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7/24/2019 K- 710 Professional Ethics by Mr. Lokendra Singh

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The Mayors Courts, established in the three presidency towns,

were Crown Courts with right of appeal first to the Governor-in-

Council and a right of second appeal to the Privy Council. In 1791,

Judges felt the need of experience, and thus the role of an attorney

to protect the rights of his client was upheld in each of the Mayors

Courts. This was done in spite of opposition from Council members

or the Governor. A second principle was also established during the

period of the Mayors Courts. This was the right to dismiss an

attorney guilty of misconduct. The first example of dismissal was

recorded by the Mayors Court at Madras which dismissed attorney

Jones.

The Supreme Court of Judicature was established by a Royal

Charter in 1774. The Supreme Court was established as there was

dissatisfaction with the weaknesses of the Court of the

Mayor. Similar Supreme Courts were established in Madras in 1801

and Bombay in 1823. The first barristers appeared in India after the

opening of the Supreme Court in Calcutta in 1774. As barristers

began to come into the Courts on work as advocates, the attorneys

gave up pleading and worked as solicitors. The two grades of legal

practice gradually became distinct and separate as they were in

England. Madras gained its first barrister in 1778 with Mr. Benjamin

Sullivan.

Thus, the establishment of the Supreme Court brought recognition,

wealth and prestige to the legal profession. The charters of the

Court stipulated that the Chief Justice and three puisne Judges be

English barristers of at least 5 years standing.

The charters empowered the Court to approve, admit and enrol

advocates and attorneys to plead and act on behalf of suitors. They

also gave the Court the authority to remove lawyers from the roll of

the Court on reasonable cause and to prohibit practitioners not


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properly admitted and enrolled from practising in the Court. The

Court maintained the right to admit, discipline and dismiss

attorneys and barristers. Attorneys were not admitted without

recommendation from a high official in England or a Judge in

India. Permission to practice in Court could be refused even to a

barrister.

In contrast to the Courts in the presidency towns, the legal

profession in the mofussil towns was established, guided and

controlled by legislation. In the Diwani Courts, legal practice was

neither recognized nor controlled, and practice was carried on by

vakils and agents. Vakils had even been appearing in the Courts of

the Nawabs and there were no laws concerning their qualification,

relationship to the Court, mode of procedure of ethics or

practice. There were two kinds of agents a. untrained relatives or

servants of the parties in Court and b. professional pleaders who

had training in either Hindu or Muslim law. Bengal Regulation VII of

1793 was enacted as it was felt that in order to administer justice,

Courts, must have pleading of causes administered by a distinct

profession Only men of character and education, well versed in the

Mohamedan or Hindu law and in the Regulations passed by the

British Government, would be admitted to plead in the Courts. They

should be subjected to rules and restrictions in order to discharge

their work diligently and faithfully by upholding the clients trust.Establishment of the High Courts

In 1862, the High Courts started by the Crown were established at

Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. The High Court Bench was designed

to combine Supreme Court and Sudder Court traditions. This was

done to unite the legal learning and judicial experience of the

English barristers with the intimate experience of civil servants in

matters of Indian customs, usages and laws possessed by the civil

servants. Each of the High Courts was given the power to make


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rules for the qualifications of proper persons, advocates, vakils and

attorneys at Bar. The admission of vakils to practice before the

High Courts ended the monopoly that the barristers had enjoyed in

the Supreme Courts. It greatly extended the practice and prestige of

the Indian laws by giving them opportunities and privileges equal to

those enjoyed for many years by the English lawyers. The learning

of the best British traditions of Indian vakils began in a guru-shishya

tradition:

Men like Sir V. Bashyam Ayyangar, Sir T. Muthuswamy Ayyar and

Sir S. Subramania Ayyar were quick to learn and absorb the

traditions of the English Bar from their English friends and

colleagues in the Madras Bar and they in turn as the originators of a

long line of disciples in the Bar passed on those traditions to the

disciples who continued to do the good work.

Additional High Courts were established in Allahabad (1886), Patna

(1916), and Lahore (1919).

