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K to 12 Trends in Southeast Asia

1

International Comparison of Curriculum, Structure and Content of Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia, Philippines and Singapore

By

Dr Ethel Agnes P. ValenzuelaSEAMEO INNOTECH

Urgent and Critical Tasks No. 5, the “increase

the cycle of schooling to reach 12 years of

formal basic education by 2015”

2

Philippine Education for All 2015 National Plan

Aims of Education

3

Country

Emotional

and Spiritual

Development

21st century

skills

Developed

Society and

Environment

Values/

Ethics

/Morals/

Religion

Socio-economic

Development of

the country

Citizenship/

National

Development

Needs

Functional

Literacy For

All

Brunei

Malaysia

Philippines

Singapore

There is a strong trend towards Educational Goals for the development of 21st

century skills, resulting to massive curriculum revamp and restructuring affecting governance, content and assessment.

Duration of Elementary, Secondary and Pre-University Education in Southeast Asian Countries

4

Country Pre-primary Years of

Elementary

/Primary

Education

Years of Secondary Education Post-

Secondary/

Pre-

University

Education

Total Basic and

Pre-University

EducationLower Upper

Brunei 1 6 2 2-3 2/3 13/15*

Cambodia 6 3 3 12

Indonesia 6 3 3 - 12

Lao 5 4 3 - 12

Malaysia 2* 6 3 2 2/3 13/14

Myanmar 5 4 2 - 11

Philippines 1* 6 4 - - 10

Singapore 1-3* 6 2 2-3 2/3 12/14

Thailand 6 3 3 - 12

Timor-Leste 6 3 3 - 12

Vietnam 5 4 3 - 12

* Pre-primary is optional but moving towards mandatory pre-school program in one to 2 years.

Duration of Basic and University Education in Four Countries

5

Country Entry

AgeYears of

Basic and

Pre-

University

Education

Years of University Education Total No of

Education

Eng ’g Nursing Commerce

and

Business

Education

Teacher

Education

IT courses

Brunei 5 13/14 4 3 4 2/2 4 17/18

Malaysia 7 13/14 4 4 3-4 4 3-4 17/18

Philippines 6 10 5/6 4 4 4 4 14/15-16

(Eng’g)

Singapore 7 12/13 4 3* 4 4 1/2 4 15/16/17

Sources: University Brunei Darussalam, *Nanyang Technological University of Singapore, University of Science Malaysia, University of the Philippines

School Calendars

6

Brunei Darussalam

Malaysia Singapore Philippines

Start January 1st week of January

January June

End 1st week of December

2nd wk of November

2nd week of December

1st week of April

Terms 4 terms 2 terms 4 terms 4 terms

Days 200 198-210 200 200-205

Sources: Dr Chong MOE Curriculum Division of Brunei, Dr Zamzaimitul of the Curriculum Division, MOE Malaysia and Ms Yoke, Curriculum Division, MOE Singapore, Department of Education BEE (Mr. Galileo Go) and BSE (Dr Lolita Andrada), February 8-11, 2011

7

Teacher-Pupil Ratio

Brunei

Darussalam

Malaysia Philippines Singapore

Preschool 2:20 (with

teacher

assistant)

2:25 preschool (one

teacher and one

assistant)

1:20

Elementary 1:12 (with

teacher

assistant)

1:19 (normal but in

some, the ration

is1:50)

1:36 1:20

Secondary 1:11 1:19 (normal but in

some, the ration

is1:50)

1:38 1:20

Philippines has the highest teacher-pupil ratio in all levels of educaiton.

8

Government Mandate/Support Brunei Darussalam Malaysia Philippines Singapore

Preschool

Open, compulsory and

free for citizens but

pay yearly fund of U

S$3.3; non-citizens

must apply for

student pass

Open, free and

compulsory

Open, free and

compulsory in

public schools

Optional

Elementary

Open access and

compulsory

Free for Brunei

citizens

Open access

and compulsory

Free for

Malaysian

citizens

Open and

compulsory

Free in public

schools

Open access and

compulsory

Secondary

Open access and

compulsory until

Year 8

Free for Brunei

citizens

Open access

and

compulsory

until Year 9

Open access

and non-

compulsory.

