REMEMBER METHOD

THE SOLUBILITY OF SALTS IN WATER

Solubility in water Solubility in water

soluble except insoluble

Kecuali

OH –,NO3-,

(Nitrate ion)

NH4+,K+,N

a+

(NO ANaK)

CO3 2-

(carbonate

ion)

NH4+ K+,Na+

(ANaK)

Cl –

(chloride ion)

Hg+, Ag+, Pb2+ (MAP)

O 2-

(oxide ion)

Na+, K+, Ca 2+

SO4 2-

(sulphate ion)

Pb2+, Ca2+, Ba2+

(PCB)

CATION

A positively charged ion.discharge at charge at cathode

+1 Na+

+2 Ba2+

NaH KAg Li / Nak Hafal Kimia Agak Liat

BaCa CuMg ZnFe / CuBa Cakap Mgapa ZnFe

+3 Al3+

Al Fe / Fetrah Alam

H+ K+ Ag+ Li+

Ca2+ Cu2+ Mg2+ Zn2+ Fe2+

Fe3+

ANION

A negatively charged ion.discharge at charge at anode

-1 OH -

OH NO I Fikir Berapa Kali /OH NO Baru Clear Fikiran I

-2 SO42-

SOS CO O / SOS Contact Osama

NO3 - I - F - Br - Cl -

S2- CO32-

THE FIRST 20 ELEMENTS IN THE

PERIODIC TABLE

1 H

Hajat Hendak Lihat

Bedah Balas Cinta

2 He 3 Li

4 Be 5 B 6 C

7 N

Nanti Orang Fikir

Neat Nak Mgorat

8 O 9 F

10 Ne 11 Na 12 Mg

13Al

Alamak Si Pele

Siap Clewang Arku

14 Si 15 P

16S 17Cl 18Ar

19K

Kena Cabut

20 Ca

METAL REACTIVITY SERIES

AND ELECTROCHEMICAL

SERIES

K

Na

Ca

Mg

Al

Zn

Fe

Sn

Pb

Cu

Ag

Au

Pt

Nanti

Calian

Mangkat

Alamak

Zaman

Feudal

Sudah tentu

Parameswara

Cuba

Ambil

Alih

Pemerintahan

K+

Na+

Ca2+

Mg2+

F -

SO42-

Al2+

Zn2+

Fe2+

Sn2+

Pb2+

H+

Cu2+

Hg 2+

Ag2+

NO3-

Cl -

Br -

I -

OH -

METAL REACTIVITY

SERIES

ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES

H

KalauF

SO

NO

Kali

Berapa

I

OH

HYDROCARBONSUBSTANCE

Meth-

Eth-

Prop-

But-

Pent-

Hep-

n = 2

n = 3

n = 4

n = 5

n = 7

CARBON COMPOUNDS

n = 1

Heks-n = 6

Engkau

Pergi

Buat

Pedih

Hamba

Mengapa

Hati

Alkane : - ane

CnH2n + 1

Alkene : - ene

CnH2n

Alkohol : - ol

CnH2n+1 OH

CONFIRMATORY TESTFOR

CATION IN ONE

SALTS SOLUTION

Pb2+ Zn2+ Al3+

Mg2+ Ca2+

Fe2+ Fe3+ Cu2+

PZAL

MgC

NH4+

COLOURED PRECIPITATE NO PRECIPITATE

WHITE PRECIPITATE

a) Test with NaOH solution

CATION SOLUTION

PercipitatesColourless / unchanges

Coloured

White

Green

Brown

Blue

Add / put in NaOH SOLUTION

Pb2+ Zn2+ Al3+

Mg2+ Ca2+

Fe2+

Fe3+

Cu2+

NH4+

PZAL

MgC

White

Dissolved/soluble in excess NaOH solution

Undissolved / not soluble

In excess NaOH solution

To add/ put in EXCESS NaOH solution

PZALMgC

Pb2+ Zn2+ Al3+

Mg2+ Ca2+

Pb2+ Zn2+ Al3+

Mg2+ Ca2+

(1)Reagent:

NaOH (aq)

Precipitate:White PZAL

MgC

(2)Reagent:

Excess NaOH (aq)

Precipitate:

(unsoluble)

WhiteMgC

Colourless /

soluble:PZAL

Pb2+

Zn2+

Al3+Mg2+

Ca2+Fe2+ Fe3+ Cu2+

Zn

MAP

NH4+

COLOURED PRECIPITATE NO PRECIPITATE

WHITE PRECIPITATE

b) Test with NH3 solution

Cation Solution

PercipitatesColourless /unchanged

Coloured

White Green

Brown

Blue

To add / put in NH3 SOLUTION

Pb2+

Zn2+

Al3+Mg2+

Ca2+

Fe2+

Fe3+

Cu2+

NH4+

Zn

MAP

White

DISSOLVED/ SOLUBLE in excess NH3 solution

UNDISSOLVED / IN SOLUBLE in excess

NH3 solution

To add / put in EXCESS NH3 SOLUTION

Zn MAP

Pb2+

Zn2+

Al3+Mg2+

Pb2+Zn2+ Al3+Mg2+

(1)Reagent: NH3 (aq)

