kaiser - the nostratic reconstructions of illič-svityč

7/22/2019 Kaiser - The Nostratic Reconstructions of Illi-Svity

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THE NOSTRATIC RECONSTRUCTIONSOF

I L L I ~ - S V I T Y ~

Trans l a t ed by Mark Kaiser

1 . ? baHli 'wound, pa i n ' : IE . b h e ~ l - ' i d ' ~ A l t . [ b a l i 'wound ' ) .2. baHA ' t o t i e t o ' : Kar t . b- 'tie to , hang' -Alt. ba- 'tie t o ' .3. b a ~ a ' t o l ook ' : AA. bq- ' i d ' ~ A l t . baka- 'id'.4. b a l ~ / u / ' t o swal low' : AA. b l ~ ' swal low' ~ A l t . ba lgu- /b i lga - ' swallowt h ro a t ' .5. balqa ' t o f l a s h , s p a r k l e ' : AA. brq ' f l a sh , l i g h t n i n g ' - K a r t .ber9q- ' f l a s h , sp a rk l e ' - IE . bhe lg - /bh leg- ' f l a s h , s p a r k l e ' -Alt.[balkA- ' sh ine , s p a r k l e ' ] .6. ? balA ' b l i n d ' : AA. b l l ' id'- Al t . balA 'id'.7. bara ' b ig , good ' : IE . bher- ' good, b i g ' ~ Ural . para ' good ' - Drav.[pa r - 'big']- Al t . [bara 'many/much ' ) .8. bar i ' t o t a k e ' : AA. b r - ' g r ab , ca tch ' -IE. bher- ' t a ke , br ing ,c a r ry ' -? Drav. p e ~ - ' p ick up , g a t h e r ' - A l t . b a r i - ' t ake in to hands ' .9. b e r g / i / ' h i gh ' : AA. brg ' id '-? Kart . brg-e ' i d ' -IE. bhergh- /bhregh- ' id'- Ura l . (p / e / r / -kA/ ' id'-? Drav. p e ~ 'id'.10. ? be/rH/u ' t o g i ve ' : AA. [br /H/ ' id']- A l t . (berli- ' i d ' J .11 . (Onomatopoetic) b i ~ a ' sma l l ' : Ural . [pi tA ' id']- Drav. p ic - /p i c c ' sma l l , short'- A l t . b i ~ a ' s m a l l ' .12. b i ~ A ' t o break ' : AA. b ~ - / b 3 - ' b reak , smash, press'- Kar t . b i ~ ' b reak , crumble ' - IE . pe i s - ' smash, c rush , pre s s ' - Drav. p i c - ' smash,she l l , knead ' .13. bi lwi ' c l oud ' : AA. b j l ' heavenly waters , c loud ' - U r a l . pi lwe ' c l oud-Alt. [ b u l i - t ' c l o u d ' ] .14. (Onomatopoetic) b i l ~ A ' t o scream' : Kar t . b i r - 'sing'- IE . bhel ' t a l k , roar'- Drav. p i lA- ' s c ream' .15. bok/a / ' t o f l e e ' : IE . b h e u g - / b h e g ~ - ' id'- Ura l . pok- ta - , poke' id o16 . bo l? i ' t o grow (o f p la n t s ) ' : AA. ?bl ' l e a f , growing p l a n t ' -IE.bhe l6- /bhle6- ' a p l a n t , l e a f , f l o w e r ' - Drav. [po l i - ' g row, bloom') .17 . (Onomatopoetic) bonga ' f a t , sw e l l ' : IE . b h e n ~ h - ' f a t , thick'-


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Ural . puqka/po9ka ' f a t , swel l ing ' Drav. p o ~ k - ' swe l l , bo i l over '? Alt . [bo9/\ ' f a t , big ' 1.18. bora 'brown, grey-brown' : IE. bher - , bhe-bhru- , (bhreu-) 'brown' ~Alt . bora ' g rey , brown' .19. buHi ' to grow up, a r i s e ' : IE. bheuH- 'grow up, become, be ' Ural .puye ' t r e e ' ~ Alt . blii ' b e ' .20. bull\ ' p r ec i p i t a t i on , mud': AA. bl 'mois t , dampen; m i x ' ~ ? IE.bhl-endh- ' t u rb id ; mix' ~ A l t . bull\ 'mud, s t i r up, mix ' .21. bura ' t o bore ' : AA. b(w)r ' bore , dig ; o p e n i n g ' ~ ? Kart . [b r (u ) ' t u r n ' l ~ I E . bher- ' bo re , d ig , p r i c k ' ~ Ural . pura ' ins t rument fo rbor ing ; bore , hollow, d ig ' ~ ? Drav. p o ~ 'opening ' A l t . [bura ' t u rn , bo re ' ] .22. bur(H)A/bor(H)/\ 'porous s o i l , dus t ' : AA. b(w)r/b(w)rH ' porous s o i l ,s o i l , sand, dus t ' ~ ? Kar t . buryw- ' du s t ' - U r a l . pori\ ' dus t , sand, d i r t~ Drav. purA/por./\ ' porous s o i l , sand, dus t ' ~ A l t . bor , b / u / r ' porouss o i l , l imestone, d u s t ' .23. bur/\ 'snow (sand) s torm' : ? AA. bwr- ' ( sand)s torm, w i n d ' ~ IE. bher' s torm, s e e t h e ' ~ Ural . pur/\- 'whir l (of snow) ' , purk/\ ' b l i z z a r d ' ~ Alt .burA/bora ' s torm, b l i z z a r d ' .24. (Onomatopoetic) bufa ' t o bo i l , bubble up ' : ? AA. b r - ' bo i l ' ~ I E .bhreu- ' bo i l , bubble up ' ~ Ural . pura- /por/ \ ' bo i l , gurg le ' ~ Drav.

[ p u ~ - ' b o i l ' ] .25. b l i ~ a ' t o bend, be n t ' : IE . bheug-/bheugh- ' bend ' ~ A l t . boka-/blika' bend, bent ' 26. blir i ' t o cover ' : Kart . bur- ' cover , darken ' ~ Drav. pur- 'cover ,

..bury ' ~ A l t . bl i r i - ' cove r ' .27. ? -bA, suff ix in the names of wild animals: AA. [ -b / -ab , id ] IE.-bh- , id .28. bAg/\ ' s u f f i c i en t , excess ive ' : AA. bg ' be excess ive ' ~ K a r t . bey'b e s u f f i c i e n t ' .29. b A l ~ H A ' t o blow, i n f l a t e ' : Kart . be r - /be l - 'b low, i n f l a t e ' ~ IE.bhe l6 - /bh le6- 'b low, swe l l ' .30. bAntA ' t o t i e , b ind ' : AA. bnt ' t i e , w r a p ' ~ IE . bhendh- 'tie'.31. bArK/\ ' knee ' : AA. brk ' i d ' ~ K a r t . lb rg- I - 'id'].32. bAr/\ ' c h i ld ' : AA. ' c h i l d ' ~ ? K a r t . [ber - ' i d ' 1 ~ I E . bher- ' i d '33. calu ' s p l i t , c u t ' : AA. s l - ' s p l i t , c u t , po in t ' ~ K a r t . ee l - 'mow, cuIE. ( s )ke l - ' s p l i t ' - Ural . sa l e - ' cu t , s p l i t ' Drav. ca l - ' s p l i t , cu-Alt. ~ a l u - ' c u t ' .34. cuj9a ' t ho rn ' : Kar t . cxw- ' t horn , po in t ' ~ I E . s k ~ e i ( H ) - ' t horn '

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? Drav. c i - ' t h o r n ' ~ Alt . ~ l i j a ' t horn , po in t ' .35. (Onomatopoetic) curA/corA ' d r i p ' : Kart . cwar- /cur - ' d r ip , drop ' -? Ural . corA- ' d r ip , f low' - Drav. cor- /cUr- ' d r ip , f low' - A l t . ~ u r ( A )' d r ip , f low' .36. ? cAtA ' to cover ' : AA. [ s t r / ~ t r ' cover


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52. ? ~ A d A ' t o bea t ' : Kar t . ~ e d - / ~ a d - ' t o na i l , fo rge ' - Drav. c a ~ ~ ' bea t , des t roy ' 53. ~ A r A ' t o c u t ' : AA. ~ r - ' cu t , s p l i t ; sharp s to n e '' cu t , chop ' - Drav. c a r - ' t e a r a pa r t , s p l i t a p a r t ' . Kar t . ~ e r - / ~ a r -

54. ? ~ a m A ' a s t r i n g e n t ' : AA. ~ m - ' b i t t e r , a s t r i n g e n t , s o u r ' , sm- ' b i t t epoison ' - U r a l . ~ a m A ' s o u r ' .55. (Onomatopoetic) ~ i ~ A ' t o c u t ' : Kar t . ~ e ~ ~ - ' c u t (finely)'- Alt .

