julie freeman: is e democracy a myth? #cedem13

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Is EDemocracy a Myth? Civic Par)cipa)on and Democra)c Reform Dr Julie Freeman PhD, University of Canberra, Australia Sharna Quirke MSc, Public Sector TransformaDon Consultant, UK.

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Page 1: Julie Freeman: Is e democracy a myth? #CeDEM13

Is  E-­‐Democracy  a  Myth?    Civic  Par)cipa)on  and  Democra)c  Reform  

Dr  Julie  Freeman  PhD,  University  of  Canberra,  Australia    Sharna  Quirke  MSc,  Public  Sector  TransformaDon  Consultant,  UK.  

Page 2: Julie Freeman: Is e democracy a myth? #CeDEM13

Literature  review    The  focus  of  E-­‐Government  so  far  has  been  informaDon  disseminaDon  and  transacDonal  service  delivery.    

   Bekkers  and  Homburg  2007:  Digital  democracy  is  a    myth  of  e-­‐government  

   Norris  2010:  Empirical  survey  based  evidence  that  e-­‐government  does  not  naturally  lead  to  e-­‐democracy        Jimenez,  Mossberger  &Wu  2012:  Governments  have  placed  liNle  emphasis  on  the  development  of  online  pracDces  that  enable  civic  contribuDon  to  impact  decision  making.    

   Can  government  led  e-­‐parDcipaDon  iniDaDves  have  an  impact  on  democraDc  governance?  Using  two  case  studies  we  explore  the  characterisDcs  of  e-­‐Democracy  both  in  terms  of  what  it  looks  like  and  how  it  can  emerge  as  a  government  led  iniDaDve.      

 

Page 3: Julie Freeman: Is e democracy a myth? #CeDEM13

E-­‐Democracy  –TheoreDcal  Framework  

Informa?on   Consulta?on   Par?cipa?on  

One  way  relaDonship  where  government  produces  and  distributes  informaDon  to  ciDzens  

The  provision  of  informaDon  which  involves  ciDzen  feedback  on  issues  predetermined  by  government  

AcDve  involvement  by  ciDzens  in  the  policy  making  process,  in  which  ciDzens  can  propose  policy  opDons  and  share  the  direcDon  of  the  poliDcal  dialogue  

In  Promise  and  Problems  of  E-­‐Democracy  (2003)  OrganisaDon  for  Economic  CooperaDon  and  Development  (OECD)  

E-­‐Government  

InformaDon  

TransacDons  

E-­‐Engagement  

ConsultaDon  E-­‐Democracy  

ParDcipaDon  

Page 4: Julie Freeman: Is e democracy a myth? #CeDEM13

Case  Studies-­‐  Government  led  E-­‐ParDcipaDon  

Criteria:  •  The  use  of  ICT  to  achieve  ‘parDcipaDon’  as  defined  by  OECD  •  Used  a  range  of  ICT  based  techniques  specifically  for  broader  poliDcal  acDon  and  

goals  •  Government  led  iniDaDve  •  European  based  

   Milton  Keynes:  Youth  Engagement  and  Youth  Cabinet        Iceland:  Cons9tu9onal  Crowdsourcing  

Page 5: Julie Freeman: Is e democracy a myth? #CeDEM13

Local  E-­‐ParDcipaDon:  Milton  Keynes  •  ‘New  Town’  in  England  and  is  54  Miles  

north  of  London  

•  PopulaDon  of  approx  250,000  with  22.3%  under  16  years  of  age  

•  Less  young  people  at  Youth  Centres  and  outreach  work  increasingly  challenging  

 •  Youth  Workers  started  to  explore  the  

use  of  technology  to  increase  parDcipaDon,  including  what  parDcipaDon  might  look  like  

Page 6: Julie Freeman: Is e democracy a myth? #CeDEM13

 Used  social  media  to  share  informaDon  on  behalf  of  council  with  the  aim  to  connect  with  tradiDonally  ‘hard  to  reach  groups’.  