Free in public

schools

Open access

Streaming exists

based on the

PSLE

8

9

Government Mandate/Support Brunei Darussalam Malaysia Philippines Singapore

Preschool

Open, compulsory and

free for citizens but

pay yearly fund of U

S$3.3; non-citizens

must apply for

student pass

Open, free and

compulsory

Open, free and

compulsory

Optional

Elementary

Open access and

compulsory

Free for Brunei

citizens

Open access

and compulsory

Free for

Malaysian

citizens

Open and

compulsory

Free

Open access and

compulsory

Secondary

Open access and

compulsory until

Year 8

Free for Brunei

citizens

Open access

and

compulsory

until Year 9

Open access

and non-

compulsory

Open access

Streaming exists

based on the SP:E

9

10

Curricular ReformsBrunei Darussalam Malaysia Philippines

Basis of

Reforms

Wawasan Brunei 2035

towards educated,

highly skilled and

accomplished people,

quality life, and

dynamic and

sustainable economy

Vision 2020 to make

Malaysia a developed

nation by 2020

President Aquino’s

Education Agenda

Emphasis

of Reforms

•Education structure

•Curriculum and

assessment

•Technical Education

•Content

•Curriculum materials

•Pedagogy

•Assessment

methodologies

•School management

Increase the Cycle of

basic education

Timeline

SPN21

2009 for Year1

2012 for Year 7

National Standard-

based Curriculum

2010 for Preschool

2011 for Primary

2014 for Secondary

K-12 Education Reform

2011 for Universal

Kindergarten

1 to 12 (2012onwards)

10

Preschool Entry Ages and Nomenclatures and Languages of Instruction in Four SEA Countries

12

Age at

Entry

and LOI

Brunei

Darussalam


0-4 Early Childhood

Education

(ECE)

Child Care

Education

Day Care Child Care

Education

5-6 Preschool

(kindergarten)

Preschool

(kindergarten)

Preschool

(kindergarten)

Kindergarten

Languages

of

Instruction

(LOI)

Bilingual Chinese, Tamil,

Malay, English

English, Filipino English

Brunei

Darussalam


Basis of

Kindergarten

curriculum

2009 SPN21

Early Learning

Standards

National

Standards-based

Preschool

Curriculum 2010

National

Kindergarten

Curriculum

Guide

Framework for A

Kindergarten

Curriculum in

Singapore

Expectations of

Preschool

Curriculum

For the holistic

development of

children in five

domains in

preparation for

primary

education

Develop children

in holistic and

integrated manner

to increase skills,

self-confidence,

positive self-

esteem to adapt

and excel in

primary school

Improve

readiness and

foundation skills

to be ready for

primary grades

Support and

foster the

holistic

development

Preparation

for the

journey of

the life-long

learning

Approach

Structured, play-

based approach

Standard-based

and modular-based

Planned

activities

following

DepED

Standards

Use of play and

structured

learning

Framework of Kindergarten Curriculum

13

Brunei Darussalam Malaysia Philippines Singapore• Moral values/

education, Islamic

education

• Mathematics

• Physical (health and

safety, aspects of

movements, games

and early science.

• Aesthetics/ Creativity

(arts and crafts,

singing, stories and

drama

• ICT awareness

• Language,

literacy and

communication

• Islamic and

moral education,

• Others: morning

routine, recess

and reflection

• 3 Rs (literacy and

numeracy)

Values

education,

Physical health

and motor skills,

Socio-emotional

skills,

Cognitive skills,

Creative arts

skills,

Language and

readiness for

reading and

writing

Communication

skills.

• Language and

literacy skills,

• Basic number

concepts

• Social skills

• Creative and

problem solving

skills

• Appreciation of

music and

movement

• Outdoor play.

Content/Learning Areasof Preschool Curriculum

14

15

Instructional Time of Preschool Classes in Four Southeast Asian Countries

Brunei

Darussalam


Hours

per Day3-3.5 4 2-3 3-4

Days per

Week5 5 5 5

Brunei

Darussalam


Informal formative

assessment

through

observation,

checklist, oral

interviews and

written work

Informal

formative

assessment

through

checklist,

anecdotes, and

narrative

reports

Informal

formative

assessment

School

Readiness

Assessment

Examination

Observation

through

profiling and

portfolio

Kindergarten Assessment

16

17

Primary/Elementary Education Structures in Four SEA Countries

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6

BruneiLower Primary (ages 6-8) Upper Primary (ages 9-11)

MalaysiaStage 1 (ages 7-9) Stage 2 (ages 10-12)

Philippines

Primary Grades (ages 6-9)

Intermediate

Grades (ages

10-11)

Singapore

Foundation Stage (ages 7-10)