[ ~ i k A - ' c u t , ch o p ' ] .56. ~ i r A ' l ook a f t e r , guard ' : AA. ~ r - / , r - ' l ook , guard, t ake care o f ' -Kar t . ~ i r - ' c a r e , need ' -IE. s t e r - g - , s t e r - k - ' gua rd , l o v e ' .57. ~ A ~ m A ' e a t ' : AA. ~ ~ m ' i d ' / ~ ~ m ' t o t a s t e ' - K a r t . ~ a m - / ~ e m - ' e a58. ~ a l H a 'w ide ' : IE . s t e l h - 'w ide ' -Alt. [ ~ a l ( a ) 'wide, expans ive ' ] .59. da , l oca t ive p a r t i c l e : AA. d , p a r t i c l e with l o ca t i v e meaning - Karda (wi th pronouns) , -d / ad (wi th nouns) , su f f ix o f d i rec t ive /adverb ia l cIE . -DI-eD, su f f i x o f ab la t ive case (pronominal and a-s tems) - Ural .-oa / - J a , su f f i x of a b l a t i v e (pronominal and adverbia l stems) - Drav.- ~ ~ u / - t t ( A ) , pos tpos i t iona l p a r t i c l e with l oca t ive -ab la t ive m e a n i n g - A-da / -da , -du/ -d l i , formant o f l oca t ive cases .60. daHA, i n t en s i f y in g and con jo in ing pa r t i c l e : AA. d(H) ' and , a l so ' -Kart . da 'and'- A l t . da ' a l s o , bu t , and ' .61. d a ~ a ' n ea rby ' : AA. d ~ ' n e a r b y ' - Ural . t aka 'back , r e a r ' , taka-na' f rom b e h i n d ' - A l t . daka-/daga- ' c l o s e , approach, fo l low ' .62. da lq /u / ' a wave ' : AA. d lx ' u p se t , stir up' -?IE. [dhelH- withsu f f ix 'sea']- Drav. t a l l a - 'upset'- A l t . d / a / l u - / d o l i - 'wave ' .63. danga ' t o co v e r ' : AA. dm- ' cover , c lose , press'- IE . dhengh' c ove r , press'- Ural . t a 9 a - / t a 9 e - ' c ove r ' .64. dEwHi ' s hake , blow' : IE . dheuH- ' shake , blow' -Alt. dEbi'wave, blow' .65. - d i , su f f i x o f p a s t t ense forms: Kart . -d i , su f f ix o f imperfectDrav. - t t - 1 - t - , su f f ix o f p r e t e r i t - Alt . - d i , su f f ix o f p r e t e r i t .66. ? (Onomatopoetic) didA ' b i g ' : AA. d( j )d ' b ig , fat'- Kar t . did big o67. diga ' f i s h ' : AA. [d ( j )g ' id']- IE . dhgh-u-H ' id'- Alt . [ / d / i ga -1 id ) o68. d i l a ' s u n l i g h t ' : ? Kart . [d i l a ' m o r n i n g ' ] - IE . d h e l- 'su n , br igh t ,light'- A l t . d i l a ' sun , so l a r y e a r .69. diqA 'soil': Kart . d iqa ' s o i l , c l a y ' IE . dhghem- 'soil'.70. diga ' b r i g h t , l i g h t ' : Kart .


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' s e e ' .71. du l i ' f i r e ' : Ural . t u l e ' f i r e ' - Drav. tu!A- ' sh ine , to spark ' - Adu l i - 'warm up, warm'.72. d u ~ A ' t i p , ex t remi ty ' : Kart . dud- ' t i p , extremity ' ~ U r a l . tuS 'kat op ' - Drav. tutA ' ex t remi ty , tip'.73. dunga 'be peacefu l , s i l e n t ' : AA. d(w)m 'be peacefu l , s i l e n t 'Kart . (dum- 'be s i l e n t ' 1- Alt . dli9a- 'sit quie t ly , be s i l e n t ' .74. ? dUrA ' d ea f ' : AA. d(w)r ' id'- Kart . [dura- ' i d ' J .75. d A ~ A ' l ay ' : AA. d ~ 'lay'- Kart . d- ' l a y '76. dAwA 'be ill, d i e ' : AA. dw - 'b e ill, d i e 'consciousness ' .

IE. d h e ~ - ' l ay , s t a nd 'IE. dheu- ' d i e , lose

77. ga(HA) ' t ake , r ece i ve ' : Kart . g- ' a cqu i re ' ~ A l t . ga- ' t ake ,r e c e ive ' .78. gara ' t horny branch, t ho rn ' : IE . gher - , g h e r ~ - / g h r e ~ - ' t ho rn , poinbranch ' - U r a l . kara ' t horn , branch, c on i f e r ' - Drav. ka r ( a ) - ' t ho rn ,point'- Alt . gara ' po i n t , branch, c o n i f e r ' .79. gandu 'ma le ' : Drav. kaQt- ' i d ' Alt . gandu ' i d 80. ga t i ' hand, arm' : IE . ghes- ' i d ' - U r a l . ka te - ' i d ' - Drav.kac- 'id'.81. ? gedi 'nape of neck ' : AA. gd ' nape of neck, b a c k s i d e ' - Alt . gedi'nape of neck, backs ide ' .82. gE/hr/a ' dawn' : AA. ghr ' s un l igh t , day ' -IE. g h e r ~ - / g h r e n - 'dawn,s h i n e ' - Alt . *gEra 'dawn, morning l i g h t ' .83. gilA ' s t a t e of s ickness , gr i e f ' : Kart . g l- ' g r i e f , sorrow' -IE.

* ~ h / e / 1 - ' s i ckness , l o s s ' -?Alt. [g i l ( a ) - 'be ill, be s a d ' .84. g i / i / hu 'smooth and sh iny ' :' smoo th ' ] - IE . g h e l h ~ - / g h l e h ~ ' smooth, shiny ' - Ural . [k i / i /A'smooth and s h iny ' .

AA. [glQ 'bald']-? Kart . [glu' s h iny , of l i gh t c o l o r ' , g h l e h ~ - d h 'smooth and s h i n y ' ] - Al t . g i l u - / g i l a -

85. goHjA ' sun l igh t , dawn': IE. g ~ h e H i - ' l i g h t , br igh t ' - U r a l . kojA'dawn, sun'-? Al t . [ *g ia - 'd aw n'] .86. golHA ' h ea r t ' : Kart . *gwl- ' h ea r t ' -Alt. gol(A) ' core , middle; r ivso u rc e ' .87. gopa ' empty ' : AA. gwP ' e m p t y ' - ? Kar t . kwab- ' cave , hole ' -IE.geup- ' c av i ty , ho le ' - U r a l . koppa 'empty; sku l l ' -Alt. goba-/gobi'empty, a hol low ' .88. ? g O ~ r A ' t o sea rch ' : AA. g ( w ) ~ r ' i d ' - K a r t . [g / 6 / r - ' i d ' 1.

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..,89. gu/nH/ i ' t h ink ' : Kart. gwan-/gon- ' t h ink , recall'- Alt . guni ' t h ink , be sad ' .90. gurHa ' an te lope , male ante lope ' : AA. g(w>rH ' an te lope , male ante lo- Drav. kur- ' an te lope , deer ' -Alt. [gura 'male a n te lope ' ] .91. (Onomatopoetic) gurA ' swal low' : AA. g(w)r- 'swallow, t h roa t '

g ~ e r h ~ - ' swal low' - U r a l . kurkA ' t h ro a t ' - Drav. kurA- ' t h r o a t ' . ? I

92. glipA ' t o bend ' : AA. g(w)b/k(w)P ' bend, protrubence ' -IE. gheub'bend, curved, crooked' Alt . gliba-/goba- ' bent , bu lg ing ' .93. gUjRa 'wild beas t ' -Alt. [gora' w i l d ' ] .94. gUl'A ' round, sphere ' : AA. g(w)l ' round, sphere, head ' - K a r t . gwagur- ' round, to roll'-? IE. ghe l - ' round outgrowth, head ' .95. gUrA ' ho t coa l s ' : AA. g(w)r ' f i r e , coal'- IE . g ~ h e r - ' burn , hot ,hot coals'-? Alt . gur(A)- ' ho t coa l s , catch f i r e ' .96. ? galpa 'weak, feeb le ' : IE . he lp - ' w e a k ' - ? Kart . (yalp' w e a k ' - Al t . [ a lba - ' t o be una b le ' ) .9 7 . ? a r ~ u ' bend ' : K a rt . yr ek (w )- 'b en d; twist'- IE. h e r k ~ - ' ben t ,f l ex i b l e ' .98. guru ' f low, pour ' : AA. [gwr 'deep water ' 1- Kart . [ywar-/ywer- 'pof lood ' 1 - Drav. u r - 'me l t , fuse ' -Alt. uRu- ' f l ow ' .99. gAmA 'darkness , night ' : AA. [gm ' da rk ' 1- Kart . yam-(e) ' n i gh t ' .100. hawA ' de s i re pass iona te ly ' : AA. hw(j)[ av- ' i d ' J. ' i d ' - IE . heu- ' i d ' - Drav""101. Qaju ' t o l i ve , l i f e fo rce ' : AA. Qjw 'live'- IE . heiu ' l i f e fo rce-?Alt. ojli ' a l i ve , l i f e ' .102. ? Ha 'become, be ' : Drav. a - 'become, be'- Al t . [a- ' b e ' ] .103. Haja ' pursue , chase ' : IE . [Hei- ' pursue , cause ev i l ' ] - U r a l . a j a' chase , pursue, flee'- Alt . a j a - ' hunt , bag game' .104. HalA ' foreward edge ' : Ural . a lA- , a lka - 'beginning, foreward e d gAl t . a l- ' f r o n t ' .105. Hanga ' gape ' : Ural . a9a/69e 'mouth, opening; to open' - Drav.ank(a) ' g a p e ' - Al t . a9a 'gape, opened ' .106. Henka ' t o burn ' : IE . Heng- ' burn ' (HQg-n-i- ' f i r e ' e t c . ) - Ural .e9kA- ' bu rn ' .107. Hera ' t o c o l l a ps e ' : IE . 6er - ' c o l l a p s e ' - Ural . e ra - 'c olla ps e;p a r t , por t ion ' - Drav. i ~ ( a ) - / e ~ - ' b reak apar t ' - ? Alt . [aru' d i s i n t eg ra t e , d is so lve , mel t ' .

