|i|I1nighlI\. .~,25.Im_\ K4 I975 875' 1 so

PORFUGAL

ELECTION CAMPAIGNOF THE LCI

Yhe camrudes of me Ligu comicsid imemdeimiim (LC|—]n9¢rnuNan:|ixI cdmmimmLmgue, mmrnixing argunimriun dr aide Fauflh international in pdmgdn waged an ac-Viv: IEVEIIUHCIHHY campaign ddmig the ekcriaas id the man: den» uxsembly. For we

mddgiiedi Me elemurul eumpd dd, N-ie LCI wd; ableVD dimiime rs pmpugundu ma Ky, by urfiizhgme man «.ed.d, by imding ad» leaving and brochure},and by xeuing its wzzkly, LHVU Pmxeiaiid. me LCI

was granted six Hours of radio «me ard Hv: relen-eidn broadnusis er Den urn em mesa fivz brand-cum ware based Umund me idiidwind peimedl axes:

‘Why me Lci did dd» sign me pee; cf the MFA; Ihexrruggle dr We soldied-,

‘me ie-We cf March Ilv'Workrrs Xe”-manuglnunl;-me WBV‘<Cfl gevemmani;‘Th: ccrsrmcfian and me rule do one IQVGIUHOHGVY

mm,In addiiian, aH me domes and weeklits dv me COW‘-My dcveved many culumrfi Va H-we pmpagvldn at meLCI.

Each week edivddmdde we spt:iu| pidee 96 dueor WvE:E meme. in Wish geneidl pvopagondu. In ad»

did» '0 an elenoml muniiem and In d pm-gram, -‘W6 memes war: pubfishzd, dd. on wokenmdgdiei Tn Spain ard onc an "H1! seeidiism um we

a 0

mm meeting were arganixad; name 94 me includedHm pa 'L7pa ' n flcomrudex [mes] udndel (er mebei_:innTng dc me empdign) and Ahzin Kr (d.we end oi Yhe edmpaigni.

me Lci presanled edndiddiee in law diemm, em.ningc rum? dc lD,732 me; (0.|9%oF lbe ndfiunulmoi»: 3,955 in Usbon (0.30% dr me ml); 4, main Pdmio 57%), i,i2s insembat (0.33%), amwe in a 40.41%} (We di“erenc: berwee ‘hetotal and me iesdn ulskfintd hy uddhg up line mmat me dzmzm is due N‘: me in» that me we»rigmes are prov: and» ms giwn immvdiafely l:'Verme me.) _

me uther orgaviixufioru do me vcrken mavemenobiuined me Fuflowing ruuhs:

sr: 37.37%, mm! of 2,145,392 mes (rvnrfing «

22 dimicvs); CF — 12.52%, 707,639 (22 dim:-.>,A/DP — 4.12%, 233,352 (22 districts); FSP — i .'66,16) usdimievsu; MES -1.02%, 57,552 (VS

dixrricrs); my — 0.79%, 44,545 uu dtsmcm, =' r—

ML (Communixv Eieeididi Front-Nurx7s#-Leninixr) —

0.57%, 32,509 U2 diserieu); PUP — 0.23%, i2, M(7 dimim).

A5 rd: me ynrties di me Murgeuisia, men rfiuhawere ax idlim:

rm ivoddldr Demdemze pony) — 2.5.3334, 1,494,:(22 dinrhls); cos (nememie and semi Camel) —

7.55%, 433, I53 izi dixvrinrs); rm iidpdim Mm.-em puffy) — 11.59/., auaoa (I4 dismzs).

VICTORY!Salg0n»H0 Chi [Wink City-liberated.’

Fhc Hherufion 07 me swm vxemamase cuphul,may Me weeks after )5: Ixsmum or’ Phnam Perm,sounds we am». mu of xmpenansr domination ...lndachinu and - 'u:nHy mgmvgms M4: 70:? mmme mad sociafisr rcvahvbian ix on nee march. Formm :5 certainly «kc essan an ‘Egon ar H-«Ts vicmry,Wm» cmwvvs mum mg... . Irty mg yams DF revo\u~Vionary srruggle,

mg vicktry mm. The Revcfluiionary Govern»-em,abandoning the adfccrive “Provxsmna\," “medSaigan vn map». The last mam-1. Ammm munmrverx, supported by French dapwomocy, 1,. 1K! way per-rvfined Tm_uerT<1H5m to over! me most compxem de-bccle.

We spectacle or me disorderly whhdmwul 3V Vb:Van Amerfcun nariomls and men mm! favored lack-eys mnma the ummm failure cf Was|.ingranԤ

pulley. Two ambassadors — Dean and A/‘arfin _forced In fine Tn hclitcpn.-rs mm H-weir Hug undflrmm cum; the km on; ;n Saigon dangling «mm

rope hzddm; me }m1TcapQcrscIQ}»e u s. SevcmhFlee! being Mruwn Tam m sea m Mu'<1‘ room For

mrugw, me Wm: ymugvng or American gnodsby u pupulufiun g.\/Eng vent to Us harred and con-Vcmpf, me puppefi whose vebfiam mm :2»; UniredSrmex were no? sufficienfly mug being abandonedV0 men we dssphe Vrve priar pmmhvis of may pru>rectum, me uncund ml memmra regime For

whose perpetuation unperiahsm ma Invested mumafdollars and xnc "(iced (ens M fimusunds MAW.?cun §:r‘d'\crs, we are me Vmuges mm WT“ gmpavernmcnfs wuss Far «mgm about me am; orAmerican mmmiwnenrs and um: awaken many pec—pie; m the ,.»ss:mm, ur «new.we imperialkr defeat in mdocmm, wmch ?x m:

V] E’[‘\' \1wurk uf a mrionul beiariaa struggle, is also one

iaeali ara.a ul revnlu am. lfwos me agrarian re-Form Phat enabled peusurirs in iemaim a.. men landdupite me bombing a -

Feed for H1: (mm. Itxia, aim in Cumbndia:2” hmially upmotcdmilfluvy urn‘! udminis!

HEX: iem lmun. me eilmemi rmpuci a the raw ..-lien is must

'Dixman¢|mg cfmm;

*Dix»ala>iom cl lhe ieaeiiameewe imperialixtpleasmeh . ;

“Flu cf public xervicu a 'lVEU - am :am. me cnmvol afthc revo govern .

e nppulu us or Ihe aeaealama

... In

or ar me walker)?"Adminisvruliun ar me Alrbfin DEVI . '|Ttary ..nlufiomry aammineei. \Abave all, lhe iaamiiaaiiaii av -

N12 waikeis stat: av H1: Nam 3imp evuy day‘: Evenb, 5Quake some time Io cd_o_r_\_g is beovmmg me A rung curvevieimam n place of me mamykimee .gonae plaster. Codyex, olren aeaale oi Snell’! ;' mwlia went mami. ii. I954, are Vem . ,4,ima ay lhe mimamas la aemiial und mm erMac nery, iexibaala, and r v

3 ms yesterday combo), clung mm me unifyac ma miee pewples uf lnaaemma.

ocfulixr immalamia.

gale ia have clereaieainwaila, ll

even Ihough. _ . me

-- a N Ila l c icloriwxre 5 cf . I me«in: I re? ..an ~~ .. . ae ar

mo: . . all (has:

( Indochha haveme Dfice in aimma was dlmflnd y . . imaeiial m, iellawing

in me Footsvefi as Japanese and Frenc ufism,blfort ii aamiiiea aereai. we lmaw Ih: terrible sai-. ing emiliiea by me peuples xubiecled ta departu-

. and destroy eaemiiam, nmxiv: bemlrie eaelaeam, temzvin aamimiiam

mix preiczl, arven and lame by mausands. we know ar me ¢ers of mo..-15 a..a aaaiei at me Yndotnimlkms who a bunle waged

v aa all liamamicy. now me termi rof Wu: Viema

Q ma a£Z2?\f,....,... . I ,.Pew‘ -

by PIERRE FRANKHué, Du Ming, Pnnorn Penh, and new, snigon.The 5:L‘nc$ cl Tmmense defecns nos aniy ror the M-pcos, fihc Thi-:u: and me Lon Nah, hm aka For thermxfier, Amtrkan imqveviulisvvi, wnicn bvuugw mepuppers ra power, Vvuined rneir regima and lhclrinning, and suppuried men whh oH av He mecm.Dicn BWQH P!-u, wnicir marked Phe Aefear oi siennainperiurisn in Sou!‘-wens? Asia some rwemy yearsago, poles before mi pmscn? magic of Yankeeinrperiansrn One of me xirongcsi bourgaok arrnie;0' Suuibeusf ma, cummurvdhg me fiyunhv-hrgesrair force in me world, an, canepsed bQv‘i:ve an armyone—'ourWi or one-FTFM .2; 571:, an army vnaraiamr Mn have an air Farce.

This mu! .5 not inc rem» of rne rniiirury cry inam. M. mm Drcf Yhieifls u[|eged\yT v-executedolder fa refirem. I) can be exphfincd oniy by memany mevcenory clvamcrer of VH1 “Free wofld"filmy, wmch caHupsed, throwing down is arm: braimiying ima bane; ai robbers and mgnwuyrnen,in Fun: of We rzsalme iimrrninorinn or We VTcmnm—

as pangs‘: and the inner people: or inaacnina, whohave decisively reimea cubniulkm and its neoco-raniui surrogates. The --Paris Lxcoor “ mid unryhave men and mu can unry be an intermediarystage on the road In me rm: norionul and mic!Vibemfiun 5' me inaocmneie penirmfla, to an ex-Division M rm worker: mm.Ai‘#er thirty yam or nearly unTn9=m.rplcd comm»inmafly aw... rho French -an-rd Japanese impeaiim, rh:se pwpiei, mil in number, nay: innrmaa sabsxal deFe-ix? an the greatest mpimlisr W...Th: myvn or me inyinni fy of the Anierimn giunrnu; bcen dcstmyed. mm is the uncurgwuziin exam-ple than many ufher peupies aspiring to socialismwill emflufie.

A 5I1CCPSSl0n of imperialist rewrsesand defeatsThe mm on Oh: Indochinese peninsula ?s not an Iscw

‘wed Mow rcccived by Amefcun imp: u\'ism dufingme rnm rtccnfi pcried. u.s. periar WV rnigcir havemmigm mar me neuyy defem ir Tnilkted an wecniim peuplt in September rm bud mmed backme march gr hisiery and "inaugurated u prolnngedperiod «:4 succes in Me expeme of moss revo\urTon-nry aruggies. or DOLJISE, mg cniieun dam nu;nae grave torsequences, my in spin cf everything,fnese ccnxequencgs have men esemitflly Hmiredin min America.

In ten man a year we Unified smres, and mare gen-\—

wily mpiioiixn mere, hm wmrea sericux revevse.-sin me rm of me wofld. Same or these rim resuhsdVmm the decampuxivion or archaic av wurvvkeaienregimes, OK In Erhiopiu, or (mm array: cummirvedby me Sim: Depdrvvncnt. Forexarnpre, In e><fend—

my sirppon N the operation the Greek colunelscanducfied in Cyprus win. me aim or eliminatingNukafios, wna was considered too naurrulisr, Wash-ingion ma not cuunled on the Turkmv Tnrervcnvion,ch: xucceg oi wnicn provoked in: full eF rne Greekniiiiiury aicmmsiiip itself. Cunsequenily, uni. Tur-key and Greece, airnougn aiyiaea on five question0! Cyprux, am now mklln xom: dkronce iron. meAilanric umaricc, mus w<;uk=nTr-g ii.

I

The inaiiiiiiy )0 Find a solution )0 the Polufiniun r

quexfiwn mm was/Id satisfy both ism! and the Arab1

regimes (which E: whar Wax?-Tnmon needs in H-«Ts

narrow me warm, su decisive for in oil fiche: andUs slmfesk pesiriun) hm «mum Kissinger, mi;“N\:Ne1nTch"oi the twentieth mmry, winner orthe Nam Peacn Pfizel In combinuiicn, in i=.iies—

5

BOURGEDIS LEADERSHIP CRIS]

rinian and cyariar ariaire are eoreiderabiy weaken-ing NAYO‘s pawer in me eastern Nedirerranean.

But we xriurpesr blowx i.aye been dealt N ea -raliamby rne revolufinmry aaearae of Ike mossex, in Por-raaai in the His! aiaee. wirai begun a year ago asa miiirary eada aimed or denina an end in naaeieaeeieniai wars Hm apened rne way rar a rarmidabieenrarien ai me Masai (mm the aaiirieai reene.wirnin iaer a few months the ran 0! a dietumrshiprim nad lasted neariy him a eanrary nae generateda pawerrai reyaiariendry aaedree er ine masscx, who

are tending to eeeeee rbe eanrrai er nee rmdmarvulwarkem barrier and re make serious inreae '

Helm dreaerry.a cup-

iire upsurge of me Formgutse waakina mosses T: ue~i:elcrurTng1huIa7Vke saanisii masses, wna are be-eem ng inereesiagiy aeaaeieas in in n enaeaieaaaner rne Fmrvccfisi dictatorship n H: aearn ageny.warmed: and SpaTn are near France and naiy, Maeaanrriee mamnee May was have been experi-encing nearly uninterrupted movemems in wnienair cmeguriae as me railing population, marieeaeeiany rhc yaain, naye been involved.

Crisis, disarray of the leadership ofthe capitalist worldWe defeats oi imperialism are occurring in : capi-mlixi world pmfuundiyalfecved by M:m?uri, iberirer recession e me end er rne aeeene warid

war re deyeiea mairdneami in rne naier mendi-Tsl cuunrriaxa Ax ix known, Vhls economic erkix is

eembinina inriaeian and anemalaymeno. The riseer prices has reeeniiy flawed samewndr, be: It mar

narerepaea. unemaiaymenr, on me arnernand, isanly growing. Just ai rne rnameniwnen ti; beinginrmeemranalyrrem rne ou ' e, Ame ean :upi—iulrxm is exhibiiing the greatest ‘indecision in therealm of ewriam e arienruricm. Ar the must, it plans

an slnwing dawn H-we spread cf unempioyment byincreising rire budge! deii V, wnieir in V975 couldni» sw,ouu miiiian, 580,000 mi ien, or evenmere. we would again sfimulave inrlarien andrhreui-en I»: make iv difficuh in cmiiml.

Em ine mes? Tmporvvm and eeeeniiai anenamenanin me presentsima n is me erea ar lenders a

‘er/«meriean imaeri ,Vh: dieanay with wnren

It is now aFHi:¢ed, w en ineynaaiy mus! naye in-rernarienai consequences. ine mu indeeninaaid mar create ririr erifis and disarray, but it hasaradanr them ia Iigni win. cxoepfioriol and aggra-yared xhurpries.

Wushingvvn areaenre a picmre rareiy seen in hisiary.

5

Nearly rmeen yeam age We deiear uh rire bay ervia; in Cuba beaan V0 iurrikh the American pr¢s7—

aenay, neid er rne rime by Kennedy, me first reeemrnir in. Ameriean anny id narn. Kennedywar succeeded by Johnson, who .n was ander rneiyina preiexi me: were naa been a North VIemc1m-

cse uneck en Ameriaan enid; in me Gulf er rankin,begun ra extend u.s. miiirary operuriuns and wasnaaiiy iareed by me aeiiy rising condervmuricn erthe war in viernam in uerwunce seeking a secondiermr Arrer mar, NTxori, wna nda nied id imposewe own "peace" an viernam by th: mere en bomb-ing as Hanoi and Huiprhang, wern ander amid rne

mas: saidid scandals.

This wnaie ineriraae of crimex, warrny as me penera Shakespeare, was passed an iaa Gerald Ford,wire was brought ra power in spile of iiir neiarieaainieiieeraai ineaaaei , essentially because he wasan "Hanan" maria Bur xince Re acceded ra aaweraniy a sew vmriihs age, the tier of :rTm:s ana scari-dais nae aniy ienernenea, And rinauy, rinere is Vhe

debaeie in Indochina, wirien has aciered one weriame a: anee reaagnani and grareeaae veievised spec—raeie ei rne aawer er H-is United siarea, or Ford‘;-diar laugh in rexpome re a readnerir quesricin abediviernam, and av this muruslmus assertion by a wineHouse spokexmanz "vzeinam is not our war.

H A; iirine unned Some: had nor eenr nair a miiiian mldiersmere; as ii me 35,000 miiiian worth ai militaryeaniemenr eaarared by me we did um bear menademark, "made in USA"!

Nu resolute nirianaee id enema: Io overcomeH-we

eeenamie crixk er ma werk an» an aiiernariye policyener so many reverse: an the iniernarianal iieidiiinar is me resulr er me deeay aiAmer:ean hegemony,

a deeay the? «ne regTn-is in H1: unired Smfies nad

in no way anneraaed.

All me arner buwgzais aayernmerne, irizludingI)-iose that had a eeriain wuderxruriding as this re»near by the unzred sides, are dirmeyed and un—

euxy abeei rne dkarmy naw being manifested inWashinglen. W-we are two reason: iar this: rirei,

xphe ufhsdeierhraiiun, u.s. Hagen-imiyrcvrvuiris yery arear in may areae; second, na «Icema-rive aalmeai ieaderania exiss enywirere in mewerid.

