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Sensor applications with LEED and WELLHistory, Practice, Challenges, and Opportunities
Chris PykeUSGBC/ArcSkoru
July 2019
1. What is green building?2. How does green building work today?3. How will green building work in the future?4. What can we do together?
Four Questions
#1 What is green building?
Theory of Change
Transparency
Differentiation
Incrementalism
Benefits
Energy efficiency
Water conservation
Materials selection
Indoor environmental quality
Financial performance
State of the IndustryMature languages to define high performance green buildings
Thousands of successful projects
Hundreds of thousands of accredited practitioners
75,000 sf
What is a green school?
Clean & EfficientAccessibleHigh satisfaction208 mTCO2e/yr
Dirty & InefficientInaccessibleVariable satisfaction309 mTCO2e/yr
Green
Conventional
Performance
Source: www.arcskoru.com
75,000 sf
What is a green school?
Green
Conventional
Performance
Source: www.arcskoru.com
#2 How does green building work?
LEED and WELL ● LEED is a holistic rating system based
on a multi-criteria definition of high performance design and operations
● WELL is a thematic rating system focused on health and well-being.
● LEED and WELL can be used together to define superior spaces and buildings.
Motivations● Green building is based on the need to
differentiate spaces, buildings, and places.
● Emissions reduction and environmental protection are fundamental to green building
● Health and well-being have increased in relative importance over the last five years
LEEDFamily of tools used in more than 100 countries for:
● Building Design & Construction
● Interior Design & Construction
● Operations & Maintenance
● Neighborhoods
● Cities & Communities
Project Type
Ownership
LEED Goals & Categories
WELLFamilies of tools for:
● Interior spaces
● Whole buildings
● Portfolios
● Communities
“Code+”LEED frequently establishes “code+” criteria, such as:
● ASHRAE 90.1: exceeding ASHRAE requirements between 5% and >45%
● ASHRAE 55: meeting and exceeding thermal comfort requirements
● ASHRAE 62: exceeding code-required minimum ventilation rates to promote indoor air quality.
WELL also uses “code+” criteria:
● LEED v4 BD&C EQ Credit: demonstration of total VOC levels less than 500 μg/m³.
● LEED v4 BD&C EQ Credit: ventilation systems for outdoor air with particle filters to have a MERV of 13 or higher or Class F7 or higher (CEN Standard EN 779-2002) particle air filters.
● ASHRAE 62: enhanced ventilation rates beyond minimum code requirements.
“Code+”
Drives market transformation for energy efficiency
Performance Above Code“Code+”
#3 Future of Green Building
Challenges1. Limits of codes: Complex relationships between intention,
expectations, and measurable outcomes
2. Business model evolution: Digital transformation from practice-based documentation to operational performance
3. The universal denominator: Occupancy and space utilization are used to measure the intensity of environmental impacts, space productivity, and more
#1 Limits of Code● Building codes provide “cost effective”
recommendations based on standardized, modeled conditions
● Limits to “code+” rationale, especially at high levels
● Disconnection from operational performance measures
Complex criteria and multiple objectives make it difficult to align code intent and measured outcomes.
Parameters
Code emphasizes intention and real world experience varies significantly.
Experience
A sample of office environments managed by the U.S. General Services Administration, analyzed by Carnegie Mellon University.
Arlington, VA Vancouver, BC London, UK
Expectations - Energy
Decision makers want outcomes, not intentions.
Expectations - Health
Health for…● Tenants● Staff● Neighbors● Supply chain● Society
Source: Kats (2010)
#2 Business Model Evolution● After 25 years of green building practice, operational performance
is complementing and sometimes replacing documentation
● This evolution eliminates the “performance gap”
● Streamlines certification process
29
Evolution of Practice2000 2009 2019
30
2000 2009 2019
100%Documentation
50% Documentation50% Performance Data
90% Performance Data
Recertification
Certification
State of Practice Today
ArcPerformanceScore
Powering LEED v4.1 O+M and LEED Recertification
#3 Universal Denominator
● The shift to operational performance has increased attention to spatial and temporal dynamics of building operation
● Building occupancy is used to calculate energy use/occupant, commuting emissions/day, waste/occupant, water use/occupant....
● In these equations, the numerator is dynamic (energy, water, waste, transportation), but the denominator is often relatively static (e.g., average or design occupancy)
Occupancy as a “Normalizer”
● Environmental impact intensity → impact per occupant
● Performance Scores for LEED v4.1 use GHG/occupant, water consumption/occupant, waste/occupant, more
● BUT occupancy is uncertain and highly dynamic
Source: JLL (2019)
1. Linking metrics: connecting design and operations 2. Matching the grain: matching the spatial and temporal
resolution of energy and space utilization3. Smart recommendations: context-specific, timely calls
to action
Opportunities
#1 Linking Metrics
Lots of Data. Little Alignment.
Building Codes Peer Benchmarks Meters and Points
Opportunity: Align design and operation metrics. Use measurable metrics in design. Use technology to make more design metrics measurable.
Challenge & Opportunity
Challenge: Design and operational metrics are fragmented and fundamentally difficult to compare. This makes performance evaluation slow and difficult.
#2 Matching the Grain
Monthly Energy & Emissions
Periodic Occupant Experience
Practice
Dynamic Emissions Intensity Dynamic Occupancy & CO2
Reality
Left: California ISORight: Maastricht University/General Services Administration
Daily
Pea
k CO
2 (p
pm)
Occupied Hours
Daily
Pea
k CO
2 (p
pm)
Opportunity: Express design expectations over measurable spatial and temporal scales. Design sampling and sensor deployments to connect measurements.
Challenge & Opportunity
Challenge: Energy, occupancy, and experience are closely connected. BUT, data are usually collected over incompatible spatial and temporal scales.
#3 Actionable Insights
Impressive DataMax hourly carbon dioxide level, in parts per million, from 402 spaces, 21 buildings, 4 countries, 2 years. Sp
aces
Time (in days, from 2014-2015)
Actionable Insights
Actionable Insights
Open a window Replace the filter Check the pressure
Actionable Insights
Open a window Replace the filter Check the pressure
Calls to Action
Green building has a mission: 1. Create better spaces,
buildings, and places.2. Better spaces, buildings and
places benefit people and the environment.
Where are we going?
Partner with us to make it faster, easier, and cheaper to create and manage better spaces, buildings, and places with:
1. New technology to collect and manage real world data2. New ways to understand and score operational data3. New ways to generate place-based, context-specific recommendations
We can create global market opportunities for partners.
How can you help?
Contact Chris Pyke, Ph.D.SVP, [email protected]
How can you learn more?Explore ArcSkoru.comUSGBC.orgGRESB.com
Follow @chrispyke@ArcSkoru@USGBC