-atetheeffectsofgradedlevelsofanewdie-tary probiotic Hydroyeast Aquaculture® onboth sexes of adult Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, concerning their growth perform-ance,feedandnutrientsutilizationandcarcasscompositionforeightweeks.

Experiment setup ThisstudywasconductedinFishResearch

Unit, Faculty of Agriculture, MansouraUniversity, Al-Dakahlia, Egypt. Both sexes ofhealthy adult Nile tilapia O. niloticus, with anaverage initial bodyweight (83.4±0.001 g)foradultmalesand(80.1±0.002g)foradultfemaleswerepurchasedfromIntegratedFishFarmatAl-Manzala,Al-Dakhalia,Egypt.

Fish were stocked into rearing tanks fortwoweeks as an adaptationperiod, and fedonabasaldietduringthisperiod.Fishinbothsexes (males and females), were distributedseparatelyintoeightexperimentaltreatments(asthreereplicatespertreatment)(Table1).Fishineachtreatmentwerestokedat10fish/m3pertank.Eachtank(1m3involume)wasconstructedwithanupperirrigationopen,anunder drainage, and an air stone connected

table 5: effects of Hydroyeast aquaculture® probiotic on growth performance of adult female O. niloticus

Initial weight

Final weight aWG rGr

aDG (mg/

fish/day)

SGr (%/d) Sr (%)

t5 75.4 105.3b 29.8b 39.6b 0.52b 0.57b 100.0

t6 81.1 122.4a 41.3a 50.9a 0.71a 0.71a 100.0

t7 83.0 126.1a 43.1a 51.9a 0.74a 0.72a 100.0

t8 81.0 102.4b 21.4c 26.4c 0.37c 0.41c 100.0

± Se 0.002 1.43 1.42 1.73 0.02 0.02 0.000

P-value 0.128 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.466

table 4: effects of Hydroyeast aquaculture® probiotic on growth performance of adult male O. niloticus

Initial weight

Final weight aWG rGr

aDG (mg/

fish/day)

SGr (%/d) Sr (%)

t1 81.0 117.6b 36.5c 45.1c 0.63c 0.64c 100.0

t2 82.4 137.2a 54.8ab 66.5a 0.94ab 0.88a 100.0

t3 83.0 136.2a 48.9b 56.1b 0.84b 0.77b 100.0

t4 87.3 142.0a 58.9a 71.07a 1.01a 0.92a 100.0

± Se 0.001 2.36 2.35 2.83 0.04 0.03 0.000

P-value 0.253 0.0004 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.526


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toanelectriccompressor.Freshundergroundwater was used to change one third of thewaterineachtankeveryday.

DietThe tested probiotic Hydroyeast

Aquaculture®formulashowninTable2,wasproducedbyAgrancoCorp,USA.

The commercial diet, as basal ration(BR), used in the present study contains25 percent crude protein, it was purchasedfrom Al-Manzala manufacture for fish feed,IntegratedFishFarmatAl-Manzala,Dakhalia,Egypt.Theingredientsandproximatechemi-calanalysisof thiscommercialdietaccordingto the manufacture's formula, is shown inTable3.

The diet was ground to add the testedprobiotic(HydroyeastAquaculture®)atlev-elsof0,5,10and15g/Kgdiet, referredto

treatmentsNo.T1,T2,T3 andT4, respec-tively, for males and T5, T6, T7 and T8treatments for females (Table 1) and thenall diets were repelleted. The experimentaldietswereintroducedbyhandtwicedailyat9a.mand15p.mat3%ofthefishbiomassateachtank.Thefeedquantitywasadjustedbi-weekly according to the actual bodyweightchanges.

Fish sampling and performance parameters

Atthestartandattheendoftheexperi-ment, fish samples were collected and keptfrozentilltheproximateanalysisofthewholefishbodyaccordingtoAOAC(2000).Energycontent in experimental fish was calculatedaccordingtoNRC(1993),being5.64and9.44kcal/gforCPandEE,respectively.

Growthperformanceparametersofboth

sexesofadultO. niloticussuchasaveragetotalweightgain(AWG),averagedailygain(ADG),relativegrowthrate%(RGR),specificgrowthrate %/day (SGR) and survival rate % (SR)werecalculated.Feedconversionratio(FCR),feedefficiency%(FE),proteinefficiencyratio(PER),proteinproductivevalue%(PPV)andenergy utilization % (EU) were calculatedaccordingtothefollowingequations:

AWG(g/fish)=[Averagefinalweight(g)-Averageinitialweight(g)].

ADG (g/fish/day) = [AWG (g) / experi-mentalperiodindays(d)].

RGR = 100 [AWG (g)/Average initialweight(g)].

SGR(%/day)=100 [In finalbodyweight-Ininitialbodyweight]/experimentalperiodindays(d).

FCR=FeedIntake,(g)/Liveweightgain(g).FE=100[Liveweightgain(g)/FeedIntake,(g)].PER=Liveweightgain(g)/proteinintake(g).PPV (%) = 100 [Final fish body protein

content(g)-Initialfishbodyproteincontent(g)]/crudeproteinintake(g).

EU (%) = Retained energy x 100/con-sumedfeedenergy

SR=100[Totalnumberoffishattheendof the experimental/Total number of fish atthestartoftheexperiment].

*GE(Kcal/100gDM)=CPx5.64+EEx9.44+NFEx4.11calculatedaccordingtoNRC(1993).

Statistical analysisTheobtaineddataformalesorforfemales

were statistically analysed using general linermodels (GLM) procedure according toSAS (2001) for users guide. The differencesbetween means of treatments were com-pared for the significance (P ≤ 0.05) usingDuncan'smultiple rang test (Duncan, 1955),asdescribedbyBailey(1995).

ResultsGrowth performance parameters

MaleGrowthperformanceparametersofadult

malesO. niloticusillustratedinTable4revealedthat T4 (15 g Hydroyeast Aquaculture®/Kgdiet)wasthebesttreatmentfollowedbyT2(5 g Hydroyeast Aquaculture®/Kg diet) and

table 6: effects of Hydroyeast aquaculture® probiotic on feed and nutrients utilization of adult male O. niloticus

Protein utilization

treat. Fl (g/fish) FCr Fe (%) PPV (%) Per eU (%)

t1 123.1 3.4a 29.6c 30.9a 1.2c 15.7a

t2 117.7 2.1b 46.9a 29.0a 1.8a 13.6b

t3 129.3 2.7b 37.8b 15.8b 1.5b 6.6b

t4 129.9 2.2b 45.4a 18.8b 1.8a 8.9c

± Se 5.22 0.16 1.97 1.22 0.07 0.64

P-value 0.364 0.002 0.0009 0.0001 0.0008 0.0001

Means in the same column having different small letters are significantly differ (P ≤ 0.05); SE = Standard Error

table 7: effects of Hydroyeast aquaculture® probiotic on feed and nutrients utilization of adult female O. niloticus

Protein utilization

treat. Fl (g/fish) FCr Fe (%) PPV (%) Per eU (%)

t5 113.0c 3.7b 26.4b 13.6b 1.1b 11.2b

t6 120.5b 2.9c 34.3a 25.6a 1.3a 15.4a

t7 122.6a 2.8c 35.1a 15.0b 1.4a 11.1b

t8 113.2c 5.3a 18.8c 5.2c 0.8c 4.9c

± Se 0.62 0.12 1.17 0.67 0.04 0.41

P-value 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001

Means in the same column having different small letters are significantly differ (P ≤ 0.05); SE = Standard Error


FOCUS|PROBIOTICS

T3 (10 gHydroyeastAquaculture®/Kgdiet),whichweregave significantly (P≤0.05) finalbody weight, AWG, RGR, ADG and SGRthan the control (T1). But, no significant (P≥ 0.05) differences between T2 and T3 forfinalweight,AWGandADG,aswellasinSRamongalltreatments.

FemaleData of growth performance parameters

of adult females O. niloticus revealed thatT7 (10 g Hydroyeast Aquaculture®/Kg diet)was the best treatment followed by T6 (5g Hydroyeast Aquaculture®/Kg diet), whichwere gave significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increasedfinal body weight, AWG, RGR, ADG andSGRthanT8(15gHydroyeastAquaculture®/Kg diet) and the control (T5).However, nosignificant (P≥ 0.05) effects in SR among alltreatments(Table5).

Feed and nutrients utilizationMale

Resultsoffeednutrientsutilizationparam-etersofadultmalesO. niloticuswereshownin Table 6, whereas T4 gave the highestsignificantly(P≤0.05)increasedFE,PERandthebestFCRfollowedbyT2comparedwiththecontrol(T1)andT3.Incontrast,PPVorEU increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) in T1followedbyT2 comparedwithT3 andT4.However, no significant (P ≥ 0.05) differ-encesinFIamongalltreatments.Female

Adult females' O. niloticus fed 10 gHydroyeast Aquaculture®/kg diet (T7)showed a significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase inFI,FE,PERandthebestFCRfollowedbyfishfed5gHydroyeastAquaculture®/kgdiet(T6)compared with the control (T1). However,treatment 6 gave significantly (P ≤ 0.05)increaseofPPVandEUamongalltreatments(Table7).

Generally, the differences between males

andfemaleswithinalltreatmentsconcerning,feedandnutrientsutilizationparametersmaybeduetothedifferencesinsexes,metabolism,physiologicalresponsesandsexualbehavioursoffishduringthisstageoflife.