Orientation

Stage (ages 11-

12)

Learning Areas in Elementary

18

Common Core Subjects are:1. English2. National Language/Mother Tongue3. Science4. Mathematics

Common Complimentary Subjects are:1. Civics Education/Moral Education/Values

Education/Religious Education2. Physical Education3. Arts, Culture, and Music4. Social Studies

Philippines Brunei Darussalam Malaysia Singapore

Grade 1 350 300 360 360

Grade 2 350 300 360 360

Grade 3 350 300 360 270

Grade 4 300 240 300 270

Grade 5 300 240 300 270

Grade 6 300 240 300 270

Time Allotment in minutes per weekMother Tongue/National Language, Elementary

19


Grade 1 450 300 330 450

Grade 2 450 300 330 450

Grade 3 450 300 330 390

Grade 4 300 240 300 390

Grade 5 300 240 300 360

Grade 6 300 240 300 360

Time Allotment in minutes per weekEnglish, Elementary

20


Grade 1 120 60

Grade 2 120 60

Grade 3 200 120 60 120

Grade 4 300 150 120 120

Grade 5 300 150 120 150

Grade 6 300 150 120 150

Time Allotment in minutes per week Science, Elementary

21


Grade 1 350 300 180 240

Grade 2 350 300 180 240

Grade 3 350 300 180 330

Grade 4 300 240 180 330

Grade 5 300 240 180 300

Grade 6 300 240 180 300

Time Allotment in minutes per week Mathematics, Elementary

22


Grade 1 300 30

Grade 2 300 30

Grade 3 300 60

Grade 4 200 90 60 60

Grade 5 200 90 60 90

Grade 6 200 90 60 90

Time Allotment in minutes per weekSocial Studies, Elementary

23


Grade 1 150 180 240

Grade 2 150 180 240

Grade 3 150 180 270

Grade 4 100 150 180 270

Grade 5 200 150 180 240

Grade 6 200 150 180 240

Time Allotment in minutes per weekMusic, Arts, PE, & Health (MAPEH), Elementary

24


Grade 1 150 120 180 60

Grade 2 150 120 180 60

Grade 3 150 120 180 60

Grade 4 100 150 180 60

Grade 5 100 150 180 90

Grade 6 100 150 180 90

Time Allotment in minutes per weekValues Education (VE), Elementary

Notes: For Brunei Darussalam, VE are Religious Study and Moral & Natl Philosophy. In Grades 1-3 Religious Studies and Moral Education are integrated, in Grades 4 to Year 9, they are separate subjects. For Malaysia, Islamic Education is for Muslims while Moral Education (120 min in secondary) is for non-Muslims. For Singapore in Year 1-2, Civics and Moral Education (CME) time allotment is shared with PCCG, NE and SEL. For Philippines, it is Character Education for elementary.

25


Grade 1 30

Grade 2 30

Grade 3 30

Grade 4 200 30 60

Grade 5 200 30 60

Grade 6 200 30 60

Time Allotment in minutes per week Design & Technology/ Technology & Livelihood Education, Elementary

26

Assessment in Elementary

27

Brunei Malaysia Singapore Philippines

Assessment

framework

•School based

assessment

•School based

assessment

(centralized)

•School based

assessment

•School based

assessment

Exit Exam/

Progression

•School

progress exam

on the 6th

grade

•School

progress exam

on the 6th

grade

•Primary School

Leaving

Examination

(PSLE)

No Exit Exam

but has

National

Achievement

Test (NAT),

which assesses

school rather

than students

Brunei

Darussalam


Assessment

framework

•School based

assessment

•School

Progress

Examination

School based

assessment

School based

assessment

School based

assessment

Exit Exam/

Progression

Primary

School

Assessment

Primary School

Evaluation

Test

Primary School

Leaving

Examination

(PSLE)

No Exit Exam

but has

National

Achievement

Test (NAT),

which assesses

school rather

than students

Languages of Instruction

28

Brunei Malaysia Singapore Philippines

Assessment

framework

•School based

assessment

•School based

assessment

(centralized)

