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Kalat’s Book Chapter 15

Alphabetical

antipsychotic drugs

antipsychotic drugs

Neuroleptic drugs. Used to treat schizophrenia.

Primarily block dopamine receptors.

atypical antidepressants

atypical antidepressants

Sort of miscellaneous group; reuptake

inhibitors but vary in what they inhibit.

Includes Wellbutrin (inhibits dopamine and

some norepinephrine) & Cymbalta (inhibits

serotonin and norepinephrine).

bipolar disorder

bipolar disorder

Manic-depression; episodic mood disorder.

Alternate between depressed and elevated

moods. Transitions can be quick or slow;

length of episode can vary. High risk of

suicide at either extreme.

bipolar I disorder

bipolar I disorder

Characterized by depression with at least

one episode of mania. Manic episodes

typically last a week or more; depressive

episodes typically last two weeks or more.

bipolar II disorder

bipolar II disorder

Depression plus episodes of hypomania; no

major manic episode. Hypomania can feel

positive (elevated mood, increased activity) or

negative (irritability, anxiety, insomnia).

Sometimes difficult to differentiate between

depression and hypomania.

butyrophenones

butyrophenones

A group of drugs with similar structure. Includes

Haldol (widely used antipsychotic), Droperidol

(used for anesthesia), Benperidol (highly potent

antipsychotic), Melperone (used for agitation &

delirium), & Azaperone (a veterinary

tranquilizer).

chlorpromazine

chlorpromazine

Thorazine or Largactil. Blocks dopamine

uptake. Developed in 1950’s; first drug used to

treat of schizophrenia; stopped nearly all use of

electroconvulsive therapy & brain surgery on

schizophrenic patients.

concordance

concordance

Agreement or correlation. Used to describe

amount of genetic cause of schizophrenia

and other mental diseases.

delusions

delusions

Strongly held but unjustifiable belief. Includes

thought insertion, bizarre beliefs (controlled

by aliens) and paranoia (being spied on).

differential diagnosis

differential diagnosis

Choosing between alternative explanations

of symptoms. Using deductive reasoning to

determine causation.

DISC1

DISC1

Protein that controls generation of denderitic

spines, and impacts neural migration,

differentiation & positioning of new neurons.

dopamine hypothesis of

schizophrenia

dopamine hypothesis of

schizophrenia Theory that schizophrenia is caused by

overactive dopamine synapses. Dopamine

blockers do help relieve schizophrenic

symptoms.

electroconvulsive therapy

electroconvulsive therapy

ECT. Originally developed to treat

schizophrenia but has been more effective

for treating atypical types of depression.

Major memory loss is a side effect.

glutamate hypothesis of

schizophrenia

glutamate hypothesis of

schizophrenia Theory that schizophrenia is caused by

underactive glutamate synapses, perhaps as

a result of too much dopamine or the lack of

glutamate receptors.

hallucinations

hallucinations

A major symptom of schizophrenia.

Conscious internal sensory perceptions in

the absence of external stimuli. These false

experiences can be in any sense modality:

seen, heard, smelled or tasted, etc.

lithium

lithium

Mood stabilizer used to treat mania.

Reduces the risk of suicide.

major depression

major depression

Episodic mood disorder. Symptoms include

low self-esteem, feelings of helplessness,

loss of pleasure and low energy. Varies in

intensity; more common in women.

mania

mania

Abnormally altered mood episodes (elevated

or irritable). Symptoms include restlessness,

loss of inhibition, rambling speech &

increased self-confidence. Unknown cause.

mesolimbocortical system

mesolimbocortical system

Neuronal network that connects tegmentum

to limbic system. Encodes intense pleasure.

Antipsychotic drugs may impact this area.

MAOIs

MAOIs

Monamine oxidase inhibitors. Increases

dopamine and serotonin levels by blocking

the enzyme that metabolizes these

neurotransmitters.

negative symptoms

negative symptoms

Symptoms of schizophrenia that are also

found in other conditions. Includes flat affect,

loss of motivation & poverty of speech. Not

easily treated.

neurodevelopmental

hypothesis

neurodevelopmental

hypothesis Theory that schizophrenia is caused by

prenatal abnormalities in brain development.

phencyclidine

phencyclidine

PCP; angel dust. Created to be an anesthetic;

recreationally used for its hallucinogenic

(schizophrenia-like) effects that last for several

hours. Causes damage to neurons; blocks

NMDA glutamate receptors.

phenothiazines

phenothiazines

Based on methylene blue dye developed in the

1800’s. Group of drugs with similar structure

that are used to treat schizophrenia. Best

known member is chlorpromazine. Used as

chemical stabilizer to prolong shelf life.

positive symptoms

positive symptoms

Symptoms unique to schizophrenia. Positive

in the sense that they must be present for

diagnosis of schizophrenia. Includes

hallucinations, delusions & thought disorders.

postpartum depression

postpartum depression

Depression after giving birth; usually begins

two weeks after birth, can last for months if

untreated.

schizophrenia

schizophrenia

Mental disorder that greatly disrupts

perceptions, thinking and social interactions.

Some genetic component but no known cause;

no cure. Best thought of as “the schizophrenias,”

a cluster of dehabilitating disorders.

seasonal affective disorder

seasonal affective disorder

SAD. Mood disorder that seems related to

circadian rhythm or amount of light. Yearly

reoccurring depression; can be any season

but winter is most common.

season-of-birth effect

season-of-birth effect

Based on the observation that most

schizophrenics are born in winter. Suggests

that season of the year is an environmental

risk factor for schizophrenia.

second-generation

antipsychotics

second-generation

antipsychotics Atypical antipsychotic drugs used treat

schizophrenia. Blocks dopamine, less side

effects (rigidity, tremors) & lower risk of suicide.

Has side effects & increased risk of stroke &

heart attacks. Includes Abilify, Prazinil &

Risperdal.

SSRIs

SSRIs

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Not

totally selective; aim to block reuptake of

serotonin. Includes Prozac, Lexapro, Paxil &

Zoloft.

SNRIs

SNRIs

Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors.

Not totally selective; aim to block reuptake of

serotonin and norepinephrine. Includes

Cymbalta, Effexor and Pristig.

substance-induced psychotic

disorder

substance-induced psychotic

disorder Drugs can cause psychotic states or worsen

psychotic disorders. Includes alcohol

(alcoholism), marijuana, barbiturates (paradoxical

effects), cocaine, amphetamines, LSD, MDMA,

PCP, solvents, inhalants & gasoline.

tardive dyskinesia

tardive dyskinesia

A slow onset (tardive) movement disorder.

Can be caused by long-term antipsychotic

drug use. Includes repetitive involuntary

movements, grimacing, rapid eye blink, lip

smacking, rapid finger movements.

tricyclics

tricyclics

Named for their molecular structure. Block

reuptake of some neurotransmitters

(dopamine, serotonin, etc.). Used to treat

depression.

unipolar disorder

unipolar disorder

In contrast to bipolar. Variation at one pole of

continuum: depression. Normal mood with

episodes of depression. Major depression or

clinical depression.

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