karl todd - building services project

8/9/2019 Karl Todd - Building Services Project.

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Introduction

Building Services Engineering is the design and management of the internal environment and

environmental impact of a building. Building services engineers are responsible for the design,installation, operating and monitoring of the mechanical, electrical and public health systems

required for a safe, comfortable and environmentally friendly operation of modern buildings. The

term "building services engineering" is widely used in the United ingdom, !anada and

ustralia, but in the United States of merica, the field is also #nown as architectural

engineering or building engineering, though these terms can also have other meanings, even in

the United States. $n $ndia the engineers are #nown as facilities planners. Building Services

rchitect is an engineer with e%perience in the integration of all Building Services.

The principles of building services were used to conceptuali&e and design a 'one(room

mansion), with the aim of providing all the needs that the occupants would require and toma%imi&e the comfort and usefulness of the limited spacing. *n application of these principles

include providing different lighting based on the rooms, for instance, rooms such as the study

require far more lighting that say the laundry or bathroom, hence the windows need to be

different and also the artificial lighting. lso the living room would require different acoustic

qualities such as long reverberation time, compared to a room used for reading or sleeping.

Sustainable and environmentally friendly buildings are in great demand and to a certain

e%tent are now e%pected in modern times. s an engineer, one must ta#e into full consideration

the amount of energy being used when building the structure, and during its lifetime. $t is very

important that engineers design building that comply with the principles of sustainabledevelopment and use the smallest amount of energy required. Building services helps the

engineer to ma%imi&e the amount of resources produced in the environment to create a

comfortable living area, with little effect on the environment. This report shows how the

principles of Building Services was used in the construction of a 'one room mansion), and show

the practicality of these principles.

Objectives +

• !onceptuali&e a design for one room house, with considerations for optimal comfort and

use of space.• Ensure that sustainability is ta#en into consideration when constructing the building.

• Ensure that there is harmony between the building and its environment.

• Ensure the building is safe and that building codes are observed during its construction.

Part A: Climate and the Built Environment

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Description of Building Selected

The building which was design in this project was a one story mansionlocated in Central Trinidad. It consists of one bedroom, two bathroom, akitchen, living room and a study.

Macroclimate

Generally, in the country of Trinidad the climate is warm and humid and can

be characteried by an average internal and e!ternal temperature of "#$C

and %"$C respectively. &owever, the temperature values tend to vary

throughout the year.

Country January

minimu

m!

January

ma"imum

!

July

minimum!

July

ma"imu

m!

Annual

#ainfal

l cm!

Trinidad

&

Tobago

21.4 C ᵒ 29.6 C ᵒ 23 C ᵒ 31 C ᵒ 172.0

Table 1 ' (verage temperature and annual rainfall in the Trinidad and Tobago

)www.weather*and*climate.com+

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Microclimate

The microclimate of a building may be describe as the climatic features specic to abuilding due to its immediate surroundings )-c-ullan, ""+. This consist of thee/ect that the presence of hills, valleys, large bodies of water, shading, winddirection and other surface features may have on the conditions e!perienced in abuilding and immediately around it. The microclimate of a building can also bea/ected by the building itself because of its orientation as it may restrict the 0ow ofwind or receive e!cessive sunlight )heat+.

The microclimate factors that can a/ect the internal thermal environment'

• oil• Terrain• urrounding 2uildings• 3iver )water+ and trees

Soil

The type of soil present in the area can a/ect the internal thermal environment of abuilding especially in the summer time. 4ue to lack of rain, loose*dry soil can becreated. 5oose*dry soil can be created due to lack of rain. The loose particles of the

soil type can be easily blown into the air as dust and create problems with theventilation additionally adding heat to the atmosphere.

$errain

Contours are used to denote elevation or altitude and depth on maps. 6rom thesecontours, a sense of the general terrain can be determined. ( contour map is a mapillustrated with contour lines, which thus shows valleys and hills, and the steepnessof slopes. The contour interval of a contour map is the di/erence in elevationbetween successive contour lines. 7hen the lines are close together the magnitudeof the gradient is large' the variation is steep. The building is constructed on 0at

gently sloping terrain. This allows for smooth steady winds and proper ventilationwithout the damaging defects of high wind. Cooling of the room is done faster

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$hermal Comfort

Sun

olar radiation emitted from the sun makes contact with buildings as a result it istransferred inside by the means of conduction, convection and radiation.

Conduction may be dened as the heat generated by the solar radiation which istransferred through the building material.

Convection occurs where heat is transferred through a material by the bodilymovement of particles.

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The radiation is the direct solar radiation entering the building through an opening. This heat from the sun adds to the total amount of heat within a room and theapartment in total. &uman beings become uncomfortable at temperatures above"9oC

Measure to control internal and e"ternal environmental factors

%rientation of &uilding

electing the most optimal building orientation is one of the critical energye:cient design decisions that could have impact on building envelope energyperformance, as it can be used to minimie the direct sun radiation into thebuildings through windows and building openings.

This orientation lets you consistently harness thermal gain, or consistentlyavoid it, along the long face of the building. It also lets you minimie the area that;ssubject to faster energy swings from the rising or setting sun. olar heat gain onthe east side can be acceptable or even useful, because it happens in the morningafter the cooler night< but solar heat gain on the west side is rarely desirable at the

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end of an already warm day. 7hen laying out the house the direction the sun risesand sets was taken in to consideration, therefore the house was angled by using thee=uation > ? 7@)mA ! CosB+. 2y angling the house, no side of the house will bee!posed directly the sunlight hence diminishing the heat gained into the house.