•School based

assessment

•School based

assessment

Exit Exam/

Progression

•School

progress exam

on the 6th

grade

•School

progress exam

on the 6th

grade

Brunei

Darussalam


Elementary

English and

Malay

English and

Malay in

National Schools

English and

Chinese/Tamil in

National Type

Schools

English,

Filipino and

vernacular in 8

dialects

English and

Mother Tongue

SECONDARY: REGIONAL COMPARISON

29

Secondary and Post-Secondary Education in Four Southeast Asian countries

30

Year 1 Year2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Total

PHILIPPINES SECONDARY LEVEL(YEAR 1-4)GeneralSpecial (Arts, Cultural, Science, Sports, and Tech-voc, Journalism, foreign language)General plus special (e.g. Gen Sec Cur plus Special program for the Arts/Theater Arts/Music/Creative Writing/; Visual Arts) General plus Eng’g Science EducProgram)

4

BRUNEI DARUSSALAM

Lower Secondary (Year 7-8)General Education Program

Upper Secondary (Year 9-10/11) General program (Academically inclined) Applied Program (Technical Vocational)

Post Secondary Sixth Form Colleges (2-year

pre-university program) Technical Colleges Vocational Schools

7

MALAYSIA Lower Secondary (Form 1-3)General Education Program(13-15 years old)

Upper Secondary (Form I4-5 ) Academic Technical /Vocation Religious (16-17 yrs old)

•Pre-university (Form 6 or STPM (Art or Science streams)•Matriculation Program

7

SINGAPORE Lower Secondary (4-5 year) Special/express

course Normal Technical Normal Academic

Lower Secondary (4-5 year) Special/express

course Normal Technical Normal Academic

Pre-university (2-3 years)Junior College

Arts Stream, Science, CommercePolytechnic Diploma

(Nanyang, Ngee Ann, Republic, Singapore, Temasek)Institute of Technical Education

7-8

Integrated Program (lower Secondary to Pre-University)

General Characteristics of Secondary Education in Four SEA Countries

31

Brunei Darussalam Malaysia Philippines Singapore

Secondary

Education

Curriculum

Framework

National Education

System for the 21st

Century (SPN 21) 2009

The Education (National

Curriculum) Regulation 1997

National Standards-Based

Curriculum 2014

•2002 RBEC/

• 2010 Secondary

Education Curriculum

Education Act Amended 2009

Desired

Outcomes/

Expectations

•Consolidation and

strengthening of various

knowledge & skills

•development of aptitude

& interests, personality,

attitudes & values;

•development of talents

& interests;

•preparation for pre-

vocational, higher

education and future

career

Consolidation of skills

acquired at primary & pre-

vocational level;

Development of aptitude,

interests, personality,

attitudes and values,

specialization, career &

higher education

Development of

functional literacy and

21st century core skills

needed to be globally

competitive

•have moral integrity

•believe in their abilities and be

able to adapt to change

•be able to work in teams and

show empathy for others

•be creative and have an

inquiring mind

•be able to appreciate diverse

views and communicate

effectively

•take responsibility for their own

learning

•enjoy physical activities and

appreciate the arts

•believe in Singapore and

understand what matters to

Singapore

Organization

of Curriculum

Spiral and progressive Spiral and progressive Discipline-based Spiral and progressive

Content/Learning Areas in Secondary

32

Content/Learning Areas in Lower SecondaryCore Other Learning Areas* Electives (for Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia and

Singapore)

•English•National Language/Mother Tongue•Science•Mathematics

•Civics Education/Moral Education/Values Education/Religious Education•Physical Education•Health Education •Music•Arts•Technology/HomeEconomics•Social Studies

•Languages•Mathematics•Sciences•Humanities and Social Sciences•Religion•Arts•ICT•Technical-Vocational

*other subjects fall under electives

Scope of Mathematics Curriculum between Philippines and Singapore

33

Philippines Singapore

A-Level Math Pure Mathematics (Functions & Graphs, Sequence &

Series, Vectors, Complex Numbers, Calculus)

Statistics (Permutation & Combination, Probability, Distribution

Models, Sampling & Hypothesis Testing, Correlation & Regression

SecondaryLevel

Fourth Year: Advanced Algebra, Trigonometry and StatisticsThird Year: GeometrySecond Year: Intermediate AlgebraFirst Year: Elementary Algebra

Number & Algebra, Measurement & Geometry, Statistics

Additional at Upper SecondaryAlgebra, Geometry & Trigonometry,

Calculus

Primary Whole numbers, rational numbers, measurement, geometry, graphs

Number & Algebra, Measurement & Geometry, Statistics

Sources: Philippine 2002 Basic Education Curriculum, Singapore Ministry of Education

34

Scope of Math Curriculum (Singapore Model)