Wes? Earaae cnuki pernaae have been ebie in [daysuch a raie nad it been aniied. Bur ii has aniyaeiniauy mdnaaed In mid iaeir rageiiner eeanam-iealiy; nara eineie siep reward pa ai uniiy ienbeen raken, ine rear me Enraaean and Japanesebaarae sic: are exprzxxing abeul a paaibie iemrnid ieaiarian m by the unired Sm 5 is inaieeriye

ar rnese baaraea ex Io repiaeeAmeriean leader: a today. So long as me “inde—

pendenr naeierr an mg Farce" remaire aniy a vague

aoaieeo oar lne raoase in weso Eumpe, nai oa onen-oier. Japan, onere is na salvaoian rer Wauh'ln§r<ln'xeaonaeoioars aaaiae one Arneriean nuclear arnnreua.Maneuver, wasninaoan ix using the speuer ao lsala-oianisrn selely oar purposes oi lalaekonail, oar oneless ao weso Europe er Japan wuuld aeeisiyely m0d—ivy lne worldwide oelaoieas lp cl rerees oa llne d:IrF—

menIoFU,5. Tmpe 'a|7:m, an eyeaoaalioyiaeo asmole aeeepoaale ro u.s. irnaerialoson as naelearExposure in Face ao one USSR is la one Europeanionperialisons.

Tne aeeline ao Aoneoiean neaernany aaes nao oneaaone dlsappeamnce eo onao neaenlany, ana wasnina-Von‘: areleno elisariay aaes aao ao all .nean onao Amer-ican inoneraalison ean no longer ae nuxluus ana cruel

or onao so ean enly oeoreao orasn new en. los resaaraesare soon enomvaus, ana ii is well knawn onaoa oeia—

eiaas aeaso is cspec'luHy dongemus wnen is T; woundedaoa «eels earnerea. u.s. onaerialisn. is oensaara ly

paralyxed, aw aooer serne oin.e io may anae againVhrnw its real Forces lrllo one balance. Even in saaon—em7As io ean elill eaononio new e met, as is pm»/enby ios oarnisooing ao "usphy><'luViDp" bombs oa oneSaigmo aaeaers, wna naae ase a nese weaaans(see L: maosae, April 2», ms.) la aaa .an, io

soill aarnonanasallieaarniee (in arazil, loan, eoe.)-nao are prepuved =e esasn oayalaoianary nayenenos.maaanaao one world onere are powder kegs whereannea aanilieos ean areak aw; onis is naroieaoarlyone ms: in one Arab East, wnere one aeaisoye infer-esoe ao Aneriaan ineeria osn. male Comm 2» oe newfans yyneee repercussions could run eao ao eeaosal.

Fundamental cause of the crisis ofimperialist leadershipNeyeroielea, one ianaanienoal cause so: one paraly.sis wilh wnien one leeaeanoe ao ine eaeioalosl worldis now am oea lies aeooner on ine aeaol. eo one am.nomic crlxl'x, nar In any supposed lass at rnilioary su—

aeriarioy lynien is oaroran. eoayan), nar in .ne on—

oelleeoaal pcvevly ao one leading aersannel, nar,especially, in one alleaea a lanoana saeeeeses aFMoscow or rekiaa. ozaoner, io lies in one snioo inone warlawiae relaozaranip ai oaoees beoween oneelasses, esaeeoally in the ra;ar impe lal.so aa..n-ories -nernselyes. For lne naneni, onis makes io

aelmeally and socially ‘impossible lao ionperia moa ink: one iniviufive again,

lne aases ao canlaeala, saaon vielnaon, and Theland are nrsi signioieano in lnis reeara, reenniaallyana mi .iarily, waenmgoan os na less oeaay oa inoen—

sTly Tls ailioary inleryeaoian in onis region onan io

was in lval ar \965s in oaai, io eyen noere reaayIo do sa. Bur wnao nas enaaaea rx one neanoine isolao iaroniaanle aaaaaioien oa any new nasxivv niloary aayenoasa alaraal nas arisen nmeng one Aneri—

ean masses sa long as one bnuvgeuisie is anaale oaaloer vhis aoaaoian in one unioea soaoee, one priceon waala naye oa aayi saen an eaeralo-an wannabe a pan oeal ana eaeial err s of eaoasoreanie pro-pcrriuns in ios awn eaanlry.W-we sanoe 5 mm alone soclopol aal sioaaoian inweso saraee. so eeaae, one inpenaliso aaaigeaisieeeala seek oa oeke aayanoaae of lne eeanano:e cr'lsis)9 ory oa break one ereaniaea soreaaon ana eernleao-iyioy er one warkea by soaainzina onassiye ane.nr.lay—

neno oar yeaa and by sysoernaozeallyaisonanolsnaaen.aerao-oe and o.aae—anian ilanos, above all oneriano Io sorike. aao given one earoeno relaooansniaao larees, suchl mi»/es waala sooanaly risk nm—vukmg mspcrvses onano one wuvkem onai waala onreao-en ile yery ssiryiyal as one eaaioaliso sysoern,

Ao bcrmm, onen, one paralysis ao ionaeoialiso leaa—

eosnia is an expregslcn nao ao one absence ml beurvgeek “solufiom, " hm raoner ao one impossibfiiry oiaaalyma onese salaoiens under one ekisozna relaoien.snia al oarees. rne bwrgeoisiz has re ory oe alierone .elaoiar.sma ai laiees, oa change one aelioiaalaanaeanere in one unioea soaoes, ana oa inineo aeerieas deFear an one European ana Japanese waok—one elasr aerare io aan ory oa oake one inioiaoiyeugnm.

Silence of the Soviet and Chineselcadershipslo nao aessinle oa aaaease ar aisann Arneriean ino-aenalisrn by relasina oe leio one dcfnms on nassaooerea ar eyen by ekni na oear in oaee av oneseaeoeals, wnien is wnao one Snviet ana cnineee leaa-ers are aresenoly aeina. lney aoe ekereisina rareaiseoeoian in regard oa one Arneriean debacle in vier.num; wnen llsey do aaea oneir naalns, io is aaly oaspeak ao lne aeoeao aF one “'1'leu3 and Len Nels ananot onaoeo Anerzean irnaerialien,

lne lzresnneys ana Macs, separaoely ana eaen iaHweiv own ways, are ucfing so as la allow the Amm-Ican onaeroalisos oa saye oaee and, wane yeo, re re.cover ooarn lloe nlaws oney naye reeeiyea and oasorenaonen oneonselyes iar one osrme. tne aia ao one

Soviet and Chinese ieaaersnoas oa one aeaeles ollnaaelana nas neen exoranoely lirnioaa in wmparlsonwith one Human ana rna.er:al cxpsnsts er one Unwedsoales on onis mm: seaoen eo one warla.

On one aoner nana, one Sovie) aaa cleinese leaaeaare expending enannaas resawzes waging a lnaaoieeansaeoinan among onenselyes on seyeral aoner areasao one world, aaroiealarly Aoriea ana one MiaaleEast. Moscow, wnian sent onare arons oa sayao andSyria onan oe vieonarn, nainoainea Lan Nol‘s en.leassy in nlaseaw unll'l sne eye ai nis deparmre iren.

7

BOURGEOIQ LEADFRSHI P CR]

mm Penh. D... g «M; same pefiod, Peking nudeavemnq m pu\:».c;a.u ax mcnm ax mm JexefStrum: and gxvended no Lfid m the yin vm nf P-mo-chef‘; repreniun. Ahhough me intern): 01 n.=_m-claim revohnfion, and cmequenvly those 9! meworkers states, mqmye may sonfideruble support begzyen In uH xevalmianury nmggxes, expeciully menmay or: mrgebs of ampeyaunm mzmuyy uggresfinnyIF: szmnay pawcaes e1Mwcaw and Feking are ac-

flw i”'d“"'9"“I “"159:}':°:.::’a Zjrlséifihaif.’{7:§:s:7§:?:':::;f:C:. ‘-

0f the paruIy_s1s__ _

FN741l‘m, ».ed.:e...m;Ayy..;;... impeviulismdono! commute ymunes, for May knew me Oh: vic-mau of we vzemame and Indod-«Ems: rsvo\uIiun.i,cm on... smzngmening men aamsnarion or me musxesin CNN: ans me Soviet Union, can an me Conn-mygive me» memes greater confidence Fur Freehwgtlsensflves rm me bureuucrufc regime to whichthey are subject and Var esvuh $5-wingsa:TaHsrdemo:~may in may countries.

Exploit the defeat and disarray ofimperialism

lies in the slu_T1 in 5;"?I.“y:2°¢§:?§.:LZ"$,"7§f;7Kl:3;,'f§ b°§f?°;§"f§:

the world nelatiotr 51:32:? é’L.'.“.i.1"?.’y“£:_; dL'«;:.‘2£“y2:f:{;Iy§Z°§y'“’

3/1111 if f0W£’S .V.L§{"§.”."§.dy§§yLe§."1'35’ 5p§:'Z°?»$§.viCZ".‘??L:".

ufifized nww by me mosse) ve wag: inreruified ar-zmvyes ugucm mpimnm will anmua be ufld bythe impefiulkfis Va cmch may mam um: Wu amuhernunve poflcies agozym mg masses.

n TXm Vhe um pwm Tn somwu Am. that me aw

perTeWs7vvufi Wm be expnoims Thailand, whnveeighteen nnnflws ago the "me; DVQHHIEW a regimeac mm. and where guerrmus are sm.~gg\ing 'm mg

mm... per) at me country; ;.. Burma and in en.mnppxm, where sfmggles wT|| wmanxy expevi—

euce e mw expanfiun.

Vn the Midrfle East, although the Kurds and the Pa!-

classgg eslinions have suflered mam mm, a muwokerving has rezenlly occurred among we mas» proletariat‘,um! concenvmled, and numefizufly ‘urges! workmgym in me region. lhe Egypmm wmwug dis. nuscan gm an Vmpulse «. lhe chin snuggxe mmugmm

. the Arab world.

In Arms, me utmppeemnca :5 Puvmguu: cm »ungm hm !mmFormed the silunfom mm er ike Zam-

~ ; bet? mm. The overlhmw aw ammoao .s

\now an we ugenau. 1. Wm he stepped neither by

. ya. maneuver: sf we Vorsler guvemment, which is

a

seeking In preserve my du '07: in South Afrizuby tmfing 0" Numzma and even m.a.,;a, nor by

cenun Ame-an Iaaaaa Tn:Vinv.-d re make an arrange-mem WM-w Vmsler.

Even in Lm'mAmeviz:o, scene of ma delear of ma

cmlaaa rev/ulwion and ma savage represxion of mavanguard and 711: wurkers m Argenfina, where ma37!:/ufion a. clmrucrerized am only a Few exc.a~:a—aby a retreat ar ma mixes, the min or imperiuhxmin Smnhemi A.;a Wm xnaynaaxy have eayaraalacnnxequences. Nawhere LL: capimfism been ableIn umblfsh xtclbifiry ofuny amaaamy. In Brazil,the r-nFrMry dicfium1sWpTs beginning kn show somevmaknassex, even maagn :: ha: benefited mm Qxv::p!i<mu|ly Vnvumlfl: ecorwmiz zundifions.

In Me unuaa Srutes nsau, ma mu! in SourheasrAsia mam am mm at laws! mam: repetcussiunson me develepmnm ar the Hun nmagra. u n av.racau Va aamzya Ma reperifinn cf ma phenomenaar me V9505: ma cmpfinn av yanma maven-«ems (meanfiwurmovanvzm, ma Mock muvemem, ma worn‘fin‘: muvemen?) wlficl-1 am not aaapxy penerrcne thewurking awaa and avdmuufly aaa|:..a.a, the coun-Hyk1H\'ng back mm aaunaax apathy. Inflation,wMch has aaaumaamxy mama nyaag xfinndards,has not generated mg reactions from ma wuvkhvg

dun. I: is nnly vurher recent‘)/, an face ar a reces-.. Wu) ha, provoked ma gveuvesfi urvempbyrrpenv

xmcn ma end ar ma Wm, M!!! ma yamaa maxsexhave begun once again to demurnmfic, especioHyagainst uncmpbymen av,am Wen Eurup: mu uko amazaxy aa uffecred byme raayama bwrgcoisic in lndochfna, lrwas madcicme o.’\/rlzfirwaru, along w' :1 me «am oF cha,mayaanmama mos? >0 mam fing a vungqurd 7n

W&s1Eumpe prior a May was and dufing ma ma—

bwhzufiuns that rauawaa. 1. .5 vn Europe mat thestruggles a7 ma wurkevx are no Mug Va pose maquzsfiian Lflpowev. cc the drufling of ma docu-men) an ma aanamg ar revuhnlonury pqvkie: inaaauam Europe, ‘- which was approved by me Yewhwana Cnngrexs ar ma Fmmh nmamanaaal, me amruierhal .ag-ma vhcnmll axmaa at ma firms havedfmppeared, mm ma zxcepfion av ma Fmaamreghwe 711 Spain, and ir tun be amma whhoul«am of evvor ma» ma day: a; than ama¢aas.;p menumbered.

ma anry Impcrranr country in Eurvpe Wm: meworkers upsurge he: no» «ma awamaam gxpvessfun3 West Germany, where ma nxperienca ar aaan-—

nan government between me sacaax Democracy andma usual bourgeoi: aany threaten ~a waaa macmnaa Democracy )0 pvwer (because or Hue veryimpoycncz of Max: coalition govarnmznvs), 3.» M»a aambamy cnuld x.. mm aanmam )5 rudTa:u|-

mna ma wamng "me;n ;; not necessary ro spend a lo) or VTme lane dc-scfikfing ma pcficy av ma imdmonal yaramm lead»camps, saa.av Dex-nocmfil: or Sm! in. mg "xuziolcomma‘ m Great Brikfin, cm ‘hmcric :ampr€ImTSc“in many, ard "advanced democracy“ Tn France 0Hhave Ike avowed Mm oi rehnvnirtg me aaauaus» sys»tem. The exumpk of pamaax, where me win: arme symm is most advanced mam new, :5 azgnmaam:ma Sacicflixi pany, wad by Mafia Sewn, aaanxyappears as a more devemfined defender a; ma Anwtic aHiance H-wan do ma amaaa uf the Armed ForcesNlovemeni (MFA). ma Purmgzem cv gT\/es ma aa,peurunce or wanting to go bewnd “bourgeok dz»-no:—

racy“; an mm :5 nu9reoHyH-12 aauay mag con-Scfously foflowed ay the Cunhal Vzadership. Thiswaaaaamp T: mama rintly U99 or ‘ems? phases Tn

order in gain aamax of me masxes, ma are no? ye!Hned up and are listening Wm xympmhy a me rev-o\uFunury ovgunizufium. Av ma mm: me, me C?:5 seeking in n the xtvugghes and :5 un:.ondiHon-any xerving ma MFA, Wm" wmah ma some amaaawho ioduy prbruaurvcc maaaavya; For “mc\'u|Tsm“

mama lo mm to a “rngimz ar urder" Pomorrow,Y

The cfisk ar bourgeok weaaaama ix befng prukmged‘

by the loss efourherily oF mas: and \e1:derxhi;>s of y

the workers mayamam, espsciully in ma eyes cl manew genera

-3, who mom and Mar: are r\o?sari3-

ma Wm male economic demcndx and naamaaax‘

Farms ammggra ram 01 wavkevs mnrrol, of bad»‘

2a a; Xe”-Drgunizafian of we muses, we aaamzna‘

va emerge. ma rout ma» Tmp:r?uH5m has iammma‘

In Indochina mix as? as an eno(mm15sfimu\us duringMe period ar me great sfiruggles tho! are now takingshape in Eurwpe and can an may Vurn head ha gramvkwriex 5ur H12 workers.

Am 30, W75

EVOLUTIONOF THE

SITUATION IN ASIA

enine is pmvoldng inevitable reactions amongrne nfling classes of rne mm of me Far Em

and seinneesi Asia, expeeiany mom rhurarc vied

m u.5. Tmp¢m:H5m.

1 we deiem of American Fmperiulixm in Indu-

AH the various reactions have one Feature in win»Marv the bgfief rnar a pen-ea is currfirig m an en«and rnar I} is conxequenfh appreprime co ccnfiderrne new eeli ieai uric‘ economic femures er rne pe-zia new cpening. N55 all me rv\?r\g chases er me

region are drawing rne Sflme :un:MS7om ubom hawYo maintain their privfleged mm. ine problemrim IX cumman in rnern M} is mar me, mun creamas quickly a: pnssibb me candirions necessary forPheir stcurifiy in we wake of wnu. uney eerreeri,consider in be rne utyandonmem or me Cambodianand South Vietnamese rufing eime; by 11.5. impe-riafism.

Same regTm:s, xuch as me dicvumrsmps cf ScumKorea, Iridonexiu, and rne vii. ippirm, st.-4; rneir‘immediate Fumm in confirming )5 xfirengrhen rneiremnernie, poiiiicei, and m ry umuvice Winn

u.s. Fmperiahxm. Iheyare rnuseiirnirraring rneirown muvgin inr maneuver, however nuvrow ir maybe.