Fish carcass compositionMale

Proximate chemical analysis of the wholeadultmaleO. niloticusbodyat thestartandatthe end of theexperiment issummarized inTable 8. Thesedata indicatedthat there weresignificant (P ≤0.05) increasesof DM and ECcontent in thecontrol group(T1) comparedwith the dietaryinclusion ofHydroyeastAquaculture®(T2,T3andT4),but CP contentwas increasedsignificantly (P ≤0.05)inT1orT2than the T3 andT4. However,an unclear trendwas observed inEE, where theincreasing in EEcontent was notsignificant in T1compared withT3 and T4 andsignificant ascompared withT2.Incontrast,of

theseresultsashcontentincreasedsignificantlyinT3andT4comparedwithT2andthecontrolT1.Generally,proximatechemicalanalysisofthewholefishbodyatthestart,revealedhigherDM,EEandECthanintheendoftheexperiment,butCPandashwereloweratthestartthanattheendoftheexperiment.Female

Adult female O. niloticus fed the 5 gHydroyeast Aquaculture®/kg diet (T6)

table 9: effects of Hydroyeast aquaculture® probiotic on carcass composition of adult female O. niloticus

% on dry matter basis

treat. DM CP ee ash eC

at the start of the experiment

24.3 59.2 23.6 17.1 557.5


t5 20.9b 53.9c 26.8a 19.1a 557.7b

t6 22.4a 60.2a 24.1b 15.7b 566.9a

t7 17.1d 55.7b 25.7a 18.5a 557.6b

t8 18.4c 55.6bc 25.7a 18.6a 559.9b

± Se 0.09 0.50 0.44 0.29 2.54

P- value 0.0001 0.0001 0.015 0.0001 0.070

Means in the same column having different small letters are significantly differ (P ≤ 0.05). DM: Dry matter (%); CP: Crude protein (%); EE: Ether extract (%); EC: Energy content (Kcal/100 g), calculated according to NRC (1993); SE: Standard Error

table 8: effects of Hydroyeast aquaculture® probiotic on carcass composition of adult male O. niloticus

% on dry matter basis

treat. DM CP ee ash eC


25.3 52.2 30.7 16.9 585.1

at the end of the experiment

t1 24.8a 58.9a 25.2a 15.9c 570.4a

t2 20.6b 58.1a 23.8b 18.1b 552.9b

t3 18.2c 55.4b 24.3ab 20.3a 541.8c

t4 17.9c 55.5b 24.8ab 19.7a 547.5bc

± Se 0.19 0.55 0.37 0.35 2.21

P- value 0.0001 0.003 0.123 0.0001 0.0001

Means in the same column having different small letters are significantly differ (P ≤ 0.05). DM: Dry matter (%); CP: Crude protein (%); EE: Ether extract (%); EC: Energy content (Kcal/100 g), calculated according to NRC (1993); SE: Standard Error


FOCUS|PROBIOTICS

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showedsignificant(P≤ 0.05) increase inDM,CPandECcon-tentsamongalltreat-ments. However,both theEEandashcontents recordedthe same trend,whereas increasedinsignificantly in thecontrol group (T5)compared with T7and T8 and sig-nificantly increasedcompared with T6.In general, uncleartrend was recordedin proximate chemi-cal analysis of thewhole adult female'O. niloticus body atthe start and at theend of the experi-mentalperiod,whichthere were higherDM and CP than intheendoftheexper-iment, but EE andash were lower atstartthanattheendof the experiment.Meanwhile, no anyremarkable changeswereobservedinECcontent at the startand the end of theexperimental period(Table9).

DiscussionThe positive

effectsinthepresentstudy of HydroyeastAquaculture® pro-biotic on adultmales and femalesO niloticus growthperformance andfeed utilization, wasfound by Eid andMohamed (2008),where they provedthat Biogen® andPrmifer® improvedthegrowthperform-ance, feed conver-sion,proteinefficien-cyratioandapparentprotein digestibilityfor monosex tilapiafingerlings comparedto fish fed the con-troldiet.

Moreover,El-Ashram et al.

(2008) concluded that, super Biobuds® canimprove body gain, survival and enhanceresistancetochallengeinfection.

Yet,AbdelhamidandElkatan(2006)foundthat dietary supplementation of Biobuds®slightly improved body weight gain butreducedthesurvivalrateoftilapiafingerlings.El-Harounet al.(2006)andEl-Haroun(2007)reported that Biogen® dietary supplementa-tionimprovedgrowthperformanceandfeedutilization,carcassproteinandfatpercentagesaswellaseconomicalprofitinNiletilapiaandcatfishculture,respectively.

In this respect, Mehrim (2009) reportedthatdietaryprobiotic(Biogen®)hadsignificant-ly(P≤0.05)increasedallgrowthperformanceparameters ofO. niloticus comparedwith thecontrolgroup.Yet,Marzouket al.(2008)foundthat probiotics (B. subtillis and Saccharomyces cerevisae) revealed significant improvement ingrowthparametersofO. niloticus.

However, Shelby et al. (2006) noted thattheprobioticusedwithjuvenilechannelcatfishdiethadlackeffectonspecificgrowthpromot-ing.Also,Heet al. (2009) found that supple-mentationofdietaryDVAQUA®showednoeffects on growth performance, feed conver-sionandsurvivalrateofthehybridtilapia.

The reasons for the differences betweenfish species have not been elucidated, butmightbeduetothedifferencesinaquacultureand physiological conditions, composition oftheprobioticandthetypeofbasalingredientsindiets.

In this context, many studies concludeda positive effect of using viable microorgan-isms in probiotic mixtures into diets of fish(Pangrahiet al.,2005;Barneset al.,2006;Abo-State et al., 2009). According to the resultsof the present study and those obtained byothers;itseemsthatprobioticsmaystimulateappetiteandimprovenutritionbytheproduc-tionofvitamins,detoxificationofcompoundsinthediet,andbybreakdownof indigestiblecomponents(IriantoandAustin,2002).Also,Varley(2008)citedalsothatprobioticsshowreal benefits in the synergistic effects withthebeneficialbacteria inmaking inroads intoimprovingguthealth.

Probiotics and FCR Probiotics improve feed conversion

efficiency and live weight gains (Saenz deRodriguezet al.,2009).So,thesupplementa-tion of commercial live yeast, S. cerevisiae,improvedgrowthandfeedutilization(Abdel-Tawwabet al.,2008).Yet,similarresultswereobtainedwhenS. cerevisiaewasaddedtofishdietforIsraelicarp(Nohet al.,1994)andNiletilapia(Lara-Floreset al.,2003).

Moreover, Mehrim (2009) found similarpositive effects of Biogen® on growth per-formance, feed conversion ratio and carcasscompositionofO. niloticus.Rawlinget al.(2009)reportedthatdailyfeedintakewassignificantly


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higherinredtilapia(O. niloticus)fedSangrovit®(Phytobiotics Gmbh, Etville, Germany) sup-plementeddietscomparedtocontrolandthatfeed utilization was not significantly affectedsuggestingthat improvedgrowthwaslikelytobedueto improvedappetiteof fish feddietscontainingSangrovit®.

Theimprovedfishgrowthandfeeduti-lization may possibly be due to improvednutrient digestibility. In this regard, Tovaret al.(2002),Lara-Floreset al.(2003),andWaché et al. (2006) found that the addi-tionofliveyeastimproveddietandproteindigestibility, which may explain the bettergrowth and feed efficiency seen withyeast supplements.Also,DeSchrijver andOllevier (2000) reported a positive effecton apparent protein digestion when sup-plementing turbot feedswith the bacteriaVibrioproteolyticus.

Effect of yeast on whole-body composition

Growth of fish and feed conversion

togetherwithcarcasscompositionaregen-erallyaffectedbyspecies,geneticstrain,sex,stageof reproductive cycle, etc, leading todifferent nutritional requirements (Jauncey,1998). In this respect, yeast supplementa-tion significantly affected the whole-fishbody composition (Abdel-Tawwab et al.,2008).

These results suggest that yeast supple-mentation plays a role in enhancing feedintakewithasubsequentenhancementoffishbody composition, as well as yeast supple-ments significantlyaffectedashcontentofO. niloticus(Abdel-Tawwab,2012).Ontheotherhand, changes in protein and lipid contentin fishbody couldbe linkedwith changes intheirsynthesis,depositionrateinmuscleand/or different growth rate (Abdel-Tawwab et al.,2006).

Inthistopic,Khattabet al.(2004)reportedthat crudeprotein, total lipids and ashweresignificantly (P < 0.01) affected by proteinlevel and increasing stocking density rate oftilapia fish. Yet, Abdelhamid et al. (2007)

reported that increasing dietary Betafin®(betaine)levelcausedasignificantimproveofO. niloticusbodycomposition.

On the other side, the results in thepresent study are in close agreement withthoseofEL-Harounet al. (2006),Mohamedet al. (2007), and Eid andMohamed (2008)fortilapiaandEL-Haroun,(2007)forcatfish.Inaddition,Mehrim(2009)foundpositiveeffectsofinclusionofBiogen®atalevelof3g/kgoncarcasscompositionofmono-sexO. niloticusfingerlings. These positive effects in carcasscomposition of experimental fish may bedue to the dietary probiotic Biogen®,whichcaused the good growth performance oftreatedfishcomparedwiththecontrolgroup,aspresentfindingsofadultmalesandfemalesO. niloticusgrowthperformance(Tables4and5),respectively.

Fromtheforgoingresults,itcouldbecon-cluded thatHydroyeastAquaculture®probi-otic is useful at levels 15 g/kg diet (T4) and10 g /kg diet (T7) for enhancing productionperformanceofadultmalesandfemalesNiletilapiaO. niloticusrespectively,somaybeusingof this probiotic led to economic efficiencyespecially,forfishfarmingandhatcheries.

Thisarticlewasoriginallypublishedon


FOCUS|PROBIOTICS

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Tracatfish(Pangasius hypophthalmus)is a dominant cultured species inVietnam in terms of production.Itsaquacultureproductionin2011

was approximate 1.2 million metric tons.Themainculturesystemfortracatfishisanintensivemodelinearthenpondswithaveryhigh density and yield. In this model, feedcostcomprisesthemainpartofproductioncost.

