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Helped create split ticket voting

Australian ballot

Educated know how system operates and how to operate system effectively to get their interests heardi.

Highly educated peoplea.

Affluentb.

Vote the mosti.

Other ethnicities votes fluctuateii.

White citizensc.

White collar profess ionalsd.

Unionized blue collar workerse.

Non-southerners (regionally)f.

Members of interests groupsg.

Who Votes? (Consistent Election turnout)

WHEN VOTER TURNOUT INCREASES

Increases during crisis, especially economic crisis1.

Coattail - far more important than voting for local representatives/congress ional representativea.Landmark president (Obama)b.

Incumbency advantage - no competition almost, not as many votersc.

Presidential elections v. midterm elections2.

Battlefield states, don't know who will win state3.

Very competitive election4.

Platform a series of issues so voters will vote according to the partyi.

Shortcut for voters, information shortcutii .

Party IDa.

Personalityi.Attraction of candidateii .

Imageb.

More important, ppl very involved (abortion, prayer in school, gun control)1)

Line in sand, this side or that side2)

Positioni.

Issuesc.

Michigan model - psychological model

Issues, candidate image, party image1.

Short-term

Party ID1.

ALL THESE LEAD TO WHO THEY VOTE FOR!!!!

Long - term

Network of ppl who affect your vote

Columbia model -sociological explanation

Group identification1.

Primary reference group(s)2.

Cross-pressure/compound-pressure3.

Information networks4.

Prioritize who we vote for

Rational Choice Model

Utility maximizing1.

If vote for nader, Obama loses a vote and McCain gains a vote, so you vote for Obamai.

Nader, Obama, McCain run for president, but nader had no chance for winninga.

Ordered preferences2.

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Sincere vote - real interest vote (Would have voted for Nader)b.

Why not to voteIndifferent

lack political efficacy

Party/candidate indecisive

Voting fatigue

Uninformed/incompetent

Window of time to register to vote

Voter registration

Work

No time/too busy

Just forgot

Inconvenience

3rd party choices

Decline in political parties

Try to keep only attentive public voting, so they are informed votes

Since 1950, the average voter turnout is 52%-55% for presidential elections

Midterm elections: 33%-35% voter turnout

Ppl not interested in politics, its ok if turnout is low, don't need 100% turnout

Effective operation of democracy includes apathy and complacency

Conservative viewpoint

If don't know what is going on, dont bother voting

Bringing "sleepwalkers" simply to increase turnout is no service to democracy

Elitist viewpoint

Elections are simply political rituals that legitimate a manufactured consent of the governed

Radical viewpoint

IS IT BAD NOT MANY PEOPLE VOTE? Care about turnout rate?

Eligible voters, and registered voters

2 ways turnout is calculated

Mobilization of Bias v. imperiala.

Civic values , low turnout retards human development as citizens. Helps us solidify our connections with each otheri.

Social capitalb.

TURNOUT MATTERS

Helps people to find l ike-minded individuals1.Inspire social capital (networks, norms, trust)2.

Help solve collective action problem3.

Political party - organized, ongoing group or coalition of people, with common interests and common goals. Seeking to govern and

shape public policy by recruiting candidates and winning elections under a common label.

Federalist became republicans

Anti-federalis ts became democrats

Hamilton can be attributed to the start of the current day political parties

Only 2 political parties because most 3rd parties platforms are adopted by the large political parties. Also in the institution, we

vote using a single member seat as our election system. First past the post system. Only one person can win in a district.

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PR = proportional representation --->multi-party s ystem

principle which asserts that aplurality rule(majority vote) election system tends to favor a two-party system1.

Duverger's Law

Recruiting candidatures1.

Set public policy agenda2.

Informing public about issues3.Mobilizing voters4.

Fund campaign5.

Provide built in vote base6.

Built in credibility and candidate legitimacy7.

Committee assignments8.

Connecting party members to others with like minds (party members vvvvvvvvvv throughout American his tory)9.

Providing s elect benefits10.

Protection (property)11.

Food12.

Home13.

Job14.

POLITICAL PARTIES IMPORTANT BECAUSE..

Political Machines in the provide support and jobs to immigrants/ those who need it in exchange for the persons vote. Making useof the spoils s ystem. Reward loyal party supporters with jobs, housing, food. Useful providing necessary services that people

needed when states could not do on their own. Helped promote social capital in a way.

Tammany Hall : adopted name from native American chief of Tammany. Administration of public officials who used their power to

solidify and perpetuate their power.

George Washington Plunkitthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Plunkitt

Richard daly

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%28principle%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurality_voting_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurality_voting_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-party_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Plunkitthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Plunkitthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-party_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurality_voting_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%28principle%29