Orbs: regimes — in Tkafiand, singepere, and N.-luysiu — are drawing diuereni, quite apposite cun-cluxiovs. All agree Hum rne s lure of me Nixonarierrine rnarus ihc and of: paiod and um Amer.imn Tmperiu km no longer rcpresemx a guaranteeor power and eemiiy, bu instead an obnunle Iorm vumical and eczmumlc changes arm have nwwbcconve necuxury. “say consider i) nppmprime Ineeknewieage rner rne Izuderx or the PmpIe'5 Re-puhlic er cnina are partners wurrny of genuinemxsfwhu Mr be duh mm or an Ievek.

rne Nulayun Veadaevs have demorsrruled H-weir cun-Fidcnac in their Fmmtdiol: future. Sinwpflra Pr eMinister Lee Knuvv Yew ha naked: "I do not be naveio

_|zr' G. VERGEAT

YH the amine rneery, " adding, "The fare gr me

nuts: Di swnieasr Asia i. re be new in me vise oicampefifion between ine Peup\e‘s Repubfic or cnineand me So»/Te! Union, China having me umnmgeor Msmric Fen wirn H-we region." As For H-we Thaifareian minim, in resoume M qnesfionx aim byire Arne n muguz ne Newsweek, ne sro¢e:£' "ourForeign pnhcy en mi, mi.-reer one u.s. troops andbases in maiiunen is very tlear. Th: Aneriean Irvepxand near ioga Tcalguppurrwm Iznve win imiwiinin twelve manflws. we are new ncgaiiaring nne

argunimrion of ine wimamwai, which must iukeme silunficn in are region r 0 cemiaermien. A.53011 as pace I; exvolflished in me region — in avherwards; u ceaxe-Fire in Cambodia — rne «ram wIHdeparr." In a qucsflmi about reluiinm wiwr Hanoi,mi) Qfinrlcmayv, Chmichoi cnounirmn, vepHed,in is aameui: m gnexx the Tmemiam cf a countryinn pesxexses naii rne envied fume: in {he Indochinaarea. As a neighmring cnwmy of Ivvdu<:Mnu andThuiiand, Nurrn vieinanr has far years inriirmreeugenix inra in and, engaging in corismnr zifemre recruir man )0 rne goal ofxubverxiori Tn inni-iana. i Trwifie you re draw your own eonerusiene

mm Hanoi‘: inreniiore in rne region. "

Tu a quesliun ahaur relations win. China, he replied:‘We hum already nermu|Tzed our rehnioru wirnChina and i hop: rnar dipkamulic rdutiam wTH beembimiea char my nip Va Peking in seven! weeks.Nmruily, mi, would be followed by me imvnecfimeend of our rekxrianx whln rne Republic n(ChTnu(Tmwun). am we Peking ieaeere have never askedmay we on on uur cammemial rdafions with Tu?—

wan, relariorix wlv-Tch we nope re mminue, as havemner cuunvrfes iner we mcng ‘zed Faking. Wehave had gaod rehbions win. cn.na rm 2,000 yzms.China and nmimna are nm Hke me mm. wecan Mk: wnmmn pull: we choose," FTnaHy, tauquestion abouv mm factors would gumurnee placein Smnheust Asia, he unxwered: "They are hut innumber. independence and irwcnul sm.-agrhy is

e:ener coupen: ;eeekieienee wiinee» regard toeeiiiieei ideubgxex; end, ieenn, eerene ine asmb.Iixhmenid e xurie ei ineeeenn and newrulhy eenbe neeiieed, enenien iniei be neee In promole inepolicy ei taking eeeei dTsmnc= from one xup¢rpuw-ee. "

eieeiy the orienmlion me» Me mung cluxsesei eenein Axiuri moms neee re adept. iney

weeie nu! neke We enenee ei nekine such xmtemenrseeeiieiy unless ihzy ned alrcndy ieeeiyed reeeieeieeenee. vnieeen diplomatic enenneie, zspeciuny fromcnine.

2 Than sieoeniene ei pmifiun deiine very pve~

For many yeee the Peking ieedee neye e.ded «nae

eeiinieei evolufimi. inie ie expressed ey e) ineieei vhm H-icy de rim oppoxt Hie u.s. mi Tlury eneeenee in ine reginn‘, en ine cunrmry, they eeieieenmm VH5 prexence diieeiiy eeensee Mar 0F Hue USSR,wnien ieeu H-ireur2r\s (nine; e) H-ie disarray iniewnien Pekine nee innewn ie eeepenens in me ieeien,wheiherormed or new «neee suPPor¢ers neye beeneenneeny Fmgmemed end diyieied, xvnce iney n0ieneei reprexem ine maior pawn mar Pekine eie—vloufly needed in eidei Vi: penetrate me region, inemost enikine instance er inii mduy ee 9 nne Cd!!!ei me Meieyen Nhuiifix, en eny, ivekine need:eeneeey to bu 'indusvrTu[equipm:ribend »eenne-ieeieei Fucifines inei Moscow ht: rch.-scd in eieyide.

=3 ien Ts eeeieinen: have eeen affected ny incgeruerulized neiiee, Cam»:§umvt‘y, Peking is un-eenekiee e vwola\d uperufian, en «ne ene nend er-ieiine in ewn iekiiie end iedeeniei enddeen at pficaseeiew Hwom ei en compo FE Lrcduttions er neieinen 20 eeieenn ind: penniniee cnine re drain eueeneney and en filo eisiei nend eieeiine the em.geeisiex er Aiie ine sib ry ernekine purchmesufi nedeeed enieee aurslde ine wo1\dTmp:r7a|i5?mui-ket, wnien euee 'viuVer?a\ rime adapted M reginnaleenemene.

This ensemble er new fefllwu — eei ye» fuHyeeeened or eeeneiiye in pm:fic:, bu! neeeeine.legs eneeey eieeiiy defined — Has eneeen»

abour eeiiiieei eeenedienene inei eie new enieneieein the wenkee, eni;-inneenieiiec eenie Tn the ieeien,

Hene. 5 end Pekinek conccpfiuns or new 9:: deiendrnein rzspccfiivt inieieie appear eleeniy at venieneeiv ner ucwcny counlerpcsed. Pekine ee ienee. een-eeiyee ec me defense ercnine as linked ie ekiend-ine me einieeue against ?mperT<:l'ism in indeenanein enienee wiin ne xvi-\l§S\2s in nne rcgiwn. Furexample, Peking eeeeee «ne nieinieneneeer u,s.neee in ineilene, wniie rienei demands yneinde—

purmre. For hi; pun, me me: eninne minister is

einieneneeedy organizing me deeeneie ol We Anieeion:-IA, moendins e Hand 9: lb: Chinese, eendene.ing Hnrini, end pmpexing Pnei lb: ieeien eeeeneeeeiiei, iekine eeeei distance nee Meeeew endWax}-iriglon. ine eine ereeei. ee epeieiien is quiteeie .

90 nieiniein ine aging. in eewei, ieeen eneeieenneniwiin Peking, and ninir areveri ixohveHon ' y eepeeiing ro sineneek. sineeeekk Apriliseieienein, made in Pekine, eeneed wnei inewiei prime minister nee pmposed Per the raglan-me eeeine esiubfished in Pnnen. Penn enek inc

yieieny er me ><n.nen Range wiH ee neneiigneedemocratic, progressive, and nDncnmmuriTsr."H15

Drul eeeimenien ie French iedze axxened inei "ewe.yieneiy, Mere w H ee e fio>aHy caomnwnifl eeyeni-merfiurd eeininimerien. rnei, eiinen i

eeeene eeeeeeiei rne Knnei Rouge, or

i

remain indeeen—dam, end inen Mere wm ee 7vm1b|=." rnie mukuene eeini quire Clea! sineeeek innende in nekeuse e: we mciul base ine cammunds in H1: counvnyezee one necexsafily neiieneiiei eneneeiek cl ineeneeenmieeeie Has uHaw=d nin to CDIBQWB realinneenee Emwng ine mmxex end among many exe-nene ems iennen note upparums wha went everto me ieeienenee), ne eke intends to make USE aFTnfiewvafinnul seeeen ieeni eein Pne weei ene meE<zr(wHc1w ne eneedy nee in een rien Peking)M coumerpoxa nineeir In ine Khmer Rouge end ses-endurfly to ine vieinenese, h is mu eeily ie dmweny eeneleeiene, but the pneieieni is pwsed.

The cancapt of neeienei ricurru\ivy ii e key elen-emiensineneek, Bangkok, ene Peking, ard could in-ni VI Henei eein in ii; weik ieweid ine enirieeneeei vieaneni end in we ieeienei Ielufiurue In ieienn,H imposes e yeiy neeyy and clear rcspcnsib Vy onHeeei: to agree to estubhkh meneinenee eelnieeifies, end pevhapseveri niiiieny ITQX, wide We neye—lufionury Force: in ine region that haw: neeiyieneuybeen Vin-lmd re cnine, Tne i ieneei neeenmeeiienof viemeni ney si1HbVock ix process, but neneiknows whar isekzvien eeeid mean.

in IE1}: sense, ene eieeieni will nenieine unrexoh/ed:The upsurge er max; mobHi'xuH'om inneeeneer meregion, eiieedy exeenry nneniieeied in ne assaultsoF me srudenvs ugzimv the mine classes ei eeen dcine eeenniei, weeks nedr po\ivi:a\ ieeeeieni . rneemnbe imy er VH: M5539: againxv ineenieiiinnie eenieieee American-Japurvesc ekeie. -en — 13

en elemerir Mm nee eeoiyeiy eeen enwen nto eieyby the xeeeen zsc yieieiie-e, bur Peking ne iengenerieie eny penned! Ieedeenie, end gin ‘ass duesMoscow. Th: cumequem ieedeenip yeeeen. poXe1e eeneideieele eieeiein ‘or ine Vietnamese ieodei—xffip. I: is Mus on Mix Mr inei Henei win eeinen—:7-rate wneine. or not H nee ine wiH ye eeniinee H-in

srruggic rhut H nee lee $0 edniiieeiy in indeenine.On inie Held, conflicrwhh Peking T; ' evivablcTFHuvmixevs1)x comxe pcsTr'ive\y.

II

PORTUGAL» ~\\\» \ a\\\\ 2$3~$\a.K’WMzK<(<$%7 /V

AFTER THE ELECTIONSWe are aabsimina balm amaan Iran. ma msaluvinn at ma axaaanya aarnrninaa at me

iaanaa ar ma Ann: 25 aiaariana,~

., M ,;-

m,»»»:aa:

An alecroml »/Tcmvy rar inc ponies that airirrn manaars car so nan — that is ma primary naanrna ofrhe eiccvionx Ia VH2 cmsfimcnt Lssen-ib\y.

The aarninani features a: M: ayaiaiian ai Iha sTfim:—

fiunsince April 25, W74, are fihesr ma Ferwurdaayaiaanianr of rnaaaiar, ma airanarnanina a; H:workersargunizufionx; ma weakness ar ma aalir an

or ma bourg-cakie, wnian, because uf ineirNfidmnrii, cxpcricnccs, ana implunmrinn, aan af-ier aa Tmmcdiamscilmian N; nra c ir ainaiiiiaaileadership opened ay inc can of ma aiaiaiannin.

Ina wurkcrs wlavemcnfi, Lxvomizcd ana weakened ayWe aiamannia, did nor possess any experience innaimaal 1:»:infmMuIFon air in naarlinarian cf fihcwov|<evx' raraaa wiinin ina Framework ai a airaa re-ananaa ugfinsfi caphuk Nayarrnaiaa, ma workersnayanani naa raaiaiy aaaniraa a new aanaairy For

confrontation: (wniair T5 an ina raa mday) ;n yariaarways. mraagn very advanced iarna of rnaaaia (rau-nnnaaarnani, strike: wiin nccupufiuns, demucrcficorganizaficn ofstrikes, aiaaiian ai woken oomm?§-37am by ganarai aaaanaiiaai; inraaan rna aanara zu—

n cf dznwzrvdé responding ro snack: an rhe buyingpowers? rhc workers, in urvemploymenr; and, ri.-anyana above an, an ma has a or M: rapid aria aaranrninaa response in ma streets an September 25, I974,and Maranu, ms.Ina airanamanina ar vim reknrnfisr parties (Mass cmwhich rna aaaraaairza aaann lo corvuln, pumlyzc,ana channel mus: sfimggfles E: naan as possible aaas in raaaranaai aaairannn] and ai ma revu\ufian-ary araaniraiiana is an arnaarally Huearening aanaariar ina iaaaraaai - became in exprnsses in raai Weaain rna ennrmaux aannaanaa af Kb: workers in inairawn rnanain {L1 aaniiaanaa aaniayaa an the iaaa-n arma mw rataiiarania ai iaraa, imposed an March inand, even mom inraariani, ina wor1<:rs' urdcrsiurnrina ai the med tn break niin ma aaaraeaisia.

Fmm inir po?m an, ina anaagia is na iangar merelyone ugulrm ma inaiyiaaal dmpioyer in ma foclcryar ugumn in. inaaririaliar who . araanizina ecovnumic sabotage; rainar, ir 3 ugu us! ma wnaia cm~aiayina class ana in pfirfics.I2

uCormmisru inrarnaaianalisia (LCI — Infernut?or\a1TxrCunmmnTs! League, xympufhTz-

lflg urgummrion of ma raarin iniernaiianai in vanaaan analyzing ma aali can sign

,,»»aaaaaa.rWan;»\»a‘»».»>.I\aa

«”

For the bouvgem e, T7 T5 na ianaar mply a nmrarai :eorgcmTzing in forces, ml iryina in palificulappumws ac rule, r onsimcvmg a raaarianary canvem Hnked in in. m imry nianarany, and. 9 inimpose wcrmces an ma wurkers movement ma» waaiaemble ma buurgeoi a in increase iir pro in ar-aar to raraiya ma sariays aaanarnia ana p<:[' calCr 5, the baaraaaiaia nar Va naaiaiaiy begin we—

aanna car a aamiaai aanrranniian niin ma pmle—fiarimawd is araaniaaiianr so In in subfecr man. ina aian an» aaiaai inaiwaaia uHcw Far ma esmb—rirnrnanr ara strong sfime, pm an end a class <:u\—

raaananan nun ma refurmislx, and raririci ma eca~narnia, aaiiiaai, ana »raaa—nniaa rignn manrayabeen won by me werknrs. in making me uNo:l<s,rna bourgeoisie MU iaka accuum ar' ma lessons Hiaarnaa an Stpfiember 23 ans Marci. i I.The pus? that has been prepused ay ma Arrnaaa ForcesMnvemervfi (MFA) raany ranaan ma mnrg'mu[1zu—nan ar an Spi'nnHsfie1tn~&r-)3, Em rnara aiarnannhave no? been e |muvu)ed; nay ;FH nala irnaananipar; ara. The inrmaiiana aaiian of ma MFA, inaTnfiewenfiiun of the caanaii ai rna Revolufan, andma aaiuaaaanan Ma) has aaan ugveed ro bark byma pariiar ai ma riani ana Vhe Fvr riain (nun mazxcep an ai ana aanraaaa araaaian ma PopularMnnurchisv aany) and by Me rnaiar workers aaniaaana ina FSF (Peop\=‘s saaiaizai Fran?) art xfirengfluen a ma MFA as ma ccmev ac aa aai power.inn is aacarrina anaar ina cover aiaacanaina an.nncrucy, mi in raamy ir ma aniyralaiian ear

a bourgen inai raana iaair cumpelled M aanaaithis scluhon ar risk ina Ina aia good nan of in so-aiai base aacara the elecfiuns.

Clwiously, rhe xlrengfl-i of Ni: refnrmixv elementswithin ina MFA aannar he overlookad. H war evendo v: in ucceluuring wk Dvbccss of Tnnirufinn»alixufion arrd in wurking wt >-he puck In the Em-ne—

dime sense, mas: measures also sew: the reiamiislxar the Pormguest :9, wna amraagn may me a n:—

narary in en: rarnmaanr assembly are assured or na»being ‘eh am uf me guvcmmenr and MN be ableia continue their po|?I:y aralarr coflubarufiion inma Home air peaaarai reforms, ma aarnaw conquesrai in. slum uppmums, and raarannn whhom rcvulnrHan. Bu? whm is more fig ‘icon! is that the MFA

ha: not caused to be u Fraction er me state appuuzlw,<11 more precisely, of me army.