There were six grades of legal practice in India after the founding of

the High Courts a) Advocates, b) Attorneys (Solicitors), c) Vakils of

High Courts, d) Pleaders, e) Mukhtars, f) Revenue Agents. The Legal

Practitioners Act of 1879 in fact brought all the six grades of the

profession into one system under the jurisdiction of the High

Courts. The Legal Practitioners Act and the Letters Patent of the

High Courts formed the chief legislative governance of legalpractitioners in the subordinate Courts in the country until the

Advocates Act, 1961 was enacted.

In order to be a vakil, the candidate had to study at a college or

university, master the use of English and pass a vakils

examination. By 1940, a vakil was required to be a graduate with

an LL.B. from a university in India in addition to three other certified

requirements. The certificate should be proof that a. he had passed

in the examination b. read in the chamber of a qualified lawyer and

was of a good character. In fact, Sir Sunder Lal, Jogendra Nath


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Chaudhary, Ram Prasad and Moti Lal Nehru were all vakils who

were raised to the rank of an Advocate.

Original and appellate jurisdiction of the High Court.

The High Courts of the three presidency towns had an original

side. The original side included major civil and criminal matters

which had been earlier heard by predecessor Supreme Courts. On

the original side in the High Courts, the solicitor and barrister

remained distinct i.e. attorney and advocate. On the appellate side

every lawyer practiced as his own attorney.

However, in Madras the vakils started practice since 1866. In 1874,

the barristers challenged their right to do original side work.

However, in 1916, this right was firmly established in favour of the

vakils. Similarly, vakils in Bombay and Calcutta could be promoted

as advocates and become qualified to work on the original side. By

attending the appellate side and original side Courts each for one

year, a vakil of 10 years service in the Court was permitted to sit for

the advocatesexamination.

Indian Bar Councils Act, 1926.

The Indian Bar Councils Act, 1926 was passed to unify the various

grades of legal practice and to provide self-government to the Bars

attached to various Courts. The Act required that each High Courtmust constitute a Bar Council made up of the Advocate General,

four men nominated by the High Court of whom two should be

Judges and ten elected from among the advocates of the Bar. The

duties of the Bar Council were to decide all matters concerning

legal education, qualification for enrolment, discipline and control of

the profession. It was favourable to the advocates as it gave them

authority previously held by the judiciary to regulate the

membership and discipline of their profession.


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The Advocates Act, 1961 was a step to further this very

initiative. As a result of the Advocates Act, admission, practice,

ethics, privileges, regulations, discipline and improvement of the

profession as well as law reform are now significantly in the hands

of the profession itself.

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CONTEMPT

An act of deliberate disobedience or disregard for the laws ,

regulations, or decorum of a public authority such as a court

or legislative body.

CONTEMPT OF COURT

It is a behaviour that opposes or defies the authority, justice

and dignity of the court. Contempt charges may be brought

against parties to proceedings; lawyer or other court officers;

witness; or people who insert themselves in a case, such as

protesters outside a court room. Courts have great leeway in

making contempt charges , and thus confusion sometimes

exist about the distinction between types of contempt .

Generally , however, contempt proceedings are categorized as

civil or criminal.


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SECTION 2 ON THE CONTEMPT OF COURTS ACT

1971

a)Contempt of Court means civil contempt or criminal

contempt.

b) Civil contempt means wilful disobedience to any

judgement , decree, direction , order , writ or other

process of a court or wilful breach of an undertaking

given to a court.

c)

Criminal contempt means the publication (whether by

words, spoken, or written ,or by signs , or by visible

representation or otherwise) of any matter or the doing of

any other act whatsoever which.


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R#

i. Scandalizes or tends to scandalise , or lowers or tends

to lower the authority of , any court;

ii. Prejudices , or interferes or tends to interfere with due

course of any judicial proceeding.

iii.

Interferes or tends to interfere with , or obstructs or

tends to obstruct , the administration of justice in any

other manner.

CRIMINAL CONTEMPT CHARGES

Criminal contempt charges become separate charges from the

underlying case . Unlike civil contempt sanctions, criminal

contempt charges may live or after resolution of theunderlying case.

One charged with criminal contempt generally gets the

constitutional rights guaranteed to criminal defendants ,

including the right to counsel, right to put on a defence, and

the right to a jury trial in certain cases. Charges of criminal

contempt must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt.


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RC

However incarceration of contempt may begin immediately,

before the contempt charge is adjudicated and the sentence

decided. Depending on the jurisdiction and the case, the same

judge who decided to charge a person with contempt may end

up residing over the contempt proceedings.