   Culture  shock:  Shiding  from  informaDon  sharing  to  targeted  engagement  was  seen  predatory  

   Started  as  informaDon  sharing  and  then  grew  into  e-­‐parDcipaDon.        Acceptance:  Young  people  wanted  a  role  in  the  decision  making,  parDcularly  transport  and  employment  opportuniDes.      

   Relinquished  Control:  of  the  council  website  allowing  a  page  to  be  re-­‐branded  ‘My  Say  MK’  and  the  content  management  controlled  by  youth  volunteers  

 

Local  E-­‐ParDcipaDon:  Milton  Keynes  

Page 7: Julie Freeman: Is e democracy a myth? #CeDEM13
Page 8: Julie Freeman: Is e democracy a myth? #CeDEM13

NaDonal  E-­‐ParDcipaDon:  Iceland  ConsDtuDonal  Crowdsourcing    •  PopulaDon  320,000    •  Internet  penetraDon  of  95%  of  

households  

•  2010  ranked  135  in  the  UN’s  e-­‐parDcipaDon  index  and  jumped  to                rank  26  in  2012  

•  Civic  Pressure:  Collapse  of  the  Iceland  banking  sector  lead  to  poliDcal  uncertainty  and  civil  protest  

Page 9: Julie Freeman: Is e democracy a myth? #CeDEM13

NaDonal  E-­‐ParDcipaDon:  Iceland  ConsDtuDonal  Crowdsourcing    Change  in  Culture:  New  government  was  formed  which  led  to  consDtuDon  reform,  focussing  on  distribuDon  of  power,  transparency  and  responsibility.          CiDzens  could  join  discussions,  or  convey  their  thoughts  through  Facebook,  TwiNer  and  Blogging.  Members  of  the  ConsDtuDonal  Council  would  post  videos  on  YouTube  and  photos  on  Flickr.  

   Power  shid:  Despite  a  referendum  with      64.2%  voDng  in  favour.  Parliament  did      not  pass  the  bill.    

Page 10: Julie Freeman: Is e democracy a myth? #CeDEM13

CharacterisDcs  of  e-­‐Democracy-­‐  what  does  it  look  like?  •  E-­‐  parDcipaDon  is  conDnuous,  open,  transparent  engagement  between  mulDple  

individuals  and  their  government.    

•  It  is  triangular  not  bilateral  engagement  using  qualitaDve  dialogue  to  achieve  specific  aims  and  objecDves.  

•  It  is  Important  to  combine  the  online  with  off  line  methods  of  engagement  

Page 11: Julie Freeman: Is e democracy a myth? #CeDEM13

   CharacterisDcs  of  e-­‐Democracy-­‐  How  it  can  emerge  as  a  government  led  iniDaDve?     •  Civic  pressure      •  Government  culture  change  is  needed  

–  acknowledging  the  change  in  civic  behaviour    –  accepDng  the  e-­‐parDcipaDon  acDvity    

•  Power  shid  must  be  allowed:  The  elected  officials  need  to  relinquish  a  degree  of  control    

LimitaDons:        Accountability    NegaDve  ramificaDons  of  poor  decisions  

 

Page 12: Julie Freeman: Is e democracy a myth? #CeDEM13

Conclusion  •  The  focus  to  date  has  been  on  e-­‐government  not  e-­‐democracy  

•  Greater  focus  needs  to  be  given  on  understanding  e-­‐parDcipaDon  and  its  potenDal  to  contribute  to  democraDc  reform  

 •  E-­‐democracy  is  not  a  myth-­‐  but  the  case  studies  show  three  common  

characterisDcs  which  are  needed  

•  A  gradual  democraDc  shid  has  begun    

Thank  you.    Sharna  Quirke  MSc  Email:  [email protected]  TwiNer:  sharnaquirke