julius reimer (2014) personal branding in journalism: theory & systematization of a recent trend
DESCRIPTION
Presentation held at ECREA's 5th European Communication Conference (ECC), Nov 13th 2014, Lisbon, Portugal.TRANSCRIPT
Personal branding in journalism: theory and systema5za5on of a recent trend
Julius Reimer @julius_reimer
ECC 2014, Lisbon Nov 13th 2014
Trend: personal branding in journalism
Nov 13th 2014 2
Trend: personal branding in journalism
Nov 13th 2014 3
• Studies on personal branding in journalism are rare • Personal branding only secondary aspect of most studies (e.g.,
Canter, 2013; Hedman, 2014; Hedman/Djerf-‐Pierre, 2013) • Studies confuse self marke5ng via social media with personal
branding as a whole (e.g., Hedman, 2014; Hedman/Djerf-‐Pierre, 2013; Schultz/Sheffer, 2012) – although „the product itself certainly contributes to the brand posi5oning“ (Siegert et al., 2011: 59–60)
• Research lacks theore,cal founda,on à need for theory & systema,za,on/heuris,c categories
Theory: brands & (personal branding)
• Brand (image) of an organiza5on, product, or individual = “associa5ons in the minds of customers and other important cons5tuents [that] differen5ate the brand and establish (to the extent possible) compe55ve superiority” (Keller/Lehmann, 2006: 740; also: Aaker, 1996; Esch, 2002; Meffert/Burmann, 2002)
• Branding = prac5ces aiming at crea5ng those associa5ons (e.g., Chan-‐Olmsted/Cha, 2008)
• However, “there is no guarantee that the recipients will perceive the brand as intended” (Siegert et al. 2011: 60)
à Branding prac5ces are guided by the branding actor’s expecta6ons towards the target group, i.e. towards their preferences and reac5ons to different branding ac5vi5es
• Applies to all business sectors (e. g., Chen, 2013; Pihl, 2013; Shepherd, 2005)
Nov 13th 2014 4
Theory: (personal) branding in journalism
• In contrast to other economic sectors, journalism fulfils a norma6ve func6on for society: Journalists…
…“convey informa5on, create publicity, cri5cize, […] control poli5cs, the economy, and the actors involved in those processes […] and foster public discourses” (Siegert et al. 2011: 53–54)
…serve the “societal needs for integra5on or at least synchroniza5on”(Görke/Scholl 2006: 650) of the different societal systems
à Journalists’ branding prac5ces are guided by:
the branding actor’s expecta5ons towards the target groups as well as the objec5ves, logics, & norms of two societal systems: economy & journalism (cf. Entman, 2005)
à Convergence of marke5ng & journalism
Nov 13th 2014 5
Systema6za6on: process model
(with reference to Aaker, 1996; Esch, 2002; Keller/Lehmann, 2006; Meffert/Burmann, 2000; Wolff, 2006)
Target group image
Societal system of journalism
Societal system of economy
Target group Journalist
Observed current image
Target brand image
Meta-‐communi-‐ca5on
Journalis5c communi-‐ca5on of a certain kind
Brand aware-‐ness
Brand image
Previous experience
Others’ word-‐of-‐mouth
Brand experience
Brand loyalty
Con-‐sump5on
Feed-‐back
Word-‐of-‐mouth
Brand expecta5ons
Branding prac5ces
Brand preference
Compe5tors’ observed images
Brand value
Systema6za6on: branding prac5ces
• Journalis6c performances as such = producing journalis5c communica5on offers (ar5cles, etc.) which they expect to evoke the desired brand image in the minds of the target group members
• Meta-‐communica6on = communica5on about one’s journalis5c performances and oneself as their producer (e.g., tweets promo5ng one’s latest story, blog post describing one’s journalis5c aqtude)
Nov 13th 2014 7
Systema6za6on: target groups & ideal types
Ideal types of self-‐branding journalists (in a Weberian sense) Target groups: (poten5al)...