Criminal contempt can bring punishment including jail time

and / or a fine.

DR. DC. SAXENA V/S HONBLE CHIEF JUSTICE OFINDIA

In a clash of competing interests in constitutional contours,

this case calls to strike a balance between the freedom of

speech and expression, a salutary right in aliberal


74/171


RK

democratic society and paramount countervailing duty to

maintain public confidence in the administration of justice.

The petitioner has initiated public interest litigation under

Article 32 of the Constitution to direct Sri P.V. NarasimhaRao, the President of Indian National Congress and the former

Prime Minister of the country to pay a sum of Rs.8.29 lakhsand odd said to be due to the union of Indian for use of Indian

Air Force aircraft or helicopters from October 1, 1993 to

November 30, 1993. Whenwrit PetitionNo. 432/95 was

posted for hearing on July 17,1995 before the learned Chief

Justice of India and brother Justice S.C. Sen the solicitor

General for India, Shri Dipankar P. Gupta was sent for and the

Court directed him to have the averments verified to becorrect and directed the petition to be listed after two weeks.On August 7,1995, the writ petition came before the Bench

comprising the learned CJI, Justice S.C. Sen and Justice K.S.Paripoornan. It is not in dispute that the Solicitor General had

placed the record before the Court and upon perusal thereofand after hearing the petitioner-in-person, the Bench

summarily "dismissed"" the writ petition which had triggeredthe petitioner to file yet another writ petition, this time againstthe learned Chief Justice of India, Justice A.M. Ahmadi. The

Registry raised objections for its maintainability but, at eh

insistence of the petitioner, it was posted, with officeobjections, for hearing, as unregistered Writ petition (c) NO. -

17209/95 on January 13,1996 before a Bench of three learned

Judges, viz. Justice J.S. Bharuchal. The petitioner, again


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appearing in person, persisted to justify the averments madeagainst the learned CJI, Justice A.M. Ahmadi in the writ

petition. In spite of the Court having pointed out that theaverments were scandalous, the proceeding of the Court did

indicate that the petitioner reiterated that he "stood by the

averments made therein" and sought for declaration [1] thatJustice A.M. Ahmadi is unfit to hold the office as Chief

Justice of India; [2] that he should be tripped of hiscitizenship; [3] to direct registration of an FIR against him

under various provisions of Indian penal Code for committing

forgery and fraud and under the prevention of Corruption Act;(4) to direct prosecution of him under the prevention of

Corruption Act; (5) to direct him to defray from his personalpocket the expenses incurred by the petitioner in filing the two

writ petitions, i.e., W.P. No. 432/95 and the second writpetition; (6) to direct justice A.M. Ahmadi to reimburse fromhis pocket to the public exchequer the entire loss caused to the

State,. as a consequence of non-payment of the dues by SriP.V. Narasimha Rao with interest at 18% per annum and (7)

other consequential directions. After hearing the petitioner,the Bench dismissed the second writ petition with the order as

under: "The several averments in the writ petition are

scandalous and it is surprising that the petitioner, who is saidto be a Professor in a University, has chosen to draft and file

such a writ petition. His understanding of the meaning of

Article 32 of the Constitution, is to say the least, preposterous.

The allegations made are reckless and disclose irresponsibility


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RS

on the part of the petitioner. This writ petition is wholly

misconceived and is an abuse of the process of the Court. The

writ petition has no merit. The writ petition is, therefore,

dismissed. In view of the attitude of the petitioner even at thehearing, when the persisted in this stand and, on our asking

him, reiterated that he stood by the scandalous averment madetherein, we consider it our duty to issue to the petitioner a

notice to show cause why proceedings to punish him for

contempt of this Court should not be initiated against him.The Registry to take the necessary steps for registering the

matter as a contempt petition. The petitioner who is present-in-person is given notice of the contempt petition. He is

required to file his reply within four wheels to show causewhy proceedings for contempt should not be initiated against

him. We request the learnedSolicitor General to assist the

Court in this contempt matter.List the matter after notice ofthe date fixed by Registry is given to Dr. D.C. Saxena and the

Solicitor

General."