The cost feed increased recently, leadingtoa reduction inprofit for farmers. Inorderto improve the profit of tra catfish farming,feed cost should be reduced. One of themeasurestoreducefeedcostisthroughfeedadditives which improve nutrient absorptionandutilization.

Sangrovit® is an all-natural feed additivethathasbeenutilizedinmanyanimalspecies.The main active ingredients of Sangrovit®include bitter constituents, which help toenhancetheabsorptionoffeedandpromotedigestion.Thespecialactivesubstancesinclud-ed in Sangrovit®, belonging to the group ofBenzophenanthridineandProtopineAlkaloids,have theadditionaleffectsof improvinghor-monalandchemostaticregulatingmechanismsinfeeduptake,nutrientabsorptionandavail-ability. Therefore, it is feasible to utilize itscharacteristics in tra catfish intensive culturesysteminVietnam.

Thepurposeofthisstudywastoevaluatethe effects of Sangrovit® on the final meanweight, FCR, survival rate and non-specificimmunityparametersofPangasius hypophthal-mus fingerlingcultured inhapa installed inanearthenpond.

Thepresentstudyconsistedoftwoexperi-ments conducted at Experimental Station,Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City,Vietnam.

Effect of Sangrovit® used as feed additives for Pangasius hypophthalmus feed

Pangasius hypophthalmus fingerlings (9,8± 0,1 g) were randomly stocked into 151 m3 cages (1x1x1.3 m) installed in a600m2earthenpondataninitialdensityof40fishperhapa(Figure1)forfourdifferentlevelsofSangrovit®supplementation(Table1) with three replicates per treatment todeterminetheoptimaldoseinthefeed.

The utilized feed was 2 mm extrudedfloatingfeedwiththefollowingspecifications:30 percent protein, 5 percent fat, ME min2,800Kcaland6percentmaximumfibre.Fishwerefedtosatiationtwiceaday.

This experiment was conducted for 16

weeks. Fishwereweighed every fourweekstomonitorgrowthandsurvivalrates.

At the end of the f i rst experi-ment, f ish were harvested, countedand group weighed to determine f inalmeanweight, FCRandsurvival rate.

Water quality variables were measured asfollow:Dissolvedoxygen,temperatureandpHweremeasuredtwiceaday(7amand4pm)usingYSI-550digitaloxygen/temperaturemeter

table 1: tested Sangrovit® concentration

Control 1 2 3 4

0g/ton of feed 25g/ton of feed 50g/ton of feed 75g/ton of feed 100g/ton of feed

table 2: Controlled water quality variablestemp D.o. pH

Maximum 31.2°C 8.2 ppm 6.79average 29.3°C 4.9 ppm 6.78

Minimum 27.1°C 1.6 ppm 6.71

Figure 1: Experimental hapa

Effects of Sangrovit® on the performances of tra catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) cultured in earthen pondsby Dr Nguyen Nhu Tri and Prof Le Thanh Hung, Nong Lam University, Vietnam


FOCUS|PROBIOTICS

andFisher-ScientificportablepHmeter.Totalammonianitrogenandnitriteweremeasuredthreetimesaweekbyspectrometricmethod.Water inthepondwasexchangedregularlytomaintaingoodqualityfortheentireexperi-mentalperiod.Theparametersofthewaterqualityweremaintainedat the levelsshownintheTable2.

Sampling and analysis Initially, fish were weighed and ran-

domly distributed into hapa. To mini-mize the fish not being stressed while-being weighed, MS222 was used toanaesthetize the fish.At theendof thetrial, fish in each hapa were weighed.Growth performances were monitoredusing specific growth rates (SGR) asfollows:

SpecificGrowthRate(SGR)Inwhich:

- W2 : Mean weight at the end of theexperiment

- W1:Meanweightatthebeginningoftheexperiment

- T2- T1 : Duration of the experiment112days(16weeks)

Feed efficiency Inthestudy,feedefficiencywasmonitored

using the feed conversion ratio (FCR) andproteinefficiencyratio(PER)asfollows

FCR=Totalfeedintake/Totalweightgain(W2-W1)

PER=(W2-W1)/ProteinintakeStatistical analyses were performed

usingMinitabsoftwareversion16.0.Datacollectedfromtheexperimentwereana-lyzed using one-way analysis of variance

to determine if significant differences(P<0.05) in final mean weight, FCR, sur-vival rate and non-specific immunityparameters between treatments. Tukeymultiple comparison test was utilized todetermine differences among treatmentmeans.

table 4: lysozyme activity of experimented fish

time Control 1 2 3 4

0 hr 128.3 ± 35.3a 126.7 ± 30.6a 145.8 ± 36.4a 135.0 ± 32.5a 147.5 ± 24.6a24 hrs 146.7 ± 38.8a 154.2 ± 47.9a 157.5 ± 18.0a 185.0 ± 2.50a 175.0 ± 55.2a72 hrs 161.7 ± 34.0a 217.5 ± 23.8ab 313.3 ± 52.8ab 381.7 ± 25.7b 339.2 ± 121.6b

table 3: Final mean weight, SGr (add ‘SGr’), FCr and survival rate of experimented fish

Parameter Control 1 2 3 4

Initial Wt (g) 9.77 ± 0.10a 9.78 ± 0.02a 9.72 ± 0.01a 9.74 ± 0.01a 9.82 ± 0.01 aFinal Wt (g) 75.86 ± 3.45a 84.25 ± 9.15ab 87.19 ± 3.23ab 92.96 ± 3.97b 89.29 ± 3.45b

SGr (%/day) 2.31 ± 0.04a 2.41 ± 0.11ab 2.46 ± 0.04b 2.51 ± 0.04b 2.47 ± 0.11bFCr 1.70 ± 0.02a 1.57 ± 0.08b 1.60 ± 0.01ab 1.51 ± 0.05b 1.49 ± 0.11b

Survival rate (%) 93.33 ± 5.20a 92.50 ± 2.50a 90.83 ± 2.88a 94.17 ± 5.20a 90.83 ± 1.44a

table 5: White blood cell density (x103 cell/mm3) of experimented fishtime Control 1 2 3 4

0 hr 83.83 ± 3.05a 97.02 ± 20.44a 95.78 ± 3.89a 105.58 ±11.88a 98.34 ± 32.44a24 hrs 93.61 ± 30.18a 102.57 ± 27.39a 118.70 ± 35.35a 125.75 ± 23.06a 116.17 ± 30.99a72 hrs 9.96 ± 4.77a 15.20 ± 3.56a 12.80 ± 1.92a 13.10 ± 4.35a 14.93 ± 2.29a


FOCUS|PROBIOTICS

Active ingredients for healthy fish

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107-006_adv. aquafeed.indd 1 28/06/12 10:11

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Results and discussionDatapresentedinTable3showsthatfinal

meanweightofthefirstthreetreatmentswasnot significantlydifferent (P>0.05).However,finalmeanweightoftreatments3and4wassignificantlyhigherthanthatofthecontrol.

The survival rate of all treatments wasnot significantly different. The highest SGRwas obtained in treatment 3, followed bytreatments4and2and significantlydifferentfrom the control. It means that Sangrovit®supplemented to the feed at levels from50-100 g/ton of feed are able to enhancegrowthrateoftracatfish(Figure2).

DataareexpressedasMean±SD.Datawiththesamesuperscriptinthesamerowarenotsignificantdifferences(P>0.05)

One of the most important parameterstoconsiderintracatfishfarmingisFCR.DatafromTable3showedthatFCRofthecontroltreatmentwas significantly higher than thosebelongedtotreatments1,3and4.Sangrovit®supplementationtothefeedatlev-els of 75 and 100 g/

tonhelps to reduce FCR remarkably (Figure3).ThatmeanstheSangrovit®supplementa-tion in P. hypophthalmus feed has improvedthefeedutilizationbyenhancingthesecretionofinternalenzymesindigestivetract.

Effect of Sangrovit® on health improvement

Afterthefirstexperimentwascompleted,15 fish from each hapa were randomlyassignedtoa100-LfibreglasstankofawetlabforachallengetestwithEdwardsiella ictaluritoevaluate the effects of Sangrovit® on healthstatusofexperimentedfish.

Lysozyme activityWhenthefirstexperimentwascompleted,

five fish fromeachhapawere challengedbydipping in a low-density Edwardsiella ictalurisolution (1.28x105CFU/mL) foronehourin order to stimulate the activity of immunesystem.

Blood samples were taken right beforechallenging,24hoursand72hoursafter

challenging to measure lys-

ozyme activity. Lysozyme activity of all fivetreatmentsispresentedinTable4andFigure4.


Data in Table 4 and Figure show thatserum lysozyme activity of all treatments

wasnotsignificantlydifferentat0hoursand24 hours post challenge with Edwardsiella ictaluri. However, this parameter was sig-nificantly higher in treatments 3 and 4as compared to the control at 72 hourspost challenge. The supplementation ofSangrovit®atlevelsof75and100g/tonoffeedhelpedtoboostimmunesystemoftracatfish through increasing lysozyme activity

table 6: Survival rate of tra catfish at 14 days post challengetreatment Survival rate (%)

Control 11.11 ± 3.85a

1 17.78 ± 3.85ab

2 13.33 ± 6.67ab

3 22.22 ± 3.85b

4 20.00 ± 6.67ab

Figure 2: impact of Sangrovit® supplementation on the Specific Growth Rate

Figure 3: impact of Sangrovit® supplementation on the FCR

Figure 4: Lysozyme activity of experimented fish

Figure 5: White blood cell density of experimented fish


FOCUS|PROBIOTICS

to a level that significantly different fromthecontrol.

White blood cell densityWhitebloodcelldensitywasdetermined

at the same time frame as lysozyme activitymeasurement and presented in Table 5 andFigure5.