Proposed Orientation Of the House

'enestration

In the proposed one bedroom house one of the measures used was naturalventilation in which the wind was allowed to enter and cool the building. Therefore we decided to use large double hung windows along with timberhoods which were designed to provide shade from the rain and sun, they areadjustable allowing between to 1 percent opening hence the amount ofair in and air out can be regulated, additionally the some windows had tintedglass which can help reduce glare and heat transfer.

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Figure 7 shows an example of an double hung window . Figure 8 shows the timber

hoods used.

The selection of color used on the house was very important in its design andthe decision was made to use a light yellow paint for the e!ternal walls. 4ueto the fact that light colors re0ect heat and hence can prevent walls frombecoming e!cessively hot where on the other hand dark colors absorb heatwhich would then be transferred into the home. Thus, choosing light colorsfor the roof and e!ternal wall nishes is vital for reducing heat gain andtherefore the need for air conditioning would be decreased.

6igure shows a sample of the pale yellow painted e!ternal wall

Shading

hading is a means of blocking or de0ecting the sun;s energy from directlymaking contact with a building. This means that the general indoortemperature is reduced and thermal comfort increased. The building then


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re=uires less energy to maintain that level of comfort and therefore lessenergy is used on a whole, which increases the buildings sustainability.

The building in =uestion has no other buildings directly adjacent to it andtherefore has no shading form e!isting buildings. &owever, there are several

trees around the building which provide some form of shading, although notsubstantial.

6igure D hading 2y Trees

Materials( Energy consumption and Conservation

The design of the house consists of the following building materials' Cementproducts )which includes Concrete, Concrete blocks as well as Elastering andGrouting+, Timber, Glass, Elastic and Coconut ber for 0oors and >Einsulation for the walls.

(ll of these materials impact on energy consumption be it in theirmanufacture, transport to the construction site and ultimately their usethroughout the structure life span.

Concrete

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In these modern times concrete is use =uite e!tensively more often than notthroughout the civil environment which can be found in buildings whethercommercial or residential, roads, bridges and dams etc. 4ue to the fact it isvery durable and also has an e!tended life span as compared to timber.Concrete is a compound material where it is a combination of variousmaterials which includes cement, sand, aggregate and water, a paste is formdue to the chemical reaction between the water and the cement. Cement isa very important component of concrete and in its creation from rawresources it re=uires the use of e!tensive amounts of fossil fuel additioncement consumes large =uantity of energy. &owever concrete in buildingsprovides good insulation to heat and sound. In this design the use of recycleaggregate was used to help conserve energy.

$im&er

Timber was used for several parts of the apartment. In contrast with mostbuilding materials it imposes less harm to the environment and hence it isregard as a sustainable material if managed properly. &owever most of thetimber use in Trinidad and Tobago is imported from outside regions, and thusis an e!ample in which non*renewable energy consumption can be seenthrough shipping from one country to the ne!t. In contrast the use of timberin homes allows for good air ventilation and as a result can lead to thereduction of cost in energy consumption. &owever e!cessive use of timbercan lead to increase deforestation when the rate of reproduction is e!ceededby the rate of consumption, can have negative e/ects such as soil erosion,

landslides and increase in Co" contributing to global warming.

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Coconut )&er

Coconut ber is a locally available material which is e/ective in insulationpurposes. 4ue to its insulation ability, it is able to reduce the need fore!cessive cooling in the event that air conditioning is installed or fans areutilied.

Sic# building syndrome is normally defined as a poorly understood phenomenon where people

have a range of symptoms related to a certain building, most often a wor#place, and there is no

specific identifiable cause -ational health services, U. The symptoms are range from

headaches, di&&iness, nausea, aches and pains, fatigue e%treme tiredness, poor concentration,

shortness of breath/chest tightness, eye and throat irritation along with other symptoms. This

phenomenon occurs because of factors such as+

• 0oor ventilation

•

1ow humidity

• 2igh temperature or changes in temperature throughout the day

• irborne particles, such as dust, carpet fibres or fungal spores

• Biological contaminants

• 0oor lighting 1ighting should be adequate for tas# being done

• -oise pollution.

3easures must be ta#en so as to prevent this situation from occurring as the persons on the

building team Engineers, !ontractors etc. are liable if occupants fall sic# due to their

negligence.

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Part B: $hermal Comfort and *eat +ain

4hen building a one room mansion many factors have to be ta#en into consideration in order

to achieve optimal thermal comfort. Thermal comfort is defined as the state of mind that

e%presses satisfaction with the surrounding environment, in this case the interior of the one(room

building. Temperature is e%pected to be #ept at appro%imately 566c vg. 7oom temp. and

humidity between 86 and 96:. The thermal comfort parameters are also governed by many

physiological mechanisms variable for each individual. This will be affected by+

;. 0ersonal ( ge, !lothing, Se%, 0hysique, ctivity5. 0hysical < Temperature, ir velocity, 2umidity, =entilation

*eat $ransfer

&eat is the transfer of energy also known as thermal energy from onebody to another due to the temperature di/erence between two bodies. Three mechanisms heat is known to be transferred are conduction,convection and radiation'

Conduction may be describe as when heat is transfer through a solid

substance to another, molecule are heated, it begins to move and shake

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rapidly as it does so, it passes some of its heat energy to the othermolecules around it. Through this process heat energy is passed from oneobject. & ? ( )T" H T1+@5.

