kalmegh
DESCRIPTION
Kalmegh cultivationTRANSCRIPT
TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom Plantae, Plants
Subkingdom Tracheobionta, Vascular plants
Super division Spermatophyta, Seed plants
Division Angiosperma
Class : Dicotyledonae
Sub class Gamopetalae
Series Bicarpellatae
Order Personales
Tribe Justicieae
Family Acanthaceae
Genus and species Andrographis paniculata
Genus Andrographis has 40 species. 20 species occur in India .Other prominent species are A. echioides, A. serpyllifolia, A. wightiana and A. alata.
SYNOMYMS Arab: Quasabhuva
Bengali: Kalmegh English: King of Bitters
Gujarathi: Kariyatu Hindi: Kirayat
Kannada: Nelaberu Malayalam: Kiriyattu
Marathi: Oli-kiryata Oriya:Bhuinimba
Persian: Naine-havandi Sanskrit: Bhunimba
Tamil: Nilavembu Telugu: Nilavembu
INTRODUCTION• One among 23 Red listed plants ( Hoartus malabaricus ).• Cures all types of fever, live disorders and jaundice.• Grows in moist, shady waste lands and dry forests.
• Origin- France.
• Distribution-India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Indonesia, China, Thailand, East and West Indies and Mauritius.
• India – In plains of UP, WB, Assam, Kerala and parts S.India.
• Natural sources diminished due to unscrupulous exploitation.
SOIL AND CLIMATE• Prefers sunny climate, deep well drained soils.• Increasing light intensity – Chlorophyll content/leaf area
decreased, total dry matter production is less as compared to plants grown under 15% light.
PROPAGATION• Seed. 250-300 g. Soak in water for 6 hr. • Collected from matured capsules, mixed with sand. • Nursery beds – June. Organic manures @ 1Kg/bed.• Germination – 15 days ( 75-85% ).
• Seed treatments – Highest shoot length in hot water treatment, • Longest root length in 0.5% Hydrochloric acid.• Continued…..
• Hot water treatment at 50o C for 5 min – Highest dry matter content ( 18.70 mg per 10 seedlings ) and vigor index(540) , no abnormal seedlings.
• IBA – Highest rooting percentage (47.6) and shoot length of 22.85• Seeds stored in liquid nitrogen for 1 week after desiccation to 4-7% exhibited 80-95% germination.
LAND PREPARATION AND PLANTING• May – June best season for planting.• Field is prepared. Dried cow dung 20t/ha.• Beds of 3m X 1.8 m of 15-25cm height (distance 3m). • Spacing – 60cm X 30cm. • Yield is influenced by date of planting (early planting more yield) but no the andrographolide content.
MANURES AND FERTILIZERS• Responds well to nitrogen.• Plant height, No. of primary and secondary branches and biomass
production increased with increasing rates of Nitrogen.• FYM 10 t/ha and Castor cake 2 t/ha - During land preparation.• 40 Kg N/ha as urea – Maximum content of andrographolide in roots
and above ground parts.
AFTERCARE• 2-3 irrigation during dry period. • 2 weeding – First, 1 month after planting. Second, 2 month after
planting.
INTERCROPPING• Bixa orellana, Embilca officinalis, Buchanania lanzan and Gmelina
arborea
CROP PROTECTION• No serious pests or diseases.
HARVEST AND POSTHARVEST HANDLING• Kerala – Flowers during Aug-Nov, whole plant matures during
Feb-Mar.• Shallow black soil – Harvesting in Nov, tall plants with highest
number of primary branches with high herbage yields and andrographolide content.
• 120 days after sowing – Andrographolide content, due to early harvesting.
• Plants tied into small bundles and dried in shade for 4-5 days.• Avg. yield 1.25 tones of dried plants/ha.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION • Andrographolide - A colorless neutral substance, diterpene
lactone insoluble in water. • Dissolves slowly in alkali.• Whole plant – Andrographolide, 4-deoxy11-oxo-andrographolide,• 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydro-andrographolide and non bitter
constituent neo-andrographolide.• Leaves – Homoandrographolide.• Andrographolide content – Leaves 2.5%, stem 2%.
USES• Used in prophylactic and therapeutic hepatoprotective herbal
preparation. • Astringent, anodyne , alexipharmic properties.• Used against intermittent fever, dysentery, diabetes,
influenza, bronchitis, swellings, piles and gonorrhea, jaundice and liver ailments.
• Decoction of the plant – Blood purifier.• Infusion of leaves – General debility and dyspepsia.• Leaves and roots – Febrifuge, tonic, alterative and cholagogue
action, laxative, cures cough, oedema, thirst, skin diseases, ulcers and worms.
• Plant extract – Ant typhoid properties against Salmonella typhii.
• Useful against dyspepsia, hemorrhoids, leprosy, flatulence and colic acidity.
• Effective against chronic malaria, anti-inflammatory, antifungal and antibiotic.
• Decoction of plant used against anemia. • Antidote to cobra venom – Leaves of Kalmegh and pulp
of rice.• Major constituent of ‘ Switradilepa’ – Treating vitilago.
KALMEGH PRODUCTS