The perpeluution cf me MFA’; anlenyennan and,espeelelly, vne 9:nrDmv:= that :.w;ll baye the Ianward — wmeln Tx assured by me aael — Slgnl es lneopen g al 7112 road to xtrengfhenlng er me new,ellawlngge elm kufiunul eennel by lne beenpeel-ale, e.-.4 puvanrlng the wurkevs struggles men.being cumplermrvad by pmlemricln class camcTnus-nan, a break wirh ma bouvgzcisiey seamless sung»ele riprseciufixwl, arvd, m M: finalunalysis, an un—demanding av me neea to take pewe. ane dexrroy«ne beurgcokxlcne.

ln ml; tonmxt, be nallanellzanena Hr: nal aalelylne nerleeyaan of the mass nayenenl or we conquestsel the moss nayennen». lbey can else nepneen» meu—

Sues embllng me MFA re Ease nselr on me penybcurgeoifie of me e: :5 ena aebnnyasee by e><>endA

zne aid Io llne small and medium-slzcd enmpnaeeaaa by lama l'n ml measures ac egmlen relenn,rne nurlclnullxafi na do ncl! eannplelely dixmumlelba pewen er big eapllel, ena may ean be cooptedinra the Framework av zne aepnelm Ayxmm, bur lneydo lnnn rhur powerandy -ln ew er men relufionVa me rTse al vne mus nlayennenl, may rlcvcrlhelesscreme a dynorm: man is durlg<mu: For me bourgesic and whey apen me mod to «be strengthening asme e,n;eapnalnmn,ge_.le all me masses.

lne elezfilvvx were wppcxed kl allaw For me relu-leneane eae renrganlzanorl el me caplrulkv new,The everlrs D7 Mulch ll, ma amergeylce al a pre-neyeleneneny siiuuilorly and me aeepen 9 of meenneepnellsl and class comcioux mnblllzurlurls alnne prcllerurlur pneleenaly ellenea lne relationshipcf Forces bemeen Me classes. rlnawn enla me ae-Vensivey me baurgeoixle agveed In eel» the Tmm-1—

iiamzlkufiion er 0»: MFA and me navinnufixaiium.I: naw finds Us;-N eanpellea )0 ny to reorganize ureucfionuvy currenl WTKHH Vhe tlmly, he xlrengvl-wenwe pennea, le lnmleee e xvvcmgy whme larger aeoes

are yenyanrenenl vnenn muse inlriuHy Fornseen onwe basis ar nypennenzeal eleenen resulfis.

me elzciionx Mu? have luxl occurred ean in ne waymodify me eelanansnip er lereea benween the classes.ln Ihc lnnealale renne eeenanle sabotage, weattack: el llne «en new, and line enneennnnnnm cum-pelga wlll fur '5}: me beeneeame its weupans re.genenmne palmeal and eeenanla instubillfiy enaFol 5 eklng «e wln ‘urge secfions o.‘ lne perry bour-aea; e and the pnusurmy in me coplmlisv parrfes.

Tbe nexr eleen-enn (in Ocvebev) wlll Mk: pleee ln

a quite diflevem context. we palmeel a ;nanla—Hun: wcll be mean mare vlalanr. we deal ye Factor.n aecenn-nn.ngwnemenen nel me p.alenmal:.ne.a:ry la Tniflofiives and wen rrnssive eeppan umrmg

lbe wldizrs, peasants, and xlgnlfftunl sedan el mepeny bcurgca We will in me nnel urlalyxls lae ln itsebllaly le maldlmbe ena aennelzze ell la ucfiorls,xenlng

‘

cenrml ob‘l:ckT lne snuggle furl:wolkelx guvernmcnly sen lne ousting Fmm lne peyenn-rrcnl of 5pl'n:|n‘s Hewenavlt: .n lne cmm7errevo|u-fiiorlary anenpa, of me panics al me bcurgenisieyena emu the cuplmllxv n lea.me presenfi eneb er lne beareaeb and rhe aenenlnelalaeneblp ar Fares: aaela my? be» be rcflccredthe elecvions kl rbe cumfimenr assembl Neyenbee‘as, many clhserversy eapeaaelly bourgcvls sumrwen-Kumrs, were surprkeé al lne neaala.

me large electoral majurify wan by me wvrkevx par-nae conlims aaln :5: erlarmous eanrlaenee al meworker: in their we sh-ength and cnmburlvlfiy andthe absence era hovrgeuk ahernmive.

an M: vicrmy or the sealelm pany is eennaelelany.A reklrmlsr parw wlln e workers base but e baurgealspellneal laaaean (b bourgeois workers pcfly, Va

lae Lenin’; dm‘Tr\TIlon), lne SP eanleyee an eleclamlscare ¢do:£ nu? corrnspcnd In in real aapaeuyfor mob? zing and eennelllng We wurkels whoseseppan ll wan on me eleennal naval. me pen-meal«enanan at me 57 T5 obviwsly lo conmirl me wurk~ens struggles, lo lnplenenle ealley el K705: eellee-enenan, 117 aeln an Tnfiuc-rl:-: eyan znnpanenl xecfiarser the nave uppulumsy end to ellen en elmneleyel aenznlsnanan laneepnelmn. The party’: Hnkx

wirh Eurapean Social Democvclcy menelnen ma, pal-ley, allnaegn Soarzs nepeaa lbw "seaael Democracydoes new have any bneamna space nn wenbpal

aw in Tnlerprer lne SP veil as an unficomn-un' landbawgeers yale as do the eenmm (ll-.e MES — LenSocIull3lMav1:mL-:lV~ and me rs?) weele be ananal that webla dkurm revohfllorlurles.

Eu! above ell, the clcclorul vesuhs nevleav lne apn-yeygenec el fiwu elealme (actors:

ufiian er the workers nannallydevelop at very dlffnrnnl mics, barn ln vegmd lowe Fonm er snuggle urillxcd in win demands and Tn

regard la me corlsclcluxrlcss er yanlabs layers of wenlee

ea ln me abaenee or e rcvoluliunary pany ee.e.ell—

nuting lne struggles, bn:ry:ne all one workers‘ expc—nlenaes, and provlding en ox/troll pel al aeoleafor eeen movkrl-lenfi For apeeme demands, me nerann-keg es rho cl> and expe<l'uUy of the SP wlll be ablela play an Ml: pelmeel buckwmdness and wTyl aversacral; mm are eennbenye but lack e permurlen! ex-pe ncc erslmeele and argunixmion.

b) me new reluflumhia er forces berween me how-13

PORTUGAL

jgamma and llla plalslaslal, ms vat: lan ll-le SP lsllls lnas n al slsls velufierlxhlp

< fumes, which lnsasa lllal llns paalgsals pa asllna lsssnaclyss in a sikuorlarl as assal weakness .nlaaa as llla wallsals and lllsls parfiex. ms yals salllss sv alsa expresses ms wlll aslnaaa laysa nfwor‘<-

a.s la svruggle aaalnsl slls explolfialian la wman shay

ans salslssl. Nsysslllalaa, lns Lmusgeols pnlicy asMe 59 lsaaslsnsp, wlnsl. anan takes an ls.s txpeclasanllsansnanlsln, alsa allaws ll la alslasl importantsaslass as lna pally aaa middle baurgaalsie.la cunlcxl, aysn lnaaan .l will aal abandon llspallsy as class aallaaasaslan nor syan llss prmpeclas curliuvlcvuml ulllamza wlm slls bmrrgculs panlss,llls lzadersl-llp allna sl>, purlicularl ylsw allasprexsurn llanl la awn rank and ms, wlll find slssllsalnpallsa la pursue a pansy as pally will-l the csand la seek in urgunize sla awn force: (as walk inllsa llaas aalaas ana lns Fuclurles, sllas seeking lasanlssl slss Smllnisrs sal leadership as salns scckmal ll.a worker: rvlovemerll.

rns lalsslalal mnrglnullztlllun"as ms (3? (wmsls

was ln any case paalalaalsl aaa the all as lnsM>l> (Purlugues: nsnaalans Nlovemenk, closelyalllsa wilh the CW wlll aanaal lns Sm asls lanaanlaln a high lsysl al mos: lvlobi lzallan .n alaslla exerl pressure an the buurgeuls shall: appasalas,la aala ground, la sirervgrl-len their laslasass wllalnllls NFA, la nalnlasn a gcverrlmerll as class c:lHub—

snallan, ana la appssn 0; ms lsaasamp as lb: wallsssss mcvervlerll and u: llls slfigsss and mm? sssaslassapally,laal a pal-sy asallsaass wlln llls 5? ix nsaassaly laall

- ml; aaal, alllsaassll llnzs policy saala sasllybe aysllausn by rmsx naal zaszans. As lal ms MDP,- as able sa presenl llssls as a body lsnalna

viliurl sapaan la ms MFA. ll: lanllssaslssngll.alll make ll uppeav syan more sllanaly :1; an lnsna.nsalal the CF. ll wlll nays la lznn lasls la bemgassa ex on Insrrunlenl la pananals ma mos? lsalalsavillaggx as wsll as key pasls In llna lnlnlslnss, anmen ln wl.-lal. il las allsaay asnaasllalsa lls allllly

was We cs.II T: ln Vhi: comexl lslal ms cmlwodlclory slanlsasanasand character as llls yals las ms SP ana ll.s weak-ness as ma yala sal las cw mass as unlkrslood. The

SP accumulated a lesser-c l

yals agcll-ls? commu-nasln slanl lalaaa layaa as llsa pssly ana lnlslals bour-gsalsza. ll alsa nasyassaa rhc palllsaal full) as theladlcolizarinn as backward laysls al ms pmlctarlal,ana aka aas ma aalas as may wnrken wha wanl laslmagls kvrsociulkm

As For lhs Cl’, lls resuhs aa nal sarrlespol-ld Io llsaaaaslsy lal mubillzufiorl and la palsllsal sllanalls.[ls elezlcral weakness is ms aroducl as sls lnabl .lyla asyslapa alaa aallsy, as ll; llaalaaslan as manystruggles in H1: nalns as ms palzsy cl slass :aHubnn:-

llan, as lls saaasalnalsan as any uw y la asllal. wllllalnsl warkcls pasllss la the lnnnsalals peslblllfy aspamna prtssluc an ma slals apparatus, and, lly,as lls sasasal la aslsn . all lawa.a a pansy as pal ~laal lm cntiun as ll-.s walking class aaalnsl :api~Vulisrrl.

Mort sanaalaenlally llls lsaaalslssa as ma 5», www.-

ln whlcl-l conrrudl: m lnay asyslap, wlll aannsana

a alsalsl wlaneuverlng mom ln brlrlglrlg plassals anlns MFA in Elder la a lssaanlllas. as ms ssssnslalinlerlucutor and la sllsnalnsn ll.a aansnls wllll ..Ha: MFA H-la? sappall saalal Del-rlocmllc paslllans.

The slsslalal sssala mas snlall aanllaasslalyalsssls;*on the ans l-land, lnsalal as alaaa laysa al Waik-

ens sss sllssa elccllom as a ylalaly, ms run‘):will increaxc ma ssnllaanss al ma lallnla n-assssand anls y ms sanls-ansl—slls Vruxxurt wllllla lllsSP aaa rim cw lswa.a anlly agdlnsl lna bcusgeolsicana H: pcvries.

“On the all-let hand, Hlere wlll lnsyllaaly as somecfisilluslonrvlerll and denlaru Ixullml among sa-aslaysa as the alalslallal llnal, anaal ll.s :nspaal asms l umphallsl and slaalalallsl cwrlpalgrl al Me

cs, ala not nxpecl ms cw to asl sass. a law pal-sanlaaa as lna yass The lsaaslslllp as lns C» has

nlals man once aala aaally For lhe lllusions ll nasxpreud anana lns working alaa. And slls wallsslsnaya snals slan urloe pala las llls errtlfs aannnlllsapy llls lslasnsasl lapaaamps, aapaalally ma cl>.

II is ssnpaslanl la alaw a lanaalnsnlal sanalaslaa slamall l 5: Ehher lna devalupmerll as workers snuggle:wH| lake plass Ihrcugh N-le asspsnlna as muhi|'lxu—

slans, ssa sslsasaan as slsalalallssn, and llsa lrldeperl—

aaaas as llls pmlemriu) ln 'llx sllaaals ugairlxr lllsaaalasassls ana wlll lllas lnaya mwund ma slnslaanssas a sevulufionury sllaalaan and lawasa lna alaallanuFl: revolmiorlary aasly wlsn a sllana aass snal ls

sapalals as mo/ollizlng ls». l-Angle: amund sayalallan—

ury aalssllysss al, an llls cnrlmzry, asaaass as llleluck as an uherrlufive ana because as us l Voruus

pansy al lhc lcformlsr leudelshlps, lns aallaa l-lsl palsnlial as lls workers sllagalas wlll be puru-Iy-zed.

The ltcmvlposl an as 711: workers mavzmem has ls—

sallaa ln both a lsslsaslallna wllhlrl same las—lcH

aaslsass (especlully wnmn We Mock! aansnl, where

a whole wlna as ma PUP — Pally as People's ually— has gone ovzr la lns um — psapls-s Democrml:unlanl and a nsaallzsalsan as slla lalallans umangyalaaas salnpaasaa as the lsyalaslanasy lsll. Thertsullx aalalnaa lsy all llla ius—|eFr alaan:zal.alaWeve salslsl Tndicufve as man llnplaalaslan and po-lhlcu '|ue»ce. This is sssn pasllaalasly In msalsl sls with ms llssl aanasallaslala al worker:(Llsban, Fella, Sembol), wnsls lhe yals receivedlsy lla lal lssl wax slansllsanl in comparison wlllsthe CF‘; yala. Apsll 27, 1975

Yhe m.».eemh mam: er he Farms CnmurfisraHuHunu {Pm — ucraun Commulfis? parry] was heldmm» 13.2: amidst gram Fanfare uh-and at Mgh‘TgHV-Fog rhc srrewgrh and efiecrfvcnexs or me argunizu-mom Bu: n muiv be said mm mm wax nu mm mvesor: Va =_.:mm::u; m draw genera‘ ancmion In thetwngrosz. w>.a«¢m oricnmfion :« may have decidedan ‘or We pvesent, me Hvhun bourgeoisie 7: per—«emy awuve of the grew mg»: me PC! hm am my.Tan ;>oV?Tcu\ airuggbs and :1 me pos5TbH7Vy mm {hepcz-, an-ma: may ar some paint bemm: dndfivean uvuidmg u c :15 mm an uncnntrnllubktdynamic7or me regime. "W45, me emu. prexs and M‘ pom-{cal obxerxmrx Falbwed We work av me ccngresiWm me gtecnexfi interest and mwyua an Th pm.51b\e ampnmum.

The historic oompmmise reaffirmulThere was no rtasan ro mm damn: «am who! mmhe Formally mm: by m congress. The sirmegyof Me xa—ouHcd Wglcrk campvumhe, M esscnmflmm; ofwhich wem defined Tn autumn W73 :mmc—dTu¢v‘y uflcr Me ml gr Aflenrk, was acceptedncurly unum'mm:s‘y, ammg» mm Wm mm: pm»nun awemmm in -mnerpyemsam and emphaxk‘ One:again «my PCI demunsvmed the M5 rm and awayme mus? coheswe urd effecfivz pummx Fume Inum country and m n E: m protass a’ mum en—Varghg in wmmc and «mm memgmenmg is

ITALY3

14th Congress 4 the PCI=

POLITICSANDIDEOLOGY

OF THE«HISTORIC

COMPRGWISE”by LIVIO MAITAN

urgun7zm7ono\ snucmrex. so. me rest, some of metfiflurenzcs may mm ewergtd during me pvepurmoryd15cu5sion57nl‘Um'>aam: Rincscifiu (Me dufly andweeldy of Me my were :ons?derab\y puma downduring me sessinns of «M congrcss. For examfle,warm Vngruo rvmmd nu mg; the) me mun-mnum17¢ 'h= Msturic compramise wound amply or pmwppoxe5pHrs WTVMH Wm: Democmfla Crisrfanu [DC » mayHan Demecrccy), a maxi; mm was bad \/Tgomuslymyema. Nov was due any mmraung a. he ax-putes aver economic poHcy 2.;-mm rboxe me up-Maid We nuzssxify of iakingfnvcsimemsu themmmg paw Iarucvfun mu Trcnfiin and other nudeuniankfis) and Muse who zmmaa up‘ rm ucfien mm:zonsumpilon (Bcrca). n .5 rm: mm one Va-me of :x-gum oppushion was raised or me Imngvefi landdufing me preporufinry phase); that was umbenaTerrucini, one or me «mam of rive party and mymu, :3 member of me weaaemmp. rm Term: ;,W e he zurrecfly cmmud the puny’; omcmpmman, Wm» avoids away aenmng m. cm;anatomy of We DC as a pm, under bourgeoishegemony, ma no? draw me necessary condu-slums and a" mu qutxtian the pl!r?y'$ ovcrull mu)-egy. Far ma; lemon he mu mum Va ploy VH1:

tub or an nmau who may he aHowcd m xpeuk man unorihudux manner «mm nme m rune Inasmuchas he does no? Iepvesenr any uuemame m the rm(:7 the leading group, evenenbvyn:mcuHy.