Precipitate:White

Zn

MAP

(2)Reagent: Excess NH3 (aq)

Precipitate:

(insoluble)

WhiteMAP

Colourless /

(solube) : Zn

Test for Fe2

+, Fe3+, Pb2+ & NH4

+ions

Ion Confirmatory Test (types of reagent used and observation)

+ K2Fe(II)(CN)6

+ K2Fe(III)(CN)6

+

KSCN

+

HCl

+

KI

+ Nessler

Fe 2+ Light Blue precipitate

Dark Blue precipitate

No

change

Fe 3+ Blue

precipitate

Brown

solution

Red solution

Pb 2+ White precipitate

& dissolved in hot water

Yellow precipitate & dissolved in hot water

NH4 + Brown

precipitate

Tambah/campur larutan KI / larutan ion SO4 2-

Tiada perubahan

Kuning

Pb2+

1Zn2+

2Al3+

3

Pb2+

1 Zn2+

2Al3+

3

Larut dalam larutan NaOH berlebihan

PZAL

tambah/ campur dgn larutan NH 3

larut Tiada Perubahan

Zn2+

2Al3+

3

Zn2+

2 Al3+

3

Tiada perubahan

tambah/campur dengan larutan ion SO4 2-

Putih Tiada perubahan

Mg2+

4Ca2+

5

Mg2+

4

Ca2+

5

Tidak Larut dalam larutan NaOH berlebihan

MgC

CO32-

Cl - SO42- NO3 -

CONFIRMATORY TESTFOR

ANION IN ONE SALTS SOLUTION

Types of

Salts

Anion was found in the

salt

Types of gas produced(after heating)

NitrateNO3

-

(from HNO3 )

NO2 (nitrogen dioxide)& O2 (oxygen)

&N2O(nitrogen monoxide)

Carbonate CO3

2-

(from H2CO3 )

CO2 (carbon dioxide)& O2 (oxygen)

& NH3 (ammonia)

ChlorideCl-

(from HCl )

NH3 (ammonia)& HCl (hydrogen chloride)

SulphateSO4

2-

(from H2SO4 )

SO3 (sulfur trioxide)& NH3 (ammonia)

Cl - SO42-

Nothing

NO3 -

No Clue So

MNEUMONIC

NO3 -

White precipitate

Brownring

Clue

Anion test

Reagent

NO3 -

No

Cl -

So

Reagent

Clue

Cl -

SO42-

Reagent

NO3 -

So

SO42-

Hati

Agong

Balik

HajiFetrah

Harta

HendakH+

Ag+

Ba2+

H+

H+

Fe2+

H+

Nothing

Anion test Anion test

Anion test: Cl -

Reagent:

Clue

NO NO3 -

H + NO3 - 1. HNO3

2. AgNO3NO3 -

Observation: White precipitate

Clue

Anion test

Reagent

NO3 -

No

Cl -

Hati

Agong

H+

Ag+

Ag +

Anion test:

SO

Reagent:

SO4 2-

Clue Cl -

Ba 2+ Cl -

H+

1. BaCl2

2. HClCl -

Observation: White precipitate

So

Reagent

Clue

Cl -

SO42-

Balik

Haji

Ba2+

H+

Anion test

Reagent:

SO SO4 2-

H + SO4 2-

Fe2+

1. Dilute H2SO4

2. FeSO4SO4 2-

H + SO4 2- 3. Concentrated H2SO4

Reagent

NO3 -

So

SO42-

Fetrah

Harta

HendakH+

Fe2+

H+

Nothing

Anion test

Anion test:NO3 -

Nothing

Observation: Brown ring

CO32-

1

Cl -

2

SO42-

3

NO3 -

4

JENIS ANION

Larutan asidHCl @ H2SO4 @

HNO3

H

Pembuakan gas Mendakan

Putih

1

MASUKKAN

CO32-

1Cl -

2

SO42-

3

NO3 -

4

Cl - SO42- NO3 -

Mendakan Putih

Mendakan Putih

Cl -

2

SO42-

3

NO3 -

4

MASUKKAN

H Ag2

Mendakan Putih

Tiada Perubahan

NO3 -

4

Cl -

2

SO42-

3

Mendakan Putih

NO3 -

4

Mendakan Putih

Tiada Perubahan

Tiada Perubahan

NO3 -

4

SO42-

3

Ba H3

NO3 -

4

SO42-

3

Mendakan Putih

Cl -

2

Cincin perang

Fe HH4 Mendakan Putih

NO3 -

4

SO42-

3

H1

H Ag2

Ba H3

Fe HH4

Hajat

Hati Agong

Balik Haji

Fetrah HartaHendak

CARTA ORGANIK

KANJI GLUKOSAC6H12O6

Hidrolisis

ETANOLC2H5OH

ETENAC2H4

POLITENA

ETANAC2H6

ETIL ETANOA

T

ASID ETANOIKCH3COOH

Penghidrogenan

Mangkin, Ni

Penapaian, Yis

Pendehidratan

Porselin

Pempolimeran

Pengoksidaan

Penurunan

Pengesteran