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ECONOMICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL ADVANTAGES OF USING JUTE GEOTEXTILE IN RURAL ROAD, RIVER BANK PROTECTION

AND HILL SLOPE MANAGEMENT

Presented by

NATIONAL JUTE BOARD (PEA)

Jute

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les 1. ECONOMICS

i. Low Volume Road Construction

ii. River Bank Protection

iii. Hill Slope Management

2. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS

iv. Life cycle assessment of jute product

v. Low Volume Road Construction

vi. River Bank Protection

vii. Hill Slope Management

viii. Eco-compatibility & Socio-economic values of jute

CONTENTS

Jute

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les JGT or all GTs act as change agents triggering the

consolidation process and gradual development of effective stress.

In all cases JGT treated Sub-grade happens to enhance CBR by 150 – 300% over control value.

Reduced base course thickness (due to increased CBR) offsets cost of JGT.

Scope of savings in initial construction [ based on Handbook of ‘Geosynthetics case studies by Indian Technical Textiles Association (ITTA)]

JGT in Road Construction

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JGT in Road Construction

The following results are revealing -

Source – Ramaswamy & Aziz(1989)

Source – A Sreerama Rao (2003)

5.0

8

20

2.6

4.5

3.5

5.2

4.7

6.8

b) CBR (%)

i) without JGT

ii) with JGT

353025a) Water Content (%)

Natural Soil CBR (%) Improved soil CBR (%)

Unsoaked specimen

2.10

Soaked specimen

1.61

Unsoaked specimen

6.03

Soaked specimen

4.78

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ASSUMPTIONS

Assumptions For Computation of Initial Construction Cost –1. CBR of sub-grade soil : 3 – 4 %2. Considering Enhancement of CBR of sub-grade soil by 1.5

times : 5 – 6 % 3. Cumulative Traffic ESAL : 60,000 – 1,00,0004. Length of Pavement : 1000 m5. Carriageway Width of Pavement : 3.75 m6. Roadway Width : 7.5 m7. Width of JGT with 10% overlapping : 5.5 m8. Cross-section of pavement as per guidelines mentioned in

IRC:SP:72-2007

CBR ITEMS

3 – 4 % 5 – 6 %

WBM – II 75mm 75mmWBM – III 75mm 75mmGSB – III 75mm 75mmGSB-II/Sand 100mm 50 mm

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LOW VOLUME ROAD CONSTRUCTION - ECONOMICS

Rate Analysis of Base Course -

Rates are as per WBSRDA 2012, Murshidabad District. Sub-base layer consists of well graded material (sand-laterite Gr- II and stone grit & sand Gr-III)

CONVENTIONAL METHOD (Table 1)

S.No. DESCRIPTION OF ITEMS

LENGTH(m)

WIDTH(m)

THICKNESS(m)

QUANTITY(m3)

RATE(Rs.)

AMOUNT(Rs.)

1. GSB – II 1000 8.8 0.1 880 1300 1144000

2. GSB – III 1000 4.05 0.075 303.75 2000 607500

3. Total 1751500

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LOW VOLUME ROAD CONSTRUCTION - ECONOMICS

WITH JUTE GEOTEXTILE (JGT) (Table 2)S.No. DESCRIPTION

OF ITEMSLENGTH(m)

WIDTH(m)

THICKNESS(m)

QUANTITY(m3)

RATE(Rs.)

AMOUNT(Rs.)

1. Coarse Sand below JGT

1000 8.5 0.025 212.5 650 138125

2. Woven JGT 1000 5.5 - 5500 70 385000

3. Coarse Sand above JGT

1000 5.5 0.025 137.5 650 89375

4. GSB – III 1000 4.05 0.075 303.75 2000 607500

5. Total 1220000

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LOW VOLUME ROAD CONSTRUCTION - ECONOMICS

Procedure For Cost Quantification -STEP 1 Quantify Cost of Base Course Material

a) GSB – II : Rs. 1144000/ m3 (Rs. 1.3/ mm thickness/ m2 of pavement)

b) GSB – III : Rs. 607500/ m3(Rs. 2/ mm thickness/ m2 of pavement)

c) JGT : Rs. 70/ m2

STEP 2 . Thickness Reduction, ∆tr = 50 mm

STEP 3. Construction Cost savings - CCS/m2

= ∆tr (a+b) – c= Rs. 95/ m2

STEP 4. Construction Cost savings - CCS/ lane – km= 85 x 1000 x 3.75

= Rs. 356250/ lane – km

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LOW VOLUME ROAD CONSTRUCTION - ECONOMICS

Base Course Cost Savings % =

= x 100

Application of JGT in road construction is economical as there is –

 

Base Course Cost Savings (%) = 20 %

20 % reduction in cost of base course.16 % reduction in thickness.