Data in Table 5 shows that white

blood cell density wasnot significantly differentamong treatments at 0hours, 24 hours and 72hours post challenge.However, this parametertended to be higher inSangrovit®supplementedtreatments as comparedtothecontrolat24hoursand 72 hours post chal-lenge. Sangrovit® mightenhance the productionof white blood cell tofightagainstinfectedbac-teria.

SurvivalExperimented f ish

were dipped in anEdwardsiella ictaluri solution (3.39 x105CFU/ml)for1hourandthenreturnedtothetank.

Mortalities were monitored for 14 days.During this period, water temperature wasmaintainedat26°C,anoptimaltemperaturefor bacteria growth. Dead or moribund fishwere retrieved from the tanks. They werenecropsied,andbacteriallaboratorydiagnosiswas made from the moribund and freshlydeadfish.

Bacteria frommoribund and freshly dead

fish were isolated and classified by IDS 14GNRtestkitofNamKhoacompany.

The results of the second experimentwerepresented inTable 6 showed that themortalityof tracatfish started fromday fourandstoppedatday11-postchallenge.

Thesurvivalrateoftracatfishintreatment3 was significantly higher than that of thecontrol.Sangrovit®supplementationatalevelof75g/tonoffeedcouldenhancesurvivalrateoftracatfishwhenchallengedbyEdwardsiella ictaluri.

ConclusionsNotablySangrovit® inclusion tocommer-

cial feed at levels of 75 g/ton enhancedgrowth rate, SGR and lysozyme activity ofPangasius hypophthalmus,and italsoreducedFCR significantly. Further, a positive effecton the test fish challenged with Edwardsiella ictaluriwasdetected.

Themeasuredinfluencecanbeattributedto the known effect on nutrient absorptionandontheanti-inflammatorymodeofactionofSangrovit®,whichisparticularlyfocusedontheintestinaltract.Thusfeedconversionanddigestibility and the health status of fish wasimproved.

Therefore,Sangrovit®isrecommendedtobe used in the feed at this level to increasereturnoninvestmentofPangasius hypophthal-musfarmingindustry.

Figure 6: Survival rate of the tra catfish during 14 days


FOCUS|PROBIOTICS

Villavicencio, Meta-Colombia October 8-11, 2013

XIX Journada de Acuicultura de la Universidad de los LlanosVI Foro Regional de Acuicultura.

For more information contact:General Organizer Committe

E-mail conference: [email protected]

E-mail exhibition: [email protected]

www.conferenciapecesnativos2013.comwww.was.org

Hosted by

Supported by

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IV CONFERENCIA LATINOAMERICANA SOBRE CULTIVO DE PECES NATIVOS

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Aquaculture Feed Extrusion, Nutrition, & Feed Management

September 22-27, 2013

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EXPERTT●PIC


Welcome to Expert Topic. Each issue will take an in-depth look at a particular species and how its feed is managed.

CATFISHEXPERT TOPICCHANNEL

World viewIn 2009, the total channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) production was 449,753 tonneswith a value of more than US$658 millionannually (FAO).Of this, theUSAandChinacontributed 215, 887 tonnes and 223,233tonnesrespectively.

Although the USA and China are theprincipal channel catfish producers, severalothercountrieshavechannelcatfishaquacul-tureindustries.Brazilproducedalmost3,000tonnes in 2009 and Mexico has consistentlyproducedintheregionof1,500tonnesayear.

CostaRica’schannelcatfish industrystart-ed in the twenty-first centuryproducing100tonnesayear.However,thistailedoffandby2009,productionhadfallentojust10tonnes.

One country where the channel catfishindustry has grown rapidly is Cuba whereproductionrosefrom105tonnesin2000to6,031tonnesin2009.

In addition to the central and southAmerican countries, there is some interestin the species in eastern Europe. In Russia,channelcatfishproductionincreasedfrom65tonnesin200to145tonnesin2009.

BulgariahasreportedstatisticstotheFAOsince2005,althoughtheamountproducedisnotconsistent.Ahighof166tonnesin2005wasfollowedby60tonnesayearlater.

1 USASince commercial farming of channel cat-fish began in the middle of the twentiethcentury,thespecieshasbeenpopularwithUS consumers. By 2010, channel catfishhad cemented itself as a favourite on thenation's plates becoming the sixth mostconsumed fish or seafood in the USA,behind shrimp, tuna, salmon, tilapia andpollack.

As inputcostshaverisen, farmershavestruggledtomakecatfishfarmingprofitableandinrecentyears,thenumberoffacilitieshasdecreased.Acreage fellby50percentbetween 2001-2011. In 2012 there were718 facilities, a drop of 191 from theprevious year. This meant that the totalacreage area also declined from almost100,000 acres in 2011 to 89,400 acres in2012(NationalAgStatisticsService2012).

Despitethisfallinfarms,totalsaleshavebeen on the rise, amounting to US$341millionin2012,a20percentincreasefromthe previous year. Four states, Mississippi,Alabama, Arkansas and Texas, made up95 percent of total United States sales(NationalAgStatisticsService2013).

2 ChinaChannelcatfishaquacultureinChinabeganin1984with fish imported fromtheUSA.The fish was successfully reproduced in1987 and pond culture started a yearlater. Current annual processing of chan-nelcatfishproductioninChinaisbetween150,000 to 200,000 tons according toreport by Cai Yanzhi (Hubei ProvinceAquatic Products Scientific ResearchInstitute) and Xiao Youhong (NationalFisheryTechnicalExtensionStation).

From2000,exportsbegantotheUSA.However, in 2007, the US food safetywatchdog, the FDA, temporally haltedcatfish imports from China after traces ofantibioticsbannedintheUSAwerefoundintestedsamples.

CaiandXiaoarguethatChinesecatfishis well poised to take advantage of fallingUSproduction,bothtoestablishedcatfishimportersandtheUS itself.However, thereport claims Chinese catfish exportersface huge challenges including a lack ofstandardisation on farms and processingfacilitiesandstrictfoodsafetylaws,particu-larlyintheUSA.


EXPERTT●PIC

2

1

3

Early history of the U.S. farm-raised catfish industry - 1914-1973by Jim Steeby, PhD, associate professor emeritus, Mississippi State University, USA

As early as 1914 a researcher bythe name ofA F Shira spawnedadult channel catfish by placingthem inasmallpondat theU.S.

Bureau Fisheries Station in Fairport, Iowa.The fish were provided with cheese andminnows as forage during the experiment.By 1916, Shira had placed nail kegs inthe ponds with the brood fish to providethemwithseminaturalspawningcavities.Ofcourse in thewild,most catfish species laytheireggmassinhollowlogsortunnelsleftby muskrats and beavers that are flooded.

Catfisheggs and frywere found in thenailkegs confirming their use by the brooders.He also noted that catfish would readilyconsumeavarietyoffeedstuffs.Severalstateand federal fish hatcheries worked withspawningandgrowingcatfishoverthenexttenyears.

Catfish in KansasBy1929abiologistnamedAlvinClappat

theKansasStateHatcheryatPrattKansaswithhisfacilitymanager,SethWay,completedthemodern catfish hatchery system we knowtoday. As demonstrated by Dose in 1925at this same facility, they placed sexed adultcatfish in ponds with nail kegs for spawning.They removed the egg masses from thekegstoan indoorhatcherywithtroughsandflowing water. The egg masses were placedin wire mesh baskets suspended in troughs

for hatching and provided rotating paddlesfirst powered by water and later by electricmotors.

By1930,thepropagationcatfishwaseasilyaccomplishedandcrudefeedshadbeensuc-cessfullyusedtoprovidethemwithnutrition.In 1946, the first commercial catfish farm ofrecordwasstartedinKingman,KansasbyWE‘Bus’Hartley.ItshouldbenotedthatKingmanis not far from the Kansas Fish Hatchery inPrattwereagreatdealoftheearlyworkwascompleted. Indeed, Seth Way near the endofhiscareerretiredfromthePrattHatcheryandpartneredwithHartley.ThephotoshowsHartley and Way standing near their pondsin Kingman, Kansas.Hartley saw the increas-ing demand for catfish to stock into privatepondsashobbyfishingwasontherise.WhileHartley grew minnows as well as bass andbluegill, by the early 1950s catfish was overhalfhisannualproduction.Workingwithlocal

3

Billy McKinney


EXPERTT●PIC


feed mills he created oneof the early dry feed pelletdietsforcatfish.Someoftheearly work on catfish dietswas carried out in KansasbyDrOttoWTiemeier atKansasStateUniversity.

In 1974 Hartley wasselected as Catfish Farmerof the Year at the annualconvention in Memphis,Tennessee. By this time hehad been fish farming for30 years and had over 100ponds and290acresunderwater. He hatched, grewandprocessedhisown fish.He served on the boardof directors for the CatfishFarmersofAmericafromitsfounding. Indeed, Kingmanwas noted as the ‘catfishcapital’ of Kansas by thosearound the area. CentralKansas,fromPratttoKingman,couldbecon-sidered the cradle of the farm-raised catfishindustry.

Developments in ArkansasThe nursery of the farm-raised catfish

industry was Arkansas. Here minnow farm-inghadbeen in largepracticesincethe late

1930sandearly1940s.Growingbaitfishandbass andbluegill gave these farmers ahandand it could be said a wadder-up on thetransport, handling and husbandry of fish.Among those starting early and standingout was Eagar Farmer of Dumus, Arkansas.Buffalo fish (Ictiobus sp.) was an early meatfish grown by Arkansas fish farmers. It was

hardyandhadareadymarketthatcontinuesuntiltoday.