Convection may be dened as the mass movement of thermal energy in

0uids.

3adiation is the transfer of heat energy by electromagnetic waves.• Can be transferred In a vacuum• Travel in straight lines.• Can be re0ected

$hermal &ridges

Thermal bridges are junctions where insulation is not continuous and as aresult heat loss occurs, the main thermal bridges in a building can be foundat the junctions of 0oors, cross walls< roofs, low 0oors. &owever Insulatingmaterials are used to improve the thermal insulation of buildings. They aregenerally of low density to prevent heat conduction through the material orof high re0ectance to reduce heat gains via radiation. (ir spaces, though apoor conductor of heat via conduction, is known to be a relatively goodconductor when circulation is allowed and convection currents 0ow. Commoninsulating materials include mineral wool which also improves the acousticproperties of a room and more recently coconut ber.

Insulating Materials

2uilding insulating materials are thermal insulators in the constructionindustry, hence these materials help prevent the transfer of thermal energyby conduction, radiation or convection. Thus, by allowing this to occur,favorable conditions can be achieved such as thermal comfort and theamount of energy needed to keep the room cooled would be reduced. omeof the materials used are'

(erated concrete blocks

>E Insulation

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In addition, the materials mentioned above have some or most of thefollowing properties'

uitable thermal insulation

-oisture content 6ire resistance

Compatibility with adjacent materials

&armless to human and the environment

*eat +ains

&eat gains can be divided into several categories' fabric heat gains, solarheat gains and casual heat gains'

• 6abric heat gains occur due to heat transferred from the e!ternalenvironment into the inside of a building via the building envelope orfabric which includes the walls, roof, 0ooring, etc.

• olar heat gains occur though fenestration )windows+ which allow for sun

radiation to enter the building.

•

Casual heat gains arise from activities and appliances within the buildingitself< for instance, the heat give o/ by the respiration of humanoccupants.

*eat Balance

This occurs when the sum of all the di/erent heat gains )fabric, solar andcasual heat gains+ and the heat losses )ventilation+ of the building is erowhich means the building is losing as much heat as it gains.

2uildings usually re=uire cooling or heating to keep inside temperatureconstant for thermal comfort of the occupants. (fter the determination of theheat gains, the e!tra energy re=uired in balancing these losses and gains canbe calculated via the following e=uation.

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>nergy for heating@ cooling J Kentilation &eat loss ? olar &eat gain J 6abric&eat gain J Casual &eat Gain

Calculation of heat gain for Building in Project

rea of walls, windows and doors quantity > length > width

rea of windows ; ? @>5.8>;.5 ? ;8.8 m5 , rea of windows 5 ? 8>;.5>;.5 ? @.9A m5

rea of doors ? 5>5>6. ? C.A m5

rea of walls ; ? 5>;C>C ? 9D m5 , rea of walls 5 ? 5>>C ? @8 m5

Effective area of wall? Total area of wall < rea of doors rea of windows

? ;C5 m5 < [email protected];8.8 ? ;6D.58

Fabric Heat Calculation

Table 1: Fabric Heat calculation

Ventilation Heat Calculation

Using formula Pv=C

v NV ∆ T

3600 , where 0v ? rate of ventilation loss, !v ? volumetric specific

heat capacity of air, -? air infiltration rate for room, =? volume of room, FT? Gifference

between outside and inside temp. The formula used in practice is Pv=0.33 NV ∆ T .

=? C>D.9>;5>9? CC;.89 mC

FT? ;;6c

-?;

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0v? 6.CC>;>CC;.89>;;? ;56C.58 4atts

Solar Heat Calculation

&north*east &south*west &south*east &north*west

&eat Gain@unit area "8.8F "." "." "8.8F7all area m" %D %D " "

heat gain D98." 1#.F %8.8 ##.D#

7all@7indow 3atio? Total 7 ? %81.FF7Table 2: Solar Heat Calculation

Casual Heat Calculation

Table : Casual Heat !ain

Condensation

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Table ": Sho#ing Te$%erature at each &nterface

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<

Table ': Sho#ing (e# Point at each &nterface

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Chart 1: Sho#ing Plot of Te$%erature gradient and (e# %oint !radient

Cooling )oad (esign

!ooling Energy needed 0 ? 2eat losses < 2eat gains

0 ? solar heat gains casual heat gains ( fabric loss =entilation loss

? C8;6.DD@8D6 < 5A;C.59 ;56C.58 ? CD;A.@; < DD6.DD ? @698.C9 4atts

So 0? @698.C9 H/s, therefore to get wor# per hour @698.C9> A6>A6? ;D,5A9,95C H/h

The use of an air condition unit is used in the apartment in order to get the heat out the room. The

heat obtained by the room is ;D,5A9,95C H/h or ;D,5AD H/h

ssuming+ ;5,666 Btu/h ? ;5,AA; #H/h

2ence+ ;D,5AD H/h would require ;D,5A9 H/h I ;5,AA; ? ;.88C

Therefore+ ;.88C>;5,666 ? ;9,C;C Btu/h

Thus an ! unit corresponding to ;9,C;C Btu/h

*C s+ste$

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,all Section

'loor Section

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Heat ,easuring -.ui%$ent

Thermal imagers/ $nfrared !ameras( thermo graphic camera or infrared camera is a device that

forms an image using infrared radiation, similar to a common camera that forms an image using

visible light. $nstead of the 8@6


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Part C: -ighting

5ight may be dened as the electromagnetic radiation of any wavelengthwhether noticeable or not. 6urthermore three important properties of lightconsist of intensity, brightness, polariation, direction of the wave oscillationand fre=uency or wavelength. 5ight allows persons to see. (dditionally it canbe provided from the sun or articially, meaning by heat energy viaelectricity.