While dismissing the petition, this Court observed in the later

part of the order the petitioner's conduct in his persistence tostand by the scandalous averments made against the learnedChief Justice of India. This Court was constrained to initiate

contempt proceedings and enlisted 14 instances which would

prima facie constitute contumacious conduct of the petitioner


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RR

to scandalise the Court. In the meanwhile, the petitioner wrotein a newspaper criticising Justice J.S. Verma. Resultantly,

Justice J.S. Verma reclused himself from the Bench. Thus thematter was posted before this Bench.

On April 12,1996, the petitioner filed his reply to the showcause notice styling the same as "preliminary submissions"

and reiterated his averments, which, as pointed by this Court,

would constitute scandalisation of the Court and yet he had

given his justification for accusing the chief Justice of India.However, at the end, as a foot-note, he has written in his ownhand-writing as under: "N.B. If some passages seem strindent

or pungent, the defendantis willing to suitably modify them."

On April 14,1996, this court passed the order as under;"Pursuant to the notice issued by this Court the Contemnor

Dr. D.C.Saxena is present today in person. He has stated that

he would modify the offending portions noted in the showcause notice in Item (ii),(iv) (vi), (vii), (viii), (x),(xii),(xiii)

and wishes to withdraw unconditionally item (xiv), paras B

and C. The learned Solicitor General has pointed out that evenif the Contemnor withdraws or files statement in the modified

form what the Court required to do is whether his statementsmade in the writ petition originally filed constitute contempt

of the Court or not statements would not be of materialrelevance for consideration. Since the contemnor seeks timeto submit the show contemnor seeks time to submit the show

cause in the modified language which he wishes to place


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before the court, at his request the matter is adjourned to may2,1996 at 2.00p.m. The Registry is directed to supply

complete set of papers to learned solicitor General."

When the case came up for hearing on May 2, 1996, the

petitioner filed amended portions to substitute the avermentsmade, at proper places, in the second unnumbered writ

petition. We have heard learned Solicitor General as amicus

curiae and the petitioner-in-person. Before opening the case,

the solicitor General, in view of the seriousness of theaverments made by the petitioner in the petition filed againstthe chief Justice of India, and in view of his stand in both the

preliminary submissions to the contempt notice and therevised averments made in the writ petition, suggested that it

would be advantageous for the petitioner to have consultationand legal assistance of any counsel of his choice and to revise

his stand, but the petitioner remained silent and got along with

the case. The learned solicitor General stated that on July 17,1995, the Court had sent for and called upon him to have the

allegations made in the first writ petition, verified and to placethe factual position before the Court. Pursuant thereto, on

August 7,1995, he had placed the record before the Court

which are confidential in nature. After their perusal andhearings the petitioner, the Court did not think it necessary to

issue the directions as sought for. At this stage, we would

point out that when Sri P.V. Narasimha Rao, as president of

Indian National Congress

or as the former prime Minister,


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was alleged to have used the defence aircrafts, this Courtobviously was of the view that the relationship between the

two wings of the Government or the political party, i.e., theIndian national Congress is of debtor and creditor and that,

therefore, prerogative writ under Article 32 of the

Constitution would not lie to enforce contractual duesadjustable as per their practice. The exercise of the power

under Article 32 was, therefore, obviously thought to beuncalled for. Supreme Court being the highest Judicial forum,

the need to record reasons is obviated since there is no further

appeal against the order of this Court. Recording reasons isnot, therefore, necessary nor is called for.

The learned solicitor General, therefore, contended that when

the Court dismissed the writ petition, the petitioner, being aprofessor of English in Chandigarh University, should have

exercised restraint and felt duty- bound not to proceed further

in the matter. Instead, he filed the second writ petition withallegations which are ex-facie contumacious. The petitioner

reiterated the same in his preliminary submissions to thenotice of the contempt. His modified statement filed on April

24,1996 itself is not relevant. What would be material and

relevant for consideration is whether the allegations madeagainst the learned Chief Justice of India in the Second Writ

petition do constitute contempt of the Court. The modified

stand, therefore, is not relevant to adjudge whether thepetitioner has committed contempt of this Court. The Court,


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therefore, has to consider the totality of the averments andtheir effect on the judicial process to adjudge the conduct of

the petitioner to be contumacious. The petitioner contendedthat he did not seek any personal gain for himself. As a duty-

bound citizen, he was actuated to see that the public dues are

recovered from any person how-so-high he may be. To thebest of his understanding, the petitioner made the averments

for public good and he has no intention to scandalise theCourt. He had approached this Court earlier more than 12

times to vindicate public justice. As a human being, he is

fallible but he has no intention to denigrate the Court to whichhe has highest respect. His modified language in the statement

filed on April 24,1996 does indicate his intention.