Ascatfishbecamemorepopularandprof-itabletheswitchfrombuffalofishwasrapid.In1973,whenhewasselectedascatfishfarmerof the year at the annualCatfish FarmersofAmerica Convention in New Orleans, LA,EagarFarmerhadover1,000acresofcatfish

Tom Reed, F B. Janous and Leroy Reed


EXPERTT●PIC

production.Hewasalsooneofthefoundersofacatfishprocessingcooperative inDumasand a long time board member for CatfishFarmersofAmerica.

Arkansas fish farmers relied heavily ontheU.S.FishandWildlifeServiceFishStationat Stuttgart, Arkansas directed by KermitSneed,andtheMarineFisheriesServiceGearTechnologyStationatKelso,Arkansasdirect-edbyDonaldGreenland,fornewinformationand technical advice. Early Stuttgart staffincludedafullrangeofexperts:MayoMartin(extension),WaltHastings(nutrition),DeweyTackett (chemist), and Fred Meyer (diseasediagnostics).

AlabamaIn the 1960s asArkansaswas switching

tocatfish,Alabamabegan toplaya role intheearlyphasesofuniversity researchandprocessing.AtAuburn,DrHomer Swinglehad been constructing farm ponds and

investigat-ing theiruse begin-ning in1940. Hisearlyworkwith thescienceof rec-reationalpond

management left Auburn in place to traina growing number of students and easilymove to catfish and many other species.Hebegannutritionworkoncatfishasearlyas 1950. The Federal hatchery in Marion,Alabamabeganunder thedirectionof JackSnow (an Auburn graduate) in 1950, andwasagreatsourceofhelptofishfarmers.

Early commercial pioneers in Alabamabeginning fromaround1960 includeRichardTrue,CheckStephens and JoeGlover.Theyused the information published by KermitSneed and Howard Clemens to artificiallyinduce spawning of channel catfish usinghormonesonacommercialbasis.They insti-tutedthefirstrecordeduseofacommercialskinningmachinetoremovetheskinofcatfish.Previously itwasdonebyhandwithgrippingpliers.

True and Glover moved to Mississippi inthe early 1970s as the industry was rapidlyshiftingtothedelta.Theybothworkedmany

years in large scale commercial processing.They were also instrumental in starting theCatfish Marketing Association in 1972. Thisearly promotion of the industry paid for byprocessors, appeared at food shows andnational restaurant association meetings andwas likely critical to the industry growththat would follow in the 1970s and 1980s.ThoseremaininginAlabamafarmingformanyyearswereWilliamEasterling,DanButterfield,DavidPearce,andThadSpree.

The catfish industry comes of age in Mississippi

The catfish industry grew up and cameof age in Mississippi. With its warm climateand vast land acres of heavy clay soil andabundant ground water it was the fertileplacewhereresourceswerenearlyunlimited.Herelargefarmswithlandformingequipmentcouldquicklyconstructpondsandhavewellsinstalled.

Billy McKinney and his partner, RaymondBrownwerethefirstfarmersofrecord(1965)toconstructapondtoproducealargecropof catfish, 10,000 pounds, that when har-vestedhadtobetransportedsome600milesto central Kansas to be processed and sold.Inthenextyearhewouldpartnerwithotherfarmers, including Tom Reed, Leroy Reed,andB F Janous, JohnPeaster,TRColeman,MelvinandWFAndersonamongothers toformalocalprocessingplant inMorganCity,


EXPERTT●PIC


MS.Theyopenedacatfishrestaurantnearbyshortlyafterin1967.

In the mid 1960s Bobby Thompson andWF ‘Skinner’Andersonteameduptogrowhatch and grow fingerlings for the rapid-ly expanding industry. By 1970 the catfishindustry was well established in Mississippi,ArkansasandAlabama.

In 1974, dissatisfied with the quality andpriceofcommercialcatfishfeedseveralgrow-ers,includingTomReedIII,organisedagrow-er-owned feed mill near Belzoni, Mississippi.This producers’ feed mill would serve theindustry as a major source of feed for thenext20years.

The expanding industry in Mississippibegan to experience fish health andwater quality problems on a large scale.With advice and input from county agentTommy Taylor and growers, MississippiStateUniversity initiateddiseasediagnostic,extension and research services to catfishfarmers under Leader Dr Tom Wellbornfrom1971-1987.

Spreading throughout the USABetween 1960 and 1970, theU.S. farm-

raised catfish industrywent from600 acresto 40,000 acres. In 1970 Catfish farmswere found in Texas, Oklahoma, Missouri,Arkansas, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana,GeorgiaandKansas.Thestagewasnowset

forgrowthandgrowingpainsforthenext30yearstocome.

By1999,the industryhadexpandedtoover four times the water acres in 1970withMississippialonehavingover100,000wateracresofponds.Thousandsofpeoplewouldbe involvedwith feedmanufacture,feeding, harvesting, processing, researchand extension phases of the expandingindustry.

Expansion of the U.S. Farm-Raised

Catfish industry for thenext30yearsandthedecline from2002 topresentdayaretwo more stories for another time. Herewe celebrate those early pioneers thatworked with many unknowns and setthe course for most of us that followed.It should be noted here that the StateFish Hatchery at Pratt, Kansas is still inoperationandtheHartleyFishHatcheryatKingmanisstilloperatedby ‘Bus’Hartley’ssons,BillandJerry.

The Pratt museum


EXPERTT●PIC

Providing proficient tools to achieve cost-effective and sustainable aquaculture practices

Central Office and OrdersJesús Aprendiz, 19. 1º A-B 28007 MadridT. +34 915 014 041 [email protected] www.norel.es

Aqua Range

AQUANOX

WE’RE ON OUR WAY TO YOU!

Check out our website for events happening near you!www.tour2013.org

CALLING ALL PRODUCERS!Apply now for the G.A.P. Awards 2013

Deadline: 31 July 2013Visit our website for more details: www.globalgap.org

NEXT STOP: VIETVISH 201325-27 Jun 2013 | Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

TOUR2013

INDUSTRYEVENTS

21st-25thJuly137thInternationalSymposiumonSturgeon,Nanaimo,Canada

Contact: Mario Stael

Email: [email protected]: http://iss7.viu.ca

9th-12thAugust13AquacultureEurope2013,NTNU,Trondheim,Norway

Contact: Conference manager, Slijkensesteenweg 4, 8400 Ostend, Belgium

Tel: +32 59 323859Email: [email protected]: www.easonline.org

26th-28thAugust133rdAlgaeWorldAustralia,StamfordPlaza,150NorthTerrace,Adelaide,SA5000,Australia

Contact: Ms Fu Huiyan

Tel: +65 63 469218Fax: +65 63 455928Email: [email protected]: www.cmtevents.com

9th-12thSeptember13BioMarineBusinessConvention2013,WorldTradeCongressCentreHalifax,NS,Canada

Contact: Sylvie Couture, 1200 Montreal Road, Building M-19, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada

Tel: +1 613 9 912060Fax: +1 613 9 937250Email: [email protected]: www.biomarine.org

10thSeptember13ImplementingtheCommonFisheriesPolicy-UKfishingandfood,consum-ers,theenvironmentandinternationalissues,London,UnitedKingdom

Contact: Marcin Kaczmarek, 4 Bracknell Beeches, Old Bracknell Lane West, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG12 7BW

Tel: +44 1344 864796Fax: +44 1344 420121Email: Marcin.Kaczmarek @westminsterforumprojects.co.ukWeb: http://bit.ly/VAN1U3

22nd-27thSeptember1320thAnnualPracticalShortCourseonAquacultureFeedExtrusion,NutritionandFeedManagement,TexasA&MUniversity,CollegeStation,Texas,USA

Contact: Mian n. Riaz, Food Protein R&D Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA

Tel: +1 979 8 452774Fax: +1 979 8 452744Email: [email protected]: www.tamu.edu/extrusion

25th-26thSeptember13Seagriculture-2ndInternationalSeaweedConference,NIOZLandsdiep4,1797SH'tHorntje,DenHelder,Texel,TheNetherlands

Contact: Christie de Vrij, Tuurdijk 23

3997MS'tGOY,TheNetherlands

Tel: +31 0348 484002Email: [email protected]: www.seagriculture.eu

6th-10thOctober13TenthInternationalSymposiumonTilapiainAquaculture(ISTA-10),CrownePlazaHotel,GivatRam,HaaliyaSt.1,Jerusalem,Israel

Contact: Prof. Gideon HULATA, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel

Tel: +972 37 610692Fax: +972 37 610799Email: [email protected]: www.ista10.com

8th-12thOctober13LatinAmerican&CaribbeanAquaculture2013(LACQUA13),Villavicencio,Colombia

Contact: Mario Stael, Centro de Convenciones, Hotel Sonesta, Villavicencio, Colombia

Tel: +32 92 334912Email: [email protected]: www.was.org

10th-12thOctober13ShanghaiInternationalFisheries&SeafoodEXPO2013,ShanghaiNewInternationalExpoCenter,Shanghai,China

Contact: Shelly Zhou, Suite 1101, 11F, Xiusen Building, No. 129 South Laiting Rd, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201615, China

Tel: +86 13818 503302Fax: +86 2167 759097Email: [email protected]: www.sifse.com/en

28th-31stOctober13Aqua2013,HotelHiltonColonGuayaquil,Ecuador

Contact: Niza Cely, Centro Empresarial "las Camaras", Torre B, 3er Piso, Oficina 301, Guayaquil, Ecuador

Tel: +593 999 604204Email: [email protected]: www.cna-ecuador.com/aquaexpo

6th-8thNovember13Aquamarinternational2013,Mazatlan,SinaloaMexico,HotelelCID,Castilla

Contact: Guillermo Moreno Hernandez, Calle: Marsella 11, Piso 3, Col, Juarez. Del. Cuauhtemoc. CP: 06600, Mexico DF

Tel: +52 5551 356128Email: comunicacion @aquamarinternacional.comWeb: www.aquamarinternacional.com