Comfort Parameters

The comfort parameters for lighting in the room are a/ected by thefollowing'

• implicity of (ccess to 5ight witches and (rticial 5ighting 5amps•

Eresence of glare in the room• >:ciency of lighting• &eat generated by articial lighting• 4egree of contrast

Simplicity of Access to -ight S.itches and Arti)cial -ighting -amps

5ight switch locations can a/ect the comfort levels within a room in terms ofits accessible therefore they should be simply made reachable from certain

locations. The switches in the apartment;s rooms are positioned in armsreach of where you are, e!ample' the lamp for the desk has a switch two feetaway from the person using the desk< the lamp for the sink has a switchsituated one foot above it. (long with the switches the lamps can be easilyreached. This is good in case there is need for lamp replacement or repair.

Presence of +lare

7hen it comes to comfort as it pertains to lighting the presence of glareplays a major role. &ence a room;s lighting should be completed in such a

manner that glare doesn;t e!ist or it is signicantly reduced as a result ofvarious health inrmities directly caused by glare, e!ample migraines.

E/ciency of -ighting

The re=uirements of a room must be satised by the balance of natural andarticial light. 6urthermore the e:ciency of an electric lighting source isdetermined by two aspects'

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• The electromagnetic radiation visibility.

• The speed at which the source transforms electric power intoelectromagnetic radiation.

&ence the room should be designed in such a way to ensure the light doesn;tcover the complete room but instead be placed in such an area where it isre=uired utmost. Conse=uently the room is capable to function as both abedroom and a work space. Illustrated in the room plan lights are located atstrategic points in which being the sink, the desks and above the bed areas. The lighting is e:cient as the room has more than one function and cannotbe restricted to a particular lighting

*eat Produced &y Arti)cial -ighting

The heat produced by articial lighting is a major issue in relation to heatgain within a room. &owever lamps are known to produce light as well asheat. -oreover some lamps release more heat than others. In the design ofapartment 0uorescents lamps were used due to the fact that they arepredominantly more energy e:cient and produce less heat, unlikeincandescent lamps that DL of its energy consumed is discharged as heatinstead of visible light.

Degree of Contrast

Contrast maybe dened as the di/erence in brightness or colour betweentwo parts of the visual eld, (ccording to -c-ullan 3. >nvironmental ciencein 2uilding, 6ifth >dition. In respect to lighting with in a room the level ofcontrast is a very signicant aspect to be resolved. (dditionally too high acontrast or too low a contrast can likewise lead to discomfort to an occupantof a room as a result of the straining of the eyes due to the poor contrastlevel of the room causing an uncomfortable environment conditions .

4aylight 6actor

4aylight factor may be dened as the ratio, which is e!pressed as a percentage, ofdaylight illuminance obtained at a specied point within a room to the simultaneousilluminance on a horiontal plane outside e!posed to an unobstructed sky. &ence itprovides an appro!imation of the natural light reaching work surfaces within a room.6urthermore a room which has a daylight factor of 9L or more is considered a well*lit room.

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It is therefore important to know the daylight factor of a room as. The daylightfactor is the ratio of the actual illuminance at a point in a room to the illuminanceprovided on by an unobstructed hemisphere of the same sky. The daylight factor isa combination of three components' sky component, C< e!ternally re0ectedcomponent, >3C< and internally re0ected component, I3C. The e=uation belowdenotes this'

46 ? C J >3C J I3C

Msing the manual method with 23> )2ritish 3esearch >stablishment+ protractor forCI> )Commission Internationale d;>clairage+ sky'

The ky component of the above formula would be determined by using the2uilding 3esearch tation daylight protractor. The gure below shows theprotractor.

B#S S0y Component Protractor for 1ertical +la2ing

The 4aylight 6actor will be calculated using the following e=uation

4.6. ? C J >3C J I3C

7here' 4.6. ? 4aylight 6actor

C ? ky Component

>3C ? >!ternally 3e0ected Component

I3C ? Internally 3e0ected Component

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Using the Mloor 0lan and Section drawings of the one(room mansion, together with asimilar daylight protractor, values of the daylight factor at certain grid points in the room can beobtained manually.