The sessions of me mam; were characterized am:Is

ITALY

en by me Yap pox en uttupied by dkcussiom enme long and Sher}-lam: problems ev me realizationof We Mxvori: campromlse and by me cvlbrtuk orpakmics new the Pervuguexe even.me ::omvud'\c1inn haw/ecn the urgency of .espe.-eeFug to the problem posed by me eeneni xfmufion(me Xeriuuxnesx er which was nm undcnrsfimuied :nBerfinguefls reporr) and me nsxnrlion mm rca|i2u—men er me mmne zumpromise requims tho) :1 num-ber of prior eenamene be created (and me conse—qucnr :npnem.en rlnr me meme sompmmfse T; ure\a?ivc\y lL7ng—remx emeee on) eeexd rm! eennneee be expressed safely lhvougb TndTre<:I polen-fies;above em, VH5 cnnrradT:§' n nee to be nvercamz insome way. In purficulur, was necessary For senHnguev ene company to ~eke u zontrcra emmaeWe e oc whose neeenne group has mken e posn nvigor-nuxly neeme to Me Mxtoric compmmke. menecessity er eezne mu couM no? be postponed ene.Ammrorv renrena, me sccrvary or we DC, provoc—at exy took eeyenmge er me eeemen ec me Pervwguess mflitury barrTng cnnnzen neneenme eene:—defies from rurmin me elccfianx Ya order me mywithdrawal es H5 par?)/'5 aeneeenen Fmm me dais09 znynee guests sf me cangmssy mweenemne uwsueesryxe anficommumveenpezen. The Eeflinguergroup responded »e Fnis m yeaees ways. rem, InM: repor: Hseh‘, Bevfivvguev exphcifly declared thatme sahninn to me /ms? urgen? emmene, espe¢'\:Hyme c:anvmTn: ones, was nor dependent en read-wTr\g

ugrc:m¢mm\ the hixmvic compromixe at the 90»/em—muvt neyevnwn under to advance solutions For #1125:

pmblerm, '- ne said, “we een eenewy ne~ yen forme advent Mu gavcrnrvtm afdemacrmic Vum. lv:5 necesmry .e new for en ec mes: Aeconomic) ob-yeenyee immediately, yeeking Va mneenee us muchcl; posxibk me emeenen oieconowfic eeney and themerhods er govemhwg mud eanznmeangpublic ef-Fairs,“

cenemenny, Berlinguer cmtki novprerend Va Ignoreme DC‘; rciecfiuu cl me perspecfive e: me hismviccumhromvxe or me increuxingly canservayrw andrmazfiawary ariemuthzn renren: has been giving nz,party, apecTuHy Tn Mew of Na: eempe;9.. czrnundme eenang region!‘ and adm'm?ura?iv2 eleenemaerrzneue: me; devmed e good par! of his eeneIeu—ing nemavks to e magfive eneek en rencen: me Se?anuckx en the prasenr cm: an Democmrir. sem-Vary as en immn-dime emeenye areund wmek Vv mu-». ze. we was e name, chwer mcrizul way cf ovu-eenzng me dispulzs over new ~e Fern: me DC ~e

"change" and eminknenne en tlcfivc and enneepemeaeenen 0! me wnexe parry Tn me corvfing e|ee-rorul campaign. we DC eeexe came out or such eeennpemn weakened, ene Berlinguer mw cansider:such a weakeningol lhe DC as an: or me pm<ond\'—fions Var realixhxg the Hislofic compmmke.15

Second, conscinus es the dangers of en electoraleeme cenlered en me evems in Formgul, me \ead—Tng grouv er the rm mee In mm me sTruuM'cm around,emmne me case M penegex .0 ufler a solemn nzwden-xonsfr n er me PCP; “?udepL-nden<:e“ of ovlver

cennenzse purfies and en we own nee . y to Phe can-eepnen cf e eememne ene gyeeeer rrtlnxirvon in§o:\'ulTsm. aemngee. we eweeay ruck M: emeneenem me aeemen al me Pmruguese Ame FumesNu-avemem and therefore nee me "Vvufiern1:“' penyes Ame Cunhul, taking ycfanafi-«er step in affirm-ing me independence and seem . Hy oF ma “ha Ianwad to socialism ‘-

Tracmg out the ‘Italian mad’Buy me anempr e provide We strategy or me 5 etor]: cums-mmfse whh u mm: sysramufic pu\mca\~ideufcgicul Fmmduriun was we of the dix namefeatures or We ceeneenrh congvexs eyen epen fromthc Povmguue "?m:Tdem. “ Sum: of Me comribufinns

zaggw -»

forme

BERLINGUER.«emergingfromtherealmof pureutopia»

‘ ~.

:g mg pvecongress gxggumgg, begmning Mm mg

operfing ducwvenf uppmv:/d by mg zenrrul comrad-reg, had moved "m mag same gggngm. Theyffied»g sysremufize mg ggnggpmm gr mg HuUun road xg

sggzgmm, d:Ou'\Hng its camgm espefinny wam

spec? «.7 mg phase mar yggxa la: gpgngg er mg» —

Voric comprumisa were ggmguy ggpugg m prggngg.Ac mg cungresi u wax Berfinqucr mmggxr gmg wmggForward gy. mag «gig mm g x/Vgurwell gggyg mmgr gu ms mgymg performances.n 1; wgnmmng ~g Isak an mg qumutions. m re—

gurd mg mg imcmuviunu} simmiun, mg gg.mgI com-mamx plepmuioly gggwgm contained a ruvhev

clear camrudicfian bevween an onabdk mgvazg rm!

:9 re mg mggmrgx I::pel:‘s or mg work! ecavmmic

g is nor underextirmle m xcfiousnexs and mg ,,.g-xznmiian or suhmons ggggg mgngsy gg mmmmzmgmg system {sysfiermfic agmamem: among cuuniries

gmyggg dais natures, m:yg.gg\ ecurmrvfic gguubgor-ul n, g»g.x. m m report In mg ggggyggg ag.Im-guer mg: .g g; mmgp

“wwg mug a mare lLmg»)I:rm lack, we gggra mmmg. mg ggygwgpmgm o1 pggggm gggxmgngg andgr g syslem gr gggggmngn and Imegrmicm ex¢ens'w=encugl-1 m progrssfivbly overcome mg logic cl Tm-

wagugm and gggugugm and vs: mgwgg mg mos!yungd uxpccfix of mg ecanomi: and g develop-memolall hgmagny mug gwgg make a: reuiisvic toconxider mg puxsibiliiy gr g ‘warkl ggygmmgnw VH0!

wmfld exavess mg roman) and Free gggpgnmgn grcu“ zoumrizx. mg hypcmexk gguxg mgg emergemm. mg rggm gr pvre Mafia cu which mg mg-‘gmand mggmg gr ygmggx mmkgg mg been reslflcvedduring pus? ggmmgg. "

I» may zgg thaw agrxmgggwg Hypmhesis wauld pen“?!ggngig cmgmm ggngggnm re Emerge am ac "mg

rechn gc pure u1opia.“i!uV when mg gg as g murkygmaggv overccmfing of ampgngxigm and gggmgxism,disregarding mg essence cl mg revolutionaryagggVine oi Nklrxism and Lenanm, and speaks ul g«gm: gavermvvent on ma; bask, mg enters mg yggmg

gc new ufupius no mere credibk mm. those of nnfiq~

guy. ms orTgTnaH?y bgm down rg pure and smpxgarbhvurhess.

Nnvmg m ggmgmg pempec! gg, mm Ts mg chur-

any 9; mg process wamm «mg» mg gmnggy gr mgmgmng cnmpromiie mus! gg ywgwgg, aggoming mg

mg Tnmrprevuriuns of Berlinguer and mg fourlcemhzongess?

m mg reparvx :0 mg congress and "m vuvious docu-mgmg reference was mggg m “elemems gygggagngm-‘

mm are suppasedly m agg mgaggga Imlg by mug.Ir :5 mg mg: mg.g was some vacillurinn gg mwg

pom — a wax pmbamy not at an n.:=idguvu\, Var

example, mg» mg rmgc rcwhniun gag gm repeatma. nofmn. Em apart ngm mg vmzmuvicn, mg con-:epVo'gvDd\1e“yggygwggmgelnmemx gc mciufismgggg ncl consvin/re an gngmgx discovery by mg agg-Vagisls gr mg PC1; ruihct, n T5 par! and gang: grmg mm old arsenal gr rebnv-ism [even m Italy, ‘n

wauld be gnxy ma zusy m gag mgggagmg).

mg rggr substance gr mg Sfrafitgy gr mg mimiccomprorvfisc, kewever, emerges above uH rm.» mgchurocrefizuviangr mg pfiase mg: as gmgmga asmg "securd xmge gr mg democvunc anrifaszixv .gy—

a\urIun“ (mg mgmggg ggmg mg pgngg gr mg gmof mg xcccmd world war mg: mg yeorx mmggmgxyFaHawing\. "mg new feoiurzs, -‘ sgrrmgugr axpluined,"mun odd up 1:: g mgggg mg: mygxygg progresfivelymoving heyand mg wggag gr mg mgmgnimg g; mg

gggngme xyséem and lhereby ng mg run uxyerfiangr mg Igggmg mngng... or mg walking clan and mg«arming gwggggg g.. g ngugngx gggrgm

Eeyond mg aglmgmrgxy g wgsug Iumwluviem, mg

central Tdea Ts mm rhe “demL7:ruHu: an uxcisfi"ccflldsomrion mg, was amgmpxga m W47 gy mg

:1

ITALY

Chfisfiun Democracy eerane er the eererrerArner-reen impc errern een ene rneer be iaksvn up eeean,rn e eerryrne eer me: was ner reenzee Irryyear: eee because er rrre znrerreerren M the pmcessrBerl guer eee eerneenv rreverre eeree ree dish upw e dusk er "5Lx:iu|'\sm. “ we reel eeeerenee errre eeneeerrve er rne mererre tumpmmke een enrvee e eeneeerrve er class :oHuborm?on mrmn rrrehvmeworl: eren "advanced" eeneereev eneer vvnxerrrrre must rrrer can be Kupsd rer is rrre imroducviunufmmc rererne ernree er reraeneuz ion. Nubodyeeere xe ouxly beHcve rrrer e per v based en eer-Ieeerenen ner anly vmn the seeaerzee, but alsovvrrrr rne crrrrrrzen Democraty, wrrrerr zunfinuex rebe rne nrerer pa rrreer Enxlrumen) er vhe ruling ckass,eeexe eereeuv zeee re breaking down er goirug ee—ymvd «re everern.

In an unempr re rerruer ererrrv we rneegrnr ena reexelern rrre rem xnreerr er rrre eeeeeer er rrre hismriccompromfxe, aernnerrer wundertd err anre e ereree—rren en nenen rvnrerv er rne nineleemh eenrerv.Aeeererng re rrrrn, rne proccxx er bu arne e enareerrenen nrere eevereeee eeeuverv er.n.en\v becauseerrrre eenvereenee, ereuaenee me "campmmi 5"),eereennseee en various occnsienx amvng dTNerenVsa—cml ene eerrrreev rerees. "The rersen er rne erreregver mare than n eenrerv er nerrerrer rrcererv, ‘- rererne xotremvy er rr.e PO, "is rrrer H-we revaJu.rcm1ryrereee eereeuverreree rrre course ofzvents when

_ eve M9 N1: eeeeerre eer eenrelernenrerv errovser re r—ene:rn ere vcnjyavdixm, eeeerreenrn eneree.eer- ene;ne cxfremixr xeclafiunism — rnev werenew. re nne up wrrr ereereeeave eerrenre ene re drawrrre rnerr e:vene rereen rnre rrrerrermeere. Everyeevenee, aH reer nnrerreel, eenrreev, ere ervrepmgresx, has ervreve been rrre reeerr even en: neeer cfivensz rereer rrer Homogeneous, eer I-:eiern9t~neous, eerrr §uc|uHy and aeeeleereeuv. aer rrrrs rsner rnererv rrre eennrrren of a perery eenrreer ener-egy rrrer enrv we xupport. For us Ir is

e ene we rrrrnkar nresr became xc rer everyone — e gemml vmener me my in men rreuen so<icvy een eeveree,rrre wv Tn WMCM areen develop is eenrreel re|a—rrenerrrne, vnelrrerne those among rnervreeere enerrree nrerel we rreerr. tner is precisely ene 0; Wer)nIa<:I:r7srTc: er ha|Tan Marxism.

'rer re leave aside sernngeer-e Facile irwerprelufiuner Ireraen Hixlwy ene esp:c1aHy Ms reene or/erkmk—mg er rne eeneeeeeneee rrner certain eernerenrreeehave had en rrre xtrucmres and evnernre er neneneeererv errer rr.e eereelzernenr er the erriree smbe.Even rnen, in rernerrn eneeeeereele re eeveree eeenerel rnerrree rrer ix er eerrenr based en makinger. analogy eerween rre rrenemen rrenr e kudal erpvecapitulistsudery re e reezerv .n which rrre eeer—

ee 57: has rrneeree rrs awn hegemony and rrre reen-sirion rnenr eeerrerrern re mciulixm. Marxists rrevelong knuwn why such en analogy is Trwalid. aer .n-1s

guer rrer ob - usly rereerrer. M: (av :73: ha: nevernee rre Hm: re eerrrerwrrr m. Ane iv rere ab-surd re ereieer en evererren rewena seezerren en rnebaxis ernn ereenre eernerenzre rrrer is, e rene-smrvdhg eeueeeerrenr Hmong reree rrrerere ner-errnerv verree and rereeeeneeee, eer eewnrrerrr_enemuunixrvc.

The pmspectsThe errenree re eave more eeeerenee re rrreer rune HTXMVTC compromke ene re rne perraeer erexeee the? Flow rrern zr neve snarreuv rereeeene wru reap the xeeerne group er QM PC! re keepree eerrv reeerner ene eerrrere ever. re rerrner m-cm-use rre rnneenee. aer W5-He rm; em rreee rrreerreer ereeeenreersee r-re rererrnarr eevereernenr enrne reeereexeex erene, rr Wm ner ee able re ere-venr ereeremn eee eenrreererrene rrern eernane enen rrne eerrr ul field, even In rrre rnerr rern.vn eerrreeler, n new errereenrne er rne crisfj ;r. rrre

country » wraerr n envrrnne eer excluded — eeereonce again ereenrzv eeee rne nemsfivy afmnvingmwurd eperyi rare nnrerre eenereneee an prtlchze.we eeeve evee rreeeen seer, as e rexuh af en ug—gr-ur/uH'un er rre arms ereer: eer seeeereme. wever;enr eeere eerne re pasx rn reee er Fnur rnenrre:r rree reerenet ene eerninrerrerrve ereeraere renee.eree rer June 15 resuh rn e eeree» ier rre crrnnenDemocracy uf rne We rrrer eeeerree during rne ev.ereer:ere leer veer rerrnernrere, we eneere ner Jasenew er rne reer H-rm dspfve various rrren.enenren—neeneernene eerrenrlv ee:ne reerrrv eeel-erree eneafisvribmed ev "umHariVaHve“ereere er me ;nrerne—

anal press, rsre eeenernre cnxis F5 eenrrner-ne erfu” Meant, and Ms mosfscriovx consequences eeereenrere ereezrerv eerrne rrre nexé Few nenrre er evenerrer rrre Summer. rn such e context rre haHane.eereee:s.e — wrreee moi) reereeeererxve spakcsrwevv,rren. the prefidenv er raer re rne governor er rheBank erxretv, rreve reieeree rhc re‘ ran: cumvromixeduring eeer rnenrrre, er reeer rer rm; eerree — couldnne zreelreelrgee h: erenee Trs rene. vn Mnicuserrne pcu wank! ner be ub\e re unzr :>scW re reerreexreepereee er re eenr er-ng re nere en supptxedlyrvectswry ereeene re WEH-row rennirre rrre rrere erreexne revereele uppormnihex,

Ber H-we diFFi:uWe5 er rrre rcvr reeeane gvoup neveeeeeer reers.Cnnfider, re example, rsre eememrv rrrer me rrer.ren baurgeui e, enee again ranerne rreeu re dheerre , draws the cL7n<:\us?un rrer rrere zr ne errerne—rive eer re reeeer rrre exeerrrnenr er coHuburuHoner H-we 1944.47 eerree ene eeeeere rne Hsmrit. mm-pmmixe, rrrer re, ugrea re rcr eerrzeaeerren in «reeerrraeer Ieeeenrrxe es rre eeenrrv. rn rrrereeee,

xchemuvizully, me pagme varianls wnukl be re~dated :a two. The gnvermnem of nimne compro-mks eema mm out We be no? very awemn» cmthose ar (he Hm phasc ar me ee «enxen; rhcf is,

u could refuse ta inrrnducc su. ienrly \'mgov'cImnevanne sa e-nenne: and normalize me maenen. an

they cost, me pvuyezk ar me PC‘ wanna rcmuin

nee pie aepepernna me paw‘; ‘inks :a me

masses would be pwaeee zn da-agar. on the Dfihtrwane, If we gov Wmeni ernnyane aanamnzse 700'»:

me mad er xicnxfizdnr mFerr“5, such as sfifiking orme inmresis Cu at wean some mums uF ma naunatins: and zven a: sane comcrvarive wok: er menzaaxe dunes, even men there wnuld he no geananeten, ec u nmnewzanan. A dynamrt N412 x=m.73cwean type (Quid be 5:? in ne an, whn on the

ane nana n Vervdnmcy For me masses «e go beyandme govemwwm and en me ovher sane n fizndencyre. me ruiinq class — or xenon C ~— In cremeevev greafier rensinns and ts: move toward sabotage.in we brg run, “c:ncHich':-n“ wmid name nos-sme, L:-1:} Vh: vcx eeaxa id TVseh'<:anFro-mug anexawame maanan :n w-with u would be saaad W».chocsinc sides — exactly. . si1uu.'cn. e mane(a'r;Imr-use -naeazanea ~a nvaid. in such (main!rrmmcnis ran? an, na munerhaw ewem, waaxd

hc e; r-wucn e, ~ne xVwnt_:‘L, eneemenen,

and general prestige ac me organization are no? aruH suificienr, and me murky in-eaveaaeax schema;wank! «nu be rcrdued eanexewy usziexs.

