junior freshman language grammar and grammatical analysis
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Junior Freshman Language Grammar and Grammatical analysis. Grammar Lecture 8 Pronouns (2). Pronouns. Personal pronouns Reflexive pronouns Interrogative pronouns Demonstrative pronouns Possessive pronouns Relative pronouns Indefinite pronouns. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Junior Freshman LanguageGrammar and Grammatical analysis
Grammar Lecture 8Pronouns (2)
Pronouns1. Personal pronouns2. Reflexive pronouns3. Interrogative pronouns4. Demonstrative pronouns5. Possessive pronouns6. Relative pronouns7. Indefinite pronouns
(1) Personal pronouns (continued): (a) object pronouns Object pronouns are used when a pronoun is
either a direct object, indirect object, or object of a preposition.
Object pronounsIn English:Most object pronouns are different from
subject pronouns, but the same pronouns are used as direct objects, indirect objects, or objects of a preposition.
Subject and object pronouns in EnglishSubject Object
Singular1st person I me2nd person you you3rd person he/she/it him/her/itPlural1st person we us2nd person3rd person
youthey
youthem
In French…..As in English, the pronouns used as objects
are different from the ones used as subjects.Unlike English, the form of an object pronoun
often changes depending on whether it is a direct object, or an object of a preposition.
First and second persons singular and pluralSubject Direct
objectSubject Direct
objectSingular1st person2nd person
jetu
mete
Iyou
meyou
Plural1st person2nd person
nousvous
nousvous
weyou
usyou
Identifying the function of nous and vous can be confusing:
same forms are used as subject and object.both subject and object forms are placed
before the verb.
Third person singular and plural (him, her, it and them)
Subject Direct object
Subject Direct object
SingularmasculineFeminine
ilelle
lela
he, itshe, it
him, ither, it
Pluralmasculinefeminine
ilselles les they them
French indirect object pronounsFirst, make sure that the French verb takes
an indirect object.
First and second persons singular and pluralSubject Indirect
objectSubject Indirect
objectSingular1st person2nd person
jetu
mete
Iyou
(to) me(to) you
Plural1st person2nd person
nousvous
nousvous
weyou
(to) us(to) you
Third person singular and plural (him, her, it and them)
Direct object
Indirect object
Direct object
Indirect object
SingularmasculineFeminine
lela
People Things
lui y
him, ither, it
(to) him(to) her(to) it
Pluralmasculinefeminine
les leur ythem (to) them
There is only one form of the 3rd person indirect object pronouns referring to things and ideas: y:
(1) Are you answering the letter? Yes, I am answering it.
(2) Do you obey the laws? Yes, I obey them.
TranslateHe gives his sister the giftHe gives her the gift
Personal pronouns (continued) Disjunctive (Stressed) pronounsFrench stressed pronouns (also known as
disjunctive pronouns) are used to emphasize a noun or pronoun that refers to a person. There are 9 forms in French
Personal pronouns (continued)Disjunctive (Stressed) pronounsSubject
Direct object
Indirect object
Reflexive
Stressed
je me* me* me* moitu te* te* te* toiil,elle,on
le, la lui se lui,elle,soi
nous nous nous nous nousvous vous vous vous vousils,elles les leur se eux,elles
Use of stressed pronouns for emphasis:To highlight or emphasise a pronoun, a
common strategy is to ‘double up’ by the addition of a stressed pronoun.• e.g. Subject pronouns:• Toi, tu le crois peut-être mais lui, il ne le croit
pas• YOU might believe that, but HE doesn’t
Stressed pronouns: (subject) The stressed subject pronoun copy may
equally appear at the end of the clause with the same effect:• Tu le crois peut-être toi, mais il ne le croit pas,
lui.
Stressed pronouns: (subject)• When third person subject pronouns are
highlighted or emphasised, the stressed pronoun alone may, on occasions, be used:
HE could do itTHEY would know what to say
Stressed pronouns: (object)A common strategy is to add a second,
stressed pronoun at either the beginning or the end of the clause:
He confides in ME (and not in you)HE is known to be innocent
Stressed pronouns standing aloneStressed pronouns are normally used where
the pronoun stands alone, or is in a phrase without a verb:
Qui est là? Moi (not *je)Qui as-tu vu? Lui (not *il)
Reflexive verbs and pronounsA reflexive verb is a verb which is
accompanied by a pronoun, called a reflexive pronoun, which serves ‘to reflect’ the action of the verb back to the subject.
Reflexive pronounsSubject Direct
objectIndirect object
Reflexive Stressed
je me* me* me* moitu te* te* te* toiil,elle,on
le, la lui se lui,elle,soi
nous nous nous nous nousvous vous vous vous vousils,elles les leur se eux,elles
Reflexive pronounsReflexive pronouns are used only with
pronominal verbs (‘les verbes pronominaux’). They always agree with the subject of the
sentence. Like object pronouns, the reflexive pronoun
is placed directly in front of the verb in all tenses except the imperative.
e.g. tu te lèves → lève-toi
Reflexive pronouns Reflexive pronouns always agree with their
subjects, in all tenses and moods.1. I will get up2. We went to bed3. Are you going to shave?
Reflexive verbs are common in French.There are many English expressions that are
not reflexive in English, but whose French equivalent is a reflexive verb.
to get up to make a mistaketo go to bed to stopto wake up to take a walkto be boredto have fun