7th-9thNovember13ExpoPesca&Acuiperu2013,CentrodeExposicionesJockey,HipodromodeMonterrico,Lima33,Peru

Contact: Guillermo Thais, Thais Corporation S.A.C., Av. Jatosisa Mz-A, Lt-12, Urb. San Fernando – Pachacamac, Lima 19 - Peru

Tel: +511 2 017820 (202)Fax: +511 2 017820 (209)Email: [email protected]: www.thaiscorp.com

12th-16thNovember13TheNinthSymposiumofWorld'sChineseScientistsonnutritionandfeedingofFinfishandShellfish,Xiamencity,Fujianprovince,China

Contact: Chun-Xiao Zhang, Yindou Road 43, Jimei District, Xiamen city, Fujian province, China

Tel: +86 5926 181420Fax: +86 5926 181746Email: [email protected]: www.9wcsnffs.org

3rd-4thDecember137thInternationalAlgaeCongress,HotelHamburgHafen,Seewartenstrabe9,20459,Hamburg,Germany

Contact: Christie de Vrij, Tuurdijk 23 3997 MS ‘t Goy

Tel: +31 644 622231Email: [email protected]: www.algaecongress.com

10th-13thDecember13AsiaPacificAquaculture2013,HoChiMinh,Vietnam


Email: [email protected]: www.was.org

9th-12thFebruary14AquacultureAmerica2014,Seattle,USA


Email: [email protected]: www.was.org

28th-29thMay14AquacultureUK2014,MacdonaldHighlandResort,Aviemore,Scotland

Contact: David Mack, Ascomber Ltd, Ankerville Street, Tain, IV19 1BH, Scotland, UK

Tel: +44 1862 892188Email: [email protected]: www.aquacultureuk.com

IND

UST

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VEN

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EVENTSOurEventsregistercontainsalltheinformationthatyou

needaboutalloftheup-comingindustryevents,andformsanessentialpartofourappforallindustryprofessionals

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AQUACULTURE

NEWSGLOBAL

INDUSTRYEVENTSPremierline-upforAlgaeWorldAustralia

Algae Wor ld Australia,which takes place inAdela ide on August

26-28, 2013, is the region’sproject leaders’ event, presentingtimelyupdatesonalgaedevelop-ments and projects aligned withAustralia’s growing emphasis onenergyindependence.

Australia is accelerating its

algae developments, tapping onits pro-algae cultivation environ-mentincludingabundantsunshineandoptimalclimate.Thisyear,theAlgaeWorld series will be heldin SouthAustralia as the zonesurges in the race towards com-mercialalgaebiofuelsproduction.WithMuradel’spilotplantshiftingto Whyalla, South Australia isbound to spearhead algae R&D,becoming the key hub in theregion. Other key players withprojectsinSouthAustraliaincludeAlgarythmandSARDI.

Top executives from thesethreeplayersaswellasUniversityof Queensland, Aurora Algae,Photonz Corp. and MBD Energyare some of the speaker sconfirmed at Algae Wor ldAustralia.

Another highlight of the eventis a segment on macroalgae andmicroalgae advances for highvalueproducts,cost-effectivebio-crude oil production, sustainableaviation biofuels and wastewatertreatment.

S p e a k i n g o n a d v a n c e -

ments in algae-based waste-water treatment , in par t ic-ular US and Japan per spec-tives are industr y-renownedleaders from SARDI, FlindersU n i ve r s i t y, U n i ve r s i t y o fTsukuba and GO2 Water,includingDr. JasonTanner andProfMakotoMWatenabe.

The conference also includestwo optional site visits to theUniver sity of Adelaide andFlindersUniversity.

www.cmtevents.com/aboutevent.aspx?ev=130835&pu=222245

AnnualPracticalShortCourseonAquacultureFeedExtrusion,NutritionandFeedManagement

Aone-week P r ac t i c a lS h o r t C o u r s e o nA q u a c u l t u r e F e e d

Extrusion, Nutrition and Feed

Management will be presentedon Sepember 22-27, 2013 atTexasA&M University, USA bystaff,industryrepresentativeandconsultants.

This programme will coverinformation on designing newfeedmillsandselectingconveying,dr ying, gr inding, conditioningand feed mixing equipment.Current practices for preparingfull-fatsoymealprocessing;recy-cling fisheries by-products, raw

animal products, and secondaryresources; raw material, extru-sion of floating, sinking, and highfat feeds; spraying and coatingfats, digests and preservatives;use of encapsulated ingredientsand preparation of premixes,nutritionalrequirementsofwarnwaterfishandshrimp,feedman-agementsandleastcostformula-tionarereviewed.

Practical demonstrations ofsinking, floating, and high fat

aquafeed, wil l be shown onfour major types of extruders- (dry, interrupted flights, singleand twin screw), using variousshap ing d ies . Other dem-onstrations include: vacuumcoating and lab analysis of theraw mater ia l for extrusion.Reservationsareacceptedonafirst-comebasis.Formoreinfor-mation, programs and applica-tionforms,contact:

http://foodprotein.tamu.edu/extrusion

FirstglimpseofAquacultureEurope2014

The EuropeanAquacultureSociety (EAS) is workingwithAZTI-Tecnalia, a tech-

nological centre specialised inmarine and food Research, toorganise theAquaculture Europe2014(AE2014)event.

AE2014 will be held fromOctober14-17,2014inDonostia–San Sebastián, Spain.The city is inthenorthof theBasqueCountryandon the southern coastof theBayofBiscay.Itsbeautifulcoastlineand townbeachesmake itoneofSpain’stopbeachresorts.

The cultural and gastronomicheritageofDonostia–SanSebastiánfitswellwiththethemeofAquacultureEurope2014–AddingValue.Inaqua-culture, we can add value to ourproducts, throughprocessing, trans-formationandpackaging.Wecanalsoaddvalueduringtheproductioncycle,bymanagementof itsvariouscom-ponents,soastoincreaseoverallpro-ductivity.

We can add value to research,byproducing‘knowledgeproducts’that canbeusedbyothers – forincremental knowledge advance-ment and for developing innova-tion or for supporting policy.Wecan addoverall value in researchmanagement by harmonisationin programming; by better useofinfrastructureandbynurturingourhumanresources.

Finally, we can add value tosocietal, environmental andnaturalresources, by generating new‘economic activity products’ basedonenvironmentalservices,ordiver-sifyingexistingones.SothefocusoftheAE2014 ison‘products’ ratherthan‘production’, and the threethematicplenarypresentationswillfocusonthis.

Parallel sessionswill allowdele-gatestopresentinitiativesthataddvalue to aquaculture,with awiderange of sessions proposed forabstract submission, and coveringproduction,harvest,processingandcommercialisation of aquacultureproducts.

AE2014willalsofeatureaninter-national trade exhibition, organ-

isedby theEuropeanAquacultureSociety,where Spanish and inter-national companies will presentthelatestproductsandservicesforaquaculture.

Aswith allAquaculture Europeevents,therewillbetheEUForumaddressingresearchfundedbytheEuropeanCommunityandchairedby members of the EuropeanCommission; the EAS StudentGroup workshop to enable net-working and exchange of ideasand finally theAE2014 IndustryForums, where latest scientificfindings related to a par ticularissueforaquacultureproducersinthe trout, shellfishandmarine fishsectorswillbepresentedanddis-cussed.

Thepartners in theAquacultureEurope2014SteeringCommitteerepresent the importance anddiversityoftheSpanishaquacultureindustry,withmembers from theBasque and national government,EATIP, the Spanish AquacultureSociety, producers’ organisationsandmain research institutions, aswellasAZTI-TecnaliaandEAS.

www.easonline.org

SubmitabstractsonlineforLACQUA13

TheIVLatinAmericanC o n f e r e n c e o fIndigenous Species,

the XIXAquaculture Dayof the Univer sity of losLlanos, theVIAquacultureForum and LACQUA13wil l take place betweenOctober 8-11 , 2013 inV i l l av icenc io, Colombia .T h i s c o n f e r e n c e a n dtrade show is organisedby the Lat in Amer icanand Car ibbean Chapterof theWorldAquacultureSociety is the fir st eventin the Spanish. Abstractscanbesubmittedatwww.was.org or www.confer-enc i apecesna t i vos2013 .c o m ( S p a n i s h ) . F o rtr ade show informat ioncontact [email protected].


INDUSTRYEVENTSIN

DU

STRY

EV

ENTS

To mark the re-introductionofprocessedanimalproteins(PAPs) in aquafeeds, Sonac

organised a seminar on May 29,2013 at its production location inBurgum, the Netherlands.Around40 invitees, representing themajoraquafeed producers in Europe,attendedtheseminar.

First, Ger t Mulderij, sales andmarketingdirectorVionIngredients,welcomed the attendees. He alsoexplainedtherecentdevelopments,wherebyVion Ingredients will beseparatedfromVionFood.

Togivesomebackgroundaroundthe decision for the re-introduc-tion, Rik Herbes, NVWA, DutchVeterinaryAuthorities, was invitedto speak. Herbes has 25 years ofexperience in feed safety. He firstgave some information about theroleandresponsibilitiesofNVWAand then explained the history ofthe legislation to deal with BSE.The extended feed ban started in

December 2000 and is now liftedforaquaculture.

The problems associated withthis lift aremainlypoliticalwill andconsumer trust,while sustainabilityofPAPscomparedtofishmealandGMOsoybeanproductsshouldbea strongargument for theirutilisa-tion. He also stressed the impor-tance of a dedicated productionlineandprocess,toavoidanyfuturecontamination, which would seri-ously affect the credibility of theindustry.

Er ic De Muylder, CreveTec ,Belgium, fir st gave a generaloverview about the aquacultureand aquafeed market globally. Hethengavesome informationaboutthepotentialandadvantagesoftheutilisation of PAPs in different fishandcrustaceandiets.