...audiences
...employers/clients
...adver5sers
...sources/interview partners/other informants
Nov 13th 2014 8
Ideal type Constraints of branding possibili6es (examples) Primary target groups
Employed reporters/editors
Employer’s brand (cf. Shepherd, 2005) Audiences, superiors
Freelancers Lack of organiza5onal resources
Clients
Entrepreneurs Audiences, adver5sers
Poten5al goal conflicts
Systema6za6on: dimensions of differen5a5on
(Modes of differen6a6on: Specializa5on or generaliza5on)
• Distribu5on media: print, TV, radio, online • Thema5c orienta5on: poli5cs, business, arts, sports, etc. • Geographic orienta5on: local, regional, na5onal, interna5onal • Journalis5c style
• Tonality/language: personal-‐emo5onal/neutral-‐fact-‐oriented, etc. • Presenta5on formats: report, feature, interview, etc. • Journalis5c role concep5on: e.g., populist disseminator, detached watchdog, cri5cal
change agent, opportunist facilitator, etc. (e. g., Hanitzsch, 2011; Heise et al., 2013) • Socio-‐poli5cal orienta5on • Outer appearance: physiognomy, facial expressions, gestures, voice, etc. • “Special skills”: management, technology & sotware, design, etc. • Networks & sources
Nov 13th 2014 9
Poten5als & risks
• More likely to be chosen by target groups (brand func5ons: ra5onaliza5on & risk reduc5on)
à More & beuer jobs & payment à Beuer sources à beuer stories • More likely to be crowdfunded
• Less 5me for “proper” journ. work • Long-‐term posi5oning conflicts with changing journalism, society, and job market • Less poten5al employers due to conflicts with employers‘ brands • Employer/audience/peers disapprove of personal branding as incompa5ble with journalis5c values (cf. Hedman/Djerf-‐Pierre, 2013)
• Visible & addressable = publicly auackable • Self-‐presenta5on contradicts personality/journalis5c aqtude
Nov 13th 2014 10
...for the individual journalist (micro level)
Poten5als & risks
• Audience more likely to develop bonds with individuals than with anonymous organiza5on à increased audience loyalty • Diversifica5on of content through specialized personal brands meets demands of fragmented audiences with diverse interests • Strengthened or complemented organiza5on brand through “ingredient branding” • Increased reach through personal brands’ (social media) audiences
• If personal brands leave the organiza5on, so do their audiences • Personal brand conflicts with/ “outshines” organiza5on brand • Higher salaries for personal brands • Personal branding during working hours à less 5me for “proper” journalis5c work
Nov 13th 2014 11
...for news organiza6ons (meso level)
Poten5als & risks
• Increased reach, trust, & loyalty strengthens performance of journalism system as a whole • Need for differen5a5on à increase of diversity in topics & opinions, coverage of previously neglected, but relevant topics
• Convergence of marke5ng & journalis5c communica5on; emo5onaliza5on, personaliza5on, & opinionated news; audience orienta5on; focus on famous/elite sources; self-‐censorship for branding reasons; more entrepreneurs à less inves5ga5ve research; less coopera5on; mutual dis5nc5on; special interest repor5ng; personalized repor5ng & recep5on (“echo chambers” & “filter bubbles”)
à Decrease of neutral, fact-‐based, & relevant informa5on & topics
+ Threat for synchronisa5on func5on Nov 13th 2014 12
...for journalism & its societal func6on (macro level)
Thank you! Julius Reimer, M. A. Associate researcher @ Hans-‐Bredow-‐Ins5tute for Media Research PhD student @ TU Dortmund University www.hans-‐bredow-‐ins5tut.de/de/node/4346
julius.reimer@hans-‐bredow-‐ins5tut.de @julius_reimer
Nov 13th 2014 13
References • Aaker, David A. (1996): Building strong brands. New York. • Berkler, Simon (2008): Medien als Marken? Wirkungen von Medienmarken aus medienökonomischer Perspek6ve. Konstanz. • Canter, Lily (2011): The interac5ve spectrum: the use of social media in UK regional newspapers. In: Convergence, 19(4), pp.
472–495. • Chan-‐Olmsted, Sylvia M.; Cha, Jiyoung (2008): Exploring the antecedents and effects of brand images for television news: an
applica5on of brand personality construct in a mul5channel news environment. In: Interna6onal Journal on Media Management, 10(1), pp. 32–45.