34

Primary Mathematics3 inter-connected strands

Number and Algebra, Measurement and Geometry, Statistics

Secondary Mathematics3 inter-connected strands

Number and Algebra, Measurement and Geometry, Statistics & ProbabilityAdditional Mathematics at Upper Sec (Optional)

Algebra, Geometry & Trigonometry, Calculus

A-level Mathematics (Optional) 2 broad groups of topics

Pure mathematics (Functions and Graphs, Sequence and Series, Vectors, Complex Numbers, Calculus)

Statistics (Permutation & Combination, Probability, Distribution Models, Sampling and Hypothesis Testing, Correlation and Regression)

34

Scope of Science Curriculum between Philippines and Singapore

35

Philippines Singapore

A-Level Math

Physics, Chemistry (organic and biochemistry), Biology (cell and

microbiology)

SecondaryLevel

Fourth Year: PhysicsThird Year: ChemistrySecond Year: BiologyFirst Year: Integrated Science

Upper: Physics, Chemistry, BiologyLower: Measurement, Science, & Technology, Diversity, Models & Systems, Interactions, Energy

Primary People, Animals, Plants, Matter, Energy

Diversity, Cycles, Systems, Interaction

Sources: Philippine 2002 Basic Education Curriculum, Singapore Ministry of Education

36

Scope of Science Curriculum (Singapore Model)

36

Primary Science

5 Themes: Diversity, Cycles, Systems, Interactions, Energy

Upper Secondary – Physics, Chemistry, Biology

Lower Secondary Science6 Themes: Measurement, Science and Technology, Diversity, Models and

Systems, Interactions, Energy

A-level Physics, Chemistry, Biology Physics – emphasis on modern Physics

Chemistry – emphasis on organic and biochemistry Biology – emphasis on cell and molecular biology

36


1st Year 300 210 200 240

2nd Year 300 210 200 240

3rd Year 300 210 200 320

4th Year 300 210 200 320

5th Year 210 200 320

Time Allotment in minutes per weekEnglish, Secondary

37

38


1st Year 240 120 240 180

2nd Year 240 120 240 180

3rd Year 240 120 240 240

4th Year 240 120 240 240

5th Year 120 240 240

Time Allotment in minutes per weekMother Tongue/National Language, Secondary


Grade 1 120 60

Grade 2 120 60

Grade 3 200 120 60 120

Grade 4 300 150 120 120

Grade 5 300 150 120 150

Grade 6 300 150 120 150

Time Allotment in minutes per weekScience, Secondary

39


1st Year 300 180 200 150

2nd Year 300 180 200 150

3rd Year 300 180 200 240

4th Year 300 180 200 240

5th Year 180 200 240

Time Allotment in minutes per weekMathematics, Secondary

40

1st Year 2nd Year 3rd Year 4th Year

Philippines 240 240 240 240

Brunei Darussalam 210 210 360 360

Malaysia 120 120 120 120

Singapore 120 120

Time Allotment in minutes per weekSocial Studies, Secondary

41


1st Year 240 60 160 210

2nd Year 240 60 160 210

3rd Year 240 60 160 120

4th Year 240 60 80 120

5th Year 60 80 120

Time Allotment in minutes per weekMusic, Arts, PE & Health (MAPEH) , Secondary

42


1st Year 120 180 160 120

2nd Year 120 180 160 120

3rd Year 180 240 160 80

4th Year 180 240 160 80

5th Year 240 160 80

Time Allotment in minutes per weekValues Education, Secondary

43


1st Year 240 120 90

2nd Year 240 120 90

3rd Year 240 120

4th Year 240

5th Year

Time Allotment in minutes per weekDesign & Technology/ Technology & Livelihood Education, Secondary

44

Assessment in Secondary

45

Brunei Darussalam Malaysia Singapore Philippines

BJCE “O” level

examination after

Form 5

BJCE “A” level

examination after

Form 7

Lower Secondary

Assessment (PMR in

Malay)

Malaysian

Certificate of

Education (SPM)

after 5th year

equivalent to O Level

General Certificate

of Education

Examinations (GCE)

“N” level for Normal

stream.