Finally, there will be three majorchallengesinthefutureaquacultureindustry: diseases and bio-secu-rity, limiting theeffecton theenvi-

ronmentandavailabilityofenoughrawmaterialstoproducefeedsforthis fast growingmarket. PAPswillbe part of the solution, not onlyaswidelyavailableproteinsources,butalsotolimittheenvironmentalimpact of aquaculture, through ahigherdigestibilityofitsproteinandphosphoruscontent.

Next, Jacques Wijnoogst, anexper t in aquafeed productionand factory design, talked aboutthe difficulties when changing rawmaterials and introducing newrawmaterials in a production line.A successful introduction is onlypossible through an intense coop-eration between the nutritionistand process technologist, wherebythementality shouldbe‘if there isaproblem,wewill solve it’ insteadof‘wedon'tknowthisrawmaterialandwedon'thaveexperiencewithit,sowedon'twantit’.Afterall,thefutureisforthecompanieswhoarealwaystryingtobebetterthanthecompetitors, through innovationandkeepingalloptionsopen.

Afterthebreak,DrDominiqueBureau gave anoverviewof theresearch he done during morethan 20 years on utilization ofanimal proteins for salmonids attheUniversityofGuelph,Canada.Initially,thelowdigestibilityvaluesmeasured of those products,hamperedtheirinclusioninaqua-culture feeds. However, therearehugedifferencesinqualityofPAPs,duetodifferentprocessingmethodsandchoiceofrawmate-rials. A cooperation betweenthe rendering industry and theUniversity of Guelph resultedin a better understanding ofprocessing methods leading tothe production of highly digest-ibleanimalproteins.

Dr Sürreya Özkizilcik, nutritionconsultant, gave an overview ofthe nutritional requirements ofMediterranean fish species, witha focus on the functionality ofhydrolyzed proteins, determina-tion of nutritional requirements,theproteintoenergyratios,cal-culation of metabolisable anddigestible energy and how todecideonfeedration.

Final ly, Car ine van Vuure ,manager of Nutr it ion andRegu l a to r y A f f a i r s , V i on

Ingredients, the Nether lands,gave a detailed description of theproductsproducedanddevelopedbySonacspecificallyforaquaculturefeeds.There isawidevariety, fromanimalfatsasenergysource,bloodproducts,hydrolysatesandPAPsasprotein sources to calcium phos-phatesasmineralsupplements.

Research performed by Sonachas shown that poultry and porcbone oil, processed to containmore unsaturated fatty acids, canpartly replace fish oil in diets fortrout without affecting growthor the taste of the fillet.Anothertrial showed that digestibility ofblood products for seabreammainly depends on the processingmethod. Spray-dried hemoglobinpowderdoesnotaffectdigestibilityofthedietwhenreplacingfishmeal.The same result was obtained forhydrolyzedfeatherproteins.

Sonac produces several hydro-lyzed proteins: Gelatin, MucoPro,Gelko, Kerapro and recentlyPhosterol.MucoProandGelkohavebeen used successfully to replacefishmealindietsfortroutlarvae,fin-gerlingsandshrimp.Recently,Sonacdeveloped Phosterol, a naturalcombination of cholesterol, phos-pholipids and hydrolyzed proteins,whichhasproventoreduceFCRinatrialwithshrimp.

Forthere-introductionofPAPinAquaculturefeeds,Sonacisofferinga porc meal with 60 percentproteinsandpoultrymealwith70percent proteins.Apart from thenutritionalandcostbenefitsoftheseproducts, a study performed byPonsioenandBlonk(2010)showeda significantly lower carbon foot-print for poultry meal, comparedto traditionalprotein sources suchas fishmeal and soybeanmeal.Thesame picture has been drawn forpoultryfatscomparedtovegetablefats.

After the seminar, the attendeeswere invited to tour the factory,guided by the production man-agement.The facilities in Burgumhaveseparatedproductionlinesforpoultrymeal,mixedmeal,hairmeal,blood meal, hydrolyzed feathermeal andanew line forMucopro,for which a completely new tech-nologywasdeveloped.

www.sonac.biz

ExpertsdiscussPAPsatSonacseminar


6th Protein Summit 2013Platform for Future supply, Health & Technology

For information on partnerships & exhibiting, contact: Gerard Klein Essink [email protected] | ph: +31 30 225 2060 | www.bridge2food.com

24 & 25 September 2013, RotterdamInternational Speakers from Unilever, FAO, Rabobank, Cosucra, TNO, Rousselot, Innova Market Insights, Koch Membrane Systems, Bühler, Tereos Syral, Wageningen University, True Price and many more...

INDUSTRYEVENTS

ShanghaiInternationalFisheries& Seafood Expo (SIFSE) is aprofessional trade exhibition

aimedatpromotingtradeandcom-munication in the fishery industryworldwide.Itattractstensofthou-sands of industry professionals inChina, and is getting internationalacknowledgementfrompeers.

SIFSE has been successfully heldinShanghaiforsevenyears,playinga role as a leading trade platformfor international seafood suppliers

toentertheChinesemarket,espe-cially the richYangtze River deltaregion, in which the buyers havestrong consumption power andgood seafood consumption habits.As an international seafood exhi-bition held inChina's biggest con-suming city, Shanghai, SIFSE 2012attracted24,300visitorsfromover30 countries, and 386 exhibitorsfromover 17 countries. In light ofthesenumbers,whichareexpectedtoriseforSIFSE2013,theshowhas

movedtoShanghai’slargestexhibit ion centre , theShanghaiNewInternationalExhibition and ConventionCenter.

The show covers thewhole fish and seafoodchain with products forfishing vessels, navigation,processing, storage andpackaging on display. Onthe aquaculture side, therewill be a wide variety offarmingandfeedingtech-nologies on offer.Theseinclude:• Automation instru-

ments, heating andtemperature controlequipment, manage-mentand informationtechnologies

• Water decontamina-tion and disinfectionsystems, water exam-ination and analyticalinstruments, oxygena-tionsystems

• Va r ious b reed ingpondsandpumps

• Aquat i c product sFeeds and additives,feed ing mach ines ,disease preventionandcure,fishmedicine

Although SIFSE focuseson the Chinese market,it is a truly internationalevent in terms of exhib-itors. In 2012, 81 inter-national companies from17countriesincludingtheUSA, Canada, Singapore,Ma l ay s i a , I ndones i a ,

VietnamandFranceparticipatedatSIFSE2012.

As one of the major seafoodexporters to China, Korean com-paniesfeaturedhighlyatSIFSE2012with a separateKorea pavilion of28 compan ie s ,presenting theirfeatured productsincluding: seaweed,sea cucumber andpacificoyster.

SIFSE 2013 isa t r ade showcombined withtechnology communication.Therewillbetechnicalseminarsheldcon-currently during the show withtopics including quality control ofaquaticproductsandherbplanting.The technology seminars providea good platform for attendees toexchange ideas and technology,increase awareness of aquatic

products and establish new ideason healthy breeding, which helpspromote the seafood safetyconcept.

Inadditiontothetradeelements,to

bettermeettheexhibitorsandvisitors’needs, the organiser has arrangedvarious on-site activities during theshow,includingon-sitematchmeetingto findbusinessmatches, an auctionandexhibitorawards.

More InforMatIon:www. sifse.com/en

ShanghaiInternationalFisheries&SeafoodExpo2013October 10-12, 2013, Shanghai, China

Comments from exhibitors and visitors on SIFSE 2012

"I’mverysatisfiedwiththeresultoftheshow, and our company has receivednearly 50 high-potential customersduring the three days exhibition, andquiteafewareinternational.We’lldef-initelyparticipateagainnexttime!"

Anttony Sun, Gidney Fisheries Limited (exhibitor)

"This exhibition is different from theseafoodshowinQingdaoandBrussels,Shanghaiisabiginternationalplatform,with huge market potential, a largenumber of industry professionals aregatheredhereandwemetalotofhighqualitybuyers. It isworthtakingabigboothhere!"

Mustafizur Rahman, director, Miton Sea Foods International (exhibitor)

"This isthefirsttimeIcametotheShanghaiseafoodshow.Iammovedbytheserviceprovidedbytheorganiserfromhotel-bookingservice toon-siteservice. In the exhibitions, I havemetmanypotentialbusinesspartners.Iamveryhappythistime.MaybeifIdecidetoopen in theChinesemarket, Iwillchoosethisasthefirststep."

Milen Gritzkov, ITEM Consult (visitor)

"Asoneofinternationalcooperators,I am satisfied with SIFSE 2012 verymuch, especially the on-site activities.Even though the show is not as bigas theone inBoston, ithasattractedmanyvisitorsfromhomeandabroad."

Jun-ho Shin, CEO, B2EXPO (exhibitor/partner)


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Where does the need for certification stem from?

Aquacultureiscurrentlythefastestgrowingfoodproductionsystemintheworld.However,astheaquaculturesectorexpandssodoesitsfootprintontheenvironmentandsociety.

Bestpracticestandardsforresponsiblyfarmedseafoodcanhelpdrivechangeandpromoteindustryinnovationthroughmarket-drivenincentives.Thesemarketincentivesdrivethebroaderuptakeofbestpracticeswithintheindustryandwillensureitcandevelopwithmuchreducednegativeimpactsontheenvironmentandonsociety.

Voluntarycertificationonlyworksifthebestperformerscandistinguishthemselvesfromthemedian,andcertificationprogrammessuchastheASC’srecognisesandpromotesthesaleofcertifiedfarmedfishthroughtheuseofanon-packlogo.Certificationisalsocomplementarytopublicpolicyinitiativesthatseektoreduceimpactsthroughregulationandthetwoapproachesareadditive.Regulationtypicallyprovidesasetofrequirementsthatallmustcomplywithandcertificationpromotesbroaderuptakeofinnovationthatbuildsonthis.

