NAME:JULIET INOCENTES

SUBJECT:DEVELOPMENTAL READING I

TOPIC:PRONUCIATION VARIATION OF SOME CONSONANTS

The consonant categories

The full set of basic IPA consonant categories is shown in the table below:

The subset of 22 IPA symbols relevant to English dictionary-style pronunciations is given below:

Of these, some have basically their normal value in English spelling: p, b, t, d, k, g, m, n, f, v, s, z, l.

The "right-tailed n" is the velar nasal sound at the end of "hang" or "ring".

The alveolar tap "fishhook" is the sound that spelled "t" or "d" becomes (for most American speakers) in "Peter" or "ladder" or "at all".

The interdental fricatives "theta" and "eth" are the sounds at the start of "thin" and "this" respectively.

The palatal fricatives "esh" and "yogh" are the sounds in the middle of "ashen" and "azure" respectively.

The palatal approximant j is essentially the consonant spelled 'y' in English, as in "yield" or "yes".

In addition to the consonants in this table, you will need a few other things:

1. The consonant w, as in "will" or "wallaby" -- due to a peculiarity of IPA classification, it does not appear in the main consonant table.

2. To make "affricates" such as the initial sounds in "chunk" or "jest", you need to combine a stop and a fricative. For English, there are two cases:

1. the voiceless palatal affricate (like the start of "chip") which in

IPA is written 2. the voiced palatal affricate (like the start of "jut") which in IPA is

written 3. Stress is marked before the affected syllable; primary stress is

marked by a raised vertical line, while secondary stress is marked by

a lowered vertical line. Thus "California" is written

Writing IPA with ASCII

For the consonants, given the obvious correspondences [p] [t] [k] [b] [d] [g] [m] [n] [s] [f] [v] [l] [r] [j] [w] [h], the following should suffice:

eth D

left-tail n J

eng (right-tail n) N

esh S

theta T

ezh (yogh) Z

glottal stop ?

For main stress, use double quote marks ("), and for secondary stress, use percentage sign (%).