0rimary scale+ Top reading ? ;8 :Bottom reading ? 5.@ :

Uncorrected s#y component ? ;8 ( 5.@ ? ;;.@:

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u%iliary Scale+ Top reading ? 6.55, Bottom reading ? 6.5D

!orrection factor ? 6.@6

S/+ co$%onent 0 ncorrected s/+ co$%onent correction factor

? ;;.@ % 6.@6 ? @.9@ :

C*)C)*T&3! &3T-43*) 4-F)-CT-( CO,PO3-3T

The average internal reflectance will be calculated using the B7S inter reflection formula, which

is shown below,

&4C 0

0.85W

A (1− R ) x (C R fw+5 Rcw )

4here+ 4 ? rea of 4indow

? Total area of ceiling, floor and walls including window N

7 ? verage reflectance of ceiling, floor and all walls, including windowe%pressed as a fraction

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7 fw ? verage reflectance of the room below mid(height of the windowe%cluding window wall

7 cw ? verage reflectance of the room above mid(height of the windowe%cluding window wall

! ? coefficient. =alue dependent on obstruction outside window

!1!U1T$-N =E7NE 7EM1E!T-!E

Table 5: *verage 4eflectance

!alculating 7 fw ? verage reflectance of the room below mid(height of the window e%cluding

window wall

Table 6

!alculating 7cw ? verage reflectance of the room above mid(height of the window

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Table 7

Using the coefficient of 56 degrees.

Therefore ! ? C;

*verage &4C ?

0.85∗4.32350.73 (1−0.44 )

×

( (31

∗0.29

)+(5

∗0.55

) )=¿ 6.55:

,ini$u$ &4C 0 6.A9 % verage $7! ? 6.A9 O 6.55: ? 6.;@:

-4C ? S!/@ ? @.9@/@ ? ;.;@

(a+light Factor 0 '86' 9 181' 981' 0 68' ;

Arti)cial -ighting

(rticial light obtains its energy from electricity, it can be turned on and o/at a 0ick of a switch. &ence it can be describe as any lighting which isneither sunlight nor moonlight and conse=uently can be describe as anunnatural light source and is man*made. (dditionally articial light unlikenatural lights does not 0uctuate and therefore yields a consistent percentageof light as long as it is switch on where on the other hand natural lighting islimited. In the apartment design a mi!ture of natural and articial lights wereused and hence the two main types of articial lights that were focus on areincandescent and gas discharge.

Incandescent H maybe describes as a light bulb that attains its energyfrom electrical current, its articial light is created with a lament wirewhich is heated to a high temperature by an electric current passingthrough it, until it glows . 6urthermore the hot lament is protected fromo!idation with a glass bulb that is lled with inert gas. &owever mostincandescent bulbs convert less than 9L of the energy they use intovisible light with the remaining energy being converted into heat

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Gas discharge H is an articial light which produce light by transferringelectrical discharge through an ionied gas. &owever the character of thegas discharge depends on the pressure of the gas as well as thefre=uency of the current. Tubular 0uorescent lamps are one e!ample ofgas discharge bulbs and in the construction industry they are known to be

very energy e:cient hence they were the most economical solution forgeneral lighting applications in the design.

Arti)cial light design

4uring the design of the apartment the 5umen -ethod was used todetermine the amount of articial light ttings necessary to spread light overall regions to achieve the standard specications. The lumen method ofdesign follows'

O ? E x A

F x UF x LLF

7here'

O ? Oumber of lamp ttings re=uired

> ? Illuminance level re=uired )lu!+

( ? (rea at working plane height )m"+

6 ? Initial luminous 0u! output of each lamp )lm+

M6 ? Mtiliation 6actor

556 ? 5ight 5oss 6actor

The utiliation factor is governed by the re0ectance of the room surfaces aswell as the type of lamp chosen to be used. &ence this is calculated by the3oom Inde! )3I+ which formula follows'

3I ?

L ×W

H m× ( L +W )

-ighting 'or Study Area

5 H 5ength of room ? 8." m

7 H 7idth of room ? %.1 m

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&m H-ounting &eight of 5uminary ? .F9m from 0oor level

3I ?4.2 x3.1

0.85 x (3.1+4.2)

3I ? ".1

(OI@(&3(>@I>O( tandard D.1*"8 for tipulated Illuminance 5evels

$ype of Building

SpaceIlluminanc

e lu"!

4welling &ouse itchen %studyarea %

5amp type selected * ( 97 0uorescent lamp with luminous e:cacy ofDlm@7

Ceiling 3e0ectance? .% 7all 3e0ectance ? .%

Mtiliation factor ? .%D

(rea of study ? %.1 ! 8." ? 1%."A

6rom codes' 556 ? .D9

6 ? 9 ! D ? #9lm3ecommended from table' > ? %lu!

3 4300 x 13.02

6750 x 0.39 x 0.95

3 ? " 6luorescent lamps

pacing of lamps' ".1 ! .F9 ? 1. m

-ighting for Bedroom

5 H 5ength of room ? 8. m

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7 H 7idth of room ? #. m

&m H-ounting &eight of 5uminary ? .F9m from 0oor level

3I ?4.7 x6.7

0.85 x

(4.7

+6.7

)

3I ? %."9

5amp type selected * ( 97 0uorescent lamp with luminous e:cacy ofDlm@7

Ceiling 3e0ectance? .% 7all 3e0ectance ? .% Mtiliation factor )found using linear intrapolation+ ? .8#

(rea of study ? %.1 ! 8." ? %1.8DmA

6rom codes' 556 ? .D9

6 ? 9 ! D ? #9lm

3ecommended from table' > ? %lu!

3 4300 x 31.49

6750 x 0.46 x0.95

3 ? % 6luorescent lamps

pacing of lamps' %."9 ! .F9 ? % m

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occupants, especially when they arrive home in the nights, so they can be aware of their

surroundings.