Finufly, let us cansidnr a emeren» possibiliry, anemay we believe sFH vermin; me lean pmbabie:that me nanan bourgeoisie Succeed; in me manat vclufivtly snen »e.—n zn resmbilizing me 5'Hua—

nen (even u only pe.n;auy>, achieves a new <:::end—mg phase ar me economy wnnem am: upheavois,and succeeds in prexeming a ‘es: discredited norAcui neaaeenna eana-axe amrenng n nznanmn asepcmring eFFc(Fveness‘ in that case 1:159, me pre5—

em mama, e: we Mstorxc comuromixe weaxa enrera arms. in see», were ween: no longer be any pos-Sibwhfy aw reanma ‘he wane tnmprawise an pmcv

a, an : e cumrury, n waala be reweeamn to we'mdehm'c Future, n aenangaer — n.— eaneaneeke — Wm/‘d be eannemen My work am same ofihsrruhernunve seasoned Win’! mm: ncw mearanaeax ne-n canon.

Coniuncvumiiy, me ’uuHecrMw sungress reurexemeda success rm sen . guer and me Ieaazng gmup ewesento m. am, as we Huvescughr Q: demonsrmre, 14

does an! L1? nu rauw ma» 1?’: xrmiegy 0F me Msw

mrie no-“pray-Gm Faces a \/:*y xanam mane -

EGYPT

the january workers strikesinterview with

a revolutionary marxistINTROD?JCT[ON

l3Ab-1e|Az72 Heguz pr: eencenneEgypt: n Count: of slevs, presented hi: resig-nanan in Prexiden! A uurel-Sadat. Three days lam.Sada! up we DH: ; ch saw n sevennnem neeme death cl Nasser. Heaaz was absent Fmm ,be:ngreplaced at president ec me Cauncil af Mimsven byNuwdeuh Salem, a career palicemun who had beenviI:e»pIInl¢-minister and mi er ol one nteriur un-der me Hegufi government.

The mmlsmnal shake-up was Sadat‘: response In the'menil~/ing eaanenza aeaea ena In we me of thowurkevs movement. The reuwnkening cf the Egyptianworkers muvemem, largest and men d: V: in lha

Arab world, had shaken me regime twice since mebegin 5 of the year: eml, .n Jam-try, whln uneue

was a wave orsnike ans ae.nnnv.emans threughuuicane and Lee... Egypt, and ' March, when nrikesbrake ow n «we fuclnvier. ar Nuhulie el-Kuhn. Thdemand rm en. remavnl es Heguzu, leading axporvznfofSoda¢'s "econemic opening" and n' cum in u.s.npena sm, ma bun prominent in the workers dam-

anstruhons.

By remav Hg Hegozi, Suva! 1..4ghliu give the uppeurunce of ananvzng a conruaion in me workms.Bu) Salem :1 certainly aannn..e me eaana '1: pan»cies er the Hegu government — mos! nkexy with

er. er e stronger dose errre devevicmfion er the eeeearry and rre rea

enmg ar rrre warkers mavtmcm, saaer rres no eyau.aare resperee eeeepr repvcsflan.xrr rrre weererrr pvess, we Jermar, aerrerrsrrarroeswere v/Tdely eeeaearea as spamunews, apenrrearnun. We srrrerwew we ere iepmducing perewareerty shows rrrar rrre rea ry was arrree-rzee. rrr

raer, rrre Eg/p n worker: are rrrerepearrarr rerr.-nrrgre mm re re rrees everragere rrrar he eby rte wo us in the reeeirre arrrperze r em e

' «es: Earar». And rrrae rerreeee, shows every szarr

aucsnow. Can yea eererr-be me eerrarrrerrs sur-roundmg Ike January eyerrrsv

ANSWER cerra-rrrvy, rzrsr eran, r .5 Impunanb reTress r'rraTrre January perrererrarrare were rrer axpanmneous expVosin:n aeasee by the err n urbanrransporv, as has been presented mnside. Just Ii-eepeperrc. me eeaareerarrea an January r was anorganized eerxea that capped a warwr.e.e:ass up-surge that had betn eecre on Far severe’ monthsLast auvumn Mere was a series ofsfikes e rre mas!pewerral erras were in sepre-rwnser— rrer succeededre forcing rr.e eeyerarrrerrr re pey rre workers aremerrm waaes cur of rrrezraeeerrmeree eerpexseryxuvhgs. aer rre warkcrs were demand 9 my pey-men! ar rre errraep backlog as rrear suvm; and, rr.eeerrrprr, a wage increase re eerraeuy earrperserefur rm navuirous arree aeereees.

TM workers movement continued re near rer rresedemands, and aer carmude lcxfilos workers rr Helwunprrerea Veaflets chant Mes: aeeraaas era disrriburedihnm re orher Ieyere afwo-keys. re raer, rreee |e=F—rers reaerrea SM/bra, eleruareue, and Abxundriu,as weu es errer eerrers nfwcrldng-class z:ovvcentw—rrar. NummUy, rm; srrreexareen the repreee-rye ap—eereras-, rvrree workers er me e7>5‘vurq reerery inAimbaba were arresfed and rerrurea re gel rrrrerrrre—raerr om uF ruerr. ner -rre workzlx epearee wasarr We r:se_ In December me workers er S5-wbm ur—gunized assembfies Inudc are raerary re demand eerrrereaee re wages and ree payraear er rrerr eeyrage.

- rrer. rrrey organized workers eeeeerls, wl-Sch movedme me building ar rrre rexrue weruers aerae unico ' ued re operate on err avrresr eerxy basis rarten days. me regrree aar very rrrerreeea, erra saver.oaaerre, rre rwrarsrarar labor, persunully intcrvénedra urder me workcvs e><peUed rrerrr N12 baflding andrrrerr re mar rrre ernerrrg eewrr re ereyerrr Furfihevrreersees rrerr rakrrre place rrrere,

As a pmfesi egrrer these rrrareawere, wmer, hadbeen wppcried by rrre vrudenmiun eareeaeraey, rrreworkers er Herwarr demanded mm meir arrzar. wim-20

ereaarreearra arra deeperflng as We E5‘/p‘iurv wcA<- rr

ea :19 rake up rrrerr rule as me vanguard of areye-/aluhonary rrre /evnevw rrr the Arab wnrld.

trre rareryiew was taken in car-re er rrre begrrrrrrrrgof February wrrrr en: es me eprrreaes er Hm Ma-.rar'errrerrrs xeyevaraeaery cemraersr Group, a reeerrn,rerrrrea reyemaerrery rrerxxsrarperr a.rerr arr eeypr.rsee INPRECOFI, No.M-15, Decemb r12, um.)Ir appeared 'n the Norah-Aprfl rrsee er el-Marraerr,raerrrel ar rrre Rex/:\(u aer, caarrrrarr Gmup inLcbcnan, syrrrpermsere of rrre rearrrr rrrrerrrarreear.

dnw rm rrre aerrerar A/rfion. \Wwen rrews ar we de—rrrere reeerrea rrre rrrrrrsrer cl raaer, he ordered anTnves) gerrerr er «ye er rre prarrrrrrerrr rreee er-rerrarerr rae Misr-He\wun !exM'|-: raerery. But he did no?darv.‘ arrest rhea: wc-rknrs, eeeaese rre weaeea rrrerareay rrrreareaee re earn down rre raerery ar anyreereawe measures were Mken. we warkers er He\—war. werrr eyee rerrrrer; rrr e secrer eeemer. rrrey\uIcd ra strike rar rr.e:» demands. AH Mn rrasr -rre—

porkmf ?ndus?r?a\ concenrmfinns er workers zrr Hel—warr — rrre srnel, Foundry, ererrreav, erra coke work-ers — eerzeerrsea wrrrr rm; eeezsrarr. nre pare ofrrre s7vT‘<e was ser rar January I.

or rrer day rree warkerx gubhcrcd rr. r'ree- er rre Babel»LL>q renway nation in cerre (departure perar Forrr.e Ca?rcvHe7wcn rrer-rr) and : —r. marched fihmughrrre meers oFCaivu arerrzrre sveeare aeea: rreirrryzre epaarrrere. me xlogpm were ezreerea rrarerry eeerrer rrre geyeremerr, earaeamsr r-re reerrreas e wrreue. ms demarwrmmn er seyerer Wm/sandearewy run uy eger-rer me perr-ee. An {Mensa aarrueersued, we pair-ee asrrrg areas and reer gas, mewurkers using smncs, Due den-onxvrurms reerrereeTn seyerel arreer-reres and hegun re smaxr-1 ep serrebourgeois Shaps, e Few pexree cars, and e eeeexepr eases. nee wen: seeres er erresrs,

rre rexr eay rrre Shubm wnrkers went ae xlrfkcy thaworkers et rrr; Shubru eraaer. er rre Misr-He\wL'mzeerpry in perrzeaver mer wrrr rarrrer (3;-ressian. Aweye ereaeer and \'r\dr'gnnliun swept rre weruersnvavemcm, orr rrre rmra day [January 3) me MasrsHk workers eeeraea re 50 an srfike zr eeneerzrywrrrr rre Hcrwer workers. But ree eeaarary Fumesxurrounded rrre reerary wrr'r. rrare rrrar zoo parreevehicles, VEFA.-s?ng ra Ier any dcmcmsvralars veayerrre reerery are rryzrra re ersurt rrrar ereeaerrer.weara ere eerrr...ae.s. Despih: VH3, rrre workers 71:-reeea re work rer Five hours, arezr rrrrauy, undllrrye prexun: or Hnrtufis, rrrey rcmmed re work Areresrs began rrer arerr, rere workers being mkan fromrrerr Homes.

QUESTION Was there any puvullel mnvemen? 7n

sbe anaveamee?

ANSWER. Mm! eena:nxy. In fact, were wcre mu-Fmaanzafeamna Deccmber or me unaveany av

cane. Posters eppoxing the regime appeared mu me

wtlus; mey concentrated on the n ng can of I? ngand me negnnex rvppmchemem mun Ameficun meeenannn. Vn Nwe nnaele ac Decemhzr VH2 xecuriryaaliee anenea nTne an/dents, kvanepasng men newan me sheet. was led re a call for a xmdenr meetvvng, wNcH demanded me veleusz of me vnaeebneasmdems ana en ena in lhelr fiormve by me eenee.me rmcting else aenanaea me azaaamaan er memnzaenezey aenee, -‘ which nae been reesvablixhedmen we smdem mnbi zafiom'm1772. [This paneecame nee been ae.awnea ;n ma 1 we nneenngaka aenanaea cs eauan of mo sceaena cf theArts ceuege wne naa canea by ane mark, wneneaesaaaw, aaeenren naa eeeeea me pxcvious yeordspnePH: fun mar heryeurly average had been me murkx

ma tan,

Thu: even; were percularin in me universify wnenme January

1 dencmfirnfions rock alaea. on Janu-cry 2 IF: amaenb annaaneea rho? «ney werc 9oTng

vnxfifike. the mike ‘awed Fiv: days, A/NH me peewee surmunded me urfiversiw. Eu! Sfvvce men therehave been eannnaax meetings, dkcuxfiuns, eancene

eneea, ana hvudspcakeruvwnouncemevnsaenana aaenaenene vigms and we velease ee those arrested.

Quesnow. can you ewe us an zaea er me exlemof me aneeb?

ANSWER, rne wave an enesb ha: been very wideNmg mare man 250 pebane ea For. This docs

nu! Vnclude peaple who have escaped ana ave beznesought by me aanee. The detainees eene «nan. aw7de vuvimy memes ml eusand semer aauneaxeanena. Among men, Fcrexumph, on Rashad el-Jaaau, Suyid Fayid, and Nuhammed Ruslun, annod: urfiunisfix. men :ne.e are Muhammad elesnaanh,Fil<rTe1~Kl-mli, Manannea /~/wskflu, mmannnea e\—

ana Nayau Abdel Humid, aH workers.Hand" es mnawx, Mabannnea Fahmi, Manannea

,s;ana e\—Guxir, Abdel Qusir, ana zbnamnn

Fochi are clerks. Abdel MA/hsTn Shushu, saxan lsw,Zak: Murud, Adi\Kmne1, and Abaenan el-Zughbia.e Yowyers saaa er—saa; B a ~eaehe. and Mfidwlar

ay;a T5 a docmr. Aanyan Michail, Annea el-Shzilnh, and Sayfd Axhmuvfi are smdems. These areiusf a sew er me people wna have been enema,

News of torture M pvlsonels :5 eannnaang In eane?n, ana many have ma Va ee lnken 70 me huspiml.

nneee urresved fuse 7)-we: mom charges: eabmaee,exmblixlwing urgunizmiomwhuse intent T5 In over-lhraw the .ae;n.e, and meldng eanmevwnn ranezgneaanmee Wang me seam Union ana Ens! Euro-

pea" countries). .

QUESTVON. war are me perspective: In yourophtun?ANSWER. one 9 Tsceflohw. the January eventsmarked me beginnmg M a wang road mm mm beFiHed em». 1 happenings ana even nwre vibe\en1une§.THsTs me mad oi mvulufiamlry uprrifngthat em ow.-rlhrow bourgeois ml: ana usvobfish me

me av me weakens and pvor aeaaane.

In rne enan nan, muvemenlx ae.-.ana.ne me nereaeeer nee prisoners are an we rise in we working axes;

and among ihc xrudems. Yhere :5 a Vendency Inwardthe comdinmian er me ermgelea, wHTcH must beSfivengfl-aened. we are exrremaly opfhvfisiic ubaulthe were AF revuhxfionary wage Tn zeyao,

What ix Mquhed of neaalanenanaee In an Ame coun-M25 and rhmughmn me Inkcrmlluml revohnfionurymovement 7: Wm H-\ey mks men abiaee In :uITdcr-My am. the weuine c7 saaawe reprwsive reg me.Ybcm 7: ae neea for me la mess me importance e;Arab ana imernafionul eauaamy in ennbanaeswngthe rv:g?me and prcvznfing Er From eennnmne an..,a:een:n:na~e and x/Tcious repwessiun.

Yhis aaeenan nae xpedu‘ Importer-te For an Arabeenaaee, we in une eaaee ar anaanxezng se|'xdur—

Hy Wm. H1: slrugle er ene workers ana smdents cf59,,» ean pen: the way forward to the real ram.-eev vevuhxfiurrary magaxea vn nee Arab world u

21

THE SOVIETWORKING CLASS

R

&THEECONOMIC REFORMS

inc aaaiiaarian of ma vurTDu§ ieiania in W: USSRhas apparently ian ma wovking chm inai erem.This can be explained in pan by ma marked aaaizanthat has been aispiayaa by me bureaucracy, whichan na Vimc has taken Wtasures inai ina waning aiaaaaaia havc seen as aiiaai attacks, mtosuvex like mesudden ‘increase in ma price: as buxi: cuvsumer gnodsmm was decreed in raiana in Dcccmber Wu. H isaka and above an ia be axaiainaa by in: Fan thatiurfy years ai Sraliriism have rm? paaaa wirhoul hav-ing deep eliecrs on ma wurking class. in particular,ma Emrcuuc.-u<y‘5 emlre poficy, aaniaa aai ihruughma parry ana in mass ovgankufiorvs, is aimed ur

a ma whale aigaaiaiy ana espeticilly theWk 5 aiaai, ai pveven na any farm or mserviblyur :ciHecri'vc ectian aanaia ma oifidui churmek.in raai, since ma aaain a; 5m ma working aiaaana; never bun? iann orwc ina pol iaai scene win».in own dervnndx in defense an in own glass mamaaguiml rna bureaucracy. The work: also ianaiaaaaaiie aaniaa ine democratic uppofi an muvenm-Maanng PM l9M)s.\1] As iai ina Samizdar aaaananis,may Tgnure the sfmufiori ana aanani pmblen-is ofthe wnrking class.