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108. Hera 'ma le ' : Drav. e ~ 'male ' -Alt. e ra 'male , man' .109. H/i /mi ' suck , swallow' : Ural . ime- ' s uck ' -Alt. amA- ' suck , swall110. ? HEnPA ' n ave l ' : Kar t . ~ p - e ' i d ' -IE. 6enbh-/6nebh- 'id'.111. Hi, par t i c l e ind ica t ing pas t tense: AA. (H) j , par t i c l e indicat ingpas t t ense - Kar t . - e / - i , suff ix of a o r i s t - IE. 6e- par t i c l e indica t ingp as t tense (augment) - Ural . - i - , suf f ix of p as t t ense - Drav. - i - , sufof pas t t ense .112. Hira ' t o drag, p u l l ' : Drav. ir-/ir- ' id'- Al t . i f a - ' i d '

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113. H o ~ i ' po in t , sp i ke ' : IE . H e ~ - ' po i n t , sp ike ' -Alt. oki ' a r row,ex t remi ty ' .114. Homsa 'mea t ' : IE . (H)mems- ' i d ' - U r a l . om'a ' i d ' -? Drav.unc- 'id'.115. ? H o n ~ a ' end ; edge ' : Ural . o66a ' end , foreward edge, f ron t ' -Alt . l u ~ ( A ) - ' t i p , p o i n t ' 1.116. Bora ' t o r i s e ' : IE . hXer- ' r a i s e , r i s e , m o v e ' - ? Drav. e r - ' r i s e '-Alt. or / a / - /o ra - ' r i s e , en te r ' .117. ? HosA ' pop l a r ' : IE . h ~ e s - ' i d '118. H u ~ a ' eye , s e e ' : IE . h ~ e k ~ - / h e u k - ' eye , see ' -Alt. uka- ' no t i ce ,unders tand ' .119. Huwa ' f low of wate r ' : Ural . uwa ' c u r r e n t , f l o w ' - Al t . u(a) 'waterwave ' .1 2 0 . ? HlitA ' r e s t pe r iod ' : Ural . l i tA/jli tA ' evening, night'- Alt . Uda' r e s t t ime (day o r n ig h t ) ' .121. ?a , demonstra t ive pronoun ind ica t ing d i s t an t ob jec t , ' t h a t ' : AA./ 7 / a , demon. pronoun - Kart . (h)a , demon. pronoun ind ica t ing nearby ob j- IE . he-n- , demonst ra t ive p a r t i c l e - Ural . a - / o - , demon. pronoun indicd i s t an t ob jec t - Drav. a, demon. pronoun ind ica t ing d i s t an t ob jec t - ?[a - /o- ' t h a t ' ] .122. ?a, formant of ve rba l cons t ruct ions : AA. ? - / - ? , formant of deverbanouns - Kar t . (h ) a - / - a , formant of deverba t ive nouns - IE . -o - , suff ixdeverba t ive nouns - Drav. -a , su f f ix of par t i c i p l e s and deverbat ive nou123. ? a l ~ a ' f ood ' : AA. ?1 ' f a t , f a t t y food ' -IE. he l - ' f eed , breed ' -Drav. a ! (a ) ' f a t , s t r e n g t h ' - Alt . a l ~ ( a ) - ' f ood ' .124. ?amu 'morning, da y l igh t ' : ? AA. ?m r ' day l ight , se e ' -IE. hem' day ' - U r a l . amA-/oma- (< *amo-) 'morning ' .125. (Onomatopoetic) ?anqA ' b rea the ' : AA. [?nx 'sigh']- IE . henH' b r ea the ' .126. ?arba ' p r a c t ic e w i t c hc ra f t ' : AA. [? rb 'be c lever , prudent ' - U r a l .

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arpa- ' p rac t ice wi tchcra f t ; magical equipment of so rce re r ' .127. ?aSa ' f i r e ' : AA. 1M ' f i r e ' ~ I E . hes- ' h ea r th , dry ' ~ A l t . [aSa' i g n i t e ' ] .128. ? a l a , par t i c l e of c a t e rg o r i c a l negat ion: AA. 71/17, prohib i t iveand negat ive p a r t i c l e ~ ? Kart . ( a r ( a ) , par t1cle o f ca tegor i ca l negatiUral . a l a / e l a , form of 2nd ps . sg . irnperat1ve of nega t ive verb - Draa l ( a ) - , negat ive v e r b ~ ? Alt . ( l i la - , negat ive verb ] .129. ?e, negat ive p a r t i c l e : AA. *? j , negat ive and prohib i t ive par t i c l eUral . e - , negat ive verb ( ind ica t ive stern) ~ Drav. - a -1 -e - , in f ix ofnega t ive form of verb ~ Alt . e - , nega t ive verb.130. ?ejA ' a r r ive , come': AA. ? j ' a r r ive , come' ~ I E . ~ e i - ' go ' ~Drav. e j - ' a r r ive , a p p r o a c h ' ~ A l t . i- ' a r r i ve , e n t e r ' .131. ?elA ' l i v e ' : AA. ? ( j ) l ' e x i s t , be; se t t l emen t ' ~ U r a l . e l a - 'liveDrav. i l / ( ? ) e l ' dwel l ing , abode ' -Alt. e l ' s e t t l emen t ; peaceful life'132. ?esA ' s e t t l e a p lace , be a t a p l a c e ' : ~ ? j ~ / ? j ~ ' a r r ive a t ap lace , be a t a p lace , be'- IE . ~ e s - ' b e ' , 6es 'sit '- Ural . e 'A' s e t t l e a place ; p lace , s i t e ' .133. ?EmA ' t o se ize , t ake ' : AA. ?m- ' s e i ze , t ake ' -IE. ~ e r n - ' t a k e ' .134. ? i / ( ? )?e , demonstrat ive pronoun ( indicat ing nearby ob jec t , ' t h i s 'AA. j , demon. pronoun, verbal ind ica tor of 3rd sg . rnasc. sub jec t - Kar(h ) i , demon. pronoun ind ica t ing d i s t a n t object ; (h)e , demon. pron. - Ihe i - / he - , demon. pron . , 3rd sg . p e r s . pron. - U r a l . i - / e - , demon. pronind ica t ing nearby ob jec t - Drav. i / e , demon. pron . ind ica t ing nearby o~ A l t . i, demon. pron . , i n d i c a t o r of 3rd sg . sub jec t ; e - , demon. pron.ind ica t ing nearby o b j e c t .135. ? i l i ' d ee r ' : AA. ( ? j l 'deer']- IE . ~ e l - n - 'deer'- Drav. i lA' d ee r ' -Alt. ili ' dee r , wild g o a t ' .136. ? i t a ' t o e a t ' : AA. t ( j ) ? / ? j t ' i d ' -IE. ~ e d - ' i d ' -Alt. [ ida 'id'].137. ra l 'A ' c ross (a mounta in) ' : AA. r l - ' c ros s a mountain, cl imb up,summit' -?IE. he l - 'on the o t h e r side'- Alt . a l ' a ' c ross a mountain138. (Onomatopoetic) r/e/bU ' b r e a s t ' : AA. rb(w) ' b r eas t , bqsorn ' - Kartub-e 'bosom, b r e a s t s ' - Alt . [ /e /b t i - ' b r e a s t , bosom' ] .139. r E ~ u 'wa te r ' : AA. rq(w) 'wa te r ' -IE. 6 e k ~ - 'water , d r i n k ' .140. ? rALA 'burn ( sac r i f i c i a l o f f e r i n g s ) ' : AA. r l ' burn offe r ings , fla-IE. B el- 'burn o f fe r i n g s , b l a z e ' .141. rAiA ' b ranch ' : AA. rg ' t r e e , branch ' - I E . H/o/sd-o- ' b ranch ' .142. ja 'which, who' ( in t e r roga t ive and r e l a t i ve ) : AA. j a / ?a j 'which,who' ( i n t e r . - r e l a t . ) - Kar t . ( j a - ' w h o ' ] - IE. io - 'which ' ( r e l t t . )Ural . jo - 'who, some kind o f ' ( r e l a t . and i ndef in i t e ) - Drav. ja -


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'which , what ' ( i n t e r . ) - Alt . ja 'which ' ( i n t e r . ) .143. jaHU (or joHA) 'bandage, g i r d l e ' : IE . i e h ~ s - ' b e l t , g i r d l e ' -Ural . joyA ' b e l t , t ou rn ique t fo r b a n d a g i n g ' ~ - Drav. ja - 'tie u p ' .144. ? jamA 'wa te r ' : AA. jam 'wa te r , s ea ' - ( r a l . [ j /a /mA- ' s e a ' 1 -? Drav. [amm- 'wa t e r ' ] .145. ? jarA ' to s h ine ' : Drav. e r - / e r i - ' sh ine , b laze ' -Alt. j a ru ' sh ine ' 146. jAnA ' t a l k ' : AA. jn ' i d ' - Drav. janA- 'id'.147. ? janTA ' s t r e t ch , extend, p u l l t i g h t ' : Vral . *jantA- ' pu l l t i g h t

