k33-pengendalian artropoda lain 2014
DESCRIPTION
ParasitologiTRANSCRIPT
Coverage
• Arthropods’ effects to human’s health• Houseflies• Cockroaches• Acarina• Controlling arthropods
How arthropods affect human’s health
•e.g. scorpions, some spiders and mites, some bugs and stinging insects.
Directly poisonous
•e.g. scabies, lice (pediculus humanus), myasis larvae (maggots).
Parasitic (obligatory, accidental or facultative)
•e.g. mosquitoes, flies, roachesDisease transmitters (mechanic or biologic)
•e.g. mosquitoes, lice, certain fliesSucking blood
Transmitting pathogens
• Infecting man who ingests it:– Dipylidium caninum by dog/cat fleas (Ctenocephalides
canis/C felis)– Hymenolepis diminuta by fleas, lepidoptera, coleoptera– Dracunculus medinensis by Cyclops
• Posterior inoculation • Direct inoculation through its bites biological
vectors• Mechanical transmission
Fly
Taxonomy• Class: Hexapoda• Ordo: Diptera• Family:
– Muscidae (housefly)– Sarcophagidae (meatfly)– Calliphoridae
Complete metamorphoses
Housefly
• Cosmopolitan• Sponging mouthparts feed on liquid or
semiliquid substances and softened solid material (human foods, blood, decaying materials)
• Breeding places: garbage, organic materials, sewage.
• Resting: floor, ceiling, grass, shady places.
Housefly
• Large food intake deposit feces constantly
• Mechanical vector • Diurnal • Flying range: 400-500m
CockroachesNomenclature• Kingdom: Animalia • Phylum: Arthropoda • Subphylum: Hexapoda • Class: Insecta • Subclass: Pterygota • Infraclass: Neoptera • Superorder: Dictyoptera • Order: Blattodea• Most common species: American cockroach (Periplaneta
americana) and German cockroach (Blattella germanica) (Robinson, 2005; Uneke, 2007)
CockroachesHabitat
• Warm and moist environment
• Sewers and wet, decaying areas (Jirage, 2011)
• Nocturnal and filthy (Allen, 1987)
• Feed on garbage and sewage (Cotton et al., 2000; Pai et al., 2005)
CockroachesRole as pests
• Well adapted for mechanical transmitting disease (Chamavit, 2011)
• Common pest in food stalls and restaurant premises
• Mechanical vector for intestinal nematodes and a few pathogenic microorganisms such as Streptococcus and Salmonella (WHO, 1997)
CockroachesControl
Preventing infestation seal openings
Limiting food and water access
Traps
Insecticides
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MetastigmataMedical importance
• Blood-feeding parasites, often found in tall grass waiting to attach to a passing host.
• Hard ticks (Ixodidae) and soft ticks (Argasidae)• Causing irritation and ticks paralysis• Transmits diseases: spirochaeta, viruses,
rickettisiae, bacteria (tularemia), anaplasma, piroplasma, theileria
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MesostigmataMedical importance
• Gamasid mites• Transmitting murine typhus, tularemia,
Korean hemorrhagic fever, coxackie virus, and plaque
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ProstigmataMedical Importance
• Larva (chigger) as the parasitic stage• Leptotrombidium deliense carry Orientia
tustsugamushi, agent of scrub typhus.• The bite causes dermatitis
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Control of Acarina
• Habitat modification, live-stock control from ticks infestation
• Prevent human-ticks/mites contact• Biological control: predators• Chemical control phenothrine (85.7%) and
methoprene combination. Phentothrin kills adults, methoprene kills eggs. May be toxic for human and animals.
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AstigmataMedical Importance
• Sarcoptes scabiei • Dust mites (e.g. Dermatophagoides pterynissinus) rhinitis allergic, asthma, and dermatitis allergic
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Sarcoptes scabieiControl
• Prevent contact with patients or patients’ clothes, avoid sharing of clothes, beds, or towels.
• Treat all family and close contacts.• Oral ivermectin.• Topical insecticides: permethrin 5% malathion,
lindane lotion, sulfur ointment and soap.• Cleaning of environment.