In the proceedings of the Court dated July, 17,1995, it wasrecorded that the Solicitor General had appeared for Sri P.V.

Narasimha Rao who was impleaded in his personal capacity.

It is the petitioner's contention that the solicitor Generalcannot appear for him. He was not assisting the Court as

amicus. When the Chief justice called for the records from theGovernment through solicitor General, it is Court's duty to

give him copies of those documents but the same were denied

to him. It is his xiv) Page 9 prayer

(a) Declare the respondent unfit to holdofficeas chief Justice

of

India;


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X"

(b) Strip the respondent of his citizenship;

(c) Direct the registration of an F.I.R. against the respondent

under the Indian penal Code for committingforgery and fraud;

(d) Direct the respondent'sprosecutionunder thepreventionofcorruption Act.

The alleged contemnor filed written submissions in reply tothe contempt notice. His first submission was that the Bench

which had heard and dismissed the second writ petition hadbeen constituted by the respondent, who had thereby become

a judge in his own cause. The second writ petition was,

accordingly, not listed before a court, competent to dispose itof, so that the order of its dismissal was non est, and it was

still deemed to be pending. The contempt notice was,

therefore, premature. The written submissions then dealt withthe portions of the second writ petition which had been

indicated in the contempt notice and reiterated the same,except only that it was submitted that the allegation about

fabrication of the court proceedings of 7th August, 1995, was"somewhat unhappily would". It was submitted thereafter thatthe contempt of Courts Act was a legacy of British

imperialism and, while appropriate to a "banana republic",

was imcompatible with a democratic, people's polity; it was a

law-less law because it fused the offices of the prosecutor andthe judge and "belongs with the infamous Spanish

inquisition". After his signature at the foot of the written


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submissions, the alleged contemnor added in hand, "N.B. Ifsome passages seem strident or pungent, the defendant is

willing to suitably modify them."

The contempt notice came up before this Bench on 15th April,

1996. The following order was then passed; "Pursuant to thenotice issued by

this court the Contemnor Dr. D.C.. Saxena is present today in

person. He has stated that he would modify the offendingportions noted in the show cause notice in Item (ii),(iv),(vi),

(vii),(viii),(x),(xi),(xii),(xiii) and wishes to withdrew

unconditionally item xiv, paras B and C. The learned SolicitorGeneral has pointed out that even if the Contemnor withdraws

or files statement in the modified form what the Courtrequired to do is whether originally filed constitute contempt

of the statements would not be of material reliance time to

submit the show cause in the modified Court, at his request ehmatter is adjourned to may 2,1996 at 2.00 P.M. The Registry

is directed to supply complete set of papers to learned

Solicitor

General."

extract the relevant portions supplied to him by show causeand his reply thereto and of preliminary submissions and his

modified statement as a substitution to the averments made inthe second writ petition and the effect thereof. In respect of


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the averments made in the offending portions of item 1,3,5,9,13 and 14(a) and (d), the petitioner stood by them. He

submitted his modified statement on April 24,1996 only forthe rest of the statements. Let us first consider the unmodified

averments before examining the original and the modified

averments. The first averment made at page 4 in paragraph 9

is that "it was improper for justiceAhmadi to hear it". Item 3

at page 6 in paragraph 14 is: "To this Justice Ahmadi

responded that he (the solicitor General) was there to assistthe Court, contrary to the evidence of the court proceedings".