( * j a n t A - ~ , *jantA-9, (e tc . ) ' bowstr ing , tendon, s i n e w ' ) - Drav. [ en t ' extend hands, se ize with hands ' .148. j e la ' l i g h t , b r i g h t ' : Kart . e l - ' spa rk le , l i g h t n i n g ' - Ural . j e l' l i gh t , br igh t , c l ea r , day ' - Drav. e l( a )- ' l ig h t , br igh t , s h in ing ' .149. - jE , formant o f op ta t ive : IE . - ~ - . - ~ e ~ - . su f f ix of op ta t ive - A- j E - , su f f ix of opta t ive (vo l i t i ve ) .150. - jA, suff ix of denorninal and deverba t ive ad jec t ives : AA. -1), suo f r e l a t i ve ad jec t ives and pa r t i c ip l e s - IE . - io -1 - i io - , suf f ix of denand deverbat ive a d j e c t i v e s - Oral . - j (A) , ad jec t iva l s u f f ix , - j a / - j a ,o f nornin. agen t i s and par t i c i p l e s - Drav. - i , su f f ix of indecl ineablepa r t i c ip l e - Alt . -i, su f f ix of deverba t ive nouns and par t i c i p l e s .151. - jA, diminutive-endear ing su f f ix of nouns used in address ing : AA- ( a ) j , su f f ix of endear ing and dim. nouns - Kar t . - i a , dirn. -endr . suf(ch ie f ly in address ing) - U r a l . - j , dim.-endr . su f f ix (of ten inaddress ing) -Alt. -j, dirn.-endr. su f f ix (usua l ly in address ing) .152. - j (A) , a f f ix of obl ique form of p l u ra l nouns: AA. - a j , su f f ix ofp lu ra l nouns (o r ig ina l ly obl ique form) - IE . - i formant o f p lu ra l(o r ig ina l ly with th e stern of demonstra t ive pronoun in obl ique case) -Ura l . - j , a f f ix of the obl ique form of p lu ra l nouns.153. ? j A - ( ~ ( A ) ) , formant o f comparat ive degree: Kar t . - e - ( i s 1 ), - a - ,a f f ix of comparative degree of th e type (h )u - - e - i s1 - IE. - ! e s - 1 - i s - ,su f f ix of cornp. degree .154. ? ka la ' v e s se l ' : AA. kl ' ve sse l , p o t ' - Drav. ka la - ' v esse l madel eaves ; po t ' -Alt. [ka la - ' cau ld ron ' ) .155. kalA ' f i s h ' : AA. k l- ' f i s h ' - U r a l . kala ' f i s h ' -Alt. [kal i -rna'wha le ' 1.156. kal 'A ' s t r i p bark , s k in ' : IE . gol - ' ba re , ba ld ' - U r a l . kal 'A' f i lm , th in skin; ba re , smooth' - Drav. ka}- ' t o s t r i p , sk in ' -Alt.K a l ' / i / - ' s t r i p , bark , b a r e ' .157. karnu ' s e i z e , squeeze ' : AA. krn- ' s e i ze , t ake , s q u e e z e ' - gern' s e i ze , t ake , squeeze ' - O r a l . karna-lA/korna-rA


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158. kanpA ' s o f t outgrowth ' : AA. knPr ' lip'- IE. gemb- ' outgrowth; l imushroom' - U r a l . kampA 'mushroom'.159. (Onomatopoetic) karA/kurA ' c r ane ' : ? AA. lkrk ' i d ' J IE . gerH' i d ' - Ural . karke/kurke ' i d ' - Drav. kor - /kur - ' i d ' - ? Al t . l ka ra - /kura- ' i d ' ] .160. kajwA ' chew' : IE. ~ i e u - / g i e u - ' id'- Alt . kab /a / - 'id'.161. ka/lH/A ' go , wander ' : ? AA. klh 'wander, s t e p ' - U r a l . ka la ' t o fo rd , w a n d e r ' - Drav. ka l - ' go ' -Alt. [ka lu- ' a r r i v e ' ] .162. kalU ' female r e l a t ion ' : AA. l k l ( l ) ' daughte r ( s i s te r ) - in- law, br id-?Kart. [k a l - 'woman ' ] - IE . 9 l o ~ ' b ro t he r ' s wife'- Ural . kalu' female re la t ion (husband 's s i s t e r , bro t he r ' s wife, e t c . ) ; s i s t e r ' sh u s b a n d ' - Drav. [ka l - 'w i fe of f a th e r ' s bro ther , aunt']- Alt . ka l i (n'w i fe o f younger bro the r or son, s i s t e r ' s husband ' .163. kENA 'know': AA. k( j )n 'know, r e c o g n i z e ' - Kart . gen ' unders tand,cognize , feel'- IE . g e n h ~ - / g n e h ~ - ' know' .164. (Onomatopoetic) k/iH/A ' s i n g ' : IE . /g/e iH- ' s i ng , s c r e a m ' - Ural .kiyA- 'make th e mating c a l l , s i n g ' .165. ? kirHA ' o l d ' : IE . gerH- ' o l d , d e c r e p i d ' - Drav. [k i r (a ) ' o ld ' ]

..

166. kiwi ' s t one ' : ? AA. [kw ' s t one ' J- Kar t . kw-a 'stone'- Ural . kiw' s t o n e ' .167. koja 'moth, c a t e rp i l l a r ' : Ural . koja ' m o t h ' - Al t . kuja 'moth, l ao f gadf l y ' .168. kojHa ' f a t t y , plump, he a l thy ' : IE . g ~ e i h Y - / g ~ i e h ~ - 'b e hea l thy ,l i v e ' - U r a l . koja ' f a t , f a t t y ' .169. ? kojHa ' s k i n , l ea t he r , ba rk ' : IE . g ~ e i H - ' s k in , l e a t h e r ' - Ural .ko ja ' b a rk , r ind , c r u s t ' .170. ? kojw/a/ ' b i r c h ' : Ural . kojwA ' i d ' - A l t . kib(a ) 'id'.171. ? koAA ' t o sk in , s t r i p ' : Ural . ko&'A-/kuO'A- ' t o sk in , s t r i p ,undre ss ' -Alt. [koLa- ' t o s k in ' ] .172. korA ' anger , sp i r i t ua l pa i n ' : AA. k(w)r 'be angry, s u f f e r ' - Drav

k o ~ A - 'b e angry ' -Alt. korA- ' anger , shame, pa i n ' .173. ? kOri ' l amb, sheep ' : AA. kr ' lamb, young ram' - Drav. k o ~ i / k u ~ i' s heep ' -Alt. kur i - / ko r i - ' l amb ' .174. kuda 'male r e l a t i o n ' : Ural . ku6u 'w i fe ' s husband, husband 's orw ife ' s bro the r ' - Al t . kllda/kuda


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176. k t i l ~ A ' f r eeze , c o l d ' : ? Kar t . kwer-/kwel- ' t o cool'- Ural . kuLma' co ld , f r o s t , f r e e z e ' - Drav. [kulA- ' co ld ' 1 -Alt. K o l ~ ( A ) ' f reeze ,f r o s t ' .177. ktia ' l ake , small r e s e r v o i r ' : AA. kwl ' r e se rvo i r , l ake , r i ve r ' -Ural . k/aiA ' l a ke , r i ve r b a y ' - Drav. kUla- ' r e s e r v o i r , pond, l ake ' .178. ktini 'w i fe , woman': AA. k(w)n/knw 'one of wives in polygamy, woman- I E . g ~ e n - 'w i fe , woman' -Alt. ktini 'one of wives in polygamy'.179. kUA ' snake ,Ural . koA 'worm' worm':Al t . AA. [kwl ' snake , worm' 1 - ? Kart . gwel- ' snake[ku l i - ' snake , worm'].180. ? kAmA ' b i t i ng i n s e c t ' : AA. km-/qm- ' b i t i ng insec t ( louse , f l e a , t i-Alt. [komi- ' b i t i ng i n s e c t Clouse, an t , bee t l e ) ' ] .181. ? K a ~ A ' advance wi th e f f o r t ' ' run , c ra w l ' ) : Ural . * k / a / ~ e - ' run ,c r a w l ' - Alt . [ K a ~ a - ' c r a w l ' ] .182. KejA ' do ' : Drav. ke j - ' id'- Alt . KI- 'id'.183. ? Koki ' f o l low , t r a c k ' : Ural . koke- ' look around, no t i ce , f i n d ' Al t . [KogA- ' t r ack , fo l low, pursue ' ] .184. Kuma ' ove r tu rned ' : Ural . kuma ' i d ' Alt . Kom- 'id'.185. K u P ~ a ' pu t ou t , ex t ingu ish , go ou t ' : IE. g ~ e s - 'go ou t ' - U r a l .k up sa -/k op sa - 'g o o u t ' .1 8 6 . ? Ku/s / i 'fall': Ural . ku / s / e - 'fall'- Drav. kuc( i ) - ' f a l l , lower '187. ? KtimTa ' f og ' : Ural . ktimta ' fog , s m oke ' - A l t . ktida- ' f og ' .188. K t i ~ A ' t o t i e up, b ind ' : Ural . kti tke- ' t i e , b ind ' - Drav. kutA'tie, t igh ten ' 189. - ~ a , nominal diminut ive suf f ix : Kart . - ~ - ( - a ~ - , - i ~ - ) , diminutivesuf f ix - IE. -k - , diminut ive su f f ix - Ural . -kka/ -kka, diminut ive suf f ix- Al t . -ka / -ka , diminut ive s u f f ix .190. (Onomatopoetic) ' a b a / ~ a p a ' s e i z e ' : AA. qb- ' s e i z e , t ake , b i t e ' -Kart . 'b - ' b i t e ' - IE. ghabh- /kap- ' s e i ze , t ake , ho ld ' - Ural . kappA'seize'- Drav. kavv-/kapp- ' s e i ze (with mouth), gra b ' , kava- 'seize'A l t . k ~ a b a - / k ~ a p a - ' s e i z e ' .191. 'aCA 'man, you th ' : Kart . ~ a c ~ - 'man, h u s b a n d ' - Ural . k/a / tA 'youthman' .192. 'adA ' t o weave, p l a i t (with tw igs ) ' : AA. qd - ' form pots ; bu i ld ' -Kart . ~ e d - 'build'- IE . ke t - ~ ( p l a i t e d ) s t ruc ture ; v e s s e l ' - Drav. k a ~ ~ 'tie, bui ld ; p la i t e d s t r uc tu r e , vesse l ' .193. (Onomatopoetic) 'aHPA ' chop, d ig ' : ? AA. kHP ' d ig , chop, cut'Kart . ' a p - / ~ e p - ' chop , cut'- IE . k e(6 )p - 'c ho p, d i g ' .194. 'arta ' d epar t , l eave , abandon' : ? Kart . [ ~ e l - ' depa r t , r e m a i n ' ] -