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JGT in RIVER BANK PROTECTION

Factors driving river bank erosion are1. Presence of erodible bank soil, 2. Fluctuation in water level, and 3. Development of differential overpressure during drawdown.

Role of JGT in River Bank Protection1. Ensures better relative density or tightness of bank soil by

retaining soil particles (separation).2. Permittivity and transmissivity functions of JGT allows water

to pass across without developing uplift pressure.3. Acts as a catalyst in developing natural graded filter (filter

cake) by interaction with soil bed.

Conventional inverted filter consist of bulk of materials (thick filter )which belong to different grades and consumes lots of money and time.

Thick granular inverted filter can be replaced by JGT, thereby conserving materials, time and money.

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RIVER BANK PROTECTION - ECONOMICS

Assumptions for Computation of riverbank construction savings – 1. Total Length of protection work = 1km2. Length of Slope of protection work = 15 m3. Thickness of conventional graded inverted filter = 125 mm4. Quantity of JGT required for total length of protection work =

15000 m2

5. Thickness of riprap/armor (boulders of 30/45 kg) = 300 mm6. Thickness of JGT = 2 mm 

Slope Length = 15m

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RIVER BANK PROTECTION - ECONOMICS

The rates are derived from SoR, Eastern Circle, I & W Directorate, Oct 2009 inclusive of transportation to the site location with 30% hike in rates as on date are considered.

Type Quantity Conventional With Jute G.T

Rate Amount (Rs.) Rate Amount (Rs.)

Filter Layer a) Graded inverted filter 125mm thick b) Jute Geotextilesc) Boulder 30/45 kg 300 mm thick

riprap

1875 m3

15000 m2

4500 m3

2020.00

2100.00

3787500.00

9450000.00

82.00

2100.00

1230000.00

9450000.00

Total Rs. 13237500.00≈Rs. 885/m2

Rs.10680000.00≈Rs. 710/m2

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RIVER BANK PROTECTION - ECONOMICS

Construction Cost Savings/m2 (%) = x 100 = x 100

use of JGT in river bank protection works is economical as there is – 20% reduction in cost.

 

Construction Cost Savings/m2 with JGT = 20 %

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JGT in HILL SLOPE MANAGEMENT

Surficial run-off causes due to 1. Strong winds, and 2. Impact of Rainfall

JGT controls hill slope erosion by following mechanism1. Providing a protective cover to exposed soil surface2. Absorbs a large part of kinetic energy of rain drops3. Aperture of JGT acts as successive miniature check dams on

slopes4. Reduces the velocity of run-off5. Provides overland storage.

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HILL SLOPE MANAGEMENT - ECONOMICS

Typical cost comparative analysis has been done between different GTs. for Restoration of Mine spoil – 500 m X 25 m

N.B Rates of fabric are as per prevailing market rate

Type Quantity (m2)

With Synthetic GT. With Coir GT. With Jute GT.

Rate Amount (Rs.) Rate Amount (Rs.) Rate Amount (Rs.)

a) Synthetic GT.

b) Coir GT.

c) Jute GT.

12500

12500

12500

80.00 1000000.00

40.00 500000.00

25.00 312500.00

Total Rs. 1000000.00

Rs. 500000.00

Rs. 312500.00

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HILL SLOPE MANAGEMENT - ECONOMICS

Percentage Savings of Cost of Different Fabric as compared to Jute Geotextile (JGT) -

a) Savings from SGT(%) = x 100 = 68.75 %

b) Savings from Coir GT (%) = x 100

= 37.5 %

From above, it can be concluded that use of JGT in hill slope management is economical as there is –

69% reduction in cost of fabric from SGT38% reduction in cost of fabric from Coir GT

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LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS OF JUTE

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) denotes the systematic analysis of environmental impact of products during their entire life cycle (extraction and treatment of raw materials, production, distribution and transport, use, consumption and disposal)

Retting of jute plant

Jute sticks as substitute of

fire

Jute Fibre Production

Jute Products &

its wasteBio- degradable material

Soil- enrichment

Jute cultivation

CO2 assimilation

Pollution

Residue

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The Life Cycle Analysis of jute products especially mentions the following (Jan E.G. van Dam and Harriëtte L. Bos, 2006):

Total of 520-1120 kg CO2 emission per ton of jute, while 2.4 ton CO2 is fixed from the atmosphere by growing jute. A positive balance of 1.3 - 1.9 ton CO2 per ton of jute fibre produced.