There are many certification programmes, what makes the ASC different?

Thereareactuallyrelativelyfewaquaculturecertificationprogrammesthathavebeenestablishedtoengagewiththeglobalindustry.Therearemoreprogrammesthathaverestrictedcoverageofspeciesorofgeographicscope,buttheserespondtonicheopportunitieswithinanincreasinglyglobalmarketplace.

TheASC’sglobalcertificationprogrammeencouragestheuseofbestpracticestoreduceenvironmentalandsocialimpactsandthecoverageofthesetwoareasisextensive.TheASC’sstandardsfocusonfarm-basedimpactsandtheconnectionsthatfarmpracticeshaveonbroaderenvironmentalimpactslinkedtohowfeedissourcedandhowwaterisconserved.Theydonotcoverdirectlyfoodsafetyoranimalwelfareissues,whichotheraquaculturestandardsdo.

The ASC has recently signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with GLOBALG.A.P and GAA. What are reasons for doing this?

Yes,thisisaveryexcitingdevelopmentforASCaswellasforoursharedcustomers.ASC,GAAandGLOBALG.A.P.collectivelybelievethatwecanimprovethevalueandefficiencyofourcertificationprogrammesbycollaboratingontheinitiativesidentifiedintheMoU.Byworkingtogetherwecanachieveourmutualgoalmoreefficiently-thatistosupport,recogniseandpromoteamoresustainableaquacultureindustry.

How is feed covered by ASC standards?

Feediswidelycoveredinallourspecies-specificstandardsandbroadlytheyaddressthesourcingofingredientsandtheefficiencyoffeeduse.Thenextstepwillbetocombinewhat

hasalreadybeendevelopedthroughtheDialoguesintoamoreconsistent‘ask’towardsthefeedproducingsector.

TheASCalsoseekstoengageotheraquacultureprogrammesinthedevelopmentofacommonapproachtofeed.Thiswillnotnecessarilymeanwewillhavethesamedemands,butthesedemandswillbedevelopedfromacommonframeworkthatwillalsoeasetheburdenofsupplyingresponsiblysourcedfeedtotheaquacultureindustry.

What role can the feed industry play in ensuring responsible aquaculture?

Feedisthemostcostlyinputinfishfarming.Thisinitselfhasdriveninnovationinfeedcompositionandincreasedefficiencyofuse.Theproductionanduseoffeedrepresentamajorpartoftheenvironmentalimpactofaquaculture.Thecaptureoffishtoproducemealandfishoil,land-basedproductionofsoybeansandoilpalms,thelargelyunknownimpactofotherkeyingredientsandtheimpactsfromthefishingandfarmingoperationsthemselvesallcontributetotheenvironmentalfootprintoffeedproduction.

Therearemanystepsthatcanbetakentoimprovetheprofileoftheserawmaterials.Startingfromknowingwhereandhowtheyareproduced,toseekimprovementsintheirproductionmethodsthroughtodemandsthattherawmaterialproducersthemselvescrediblydemonstratethattheirproductsareproducedsustainably.

Can you tell us about the Responsible Feed Project?

TheResponsibleFeedProjectwillcreateanew,globallyapplicable,ASCFeedStandard.TheStandardwillsetoutrequirementsfortheaquaculturefeedindustrytooperateonamoreenvironmentallysoundandsociallyresponsiblebasis.Theprojectwillintroduceahigherlevelofconsistencyintothewayinwhichtheaquaculturefeedindustryhasbeenaskedtoaddresssustainabilityandsocialresponsibilityissuesconcerningfeed.

Afterfinalisationofthiswork,theASCFeedStandardwillbeavailabletoallwhowanttouseit.Ibelievethisapproachisoptimalforimprovingtheenvironmentalperformanceofthefeedcomponentoffishfarmingandfordevelopingacohesiveandconsistenttoolonbehalfofthebroaderaquacultureindustry.

How can feed producers get involved with the ASC?

WeactivelyencourageaquaculturefeedproducersofallsizesandnationstoparticipateintheResponsibleFeedProject.ThiscouldbethroughtheirinvolvementwiththeTechnicalWorkingGroup,orbysubmittingformalcommentsasthedraftsoftheStandardaremadeavailableforpublicreview.

WewillalsobeseekingthesupportoffeedmanufacturerstotakepartinthepilottestsoftheFeedStandard;whichareexpectedtostartbymid2014.Furthermore,producerswhowouldliketoreceiveregularstatusupdatescansignupfortheFeedProjectNewsletter.TosubscribeorformoreinformationabouttheFeedStandardsProject,[email protected].

ChrisNinnestookuphispositionasCEOoftheAquacultureStewardshipCouncil(ASC)inOctober2011.BeforejoiningtheASC,heworkedfortheMarineStewardshipCouncil(MSC)asdeputychiefexecutiveanddirectorofoperationswherehe

managedtheEuropean,AmericanandAsia-PacificcommercialteamsandthestandardsteamintheUK.NinneshasalsobeenactivewithinISEALsince2005intheroleofvicechairandmemberoftheexecutivecommitteeoftheBoardandthefinancecommittee.

The aquafeed interview

The aquafeed interview

Ch

ris Nin

nes, C

EO, A

qu

acultu

re Steward

ship

Co

un

cil (ASC

)

AnextendedversionofthisinterviewcanbefoundontheAquaculturistsblog.

"Best practice standards for

responsibly farmed seafood

can help drive change and

promote industry innovation

through market-driven

incentives. These market

incentives drive the broader

uptake of best practices

within the industry and will

ensure it can develop with

much reduced negative

impacts on the environment

and on society."


WinnersoftheScottishAquacultureAwardsannounced

The Crown Estate has announced the winners of its 2013 ScottishAquacultureAwards, celebrating the achievements and success of anindustrythatisvitallyimportanttoScotland’scoastalcommunities.

An awards ceremony and dinner was held at Prestonfield House inEdinburgh with a keynote address from PaulWheelhouse MSP, Scotland’senvironmentminister.

“Allthewinnersdisplayedanexceptionallevelofinnovationandresponsibilityintheirapproachtobusinessandtoenvironmentalsustainability”,saidGarethBaird,theCrownEstate’sScottishcommissioner.

TheCrownEstatemanagestheseabedandprovidesleasesforfishfarmsandcontributestothedevelopmentoftheaquacul-tureindustry,workingalongsidecommunities,industryandgovernment.

IthasinvestedUK£1,000,000inresearchanddevelopmenttosupporttheindustryoverthelastfiveyears,addressingissuessuchassealiceandjellyfishblooms.

www.marineaquacultureawards.com

Seniorscientistisnewheadofaquaculture

NewZealand researchorganisation,Cawthron Institute,hasexpanded itsaquacultureteamwiththeappointmentofDrJacquieReed,seniorscien-tist,asitsnewheadofaquaculture.

“DrReedisanaccomplishedscientistwithextensive,provenscientificexpertiseandspe-cialistknowledgeofthecommercialaquaculturesector.Shewillcomplementandenhanceourexistingresearch,whilebringingafreshapproach,newenergyanddrivetothisimpor-tantrole,”saidCharlesEason,chiefexecutiveprofessor,CawthronInstitute.

DrReed is firmly focusedonprovidingenvironmentally sustainable solutions forcommercialaquaculturedevelopment.

OriginallyfromLondon,DrReedbeganhercareerattheCentreforEnvironment,FisheriesandAquacultureScience(CEFAS),whereshewasresearchprogrammeleaderofcoastalandfreshwaterenvironmentsfocusingonshellfishandfishhealthresearch.

“IchosetomovetoCawthronbecauseoftheworld-classindependentsciencethatisbeingdonehereanditsreputationforturningresearchintoresultsforindustry,agreatexamplebeingtheCawthronAquacultureParkwhichisaninnovativefacilitythatwillkeepongrowingasnewresearchcomeson-line,”shesaid.

DrReedwillleadtheaquaculturegroup,managethefurtherdevelopmentoftheCawthronaquacultureparkandspearheadresearchanddevelopmenttosupportnewandexistingpartners.

www.cawthron.org.nz

MarineStewardshipCouncilappointsnewLatinAmericanmanager

The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) has announced that Rodrigo Polanco, the organisation’sChile-basedconsultantformorethantwoyears,hasbeenofficiallyappointedasmanagerforLatinAmerica.

Rodrigowillcontinuetofocusonfisheryengagement,butwillalsosupportcommercialandcommuni-cationoutreachefforts.

ThereissignificantandgrowinginterestintheMSCprogrammeinLatinAmerica,witheightcertifiedfish-eriesofwhichfiveareinthefullassessmentprocess.Previously,RodrigoworkedfortheChileangovern-mentintheUnder-SecretariatforFisheries,whichhejoinedin1996.

“IamverypleasedtobeamemberoftheMSCteam,”saidPolanco.“IthasbeengreattoseethegrowthoftheprogrammeintheLatinAmericanregionandgreaterglobalintegrationinregardtosustainability.Ilookforwardtocontinuedengagementwithourvariouspartnersandtoensuringthatfisheriesintheregionhaveanopportunitytoparticipateinandexperiencethebenefitsof theMSCprogramme.” InadditiontoRodrigo’sroleasmanager, forLatinAmerica,LaurentViguiéwillcontinuetoserveasMSC’srepresentativeinBrazil.

www.msc.org

Norelreinforcesitstechnicaldepartment

AlvaroOrtizgraduatedfromthePolytechnicUniversityofMadridasanagriculturalengineerspecial-isinginanimalproduction.Forthepastsixyears,hehasbeenresponsiblefornutritionandformu-lationatSkretting,Spain.

Inhisnewroleasproductmanager,AlvarowillmanageNorel’sprobiotics,specialtiesandaqualinesaswellasundertakingsometechnicalconsultingformonogastrics.

www.norel.es by M

arni

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