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Ura l . ka&'a- 'abandon' - Drav. k a ~ ~ - / k a ~ a - 'go by, pass , cross over ,abandon' -Alt. k ~ a l a - ' remain, w a i t ' .195. ~ a ~ A ' nape of neck, head ' : AA. qP ' nape of neck, head ' - K a r t .~ e p - a ' nape of neck, s ku l l ' -IE. k /a /p - ' head, s k u l l ' .196. ~ a c a ' c u t ' : AA. qs ' cu t , b ea t , break ' - K a r t . l k a c ~ - ' cu t , chop'- IE . ~ e s - ' c u t ' ~ Ural . kacA/keca ' kn i f e , edge, po in t ' ~ ? Drav.kacc- ' b i t e , s t i ng ' - A l t . [ k ~ a s a - ' c u t ' ] .197. ~ a r A 'tie ( t i gh t ly ) ' : ? AA. k r 'tie, wrap' - K a r t . ~ a r - / ~ e r 'tie' - IE. ~ e r - 'tie' ~ U r a l . karA- 'tie t i gh t l y , wrap up ' ~ Drav.[ka r - 'tie t i gh t l y , t i g h t e n ' ) ~ A l t . k ~ a r A ' t i e t i gh t l y , t i g h t e n ' .198. ~ e l A 'b e i n su f f i c i en t ' : Kar t . ~ e l - / ~ a l - 'be i n su f f i c i en t , need'Ural . kelke 'b e i n s u f f i c i e n t , be needed ' .199. (Onomatopoetic) ~ e r j a ' t o sc ream' : AA. qr ( j ) ' sc ream, c a l l 'Kart . ~ i r - / ~ i l - ' scream' ~ Ural . k er ja - 'a s k ' - Drav. k i r - ' sc ream,c a l l ' -Alt. [ k ~ E r i - ' c a l l ' ) .200. ~ E r d A ' b r e a s t , hea r t ' : Kar t . m - ~ e r d - 'breast'- IE . ~ e r d - ' h e a r t201. ~ / o / , pos t -pos i t iona l i n t ens i fy ing and conjoining p a r t i c l e : AA. kcon jo in ing pa r t i c l e - Kart . kwe, i n t ens i fy ing and aff i rming par t i c l e -

k ~ e , con jo in ing and in tens i fy ing pa r t i c l e - U r a l . -ka / -ka , in tens i fy inand conjoining par t ic le - Alt . -ka , in tens i fy ing p a r t i c l e .202. ~ o l ' A ' round ' : AA. q(w)l ' round, rotate'- Kart . ~ w e r - / k w a l -, .' r ound ' -IE. k ~ e l - ' round, r o t a t e ' ? Ura l . kol a ' c i r c l e ' ~ A l t .Kol 'A- 'mix, revolve , t u rn ' .203. ~ u d i 'tail': Kart . ~ w a d - / ~ u d - ' id'- Alt . k ~ u d i - r g a 'id'.204. ~ u ~ a ' s ec re t , to s t e a l ' : AA. [q(w)l ' s t e a l , d e c e i v e ' ) ~ ? Kart .

[ ~ w e l - ' h ide , c o v e r ' ) ~ Drav. k u ~ ~ - 'secret'- Alt . k ~ u l a - l k ' o l a ' s t e a l , lie'.205. ~ U ~ A ' s m a l l ' : AA. q ( w ) ~ / k ( w ) ~ / k t ' i d ' - K a r t . ~ u ~ - / ~ o ~ - ' i d ' -Drav. kuqq- 'id'.206. ? ~ A r p A ' ga ther f r u i t ' : Kart . ~ e r b - / ~ r e b - ' g a t h e r ' , ~ r e p - ' ga the rf r u i t ' ~ I E . Kerp- ' ga ther fruit'.207. pa r t i c l e inc i t ing to ac t ion (with verbal forms): IE. -ke ,pa r t i c l e i nc i t ing to a c t i o n - Ural . -k , -k(k)A, suff ix o f imperat iveand op ta t ive (o r ig ina l ly a p a r t i c l e ) - Drav. -k(k)A, su f f ix of opt . - im(o r ig ina l ly a par t i c l e ) - Alt . -kA, su f f ix of imperat ive.208. ~ a j l a ' ho t , burn ' : AA. [q l - ' burn , fry')- IE . ~ e l - ' ho t ; co ld '- Drav. k a l - ' burn ' -Alt. k ~ i a l a - ' ho t , burn, k ind le ' .209. ~ a j w A ' d i g ' : IE . * k e i u - / ~ e u - (< * ~ i e u - ) ' ho le ' - U r a l . ka jwa- /kojwa- ' d ig , draw ( l a d l e ) , ~ t h r o w ' .210. ~ a L i ' r a i s e , r i s e ' : AA. q l - ' r i s e , r a i s e , summit ' -IE. kelH-

- 2-


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' r i s e , ra i se ; mountain, h i l l ' ~ A l t . k ~ a l i - ' r i s e ' .211. ~ a n A 'g ive b i r t h t o , be born ' : AA. qn- 'g ive b i r t h to ' ~ I E .ken- 'be born, young' ~ Drav. kan- 'g ive bi r th t o ' .212. ~ a ~ a ' t o cover , c l o s e ' : AA. kp- /qp- ' cover , c los e ' Drav. kapp-/kavA- ' cover ' ~ A l t . k ~ a p a - ' c l o s e ' .213. ~ a r / a / ' b lack , dark colored ' : IE. ker - , ker - s - ' b l ack , dark 'Drav. kar /ka r /ka r ' b lack , d a r k ' - Alt . Kara ' b l ack ' .- ..214. ~ a r b / i / 'abdomen, v i sce ra ' : AA. qrb ' v i sce ra , abdomen' ~ I E .(Kerp-)/Krep- 'abdomen, body' ~ Drav. karA- ' f e tu s , womb' ~ A l t . k ~ a r b i'abdomen, bel ly f a t ' .215. ~ a r A 'burn, to f i r e ' : AA. qr ( r ) 'burn, to f i r e ' ~ I E . ker- 'burn,f ry , fire'- Drav. kar(A)- ' t o f i r e , be scorched, burn ' .216. ~ a r A ' c l i f f , s teep e l eva t i on ' : AA. qr ' c l i f f , mountain, hill'- IEker - ' c l i f f , s t o n e ' - Drav. ka r ( a ) - 'bank, edge ' .217. ~ a r a ' bark , c rus t , r ind ' : AA. qr(m) ' bark , r ind , c rus t ' - I E .k er - 'b ar k, s kin ' - Ural . kore/kere ' bark , c rus t ' -Alt. k ~ E / r a / /Kar ' bark , c r us t ' .,218. ~ a ~ A ' sc rape , sc ra t ch ' : AA. [qs- ' scrape , f l e e c e ' ) - IE . kes' s c r a t c h ' - Drav. k a l l - ' r a sh , i t c h ' .219. ~ a S A ' bone ' : AA. q ~ 'bone ' -IE. K os-t- 'bone, r i b ' .220. ~ a w i n g A ' a rmpi t , underarm' : Ural . kaj9a- la ' i d ' - Drav. kavunkA' i d ' - A l t . k ~ a w i 9 i 'id'.221. ~ a / l H / a ' tongue ' : Ural . ke le ' tongue ' ~ A l t . k ~ ~ l a - ' tongue, t a l k '222. ~ a ~ a 'paw' : AA. qp/kp/qb ' f oo t , so le , hoof; palm' ~ I E . kepH' hoof , p a w ' - Ural . kappa ' paw ' .223. ~ e 'who': Ural . ke- 'who' (stem of obl ique c a s e ? ) -Alt. k ~ e - 'wh224. ~ E 9 a 'summer hea t ' : AA. q ( j ) ~ 'summer, heat'- Ural . k E ~ a'summer heat , summer'.225. ~ e t A ' t o f a l l ' : IE . Keid-/kad- ' f a l l ' ~ Drav. ketA- ' f a l l ,co l l apse ' .226. ~ E f i U 'empty, l i g h t (weight ) ' : IE. ken- ' empty' - U r a l . [kEfiA'light')- Alt . k ~ a n u ' l i g h t ' .227. ~ E r A ' horn ' : AA. q r- ' i d ' -IE. ker- 'horn; head, top , summit ' .228. ~ i l a ' s tem, s t a lk , ha i r ' : IE. ke l - ' (pr ickly> stem, s t a lk ' -Ural . kalke ' h a i r , combings, f locks ' - Drav. [kel ' f e a t he r , ha i r ' )Alt . k ~ i l a ' th ick h a i r ' .229. ~ i n / u / 'be angry, j ea lous ' : AA. qn- 'be jea lous , a n g r y ' - Drav.