Ufldflf Mesa condificns, ma aaaaaiiian ai me work—ing clusx Va the burem/zrucy ii nianirasiaa esseaFaUyin Tndivfduai acts sabeklge ai amaaaiian, very Howwork pact, aisinimsi in fihe qnuliiy ar pmducriori,very wan ubsenmcixm, aaniiaeiaaia muving aboutby ma work Force, and even naaiiaaniin and aim-hofixm, which VH1: ariiaiai prcss mporfis aide»/in usfmm, aaa luck ofadapfian ia, ":ommuni:!“ X0 'e?y.Dmnktrinesx is We wxuxtwwespread muyiifesvuriun a:ma raaiina anaciai Imsvmfiiun; it has ruken on suchdirvienxians max in W72 ma burtaucracy enacted awnaia 5evT=1 of saaaiai dances In magic agairslalcoholism. While wider siaiia alcuhoiism was ' uI—vunecufly an Fmpofkim meurvs ar copfmlling iiia work—

22

by ERIC LAURENT 3: MA I. HOLUBEI\K0

ing chm and a significant source of Tnzorwc (vodkaSmnds were is! up ai facfiury gel as), today ma am.aiai aanaaian again aknhalisrn is pan or ina syrremufic ei‘:2rraiIi-and a ncreusing rhc prwducrfviiyai iaaai. This aanaaaian dms nae scam ia have Myflared muth success aiaaiaai, bccauxe aiaanaianis barn ar a deep feeling ar 50cm‘ dissarisfnzrian.

We win nai spend any niaia time dknussirig Mesaaneaanana of inaiviaaai rcxinunce ana desuair an«no aan ai ina woyking chm, for they are rein)?»/clyweH known. lnsveud, we will <:an<cn§mM- as5e:iFaHyon exumiug hm ina i'nrrodu:VFan ai VH9 various ia—iaini xince was has bean aaia ia zhurige ma shim»nan ai rhe working class, ana 70 N19 axiani possibfewe will lack ai »na rcuclionx ar the workers.

The 1965 reformrna um iarain was aimed above an ai uherii-igme system ar nanaaanani ar ma factories, i. wasinrrodum‘-rd win a aniiaana hdilinrcrizc and clicneven Tgnomucc on ma pan of the working class.During an inquiry caiiducrcd in 1967, some 400workers of a Facfovy in Laaanau were esksd wiiaiariaan may iinaagni ins iarann naa naa an ymdu=-nan ana- aa me Workefi pev5ariuHy (wages ana ba-naiayi. wnan asked whether ma rufcrm had inflamedproduthan, Mi wmkers said “yes, waasaia aHnie, H ana 221 workers xaid "no“ ar aia nai knw.wia.-n asked whether in: main naa raked wagesai bonuses, ‘74saTd "yes," \30sai'd “sam=w|‘»m"or“ria9uruH,"nnd1EW did nwIkrii1w.(2)

Even fihaugh ii is impomible ia drew aamai aaa—clusions nan such a si-AEH sumplc space, we can-siikruble number al indifferent or aeaama rcfflies

(especially to me xccovd quex. n) ‘a rewanyexyrignmaanr. xn W73, some 7s aereenr cf me Walk-era av a raerary Tn varasnnayaraa ararea rnar rneyrm nar even knaw rnar an eeanarnae rerarn “aimedar rnareasang rne emezeney at araaaerzan and arransmg wages" naa aeen eaaarea.

Henee, the consequences of me eeananrre reformhave aeen aarnealarly meager var me woridng dms.we de res exprexscd ay Xome I:bera< eaanarnzra

e BTrm:In and Anaaenkay who have reaarnnenaea-rnereasrna workers aarr-raaaarran in une nranagenenrof raarar 3 kraya renraxnea a dead wen .As carrne so-cuHzd encaurugemem Iunds, rxnezr m=?n ben-eficiuncx naye bccn me saerary nnanaaen. xn por-neaxar, rne bonusas ptfid aararsaeeaax Funds eaanxy ra enaaneen, fiuzhrficiam, and wpervixorypenannex. wen u as also knawn mar an we ayer-age anly 2o aeraenr ar rne wovkers read»/2 bbnuxgspaTd aar ar the encourugnn-cu! Funds, :+ ean be aer-rer undenkurad any zrnmcrenee ar Tgnorm-1:: F5

manifested by worker: wxra are poHed. The awer—

my fix: armzanan ar eneaaraaernenr Rmd: arnanaV:Ir?ousFe=?on'es and brananer ac wnaaxrry has resuhcdTn yery clear dispari as 'm rne wage: ptfid :n as-«erenr areas war cne save wark. (see Nuximuvt Pre-miravarfie Rabusikh, Mos:ow, lW1.)

we elm exaxawna wny rne was refurm arayaa Tn-

cupcble of Lhunging run ummde of rna warkingcklxx twwmd proliucfian (aenarenee of ekrengyespamclncom moving aaaar, aaaenraannr, relanyewyawaw gmwlh uf araaaer: :y>. Vn rryang to enaer nawrecarna riaea rne hegimmvg of ene W703, rne bu-veuucmcy has cerwered an an enara an the men:"mHonu1"uVTHzm1un 57 me wark caree. many studiesand “:xper?r-nbmx“ an we azreenan rraye aeen naae.BM in ma aanraxn rne bureaucracy appean in be

Iearfing mwuvd anaekang a areaxenr an which rnes1:ns?rT»/Tvyer me worldng dais is yery arear rnereaxrn acernalayrnenr, er nrare preeaexy, rnar arsecurhy arena<ayrne.n.«:) Moreover, the bureau-crucy is mere nr less aware rnar -n is yenrarzrra ‘mm

dungerws rerrnary, an: ar nae lku: aeen yery can-naa . wnrmr eanrexv, rne expcr?memaf snerrekzna

pm dad a «:5! case, tar as purpoxe Wm ra eerrnzr

a rap?d devclupn-cm of areaaa» Hy ar. rne basis ar

a Sigrfificunr raraanawizanan cf me arruzanan ervne work fwrct (in me years, w,3ou fob: wgn‘ c|lm—

znarea). Many studies have been dcvmed ra rm;experiment, an xne reaenana :1? ran wovken ra mevur'ous measure: rrrar were «aken smrcely HguruTn rnererraane. Neverrbeless, aerrnea clex were

certain workers dkcomemcome rnraaaa. For ek-arnaxa, Ihe rearerary ac rare aarry aannnrnee 0! me

aarna ar Lu gmupmg ar related Tndunfics) explainedrnar .r was neceasory ra rake a serzee of -'a.yana:ag—

ice! prrezuutionx“ ana that In aamealar rney “avoidedralkrna aaaar Iayom urd spoke espeeaany av where.-Hon or work (area reserves.

‘- rne wvrkers oi snene-

k;na aka cxpvexsed their narr. rry Ia agenererI

ethe sezernzsze orgaauarzan ar Laaar and rne Labora-rary on Research Into Norms, wmen were seen uagencies aimed at pm/Trig rne way rar rune wayarraraeraaanev. H was aka reaarrea mar more were casesas collccfive resisruncc :n ma workshop ra rne axanenea rurnanaliznfiau nreararar.

wnne rne Tmpcriunce a: were rwcribns nae: narbe ovelex nrarea, they are nanernexera neaarnanrn,e:pecTeHy ‘m Hm) rne snarrekana pruiecf was ccrritdaar Tn u xufl of "clrmsepfiic" aanrekr — a ruaanancl relafive xaher shurmge In wman rne araaxernr ofrransrerrang worker: asa nar pwe great axmaamer.(In a work devmed ra rne snenekena exaen-rnenr,a iaarnaxzrr rnenrwanea mar rhem were rearamnaaaana aarrea ar «re auras ofsame Vucinrics Cryingkt nne wanken car arner iu:lori¢s.} But the puhli.city rhe bureaucracy has released around mi: expenenrana amen nke H aka seeks P075514: a wary-Tngto me warkzna ararr. nre workers naye N: change:r...r mfimde rawara raaar, because soon anly rnennnrqaal and “prodIn:Qive“ warken wm be ulflera aer am ]obs. And Tn race, me gencvulizufionamen measure: .n a arear number of enterpriseswould pose me nraakn. aF Yuyoifs arra nararerr an

Ir narnw come ra mar yer, aar alreaay a eerrar-nrwmberof rvtmmex nave been rukzn that rnaye n

rm; dhecfion: Tn parlicuhr me raraalnnnenr areSmre carnnrmee for rne Ufilizulion or Labor Re-xaurces, wmen has Vocal arananee whuae essemkllazn :3 ra argarnza ana eanrrar warken seekzna eploynnm. rar rne narnenr Mrs aarnnrmee is piuy er

anxy a secondary raxe, 90 aeraenr ar rne warkersarcrer Va waak far yaae an rnear awn. Bar an rne crane-wark Man exienflon or meaxures av the snanek-rnarypc, ma commmcc eaaxa he wea ra alay a much

rnare r-naarranr ana aarnar;~ao:ye ml: ;n we red7s—

rnaarsan ar rune wark farce according re rune needs— nends Ilsar, ar {em} as «arae Vhe

burcaucrucy n cancemcd, aa nm coincide wr-rn

rne leads of the workms.

ua «I new we weaax possibxlhizs ara kluory aareerarsayrna an waakee arrer a reaaenan 2.. one nanaerac ernalayees required have been smerly nnnea;In parficulur, the arremr T3 inquired ra aaaranrearne warkara arerer job we absence 2.. are reererryer Tn: . mu cl pasmars re wnien warkers ar ern-pbyee: can be nanrcerrea srareaa ar behg Iaia offbecause ara reaaanan In perwrmel needs dues narnee rne admhuixlmfion cf me aanaaraan In rnake

sure rnar ram warkea ar empkvyees are rrayea ra

arner raararxee er inxihufions M rune sane ama, ‘-<4)

Moreover, the raerary vmsi pay rune wage: ac rnewarker anm ne has cerana anarner [ab and must akapay me cost; as mavingshmfld rvnar ha nacessury.

za

SOVIET UNION

.The raereryaireeraa are axtlting yeryrrrang area»sure ra ger rnaae aaligarlara abolished (may are pre—senled m rlr.e raair. aarraala ra ar. "e!FTcTenr" en»alayrrenr pa icy) and la sl-Efl rne responsibility larrelaeariag worker: aaia rne offices al rne srala carn»rnirree lar rlre url aarian as Labor Resources: "inrne course er alraurriara wlrn rne aurlrar (a seyiereeenenrirr), a grmr number er laerary dlrczmlx inMoscow, valgngnra, Kuibysl-lav, saraiey, cnelyarHusk, and erner eiriar have aeire earreerly linkedme graalarn al Ch: liaeraiiaa al the work rarae(again rlre rarre aaellernirrn lar luyoflsll re rlre de—yelaanearaaa aeeaening ar eaanarnie rarerrn. ineyaareal rnar rne reauarzan ar are number ar walkersand ernelayaer waala be znmidcrubly raa. iraraeiby ine enaernenr al rna lellewing rnaararee exp-<In>'on al rne eranagariyar el rire enrerarirer, in ear-riaular ineir abmi Eng rlre possi ry er earnelerely

eaniralnag rlre wage rung, rign eaarrrrengineriinguF malarial inaenriyer lar rne personnel, eraeaiallyrnraegir live gaynenr al nign wager and bonuses Iorlne moslquulified ana yaluaale lndTv' ualr wna rac-cessfully ruliill nar anly rneir own aaligariana bu?alra mt lanarianr ar aaaale who are

I ‘a arr, slim»l'rvall'orl al rlna enlelprlsfis‘ lesporlsib 4': rar Fired»rng new ialx rar laia—arr workers aaa al ileir airli-gariaa ra pay raan workers aarnparaariarr auring rrreperiaa cl rl.eir rairainirrg and Search iar new employ-menr~“(5)

lne Tnvemsl af rne Iechnocraiic layerr in rna devel-apmenl ar rne relarrn could aar ae expvesxcd aayrrare elaarly. aur rlra open upplicafiarl ar rne la»raliry er inere rvlcasurcs weula inualue a rrarrral ar-lack an rlre wurldng :|uss, wnian rlle aureaaeraaywanra aaeye all ra ayaia, nenee Mae auner rale rnarrne aureauaraey has re elay belwean rire aarranrrrnaraayeeaie "rallancllizulion" ai anyp [thatir, exsentially ar rna expense as rne working alarrlaria ilra warklng elm: irrelr, wnzen is rerraialy narareaarea ra pussivnly aeaegr rile enallenging ai ariaar rne nlaier gaira rnar remain of me reyalariaa of1917 raeurlry asernalayrrenr. llrur, aerrain alnraial bedies like‘ rne Wages cannnrree, have inner-yenea ra rlew aawn the exiereian al rrre slaanalrineexaerinenr ra a great number al arlrer enterprises.

Wages and productivitysince ire preblerr. av Me gewrn of araauarzylry irrrre aenrral problem raaay, rlae aareaaaraay hassoughr in link wage in<rL-mes ever more slaaely VD

increuxe-s in araaaeri ry, more and nara lirn ir.gaulovm c wage raises. Trim, Tl is alleged in anerlieial repa “In ilre present l.ye—yaar alan, onlyhalf chill wage Tncianses will coma Ihrauyh fin:invroduerlon of nrw scales of wages, salaries, andother farm of relmmerafion; rho ovher half will beea ea by rna workers and arnelayees rnrauglr suc-cesxcs pruducrimi .

"

24

we will ra exrerazyelyruiaarainare increlxex inwager ra ineraaaer in ereaaaiiylry (aae ar ilr.e ubwieariyer el rile iaureaaaarry ls ra rrruggla againrrrne inllariaaary renaaneier that were nlnnilesbedin rna lare lms bcsuusc er aneanrrellaa wage in—

creme: in rarra eeenarnla aranelrerl liar preyalrag amarked rlawaawn in me grawrl. ar workers‘ wagrarznae rle year al rne eurrear five-yen! plan.During rie was 7n geriaa, wag: irrerearer ralliaayery elaaely wirn pmducfivily increases (5% and5.7% reaeeei elyl, in mo areauariyiry arereaaea7,794 and wages anly 4.4%. in lawn a warlrer re-aeiyaa in rubles lar a we irreraara ia areauerlylryanly a rl.:ra al wnar rre nae garran ia lvaa-, in 1972lre gar hnlloiwhcll ne bud gel in wee. la W73 rneaveragn wage afworken increased 3.7v/.. sur rnirincrease in uv<ruge wager war aue in large part rean ineraare in rlra rnlnirnurrr wage, wrrian passednan. an ra a2 rualer a nanrn, ana ra aeaurer paTdFor rrarrrrea ra ri.e erear Norm ar re siaeria. Forum rne plan calls lar wage laarearer ar arily 3,aa.:,Yhis wage eallay scams re lraye geaeraraa grawingairaaarerri in rlre wwkinu alaa. lzveslia gave someiaaiearian ai rnir ar the aegianing er rne year wnenir pualisnea rne reeulrr al a pull made in a locomo-riye raarery in vererlrilaygaa. wrrar Ts inrerasringaaaur rlrir pull ir rirar il compares lie workers‘ re—

spams; wirn rnare giyen auring a rinrilar iaauiryeerrauarea in was. in lm some 75”/S er he wol|<—

sis raia rney were rrar rarirr a wirn rlrair wager,in 19.58 rlre Ngwc war arrly 54%. rlne rnaiariry erw .keis expressed dlxcui-lien? wirn rne rnrallnerr arrne ineraare in eenrurner gaaarr 55% more walkersaarnplalnea abcml warlring eara ions rnarr nae cum-al ncd ?n was.During me winrer al W73-74 aayeral nrlkes brokeout in Moscow, ergaeially l'n Hm eenrrruariar. Frldu5—

try; me irraar inyalweal wane wages and bonuscs.

Another rneara al earring areraara an wager so as reincrease araaueriyiry — zlrd rnie ieelrniaue waa usedeyen aelare rne rerarna — rr ra raise pmduclim-iname, Illiis alien rerelrs ln wage dccrames. la iaer,under rne praserllxyslcm ay wnian ilra workers areeaia, base wages lcprescrllonly cues er rne raralreal wager, in rnaay laerarier rney raarerenr anly46.1%. An in-lpmranl parr of rlre remainder arwager

made up ufbwlusee eaia eur 0F rna wager fund,dlxburxemem er wnlalr Ts linkw la realiaarien areaerlullillnenr er the plan. in addition, any revi—sicm In araauerian narne critoils a rrerieeeirla lullin average wager, exaarly eeaarae ar the rala playeday bamixes in rrra earnaariiier. olwuges. In rire earealengineea and Vechnocrms, the -nrarnlal" salarydaa: aer inalerle bmiusas linkcd re raallzarian arayarru near of rne plan. The bonuses reaaiyaaby enganeerr and reanniaiaar aene aaly lraa. rl.eeneauragerrreni Rmds and rile raeaial Funds. This

explains wliysliara Tncleuses iii araaaariai. riarrrsliaya been ar rlie raai L71 nunysfirikesi

Far example, ii. Sverdlovsk ir. 1%‘? me change Kl

a fTv=—duy waals iii a rubber alaril aria rlia sliaia re—yisiari ar aiaaaariaa riarriis provoked a rall iii wage:al alaaal me. The Worktrs iiiiriaaiaialy warii arsirlke Aliliaaaa i|1L- Fozfury airaarar aria the localaalliariilas wer: udvacales of ari "energetic l rexpomelsariairig aiirilia rvl ii aaairiii la. urlktls), ilialaaazria hndie: iii Muscnw iaiilally aralariaa N amtheir laaiass rlia ala wage syslairi ma leesmblishledaria iaa raaiary alraaiar was "lukl all, ll aaly m beclflered a rasaarisiala pm la a rriiaisiry iri Nlasaawsome iiria later. Hwa: arily larar ll-ar rlia KGB be—

gun laalsiaa .=ar ma "rl'rlgl:ui!zrs." rlils ziiliial iarr—aarixirig aiiiraaa arr lira aarr af lhe bureaucracy isiaiaar chanecierixlic. Slmilur xlrikas have occurredin fucloriu iri vilaasls, Kupceisk, aria ailiar cl'l'lcs.