Item 5 relating to the averments made in page 6 in paragraph17 is; "the subsequent course of action by Justice Ahmadi, in

dealing with the grouse of the petitioner and dismissing hispetition is totally unjust, unfair, arbitrary and unlawful. It is inflagrant violation of the mandates of Article 14 of the

constitution, which "runs like a golden thread" through it ad is

the foundation of justice and fair play". Item 9 relating to the

averments made at page 8 in paragraph 18(f) is: "what are thelegal consequences of the violation of the sacred oath of office

by justice Ahmadi?" Item 14(a) relating to the prayer portionis: "declare the respondent (justice A.M. Ahmadi) unfit tohold office as Chief Justice of India" and item 14(d) is:

"Direct the respondent's (Justice A.M. Ahmadi's) prosecutionunder the prevention of Corruption Act." The petitioner in his

affidavit filed in support of the second writ petition has stated

in para 2 thereof thus: "I am actuated purely by national

interests and no personal gains and have truthfully and


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carefully stated the facts (emphasis supplied), in pursuance ofmy fundamental duties, which can be effectively performed

only through the fundamental rights enjoyed as a citizen ofIndia." In his preliminary submissions, he has stated that the

writ petition under Article 32 shall be heard by a Division

Court of not less than 5 Judges. Emphasis was added by thepetitioner himself. Since the writ petition was not listed before

a Court components to dispose of the same, it made the orderof dismissal non est and it should be deemed to be pending

and is "not yet decided and disposed of constitutionally". No

contempt proceedings can, therefore, be initiated. The noticeis , therefore, pre-mature. Constitution of the Bench by the

chief Justice is in violation of the principles of natural justiceas no one can be a judge of his own cause. Justice "should not

only be done but should manifestly and undoubtedly seem tobe done. nothing is to be done which creates even a suspicionthat there has been an improper interference of the course of

justice.", he quoted the above statement of Lord Heward, C.J.Regarding Item 1 referred to hereinbefore; he justified the

imputation stating that no person can be a Judge in his owncause directly or indirectly. In spite of his objection, the

respondent (CJI) chose to constitute the bench himself as a

presiding judge. According to the petitioner the word "improper", therefore was used in that perspective, with regard

to the averments made in Item 3, his reply was that the Court

proceedings dated July 17,1995 recording that the solicitor

General, Shri Dipankar Gupta appeared in his official capacity


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to Sri P.V. Narasimha Rao, a private party. He had stated thateven assuming, though not conceding, that he (Solicitor

General was acting as amicus curiae also was not recorded inthe Court proceedings. Therefore, his comment that CJI had

Fabricated false record is fair and an accurate report of the

court proceedings protected under section 4 of the Act. Withregard to Item 5, he states thus: " This is a reaffirmation of an

unimpeachable legal proposition in the most widely-prevalentlegal phraseology, to which no umbrage can be taken, for by

this logic all petitions containing this phrase would be deemed

contemptuous. Even the part of the quotation is from a leadingdecision of this Hon'ble Court in Maneka Gandhi's case."

With regard to averments made in item 9, he justified it

stating that "this again is an unresolved question of great legalsignificance and he cited as analogy of Mr. Fazlul Huq, then

Chief Minister of Bengal and quoted a passage from a special

Bench decision of the Calcutta High Court in R.C. Pollard v.Satya Gopal Majumdar [A.I.R. 1943 Cal. 594 (605)]. He

added special emphasis to the words "the clear violation of itbrands a man as unfit for public office" and stated that it is a

legal question of substantial importance relating to the

violation of oath of office, contained in the Third Scheduledof the Constitution and it cannot be disposed of by a three

judge Bench. It cannot be considered as personal imputation

against the judge. With regard to imputation and prayer (a) initem 14, he says that the analogy he had taken from the


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Calcutta High Court decision. It was natural corollary to thelegal proposition considered by a constitution Bench. with

regard to prayer (d) in Item 14, he states that this is only aprayer for relief sought. The defence taken in relation to

(xiv)(b) and (c) would equally be applicable and so he has

reaffirmed them to be correct. The allegations, therefore, areneither "reckless" nor do they "disclose irresponsibility" (put

within inverted comma by the petitioner himself) and is not"an abuse of the process of the Court."

He reiterated that "several averments in the writ petition"being truthful, factual, and made without rancour or malice

and for no personal, gain, should not be construed"scandalous" (inverted commas were put by the petitioner

himself).

Let us now consider other imputations, in the language of

petitioner himself with regard to the "truthfully and carefully"stated facts. At page 5 in para 10, the petitioner has stated that

"Justice Ahmadi's utmost reluctance to perform his

fundamental duties and constitutional obligations wasapparent. when after failing to browbeat the petitioner, he

stated that it would be taken up at the end of the cause list." inhis preliminary submissions he has stated that "this is a fair

and accurate submission of the Court proceedings on matterwhich had already been "heard and finally decided"."(invertedcommas were put by the petitioner himself). He sought

protection to it, as a fair comment, under Section 4 of the Act.