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kinA- 'be angry ' ~ A l t . Kin/u / - 'b e angry, j e a lous ' .230. ~ i r A ' h o a r f r o s t ' : AA. q r- ' i c e , hoar f ros t , c o l d ' ~ IE . Ker- ( inder iva t ions ) ' hoa r f ros t , c ru s t (of ic e on snow), i c e ' ~ U r a l . k i r t e , ki' c r u s t (o f ic e on s n o w ) ' ~ Alt . k ~ i r ( a ) ' hoa r f ros t , new snow' .231. (Onomatopoetic) ~ i r A ' s c rape ' : AA. q r - ' s c rape , wound' ~ IE. KerH' des t roy , break ' ~ Drav. kirA-/kerA- ' s c rape , shave ' ~ A l t . k ' i r ( a ) ' sc rape , to plane , to c u t ' .232. ~ o 'who ' : AA. k(w)/q(w) 'who' (stern o f i n t e r roga t ive pronoun)IE . k ~ o 'who' ( k ~ - i - 'wha t ' and o th e r i n t e r . pronouns) ~ Ural .ko- /ku- 'who' ~ A l t . k ~ a - / k ~ o - , stern of i n t e r . pronoun.233. ~ o j a ' r e s t ' : AA. qwj ' remain, w a i t ' ~ IE . k ~ e i < 6 > - ' r e s t ' ~ U r a l .koja - 'lie, r e s t ' ~ Drav. ke- ' r e s t , lie'.234. ~ o r A 'gnaw, worm': IE . k ~ r - r n i - 'worm', ? k ~ e r - 'chew up, break u p 'Alt . KorA 'worm' .235. ~ u l A ' t o f a l l , subs ide ' : Ural . kulA- ' t o f a l l out , f a l l , wear ou t 'Alt . k 'u lA- ' f a l l , c o l l a ps e ' .236. ~ u r A ' p l a i t , t i e , b ind ' : IE . k ~ e r - ' bu i ld , m a k e ' ~ Ural .kurA-/korA- ' p l a i t , tack toge ther , f a s t e n ' - Drav. kurA- ' p l a i t , t i e ,sp in ' -Alt. KurA- ' ad jus t ( t o ) , bu i ld , a r range ' .237. ? ~ u r A ' b lood ' : IE . kreuH- ' coagula ted blood, bloody m e a t ' - Drav.kuru t i ' b lood ' 238. ~ l i j n A 'wol f , dog ' : ? AA. k ( j ) n / k ( j ) l , k(w)l ' dog, wolf ' -IE.Kuon!Kun- ' d o g ' ~ Ural . klijna 'wo l f ' .239. ~ l i l a 'community, c l an ' : AA. [q(w)l ' t r i b e ' 1 -IE. k ~ e l - ' c l an ,fami ly ' ~ Ural . kula ' a g r i c u l tu r a l community, v i l l a ge ; dwel l ing , house'

~ ? Drav. [ku l ' f amily , crowd' 1 -Alt. [Kula ' house , house se rvan t s ' ] .240. ~ l i p a ' b o i l , swel l up ' : IE . keup-/keuHp- ' bo i l , evapora te ' -Alt.

k ~ o p a - ' swe l l up, foam' .241. ~ U c A 'woven baske t ' : ? AA. q w ~ / k ( w ) s 'woven baske t ' -IE. k ~ o s 'woven baske t , woven a r t i c l e ' - Ural . kuca-/kocA ' b i rch baske t , b i rchv e s s e l ' .242. ~ U m A ' swal low, devour ' : AA. q(w)m ' devour , e a t ' -IE. k ~ e m ' swal low, gulp down'.243. ~ U / p / a ' p i l e , heap ' : IE . keup- /keub- ' p i l e ' - Drav. kupp(a)-/kuvA' p i l e , to p i l e up ' .244. ~ U r A ' s h o r t ' : AA. q(w)r /kr ' s h o r t ' - Drav. kur ' s ho r t , s m a l l ' Al t . k ~ o r / u / - ' s ho r t , to l e s sen ' .245. d i r e c t ive par t i c l e : AA. k( / / q ?>, d i rec t ive p a r t i c l e - Ural .-kkA/-kA, su f f ix o f l a t i ve , a pos tpos i t iona l d i rec t ive p a r t i c l e - Drav.-kkA/-kA, su f f ix of da t ive - l a t i ve - Alt . -kA, pos tpos i t iona l d i r e c t i v e

- { /1-- - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - -


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p a r t i c l e , suf f ix of da t ive - l a t i ve .246. ? -1 / a / , suff ix of co l l ec t ive nouns: ? Ural . - l a , co l lec t ive s u fDrav. -1 , p lura l suf f ix Al t . - l ( a ) , co l l ec t i ve su f f ix .247. (Onomatopoetic) l a ~ A ' l i c k ' : AA. lq ' l i c k ' - K a r t . 1 6 ~ - / l a ~ ' l i c k ' - IE. lak- ' l i c k , l ap ' - U r a l . lakka- ' l i c k , l ap ' - Drav. nakk-nak- I 1 ick o248. - lA, suff ix of denominat ive verbs: Ural . - lA, ' i d ' -Alt. - l a / - l aI id o249. lAsA ' r ub , damage': Kar t . l e s - ' r ub , damage' -IE. l e s - 'weak,destroyed, bad ' - Drav. nac- 'wear out ; cause disease , weaken' .2 5 0 . ? 1/e/pA ' s p l een ' : AA. lp ' id'- Ural . 1/e/ppa 'id'.2 5 1 . ? lewda ' s ea rch , f i nd ' : Ural . Lewoa- 'find'- Drav. lne t - /na t ' search f o r ' ] .252. l ipa ' s t i c ky ' : AA. lP - ' smear with grease / fa t , fat'- Kart . l ap - /lP- ' d i r t , c l a y ' - IE . l e i p - ' s t i ck to , s t i cky , smear with grease / f a t 'Ural . Lipa- ' s l i ppe ry , s t i cky ' - Drav. niv- ' smear with grease / fa t ,s t r o k e ' - Al t . l i pa - ' s t i c k to , s t i cky , v i scous ' .253. - lA, ad jec t iva l su f f ix : Kart . - 1 - / - e l - / - i l - , suf f ix of pa r t i c ip l eand deverbat ive nouns; - i l - 1 -o l - diminut ive suff ix - IE . -1 - , suff ix odenominative and deverbat ive adjec t ives - Ural . - l a - 1 - l a , suff ix ofad jec t ives , nouns, and diminut ives - A l t . -1 , suf f ix of deverbat ive no254. (Onomatopoetic) l ' ama 'knead, mash, so f t en ' : AA. lm ' s o f t , t enderIE . lem- 'break; weak' - Ural . l ' ama ' knead, mash, crush ; weak' - DravnamA- ' squeeze, knead, mash, br eak ' .255. ~ / a / ~ a ' l e g ' : AA. l q - / l k - ' l e g , foo t ' -IE. l ek- ' l e g ' -?Ural.

~ a k A - ' l e g ' -? Drav. t ak 'walk ' .256. ~ a p a 'flat': ? AA. lP - ' f l a t , palm' -IE. l ep- 'palm, paw'Ural . ~ a p p a / ~ a p a ' f l a t , paw, shoulder blade ' -Alt. lapA- ' f l a t , l e a f '257. ~ A , loca t ive pa r t i c l e : AA. 1, loca t ive-d i rec t ive pa r t i c l e - ? Ka- l a , loca t ive af f ix - Ural . - ~ a / - ~ a , loca t ive suf f ix - ? Drav. -u} ,l oca t ive s u f f i x - Alt . l - l a / - l a , loca t ive su f f ix ] .258. ~ e j n a ' s o f t , weak' : AA. l jn ' s o f t , w e a k ' - IE . l e i - ' s o f t , weak,thin'- Ural . l e jna 'weak ' .259. ~ i w a 'mud, silt': IE . leu(H) 'mud, silt '- Ural . ~ i w a 'mud, sand,bog ' .260. ~ o n ~ a ' bend ' : IE l enk - 'bend ' - U r a l . ~ o 9 k a 'bend, chip off ;droop, dangle ' - Drav. tonk- 'bend, dangle ' - Alt . lo9a- ' bend, i nc l inbow'.261. ~ l i ~ A ' p i e rce , i n s e r t ' : Ural . ~ l i k k A - ' p i e rce , i n s e r t , p u s h ' - Drav{tukk- ' i n s e r t , p u s h ' ] - Al t . l l ika- ' p i e rce ' .