The following diagram provides an idea of how the lights would be placed around the building.

Part D: Acoustics

Sound

ound may be dened as variations in the pressure of air which produce ane/ect in the ears and brain. 6urthermore it is form of energy transferred by aseries of pressure pulses. &owever in contrast noise may be describe as un*wanted sound which a/ects the human comfort level. Ooise can lead to

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annoyance, aggression, hypertension, high stress levels, hearing loss, sleepdisturbances and tinnitus, which can lead to forgetfulness severe depressionand panic attacks.

3oise transfer

Ooise is transferred into buildings by di/erent mechanisms. Two main typesof sound involved are'

• (irborne sound'* -ay be describe as sound which travels through the airbefore it reach and react with its surroundings. Typical sources ofairborne sound include radios, musical instruments, voices, tra:c andtelevision.

• Impact sound'* -ay be describe as sound generated on structures. Typical sources of impact sound include footsteps, slammed doors andwindows, noisy pipes.

Sound insulation ound insulation is the reduction in sound energy transmitted into anadjoining air space )p."19, -c-ullan ""+.In addition Insulation is theprincipal method of controlling both airborne sound and impact sound inbuildings. Good sound insulation depends upon the following generalprinciples'

&eaviness' * The high density of heavyweight materials restricts the sie ofthe sound vibrations inside the material so that the nal face of thestructure, such as the inside wall of a room, vibrates with less movement

than for a lightweight material.

6le!ibility' * ti/ness is a physical property of a structure and depends uponfactors such as the elasticity of the materials and the !ing of the structure. Therefore 0e!ible materials have good insulation properties because they areless likely to undergo resonance or coincidence and therefore increase soundtransmission.

Completeness' * (reas of reduced insulation or small gaps in the constructionof a wall have a far greater e/ect on overall insulation than is usuallyappreciated. The completeness of a structure depends upon airtightness and

uniformity.

Isolation' * 4iscontinuous construction can be e/ective in reducing thetransmission of sound through a structure. (s the sound is converted todi/erent wave motions at the junction of di/erent materials, energy is lostand a useful amount of insulation is gained.

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#ever&eration

3everberation may be described as an enhancement of a sound due to rapidmultiple re0ections between the surfaces of a room )-c-ullan ""+. Inaddition they are so rapid the human ear interprets them as one sound butthe distinct repeat of the original sound cannot be recognied. &owever incontrast to reverberation, an echo is a delay in re0ection where a distinctrepeat of the original sound can be heard.

3everberation time is the time taken for a sound to decay by #d2 from its original

level. 3everberation time is calculated using' T3 ¿0.16V

A

7here' T3 H reverberation time )s+

K H Kolume of the room )m%

+( H Total absorption of room surfaces )m" sabins+

( ? P )surface area Q absorption coe:cient+

Calculations using actual house

urface (*area )m"+(bsorptionCoe:cient

(bs.units

6loor 1F."8 .9 9.81"Ceiling 1F."8 .1 1.F"8Rccupants)people+ 9 .8# ".%7alls 11.8D ." "."DF

Total".89

F

= ? C> D.9> ;5.9 ? CC;.89 mC

T7 ¿0.16×331.47

20.75 ? 5.@A seconds

7everberation time required to be less than ; second, the absorption required to ta#e the

reverberation time to ; second+

;¿0.16×331.47

A , 2ence A =

0.16 x331.47

1 ? @C sabins

%%


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E%tra bsorption needed+ @C( 56.9@ ? C5.5@ sabins

Air&orne and Impact Sound Insulation

(irborne sound insulation is important for both walls and 0oors. (irborne

sound insulation between rooms can be measured by generating a steadysound of a particular fre=uency in one room )the source room+ andcomparing it with sound in a second adjacent room )the receiving room+. These measurements are made at a number of di/erent fre=uencies. Thedi/erence between the two levels is referred to as the level di/erence 4. Thislevel di/erence is in0uenced by the amount of acoustic absorption in thereceiving room. 7hen a sound wave reaches a surface it will be partlyre0ected o/ the surface back into the room and continue travelling in a newdirection, and it will be partly absorbed by the surface. The sound absorptionof a room can be estimated by measuring the reverberation time T. Thereverberation time is the time taken for the reverberant noise to decay by #

d2. ( sound created in a room with a long reverberation time will soundlouder than the same sound created in a room with a short reverberationtime. In order that airborne sound insulation measurements in di/erentbuildings may be compared, the level di/erences can be adjusted to astandard reverberation time of .9 seconds

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Impact insulation is generally only relevant to 0oors. ( standard impact soundsource )a tapping machine consisting of automated hammers+ is used to strike the0oor repeatedly at a standard rate. The resulting sound in the receiving )downstairs+

room is measured and this value is termed the impact sound pressure level 5.-easurements in buildings can be standardied to a reverberation time of .9seconds.

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Sound Insulation Standards

The updated tandards of sound Insulation in the building regulations for>ngland and 7ales are designed to provide e!tra sound insulation compared to thatachieved in the past.

( common method of meeting the re=uirements of sound insulationregulations is to adopt standard approved construction. ( few of these standardconstructions are summaried in the Table below.

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Sound Measuring Devices

( sound level meter may be dened as an instrument which is made togive measurements of sound. &ence the meter converts the variations in airpressure to variations of voltage which are amplied and displayed on anelectrical meter calibrated in decibels. ound level meters can be smallenough to be hand*held and are supplied in several grades of accuracy.