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He further justified it stating that even the use of the would"browbeat" by the petitioner is a "fair criticism of judicial act"

(inverted comma was put by the petitioner himself) to implythat proper hearing was not being granted to the petitioner

who had approached the highest Court of the land to 'Protect

and safeguard public property". he justified them as a"statement of truthful facts", for public good should not be

construed as disrespect to the Hon'ble Court. After offeringjustification in his modified statement, he reiterates thus: "The

petitioner discerned reluctance on the part of the presiding

judge to allow the relief claimed, which was inpublic interest,

and actuated by the desire to "Preserve and protect public

property," without any personal malice." It would, thus,indicate that the petitioner imputed motives to Justice A.M.Ahmadi, chief justice India, in the discharge of his

constitutional duty and that by not admitting the writ petition

or dismissing the petition, the CJI was reluctant to perform his

constitutional duty. He knew that the word "browbeat" is astrident imputation to the Court and, therefore, in his modified

reluctance". Even in the modified statement, he attributedmotives to CJI in the performance of his constitutional dutywhile the Bench that dismissed the first writ petition consisted

of three judges. By inference, he suggested the other brotherJudges to be mere non-entity. With regard to item 4 at page 6

in para 15, he imputed to the CJI that "and without recording

the reasons for dismissing the petition. So much for the

vaunted adherence to the twin principles of transparency and


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accountability." In his preliminary submissions, he has givenjustification for his attributed motives to CJI stating that the

Solicitor General handed over some documents to the bench,without supplying the copy thereof to the bench, without

supplying the copy thereof to the petitioner. When he had

objected to it in his own language, he avers that "justiceAhmadi asked him to argue on the supposition that nothing

had been given to the bench. In view of this, reference hasbeen made to the "twin principles of transparency and

accountability which", according to the petitioner, "is a fair

and accurate report of court proceedings, which is also for the"public good"." (inverted commas were put by the petitioner

himself). In the modified statement he stated thus: "Thatjustice Ahmadi ultimately dismissed the petition, observing

that the Government of India was capable to realise the duesfrom Shri Rao (which it had no to done in two years) andwithout recording the reasons for dismissing the petition, for

which lapse it has often berated High Courts, in pursuance ofthe twin principles of transparency and accountability". It

would, thus be seen that as regards this imputation, thepetitioner gives justification that there was omission to record

reasons for dismissal of the writ petition; he imputed to CJI

that the CJI facilitated Sri Narasimha Rao to avoid payment ofpublic dues. The act of the Court was not transparent.

According to the petitioner, it is a lapse on the part of the

Court for which the Court conduct, by implication, was not

transparent and the Court must be accountable.


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Item 6 at page 7 in paragraph 18(c) reads thus: "For causingfabrication of courts proceedings of 7th August, 1995, and not

mentioning the fact of appearance of the solicitor General,would justice Ahmadi not be liable to prosecution under the

relevant provisions of the Indianpenal codein consonance

with the time-honoured maxim, `Be you ever so high, the lawis above you"?" (inverted commas were put by the petitioner

himself). In his preliminary submissions he stated that

"Although somewhat unhappily worded, it is one of thesubstantial questions of law, which needed to be determined

by a constitution Bench of the apex court". According to him,above maxim is one to which this court has repeatedly stated

to have avowed allegiance. In his modified version, he statedthus: "For inaccurate recording of the court proceedings of 7August, 1995, and not mentioning even the fact of appearance

of the solicitor General for the respondent, what responsibility

would ensue on the presiding judge, who dictated them?" It

would, therefore, in the language of the petitioner, be"discernible" difference of the imputation as originally made

in the writ petition and reiterated in his preliminarysubmissions and its impact was understood by the petitioner.Therefore, he made the amended version imputing

responsibility to justice Ahmadi personally for the so calledinaccurate recording of the Court proceedings and stated that

the CJI should be prosecuted for the record said to be falsely

recorded by CJI after fabrication and it is a fraud and CJI is

liable for prosecution for fraud etc. Item 7 at page 6 in


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k- 710 professional ethics by mr. lokendra singh

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