I --


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262. LabA ' s e i ze , acqui re ' : AA. lb - ' s e i ze , acquire ' -IE. 1 /e ,bh' s e i ze , acqui re ' -Alt. (labA- ' d rag in one ' s t e e t h ' ) .263. LaHm/u/ 'swamp': ? Kart . ( lam- 'silt, d a m p n e ss ' ] - IE. lehm'swamp, puddle ' - Ural . Lampe 'swamp, smal l l ake ' - A l t . lamu 'swamp,s e a ' .264. Lamd/i/ ' low, depres s ion ' : IE. lendh- ' va l ley , p la in ' - U r a l .Lamte ' low, depress ion ' .265. L / a i ~ A 'damp': Kart . l ~ w - 'mo is ten ' -IE. l a t - 'damp, mois t s o i l '266. L a w ~ a 'weak, l imp ' : IE. l e us - ' id'- Ural . L a w ~ a 'id'.267. L/a/ jA 'wa te r , pour ' : AA. lj ' w a t e r ' - IE . l e iH- ' pour 'LajA ' l i qu id , r i v e r ' . ? Ural .

268. ? LopA ' pee led bark ( r ind) , th in l ayer of p lan t mat e r i a l ' : AA. lp' pee led r i n d ~ - IE . l e up- / l e ub- / l e p - , ' pe e l : peeled bark, l e a f ' - UralLopA ' sk inned bark , l e a f ' .269. LubA ' t o t h i r s t ' : AA. lwb ' thirst'- IE . leubh- ' des i re pa s s iona270. L u ~ A ' small ca rn ivore ' : Kar t . l e ~ w - 'young of carnivore , puppy' -IE . l u ~ - / l u n ~ - ' l ynx ' - U r a l . LuKA ' f ox , marten ' -Alt. loka/ luka ' lynfox , dog ' .354. lunge ' snow' : Ural . lu6e ' snow' -Alt. [ l u ~ a 'wet snow' 1.271. LAga 'lie': Kart . l ag- / lg - ' l ay , to plant'- IE . l egh- 'lie, l i edown' .272. ? LAQA 'be ill': AA. 1/Q/ ' i l l '- Kar t . [ l e / x / - 'be ill'].273. (Onomatopoetic) L A ~ A ' l i c k ' : AA. 1 ~ - ' l i c k ' , l i ~ - ' tongue ' - K a r t

l a ~ - 'lip', 1 ~ - w n - ' l i c k ' .274. ? la/mH/u ' b i rd cher ry ' : Ural . bo'me ' b i rd cher ry ' -Alt. /d / imu' b i rd cherry , buckthorn ' .275. magu ' bad ' : AA. mgw/mwg ' i d ' -Alt. [magu ' i d ' ] .355. maHj/e/ ' r ock , wave': IE. mehCi)- ' r ock , shake: wave, nod ' ,( f ig . ) ' l u re , summon, show' - Drav. maya ' sway, ree l (phys ica l lyand emotional ly) ' -Alt. maji ' r ock , shake, sway, bend; wave ' .356. maHjA- ' l ose s t reng th , weaken; disappear , per i sh ' : IE . meHi ma(j) o r m6Ci)-) ' t o t i r e ' - Drav. majA- ' d isappear , per i sh , -bef in i shed , die ; des t roy , finish'- Alt . majA- 'weaken, be l o s t ' .276. majAA 'honey, sweet ju ice from t r e e s ' : IE. mel- ' honey ' - U r a l .majO'A ' sweet t ree ju ice ' - Drav. [ m a ~ ~ - / m i t t - 'honey, sweet t r eejuice'-? Alt . [/m/alA ' honey ' ] .277. majrA 'young male ' : AA. m (j ) r 'man, young male animal (cub, whelpe t c . ) ' -IE. mer- (mer-!o-) 'young man' - Drav. mar-/mar- 'young male

/ / - -


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animal ' -Alt. lmiara- ' t o marry ' ] .278. malA 'numerous, abundant ' : ? AA. ml- ' good ' -IE. mel- 'numerous,abundant ' Drav. mal ' abundan t ' .279. ? mana ' s top , de ta in ' : AA [mnr ' de ta in , h i n d e r ' ) - Drav. man' s t op ' -Alt. [mana- ' f in i sh , des t roy ' ] .280. manga ' s t rong ' : AA. [mA(n)g- ' s t rong , heavy, a b u n d a n t ' ] - ? Kart .[mag- ' s t r o n g ' ] - IE . mengh-/m{e)negh- ' abundant , numerous ' - Alt .lma9a ' ha rd , s t rong, s t a b l e ' ) .281. manu ' t h ink ' : AA. mn- ' t h ink , unders tand, de s i r e , c o u n t ' - IE . me' t h ink , r eca l l , mention ' - Alt . manA/monA


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293. m/a/rA 'b e ill, d i e ' : AA. mr- 'b e ill' -IE. mer- ' d i e ' - Cral .m/e/rA 'wound, pa in ' .294. mafa 'mois ture , damp': AA. mr 'damp; ra in , r e s e r vo i r ' - K a r t .*mar-(e i) ' l ake , moist so i l ; cloud '


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[ m u ~ ~ a i ' egg ' ] .308. m u ( n ) ~ A 'heavy, d i f f i c u l t ' : Kart . m a ~ - / m a n ~ - ' h e a v y ' - Drav. mukk' exe r t oneself'-? Alt . [/m/uQ-1/m/ukA- ' t o rment , s u f f e r i n g ' .309. muri ' tw i s t ' : AA. mr- ' r o t a t e , tw i s t , t u rn ' Ural . murA- ' t u rn ,d i s l o c a t e ' - Drav. muri- ' t w i s t , revo lve , bend' ; murA ' tw i s t , ro t a t e 'Al t . muri - ' t u rn , twis t , bend ' .310. murA ' b reak , smash ' : AA. m(w)r ' crumble, smash, c u t ' -IE. mer' smash , gr ind , crumble ' - Ural . mura ' f r a g i l e , b r i t t l e , f ragment ' -Drav. m u r A / m u ~ A ' b reak , c u t ' -Alt. [murA/morA ' f r a g i l e , b r i t t l e ' ] .311. ? mUdA ' t h ink ' : AA. m(w)d ' unders tand, th ink , s ay ' -IE. meudh' t h i nk , say ' .312. ? m A ~ A 'worm': Kart . m a ~ - l - 'worm' -IE. *mot- 'worm, i n sec tl a rv a ' .313. m A / ~ / A ' l i g h t , br ight , s un ' : AA. m ~ ' sun , morning, fire'- Kar t .mz 1-e ' s u n ' .314. -n , suff ix of obl ique form of nouns and pronouns: Kar t . -n , su f f ixo f obl ique form of nouns and p ro no un s- IE . - ( e )n , su f f ix of obl iqueform o f nouns - Ural . -n , s u f f ix of obl ique form o f nouns and pronouns suf f ix of geni t ive) Drav. - ( i ) ~ , su f f ix of obl ique form of nouns suf f ix of geni t ive) -Alt. -n , suf f ix of obl ique form of nouns andpronouns .315. na t /o / ' female r e l a t i v e ' : Ural . nato ' s i s t e r - i n - l a w ' - Drav. n a t tnatA- ' s i s t e r ' s husband, bro t he r ' s w i fe ' .316. ne / rH/ i ' f r on t of head, fo rehead ' : AA. [njr (H) ' f o r e h e a d ' ] - Uralnere ' f r o n t of head, cheek, snou t ' - Drav. n e ~ i ' fo rehead, f ro n t ' .

y317. nimi 'name' : IE. nom- ' i d ' - U r a l . nime 'id'.318. 6atrA 'young, newborn' : AA. [ n t r 'young, y o u t h ' ] - IE . ~ e ~ r -' s p r ing , year ' - U r a l . nore 'young, newborn, sp r ing ' - Drav. n a ~ -'young p lan t , gemi na t e ' - A l t . na / r /A- 'young, newborn; sp r i ng ' .319. namA ' squeeze , se i ze ' : IE . iem- ' ho ld t i gh t l y , b r i d l e ' - U r a l .nomA-/(?)namA- ' squeeze , seize': Drav. namA ' squeeze , p r e s s ' .320. nara ' f i r e , blaze ' : AA. [n r ' f i r e , blaze , s p a r k l e ' ] - Drav. fiarA' f i r e , b laze ' - A l t . [NaRa- ' s un ' ] .