Sound level Meter

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Part E Electricity Supply

Single Phase Electric Supply

( single*phase electric power refers to the distribution of alternatingcurrent electric power using a system in which all the voltages of the supplyvary in unison. ingle*phase distribution is used when loads are mostlylighting and heating, with few large electric motors. ( single*phase supplyconnected to an alternating current electric motor does not produce a

revolving magnetic eld< single*phase motors need additional circuits forstarting, and such motors are uncommon above 1 or " k7 in rating.

Application of Single Phase Electric SupplySingle-phase power distribution is widely used especially in rural areas, where the cost of a three-

phase distribution network is high and motor loads are small and uncommon.

High power systems, say, hundreds ofkVA or larger, are nearly always three phase. The largest

supply normally available as single phase varies according to the standards of the electrical utility. In

the UK a single-phase household supply may be rated 100 A or even 125 A, meaning that there is

%F

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilovolt-amperehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilovolt-amperehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power


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little need for 3 phase in a domestic or small commercial environment. Much of the rest of Europe

has traditionally had much smaller limits on the size of single phase supplies resulting in even

houses being supplied with 3 phase.

Three Phase Electric Supply

Three 0hase Electric 0ower

Three(phase electric power is a common method of alternating(current electric power

generation, transmission, and distribution. $t is a type of polyphase system and is the most

common method used by electrical grids worldwide to transfer power. $t is also used to power

large motors and other heavy loads. three(phase system is usually more economical than anequivalent single(phase or two(phase system at the same voltage because it uses less conductor

material to transmit electrical power. 2owever in this case, the single phase power supply is

better for domestic dwellings.

three(phase circuit combines three alternating currents of the same frequency, each ;56

degrees out of phase with each other. This produces three separate "waves" of power, as

represented below. The power in a Cthreephase power supply never drops to &ero, but in single(

phase the power falls to &ero C times per cycle. Thus, in a C(phase power supply, the power

delivered is constant.

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41/49

-%ected Po#er sage and Su%%l+ needed

(ppliance Eower usage

7ashing machine 8

Clock radio 1

Clothes iron 1

Erinter 89

Computer 19

"9S Television 19

Toaster 9

(ir*conditioning "FF

6lourescent lamps )11+ D

2lender %

3efridgerator 1" cu. 6t. "9

-icrowave F

,easures ta/e to reduce -nerg+ and Po#er Consu$%tion

Energy can be conserved a number of ways in the room. Some of these are+

;. Using Mluorescent bulbs instead of incandescent bulbs.

5. *nly using light when it is needed.

C. 7educing the wattage of bulbs used.

8. Using insulated wires which would reduce the amount of current wasted or held by the

wires.

@. Using computers, washing machines or equipment that has an energy star logo, this

means that it is very efficient and does not use as much energy.

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A. 2anging out the clothes, using dryer only when enough heat is not in the atmosphere.

9. Using the ir condition unit when needed, li#e in summer where the days would hotter

than the rainy season.

D. Using a gas stove to boil water instead of using an electric #ettle.

. Using the television and computer for entertainment less, instead engage in outdoor

activities.

These are Lust a few ways in which energy can be saved. Energy conservation is also very

dependent on what persons do for their careers and Lobs.

Calculation for Po#er usage %er +ear

(pplianceEower usage)7+

&ours used ina day

4ays used inweek

Total energy foryear )7+

7ashing machine 8 .% " 1"8FClock radio 1 18 # 8%#FClothes iron 1 .# % D%#Erinter 89 .1% " #F.8Computer 19 F # %88"9S Television 19 8 # 1F"

Toaster 9 .9 9 D9(ir*conditioning "FF .# 8 %9D8"86lourescentlamps )11+ D ""D%"

2lender % .1 % 8#F3efridgerator 1"cu. 6t. "9 "8 "8"8-icrowave F ."% 9 8F8

Total Eower 3e=uired ? #D19D9F.8

Total 0ower required per year ? A;A #4

8"


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*ealth and Safety

Eeople are injured when they become part of the electrical circuit. &umansare more conductive than the earth )the ground we stand on+ which means if there is no other easy path, electricity will try to 0ow through our bodies. Inorder to prevent this we must e!ercise e!treme caution and follow healthand safety regulations. ome general safety tips are'

• Inspect portable cord*and*plug connected e=uipment, e!tension cords,power bars, and electrical ttings for damage or wear before each use.3epair or replace damaged e=uipment immediately.

• Mse e!tension cords or e=uipment that is rated for the level of

amperage or wattage that you are using.

• (lways use the correct sie fuse. 3eplacing a fuse with one of a largersie can cause e!cessive currents in the wiring and possibly start a re.

8%


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Preli$inar+ -nerg+ *udit

The following properties are important for the energy audit.

;. Thermal 0roperties < the walls and floor were built with insulating materials

5. !ooling 1oad < 5D,D66 Btu was the si&e of the air( conditioner unit calculated

requirement to assist in cooling down the overall heat gains of the one room house.

C. 1ighting < The power requirements for lighting within the one room mansion was reduce

by the use of fluorescent lamps with a luminous efficacy of 6lm/4

T P TE! 7ates < Billing rates obtained from the Trinidad and Tobago Electricity

!ommission are indicated in the table below

. The range mentioned applies to a two month period, so dividing the annual power usage of the

mansion by si% would give a value falling within the range of ; < 866 #4h.