CGE “O” Level for

Express/5 year normal

academic

No Exit Exam but

has National

Achievement Test

(NAT), and National

Career Aptitude

Examinations

(NCAE)

UPPER SECONDARY/FORM 6/MATRICULATION COLLEGE/JUNIOR COLLEGE/POLYTECHNIC AND ITE COURSES

AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON

46

Post -Secondary Education

47

Brunei

Darussalam


Duration of

Post

Secondary

Education

2-3 2-3 None 2-3

Streams

Form Six

Colleges (2-

year

pre-

university

program)

Technical

Colleges

Vocational

Schools

Islamic

Studies

Form 6 or

STPM (art or

science streams)

Matriculation

Program

Islamic Studies

Junior College

-Arts Stream

-Science

-Commerce

Polytechnic

Diploma

(Nanyang, Ngee

Ann, Republic, Sin

gapore, Temasek)

Institute of

Technical

Education

Language/Medium of InstructionBrunei

Darussalam


Post-

Secondary

English

and Bahasa

Malaysia

English and

Malay in

National

Schools;

English and

Chinese/Tami

l in National-

Type Schools

English and

Filipino

English and

Mother

Tongue taught

as subject

48

49

Upper Secondary Subject Combinations

S/N 9 Subjects 8 Subjects 7 Subjects

1 English English English

2 MTL MTL MTL

3 Mathematics Mathematics Mathematics

4 Additional Math Additional Math Additional Math

5 Physics Physics Science (Phy/Chem)

6 Chemistry Chemistry Combined Humanities

7 Biology Combined Humanities Sc/Hum/Art/Music/D&T/F&N

8 Combined Humanities

(SS + Hist/Geog/Lit Elective)

Bio/Hum/Art/Music/D&T/F&N -

9 Hist/Geog/Lit or 3rd Lang - -

Common Upper Secondary Curriculum

Core Subjects : EL, MTL, Math, Science, HumanitiesSubject combinations : 5 core + 2/3/4 electives

49

50

Curriculum Framework – Pre-University

LIFE SKILLS

CME, NE, CCA, PCCG, PE,

Health Edn

KNOWLEDGE SKILLS

KI

MATHEMATICS & SCIENCES

HUMANITIES & THE ARTS

MathematicsPhysics

ChemistryBiology

Computing

LiteratureHistoryGeographyEconomicsArt, Music

LANGUAGES

English LanguageMother Tongue Language

GP PW

Theatre Studies & Drama

50

51

Pre-University Curriculum

Arts Combination Science Combination

General Paper General Paper

Mother Tongue Language Mother Tongue Language

Project Work Project Work

Literature Mathematics

Hist/Geog Chemistry

Economics Physics/Biology

Math/Phy/Chem/Bio Econs/Hist/Geog/Lit/Art/Music

Minimum subject combination: GP, MTL, PW, 3H2, 1H1Contrasting subject requirement

51

Key Recommendations

1. Revise the current Philippine education goals to make it relevant and anchored on the development of 21st century literacies

2. Extend the years of basic education through k to 12 curriculum providing multiple pathways and career oriented studies in upper high school.

3. Address the deficiencies of the existing curriculum, by balancing breadth, content and depth of learning areas at par with the regional comparators (Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore)

52

Key Recommendations

4. Strengthen ICT Integration in the basic education curriculum

5. The learner assessment certification system needs to be overhauled to align with the K to 12 curriculum, expanding the range of assessment methods used and strengthening the role of formative assessment as an important component of the teaching learning process.

53

Key Recommendations

6. Maintain continuity of the curriculum across the main phases and stages, aligning k to 12 with international practice in offering integrated science and technology approach, integrated mathematics, and civics education, which is not solely devoted to history. The comparator countries used spiral approach in all the secondary subjects.

54

Key Recommendations

7. Alternative delivery modes (ADMs) such as open high school, distance, and correspondence course be considered to ensure that delivery of education across k to 12 . The ADMs will provide equal opportunity for all.

8. Assessments need to be fully aligned with standards-referenced frameworks to define outcomes to specify content to be learned and to describe level of achievement.

55

Recommendations

56

9. Provide end-of-cycle assessment in Grade 6, lower secondary (year 10 ) and upper secondary (year 12) to be able to develop the interest, abilities, and skills of the learners. Children needs to show mastery of competencies at the end of primary, lower secondary, and upper secondary by means of certificate. This will also assess learner’s readiness for the next level.

Recommendations

57

10. Develop multiple pathways for upper secondary education. The study recommends 3 tracks or modes: General secondary (Yr to Yr 6 same

subjects) Applied Secondary (Yr 1 to Yr 6 with

vocational electives with TESDA certification schemes for COS)

Integrated programme (4 years of secondary + 2 year Junior College)

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