I

321. (Onomatopoetic) namA ' s o f t ' : Ural . namAkA/nimAkA ' i d ' -Alt.nimA/namA 'id'.322. ? na/wH/a ' h a i r ' : Ural . nawa ' h a i r , down' - Drav. [nav i r ' h a i r ' ) .323. ? 6a1A 'mois t , damp': AA ng- 'mois t , ooze ou t , s p l a s h ' - Ural .

n a C A / n a ~ A 'mois t , damp'.324. nida ' t o t i e , b ind ' : IE . nedh- ' t ie , b i n d ' - Ural . ni8a - ' t i e ,


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tack together , j o in ' .325. (Onomatopoetic) 6i l a ' s l ippe ry and mois t ( inner layer of r ind , skinUral . ni l a ' i nne r l ayer of rind'- A l t . n i l a ' s l imy ( su r face ) ' .326. nohrA 'mois t , to f low ' : AA. [nhr ' r i v e r , f low ' ] - U r a l . norA/norA'mois t , swamp, to f low' - ? Drav. n i r 'mois ture , water ' - Alt .noru 'mo is t , swamp, g e t soaked ' .327. nowda 'move qu ick ly ' : AA. nwd 'move qu ick ly ' -IE. ieudh- 'movequ ick ly , do battle'- Ural . nowoa- ' pursue , fo l low' .328. ? nlikA ' shake , pu l l at': Ural . nlikA ' pu l l a t , jerk'- Drav.[nuk- ' s hake ' ] .329. nulA- ' t e a r out , scrape o f f ' : Ural . nli lke- ' t o sk in , t ea r out h a i r '- ? Drav. nu l l - ' p inch , pinch of f , t e a r o f f ' -Alt. *nl i l i - /no l i -' s t r i p , t ea r ou t , scrape o f f ' .359. na jgu- 'bow, bend, hang ' : IE . k n e i g ~ h - 'bow, b e n d ' - Ural ./ n / i k / u / - 'bow, bend' - A l t . 9ajgu- ' bend, hang,droop, rock ' .330. n i ~ a ' neck ver t eb ra , neck ' : Ura l . n ika ' v e r t eb ra , j o i n t ,neck, nape of neck ' -Alt. nika- 'neck ver t eb ra , neck, c o l l a r ' .331. NajRA 'man, male ' : IE. ner- 'man, male , male s t reng th ' -Alt. [niarA'man, person ' ] .332. NA, demonstra t ive pronoun: AA. n( j ) , demon. p r o n . - Kart . -n ,marker of 3rd sg . s u b j e c t - IE. ne- tno - , stem of demon. pron . - U r a l .nA-, stem of demon. pron . - Drav. na, demon. pronoun.333. -NA, su f f ix of p lu ra l animate nouns: AA. - an , su f f ix of p lu ra lanimate nouns - Kart . -en / -n , su f f ix o f p l u ra l nouns (o r ig ina l ly animatein d i r ec t case - ? Ural . -NA, suf f ix of p l u ra l nouns -Alt. -na / -na ,su f f ix of p lu ra l animate nouns.334. NEgA ' s t ab ' : AA. ng- ' s t ab , p i e rce ' -IE. neigh- ' s t ab , p ie rce ' .360. Nuq/U/ ' bend, rock, lower ' : AA. nwx ' bend, lower, l a y ' - K a r t .nqw ' b r ing down, over tu rn ' - IE. n e ~ H - ' bend , bow, rock ' - ? Drav. [nukA' bend, b o w ' ] - Al t . nugu/nlikli 'bend, bow' .335. NliqA ' now' : IE. nuH- ' id'- Ural . NlikA 'id'.336. ? palA 'swamp': IE . bolH-/pelH- ' id '- Alt . [pa l - 'id'].361. p a l ~ q A ' f oo t ' : Kart . p ~ e r q - perq - /be rq - ) ' l eg , foo t , s t e p 'Ural . p / a / l ~ k a 'foot'- Al t . / p / a l ~ k a ' l e g , foot , s t e p ' .362. p / a / r / a / ' n a i l ' : AA. p ~ r - , p ~ r - s - ' n a i l , f i n g e r ' - Kart . pr / c /xa' n a i l , claw' - ? IE . pe r - , f e rs t- ' f in ge r' -? Drav. ver-a} (< * p ~ e r - a } - >'finger'- Alt . para - (9a ) /p ara-C9a) (< *parE-C9a)) ' thumb' .363. /piasA ' r oo t ' : Kart . pasw- ' r o o t ' - Drav. [vaca C< * p ~ a c a ) ' type

-zo-


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of ed ib le r o o t ' ] ~ Alt . P/a/sA ' t runk , stem; hand le ' .337. pelHi ' shake , fea r ' : IE. pelH-/pleH-. ' shake , f e a r ' ~ Ural . pe le ' f e a r ' ~ ? Drav. [piA- ' shake , f e a r ' ] ~ Alt . p e l i - 'be f r igh tened ' .364. per le / ' r i nd , sk in , p e e l ' : AA. p ~ r - ' r i nd , sk in , pe e l ' ~ U r a l . pere' s k in , r ind , f i lm' ~ Drav. p 1erA ' r i nd , skin , p e e l ' .365. / p / u n ~ E 'body ha i r ' : Kart . [ p a ~ w - / ? p o ~ - < < * p a w ~ - ? ) 'body h a i r ' 1

~ I E . pus- , pous- ' (body) h a i r ' , d o w n ' ~ Ural . p u n ~ e 'down, f e a t h e r s ' ~Drav. p ~ o c c u ' h a i r , down'.366. /p /u /n /a ' h a i r , fur , f ea t he r s ' : Ural . puna ' h a i r , fu r , fea the rs '

~ Drav. p ~ u t a ' h a i r , fu r , down, small fea the rs ' - Al t . PunA ' h a i r ,fu r , f ea the r s ' .3 3 8 . ? p u r . ~ A ( g A ) / p i i l ~ A ( g A ) ' f l e a ' : AA. p 1 . r ~ ! J b r ~ ! : l < ? > p j . l ~ ! :' f l e a , mosquito ' ~ IE . bh lus - /p lus - ' f l e a ' ~ A l t . p i i r a g a / b i i r a g a / ( ? ) p i i r ~ a' f l e a ' 367. ~ a d A 'fall': AA. [pdH ' f a l l , l i e d o w n ' ] ~ IE. ped- ' f a l l ' ~ Drav.patA ' f a l l , lower (onese l f ) , s i t , l i e down'.368. ~ a l g A ' f o r t i f i e d se t t l emen t ' : AA. bl /H/ * ~ 1 9 ? ) ' se t t lement ,dwel l ing ' - IE . PlH- ' f o r t i f i ed se t t l emen t , f o r t r e s s , c i t y ' - Ural .*palyA ' se t t lement , dwel l ing ' - Drav. pa! ! i ' s e t t l ement , bui ld ing,temple ' - A l t . palagA Mong. ba laya- ' c i ty , fo r t r e s s , bu i ld ing ' .369. ~ a l i H m a ' pa lm' : IE . pima ' a sk , pray, b l ess ' ~ I E . p r e ~ ' a sk ' - A l t . p ~ i r / u / ' a sk , pray ( for , aga ins t ) , bless , damn, inquire ofd i v i n i t y , con ju re ' .340. (Onomatopoetic) ~ i s A ' s p l a s h ' : Kart . ps- ' u r i n a t e ' - Ural . piSa-

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' d r ip , d r i z z l e ' - Drav. picA- ' d r i zz l e , r a i n ' - Alt . p ' i s t i - / p ~ t i s t i ' sp lash ' .375. ~ o ~ w e ' c a t t l e ' : AA. bkr (< ~ ~ r ) ' l a rge horned c a t t l e , bull'IE. p e ~ u ' (small> c a t t l e ' Alt . pcoke-r ' bu l l , l a rge horned c a t t l e ' .341. ~ o ~ q a / ~ o d q a ' h ip ' : AA. pAxd/pAxg/xpd


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353. i ta /nA ' f e t u s , f r u i t , pregnancy, descendents ' : AA. gn- ' g e t pregdescendents ; brother , s i s t e r ' - ? Kar t . z 1m-a ' b ro the r ' Drav. can-' f e t u s , pregnancy ' .

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A =c =c" ==E =H =I =K =rs =L =N =0 =p =R =s =T =u =1\ =

a o r ac o r r;" " ", r;, o ro r 9a, e , o r i

SYMBOLS and ABBREVIATIONS

undetermined l a ryngea l o r pos t -ve la re o r ig, k, o r a~ o r 9:1 o r + in i n i t i a l p o s i t i o n , 1, +, o r 1" in medial pos i t ion .n, n, o r iio o r up o r J?r o r rs , s, o r o r zt o r t-o , u , o r i ivowel o f indeterminable qua l i ty

Slanted bracke ts I I around phoneme(s) i n d i ca t e t h a t those phoneme(s) arth e bes t , b u t not th e only poss ib l e r econs t ruc t ion . See #4.Round bracke ts ( ) i n d i ca t e opt iona l phoneme(s) . See #22.Square bracke ts [ 1 around a recons t ruc ted form ind ica te the recons t ruc ti s based on th e da ta o f one language fami ly . See #1.

= Alta ic a s p i r a t ed k .= A g l o t t a l i c consonant , e xcept Dravid ian r e t ro f l e x consonants .C" = A pa la t a l consonant .? = G lo t t a l s top .r = Voiced pharyngeal .Q = Voiceless pharyngeal .9 ::: v,j,eJ pos+-v.&.,. s+Dp.

I l l i ~ - S v i t y ~ , V. M.1971 Opyt s ravnen i j a n o s t r a t i ~ e s k i x jazykov ( semi toxami t sk i j ,k a r t v e l ' s k i j , indoevrope jski j , u r a l ' s k i j , d r a v i d i j s k i j ,a l t a j s k i j ) . Vvedenie. Sravn i t e l ' ny j s lovar ' (b-K' ) . MoscowNauka. [#1 - #24511976 Opyt s ravnen i j a n o s t r a t i ~ e s k i x jazykov ( semi toxami t sk i j ,k a r t v e l ' s k i j , indoevrope jski j , u ra l ' s k i j , d r a v i d i j s k i j ,a l t a j s k i j ) . Sravn i t e l ' ny j s lovar ' (1-1>. Moscow: Nauka.[#246 - #35311984 Opyt s ravnen i j a n o s t r a t i ~ e s k i x jazykov ( semi toxami t sk i j ,k a r t v e l ' s k i j , i ndoevrope j sk i j , u r a l ' s k i j , d r a v i d i j s k i j ,a l t a j s k i j ) . Sravn i t e l ' ny j s lovar ' (p -q ) . Moscow: Nauka.[#354 - #378]

kaiser - the nostratic reconstructions of illič-svityč

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