Factary cops and psychologistslri eaaa al «is murly Nbmlurls rliarara criierairia iriraa iaaiaiias, rh: 'lrll'r‘lul rvspansc al rlia bureaucracyis ra r ghken aiisialiiia. Marc aria lvlvre Frequently,ms is e‘/Identtd in rm amrrariaa in rlia press airWe need For Wm nrcscrlcc wllh ma fo:Il:rl:5 afItprfinmflfivfi cF£|ac Mln rry al ilia lrira :lr lraa anizlc iri ms laly v, W72, lzvesrlcl the dlrecmxal a M-sccm laarary cxplalncd rliar "police amaialsyisir rlia laciary syirariiarlaally. rliay aaiiaiiai iri—

qulries irila aaaai of yialariari al ilia legal alder iiiour aiiiarariie." lii another arriala wa read: "rileoFfll:es af lb: disrrlcl plvseclnur lrl Sveldluvsk havevcrlficd ilia iraia of laaaraisalaliiia ir cur aarar—prlxes. They preserlwd ra ilia management a repel!on y laiiars oi‘ laaar aasaialiria and aaalia nrdevby rlia workers al rlia laaiary.“ Mariy aaaiiiarialqualuliurls regarding ever cluxer caliaborallon be-.-waaa ma aaai and ma Fauory ri-aiiaaars zauld beglvfill.

caaaariaaily, ike bureaucracy is diicoverillflwirliariasaraaai ma vlrmex as Ariiariaaii—sryla laaarpsych»-socielngy iri ma arayariliaii ofsocial con-Was. li. rlie Aaaairzlz, W7I, Pravda, we raaa“Whyxhm/Idrl't a psychulaglcul physician as i

—

alaaaa in ilra aaisariial ar rlia b?g laclorlex? Wor1<~

I15 liaiia lr liaiia wiil ilia saaial araariisaliaia, hewaala nuke his aariiriaariaii M thé prevention araaiirliais arall suns." or, iri Liiarsiiiirriaya casaraal May 24, W72: “Val: liaya m krlnlw liaw la makesalaarairiaias talk. A sllarii worker always rcarcssaisaii ariiariia ara a a air saalaar rar ilia IVflrK!Qé'riiaiii, But I I3 iia less iraaariarii ra quickly slap asiiaaraiiiaia wlria with raaia iliar is riaaasary.“The aaraaaaraay has iiiysriiaa riamiria iiaw in lliarlzalnl arlaaiary aaia aria ;xycbulog'l5>s.Cnw1: ogclrl,

iliis ksli es la iis aiasarir iiiaazliiy la resalve iliapraeilaria wirli wliiali ii is aaarrariiaai more aria MONrriarliaa aisiiasr aria iasisraiiaa by llie worklng classla a sysiara rliai apaaaa rarally laraiar M rlia walk-aa iri saire alall ma allisial declulvliom is. meaariirary.

Discontent among the youthlri ma pcsrseverul yeolx, ilia sayiei pres liaa de-voted iriaia aria riiara xpace ra ilia gmwing aisaari-lair; arriaria the yaarli iii raaaia la lhc prclsvucls ar—

fared lliari aysaaiary, asaaaially us corlcerrs iliairwork.

lliis aliariariiariari ii linked ia rlia exfieme yariisalsaaial iiaalliiy Wan! cllauruclcrlxcd the firs! aaaaaaior we sayial raaiiaa, wlieri ila iiaaa rar lraiaaaaarsaarial ai all leyals aria in all saaiars was can-xideyublz. raaay, Vhc zhurlces arsaaial arariaiiar— lram ma cowmyside la ilia city, from llia warls»lag class ia "149 layer arsaaaryiiary aaaaaaal, arcs— liaye béen rarsiaaraaly reduud.OIID llgare is aiaaalally slgnifiturll iii ms raaaraime pcrcervclge al yaarli who, having liriislaa sec-Drvdory scliaal, aa ari la ma unlvelslly ar la simllurTrrsllfullons

195! V958 was=/a of slia iaiali 72% I394 29%

In lmsaira l.2 ml'Hion young people airsaily en»vercd PNduc)(an al the and of their armies in sec-ondary schools.

This alieriaiiiariarihas one especlally iriaariaiir aari—sequent ma warlriaa alass is arawiria laraar arialarger betouse ac ilia influx ai new layars iiiia iisiarila r now iiialaaas aii ever araaiar riarrlaar arliaraailarywarlsais. In iaar, iliara is a railiaralaaraarralaiiari aarwaaii rlia mdul siraaliari 0.‘ aarariisand lira aralassiaiial asairariara of yaam, as iliaialalas aii pa, 2.5 aaraarisiiaie.

Various lam! inqulrics haw: shown that We gearaiaiarziy al yaaili who entered iiira araaaalzaa be~Fore conlplcling Hwelr xmdles came From working-clusx ur kolkhozi (smlc farrvlx) lzlmllles that havelow TnCDll’ISSa

A iaaaria palm or 5¢r\SiDn derlves lrarri lhe yary slaracormusl bclweerl ilia layal al gevleml educuvlun andiiaiiiiaa al ma yaarli aaraia may enter lnm araaac—liaii (a stem VI\lmb:r as whom have tompleted sec-ariaary ialiaal) and ilia aialassiaiial rraiaiaa rliarilisy lalariaaaiyai Pvesenlly, aliaaivov/s al yaariaworkelx ara rrairrea iii the raaiarias sliiaarly aii iliaiob in a yary ilisirr riiiia aria iii a aii.-aly aiaaiical

2s

SOVIET UNION331$};/)x>¥1»>oom\s\\a,,,\\ §W;;~,,,,; ‘\

REALIZATION or we PLANS OF voum WANTVNG TO cow NUE srunv»s i. on rne basis or oorenry ineense:

as‘

xeoiizorion or eioro (in as)

Working andLcvd or monthly ions-ii, Tn-

g eone (Per oooirssr Working Studying SmdyingI“ is; man so roisios V7.6 17.5 55.4 /«~ 50-70 mores 15.5 I19 70.6§ 70.90 mores 14.7 u_n 71.:

more than we rubks 5.1 6.! am /4;NC A oer: or 10,000 worker runsiiies in Leningrad in was revealed rnor

/ was or riiee farm‘ 94 ioa o oor eopiru munlhl sneorne of Jess man so rooios./ r<\\\.\

Aooor 9 re Events‘ tulmral Ieve

xeoiizorien or pious no you

Eduemien ul Working andparems Working Smdyfng Siudying

‘up ra Mk grade 41.2 27.8 31.0

\ 7th to 91% grade 33.6 |3.3 53,! t% niiooie grades 21.2 i3sB 55.0supefior grades v.u v.4 si .5 ;»4 .r

II; soerer-nye probhamy rrooo i prcnzvodsra, wow, o, 5:.4: ~ «oz «,.*:»;«~\~«*; ~ <s ‘W’7

mm «x \~\‘—‘\</(Q/(smrz

“W tr»ono irriiirorion manner. was exoreire me oiseonrenryoung warken roe: about rneir pecup<In'anaV siIua—rion, aisoonrenr riror is exprexsed by on esoeeioiiygrcar soonroneoos mobdivy and as rno «es; inreroeso y or me young workerx. Thn Facmry direcrorsinereosingiy eonoroin ubaur fimsc young wod<tr:,rer rne oirecrere oo nor wonr ro irnoersrorro en, Wm

young woriserr seem iess and see ftepared re oeoeerriie role orsirnoie "abfzcvs efplumiing“ mar rrro bu-reaucmcy wonrs ro Tnipma on rnern.

in fact, as a sonrewnor cyniwl bureaucruvmid:"voo can‘! nick: people nopoy or doei ng Mingwimou) when: and for them. What} perfium is rimonly wnar is being pienneo our also who is duingrne piannrn . And rne rirsroeoenos iorgeiy on rnesecond, ir rs urgent re reuois ogreornonr on wnerrierfive Yucrury cnilecrive is ro be xclely on obiecl or'oienning or wrreriser it is ulsu ro br. rne sooieor oroier.ning.“(a) iris re be riooeo rnor me Sax/ieVwoH(—ing eioss will one day give a clear resporoe ro rnisanxious bureaucrat

Conch: ionInc opplieorion or the rerorne in rise USSR nos gonerirrooon many roeilrorions, nror is because the buvveoucxucyk room for maneuver T: narrow. On I11:

one hand, even If the bureaucrats are miner abuse,as

rne, me nor onowore dam o rerorrnrsr process ha ngo snowbuH eueor in rno oireeeion oi rne resrororronor eopiroirrn wooiu dasfiroy rneir caste pr?»/Hnges,ror envy a minority or risen wmdd be in oos on rerronsronn rrrernseire to "r.apHuh':1 nronogere.

‘-

on rire orne.- nono, whe bureaucmrs have everyreoxcn re reor o vialem reoorion iron. Vhc worker:in rne eve:-1797 u rronroi orroois on me were or rneworking eioss zrno wurkpuce, enoroynrenr security,ere.i.Em rne rreoirorions ore eiso due ro rno ussrix Pbsi»rion ax rne Vynchpin oi rhe ornor ooreeoerrsrizeosowvries. it an: or rne orner bureaucracies sers inrnorion o dangerous soeioooiiriooi eynornie or gnexno «or oiong rno road of rerornrs, rne ussre oiwrsysnos :0 be in oosirion ro essirrne irs "fnternuriarialisrrespervsibviifiia“ by senoang in tanks. we sreroiliryrrsor is eonseeruerrriy required (or me Soviet bureau»cvvzy can only lac achieved or nroinroinino greorerpawer in Internal policy.

Ncvmvheless, ir is nezoroooe ro my wirr. eerreinrymm rise roiorrns wiH always be oandemmzd re roriore.nris oeosrion is irooorronr oeiiriooiiy, ror our resooroe re ir reiores ra rno erooooie rronoworis inwinier. rne oerisrizorien and ooi union or rnewerisingelosswiii Mk: place: eirner insrrugeieoeoiror rne wnoie bureaucracy and its prisiieoeror in srrsrogie ogoinsr rie pmoess or rosrorerzon or

ggpnutism and mg whag gr mg bureaucracy mg»cnuld be mg driving force in mg» g proces. mgrgggngg zunrvdi be xlmpfisfic.

mg iucmrs mm ggg Puiwng mg bureaucracy to pgggmg gmmgm of mg gggmvg rgrgmg agave rmmg geneml zharucierixvics gr mg smxsnm period,rm mg general cfisis ggg gggnng ge mg bureau-=ru7T: .ggz..g. mg Uawduwn oi ecorvamic grvwfnmd mg Qver gv:ufierbureou:r<1?'\t£!Hon0F mg econ-omy mu goagumggxy pmggxgglly Wm mg bureau-cmty down mg rand gc reforms. Nevervhdes,gggguy periudiv;u“y, mg «gagg we ngyg mgnngngaWE“ probably Huck mggg reform mom.

FOOTNOTES.

v

. mg snuggle my ggmgmng rights — Freedom ofmg mg», wgggom g+ speech, igggagm gr uxsuubly— mg ' Rx? been waged ggrgxy mmugh mg mg»: —

zatian gr mg mgmggmsag ‘m ggrgygg g: as awn:mg.gg~s g; g sociai layer. mgpmggm gr mggmxsHug sgxmgygy essenfiiully ygngrgg mg demands ormg mchnucrucy agafnsv incanvpevem bureaucmfi.wgaygggy, whodaimxullegionce og mu ' ,gggmg; very nmg space in mg book On sogagrm Degmocvacy rg mg probkervs ggg ml: gr mg workingclass In mg arrvggle For rem‘ gggwgwg... wow thawucrerizcs mes! oi mg gppgswgn cunenrs mg» ngygemerged hum mg Tnielfigenfisiu is cgargr mg mg.order" vfmwwld be provoked, uccurding «g mgm,by mg mohilhufiun gr mg sgym mm gggm mgmggggggg . In mg buck wm mg soywgq um-mu Suv-y;yg mun wan Ammg offer: g gaod rexurrz‘ grmg idaa mg. is man vfidespread among mg Sovietappefiiion when mg zmmrerpascs ymgr mg cuHs "mgconsmtclive and mien-nix? mgygmgm gr mg :.mgm—

ggmxiu" ng mg "ggmgnzyg rrmvewcn) gr mg Iawerglgssgg." mg reformkm 94 mg eppmitiun esyenfiullyexprésxa g gggp disrrusr 0F mg musics, and gv mgworking gagss ;.. mg .5, plggg.

Ngyermglggg, some gumdggm-g group: aamrygg bymg KGB dufing mg mm; — graups gm: w

- J"we

mg" know g..1y mg mum: and g law pmsuges «gmmgz. progmms — inchuled workan in mgwrmgksand ggggnggk some ggugngngv work directed or mgworking class. (Examples are mg Party or Real Com-gwnzm, mg vgny ol Vuung Workers, mg Pony grwgaggg Whhnm g Pony snuggling «gr mg Resmnrngn uiSccTulTsm,)

m mg ngwnumgn repubfics mg mmgmz queslion,born of mg policy of mg: mg icafion prucficedby mg bureaucracy, Hus mowagd wgygg mg».mgggu mg mg Tnfiemgenrsiu. mi; emerges clcarlyTn mg uogumgmg gr mg Sdmvidav (mg uk.g;,.:g,.sgmzzgm), Tn .m:g>mg~;ong1agmg.g:sgng workersdemavvdxdve Imkgg. (sgg, Forexvmpk, mg Kovallelrer re mg ggpmgs gr mg uqgmzgn sgyagg.)2. cngg by A. mmm in "saw refbrmyy “ Navy

M», No vz, me, p. I86.3. \'his sigmficanl mam has gm. anfilzured m g

Sovier worker: "my can launzh cnmpufgns anddo whmevcr mgy want, am we Wm no? wurkharder. mg ngm not no work hand ;g probablyour only right."

4. sgg Cummems on Labor Lggxglgngn, Magcow,1957, P. as.

5. sgg Osnuvnye prohlcmy rv:?uno|‘nogo :gpgrzg-vunliiu «uggyyun rcssursov ussx, Nnxcuw, ml,p. 7.

6. sagngmgm gr mg mg: skcmmry gr mg ggny inYambov, qunled 7,. Noyy Mn, No. 5, I972,p. W7,

INPRECORINDEX

numbers 0 through 24

1»: no...-Nu:L = hfrmrnlit = [mm m. 5.... (MumI x hIAmr»r» : “(M .1 lIx‘Vn1lllS\ Mmumnlk m 5....-u. x..........n:1:... n hm-d Secunrin .4 the mm. ummm

mm In as mnnbu HEcwcom mn.....w.... . A........».uN.......s.....x. mVh:Vur7y- -M» — ms N... N. A «fly va,‘7A

M. c.»..;.. nm... N.., 3...... W. ... sew», ya...4-... V .,.c.e.....4 N.,2, .... 2., 74 V-14 .......r M L5-2:. H: N. A, M, x. m 32VI: .=....,... 5...‘. V" m. M, a. he 7:! 1..., s...,.. wwh

.....c.x..;.. , n......«... -..,.,..m,»...».. N..-(PunH' ..,,c :,....x M 3, ..4..,m N-W MYruh‘uharn1rxnV\¢n“[D um...L

.....N.m....n.....s.u ,.....rm. us-<, FM N.../.,A.. 3.74 msVv»¢IpIrndIr><:\FC\ N43, 1..., n JV-X2 VVvvuPSYN:hrnmMudumd Nu.\2, ~.._u.m :2a.:M....... .»..,.....» Nnznnu Dunn‘: .. m. Wong .» W...».....,A...x. ...........,. -.-.»...... rm M u, De: 1237: m2.N... o. . W: 5....‘ N. 7. 3... gm W42 n 5>u>tm:MaV H: »srs..m..v..... N... Vnfleptrdcnn‘ cm’... ‘

V741

_.,r c.... No.24, N. 2., .4. 12-vv 2, :.......n.. ..n....u....,:., . . 21.2.a...n, N..=m,., M... m..;.:3...... ... o.......... r....._omun EAST..,y ....y.... N. mm, 1...... vs 4.7;:mm »..,...»..¢..au...,w.. ».N»..c......... N........N, N. 2a, M 77375 11.12A M. W..- W... » by

M ..»....x. M 3, Judy 1374 1.3 .m c.m.m -W... M: K...» MUSTRALM....x.... AN ..,.»..,..,.x N. s,., ANg.3.‘7l 324! N...... 1.... ......«.N, N. -7, Gnu, 7. 3:A. N...“ N... M... c..»....‘£:J.';':.’M5¥.,‘.'”f'.Z’f".‘:l

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N. A, M, xx,‘7A 23-37

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