• Chen, Chih-‐Ping (2011): Exploring personal branding on YouTube. In: Journal of Internet Commerce, 12(4), pp. 332-‐347. • Entman, Robert M. (2005): The nature and sources of news. In: Overholser, Geneva; Hall Jamieson, Kathleen (Eds.): The
Ins6tu6ons of American democracy: The press. New York, pp. 48–65. • Esch, Franz-‐Rudolf (2002): Strategie und Technik der Markenführung. Wiesbaden. • Görke, Alexander; Scholl, Armin (2006): Niklas Luhmann’s theory of social systems and journalism research. In: Journalism
Studies, 7(4), pp. 644–655. • Hanitzsch, Thomas (2011): Populist disseminators, detached watchdogs, cri5cal change agents and opportunist facilitators:
professional milieus, the journalis5c field and autonomy in 18 countries. In: Interna6onal Communica6on GazeQe, 73 (6): pp. 477–494.
• Hedman, Ulrika; Djerf-‐Pierre, Monika (2013): The social journalist. Embracing the social media life or crea5ng a new digital divide? In: Digital Journalism, 1(3), pp. 368–385.
• Heise, Nele; Loosen, Wiebke; Reimer, Julius; Schmidt, Jan-‐Hinrik (2013): Including the audience. Comparing aqtudes and expecta5ons of journalists and users towards par5cipa5on in German TV news journalism. In: Journalism Studies (online first). DOI: 10.1080/1461670X.2013.831232
• Keller, Kevin Lane; Lehmann, Donald R. (2006): Brands and branding: research findings and future priori5es. In: Marke6ng Science, (6), pp. 740–759.
• Meffert, Heribert; Burmann, Christoph (2002): Managementkonzept der iden5tätsorien5erten Markenführung. In: Meffert, Heribert; Burmann, Christoph; Koers, Mar5n (Eds.): Markenmanagement. Wiesbaden, pp. 73–97.
Nov 13th 2014 14
References • Pihl, Christofer (2013): In the borderland between personal and corporate brands – the case of professional bloggers. In:
Journal of Global Fashion Marke6ng, 4(2), pp. 112–127. • Schultz, Brad; Sheffer, Mary Lou (2012): Name brand: the rise of the independent reporter through social media. In: Online
Journal of Communica6on and Media Technologies, 2(3), pp. 93–112. • Shepherd, Ifan D. (2005): From caule and Coke to Charlie: mee5ng the challenge of self marke5ng and personal branding. In:
Journal of Marke6ng Management, 21(5–6), pp. 589–606. • Siegert, Gabriele; Gerth, Mauhias A.; Rademacher, Patrick (2011): Brand iden5ty-‐driven decision making by journalists and
media managers – the MBAC model as a theore5cal framework. In: Interna6onal Journal on Media Management, 13(1), pp. 53–70.
• Wolff, Per-‐Erik (2006): TV MarkenManagement. Strategische und opera6ve Markenführung. Mit Sender-‐Fallstudien. München.
Screenshots
• hup://de.slideshare.net/mandyjenkins/social-‐media-‐for-‐branding-‐journalism • hup://www.poynter.org/how-‐tos/career-‐development/ask-‐the-‐recruiter/224697/live-‐chat-‐1023-‐how-‐journalists-‐can-‐build-‐
their-‐own-‐powerful-‐brands/ • hup://newstex.com/2013/10/02/do-‐you-‐need-‐a-‐journalist-‐brand/ • hups://www.journalism.co.uk/news/5-‐5ps-‐for-‐personal-‐branding-‐on-‐na5onal-‐freelancers-‐day/s2/a555177/ • hup://storyful.com/stories/23768 • hup://buzzmachine.com/2006/10/13/independent-‐journalist-‐as-‐brand/ • hups://gigaom.com/2013/07/22/nate-‐silver-‐and-‐the-‐nyt-‐media-‐pla�orms-‐s5ll-‐have-‐power-‐just-‐not-‐as-‐much/ • hup://blog.spundge.com/journalists-‐benefit-‐from-‐cul5va5ng-‐their-‐personal-‐brands/ • hup://belowthefold.typepad.com/my_weblog/2006/03/unbundled_journ.html • hup://thegentlemanjournalist.com/2013/02/02/the-‐double-‐edged-‐sword-‐of-‐personal-‐brands-‐in-‐journalism/ • hup://mindymcadams.com/tojou/2009/journalists-‐must-‐build-‐a-‐personal-‐brand-‐10-‐5ps/
Nov 13th 2014 15