The total energy cost to operate the one(room mansion in one year+

#D1# ! .% ? "99F.D"

88

/=


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Part ': ,aste ,ater and Drainage

4ater supply is the provision of water by public utilities, commercial organi&ations,

community endeavours or by individuals, usually via a system of pumps and pipes. 4ater plays

an important in the life of human civili&ation. 4ater is needed for drin#ing, bathing, washing and

waste disposal. The hydrological system is also very important as it is the way how water is

cycled throughout the earth, it is necessary that this cycle be maintained and not disturbed as it

will be detrimental to all living organisms.

4aste water treament

4aste water or Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from

wastewater and household sewage, both runoff effluents, domestic, commercial and

institutional. $t includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove physical,chemical and biological contaminants. $ts obLective is to produce an environmentally safe fluid

waste stream or treated effluent and a solid waste or treated sludge suitable for disposal or

reuse usually as farm fertili&er. Using advanced technology it is now possible to re(use sewage

effluent for drin#ing water.

The typical sources of wastes water from the house are+

R itchen waste.

R Bathroom waste.

R 7ain from roof and yard storm water.

$n buildings a drainage system is normally used where water flows by gravity and carries

along small amounts of solids. Murthermore other that moving the waste water, this system also

needs to satisfy the following technical specifications+

R 0rotection from health ris#.

R 0rotection from foul air.

R Self(cleansing of system by normal flows.

R Easy access to all parts.

R 0rotection from e%tremes of weather.

R 3inimal chance of bloc#age.

.

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$n the house a separate drainage systems was used. 2ence the surface water is #ept in

separate drains and disposed in separate sewers than the foul water. 2owever a septic tan# and

water tan# was used in the wastewater drainage system.

=aste #ater S+ste$s

4ater tan# ( water tan# is a container for storing water in this design the tan# was located

underground and it was use to collect rain for irrigation agriculture etc.

Soa#(away pit ( soa# away pit allows the liquid from a septic tan# to soa# away into the soil,

or other medium naturally.

Septic tan#( tan#, typically underground, in which sewage is collected and allowed to

decompose through bacterial activity before draining by means of a leaching field

Nrease traps( also #nown as grease interceptors, grease recovery devices and grease converters

are plumbing devices designed to intercept most greases and solids before they enter a

wastewater disposal system.

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3anhole < small covered opening in a floor, pavement, or other surface to allow a person to

enter, esp. an opening in a city street leading to a sewer.

(iagra$ of =aste #ater s+ste$s

8


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#eferences

8F


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http'@@www.ccsenet.org@journal@inde!.php@jsd@article@view6ile@F9F@"F1

http'@@sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com@buildings@building*orientationUsthash.ikVntvW.dpuf

http'@@www.ashraethailand.org@download@[email protected]

https'@@ttec.co.tt@services@tari/s@images@TT>C3atesummary>/ective1ept"D.gif

http+//www.emergencylighting.net/types(of(emergency(lights/

http+//www.bre.co.u#/

http+//www.orbee.org/images/@cc(resource(files/;C;588968@thermal(conductivity(of(building(

materials.pdf

http+//roar.uel.ac.u#/;8;/

3c3ullan, 7andall. 5669. Environmental Science in Building Si%th Edition. 0algrave

3acmillan, 2ampshire.

http'@@www.csemag.com@single*article@re*and*life*safety*emergency*lighting@D"8F%a1eb%%%F#"F%/d9d191cf%1.html
http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/viewFile/8580/7281http://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/building-orientation#sthash.ikYSntvQ.dpufhttp://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/building-orientation#sthash.ikYSntvQ.dpufhttp://www.ashraethailand.org/download/ashraethailand_org/pub_tawee.buildingenvelope.pdfhttp://www.ashraethailand.org/download/ashraethailand_org/pub_tawee.buildingenvelope.pdfhttps://ttec.co.tt/services/tariffs/images/TTECRatesSummaryEffective1Sept2009.gifhttp://www.emergencylighting.net/types-of-emergency-lights/http://www.bre.co.uk/http://www.orbee.org/images/5cc-resource-files/1312447045_thermal-conductivity-of-building-materials.pdfhttp://www.orbee.org/images/5cc-resource-files/1312447045_thermal-conductivity-of-building-materials.pdfhttp://roar.uel.ac.uk/1491/http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/viewFile/8580/7281http://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/building-orientation#sthash.ikYSntvQ.dpufhttp://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/building-orientation#sthash.ikYSntvQ.dpufhttp://www.ashraethailand.org/download/ashraethailand_org/pub_tawee.buildingenvelope.pdfhttp://www.ashraethailand.org/download/ashraethailand_org/pub_tawee.buildingenvelope.pdfhttps://ttec.co.tt/services/tariffs/images/TTECRatesSummaryEffective1Sept2009.gifhttp://www.emergencylighting.net/types-of-emergency-lights/http://www.bre.co.uk/http://www.orbee.org/images/5cc-resource-files/1312447045_thermal-conductivity-of-building-materials.pdfhttp://www.orbee.org/images/5cc-resource-files/1312447045_thermal-conductivity-of-building-materials.pdfhttp://roar.uel.ac.uk/1491/

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