 Life cycle impact (LCI) analysis jute can be classified more environmentally friendly than PP

LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS OF JUTE

Jute PP Ratio (PP/Jute)

Waste produced (tons of Waste/tons of

product)

0.9 5.5 6.1

Water Consumption per ton of product(m3) 54 to 81 1.3 0.016 to 0.02

Energy Consumption per ton of product (GJ/t) 5.4 to 14.35 84.3 5.9 to 15.6

CO2 emission (tons of CO2/tons of product) - 1.2 to 0 3.7 to 7.5 -

Embodied Energy (MJ / kg) 3.75 to 8.02 64 to 84.3 17.06 to 76.28

Jute

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les Delivering materials to site = Consumes Fuel + Depletion of natural

stones = Carbon emission as well as depletion of non-renewable resource like diesel and natural stones

a) Quantification of diesel consumption

1. Diesel consumption depend on various factors like their laden weight, driving speed, congestion in roads, tire pressure etc.

2. Considering a truck consumes 6km/l diesel and distance between quarry site to construction site as 50km.

3. Capacity of Punjab Body Truck = 14 m3

4. Volume of saved quantity of 50 mm GSB for 1 km and 8.8 wide = 440 m3

5. Number of trips required for carrying 440 m3 of GSB to site = 32

6. Number of trips required for carrying JGT to site = 1

LOW VOLUME ROAD CONSTRUCTION – ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS

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LOW VOLUME ROAD CONSTRUCTION – ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS

Effective savings will be in terms of diesel consumption will be = 31 trips of truck .

Diesel consumption for 31 passes = 259 litres

b) Quantification of natural resources consumption –

less hauling of granular material will result in significant fuel savings and emissions reduction.

For 50mm reduced thickness with JGT application, quantity of aggregate conserved = 440 m3 which reduces both costs and use of scarce resources.

JGT will save 259 litres of diesel for 1 km road construction

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LOW VOLUME ROAD CONSTRUCTION – ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS

c) Quantification of vehicular emissions –

Emissions quantified based on number of vehicles and distance travelled is given by (Gurjar et al., 2004) Ei = x Ei,j,km

where, Ei = Emission of compound, Veh = No. of vehicles of each type D = Distance travelled from quarry to site = 50km Ei,j,km = emission of compound from vehicle per driven kilometer = 515.2 gm/km of CO2 from trucks (Mittal and Sharma, 2003)

Ei = 31 x 1 x 50 x 515.2 = 798kg of CO2 is emitted in 31 trips

Carbon Emissions can be reduced by incorporating JGT at the interface of base course and sub-grade level.

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les a) Quantification of diesel consumption

1. Considering a truck consumes 6km/lt of diesel and distance to site location is 50 km.

2. Volume of saved quantity of 123 mm filter thickness for 1 km and 15 m wide = 1845 m3

3. Number of trips required for carrying 1845 m3 of granular layer to site = 132

4. JGT transportation will require = 2 trips of truck5. Effective savings of 130 trips of truck = Diesel conserved =

1085 litres

RIVER BANK PROTECTION – ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS

JGT will save approx. 1085 lts. of diesel per 1000m of river bank protection work

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les b) Quantification of natural resources consumption –

For 123 mm reduced thickness with JGT application, quantity of aggregate/ natural resources conserved = 1845 m3 which reduces both costs, use of scarce resources and carbon emissions associated to quarrying.

c) Quantification of vehicular emissions –

Emissions Ei = 130 x 1 x 50 x 515.2 = 3350 kg of CO2 is emitted in 130 trips (that will be conserved using JGT)

Carbon Emissions can be reduced by incorporating JGT at the interface of bank soil and boulders.

RIVER BANK PROTECTION – ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS

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les 1. Acts as mulch on its degradation

2. Residue of fibres left in the soil ultimately enhances its hydraulic conductivity

3. JGT can absorb water about 5 times its dry weight creating congenial micro-climate ensuring quick growth of dense vegetation.

4. Root-system of vegetation ensures soil detachment and imparts strength to soil body

JGT- natural product-fosters vegetation growth and paves way for bio-engineering solution to soil erosional problem.

HILL SLOPE MANAGEMENT– ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS

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les a) Purification of air

About 1.2 kg of CO2 is absorbed from atmosphere per every kg of fibre produced.

b) Bio-efficiency of juteUsage of jute in place of wood to make paper pulp will reduce cost of production and cutting down of trees that will help in preserving ecological balance.

c) Fertility of LandDry matter in the form of leaves and roots remain in soil which enhances soil organic matter and improves nutrient availability in soil. Thus jute base multiple cropping increases agricultural production.

d) Improvement in EconomyJute cultivation creates direct employment to farmers, industrial workers and indirect employment to workers associated with ancillary industries. Thus helps in economical upliftment of nation.

ECO-CONCORDANCE AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC VALUES OF JUTE

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Thanks for your attention