WEST BENGAL UNIVERSITY OF ANIMAL & FISHERY SCIENCES

FACULTY OF FISHERY SCIENCES

AN ASSIGNMENT ON

FEEDING HABIT AND FEED FORMULATION OF SHRIMP

SUBMITTED BY:

KArTIK MONDAL

B.F.Sc 2nd yr. 1st sem

FS : 10/13

FAQ-213

INTRODUCTION Shrimps culture has made significant advances during the last decade in

many parts of the world. It has become the most target species for

culture & breeding purpose all over the world. The demand for the

shrimps seed is increasing day by day due to its fast growth, high

fecundity, high survibility, disease free, high meat quality & also earns a

great market for domestic & export purpose. The knowledge about the

nutritional requirement of shrimp is very significant for cultivation of

shrimp.

Shrimps are cultured in waters rich in nutrients and natural food derived

both from plant and animal origin. Fertilization with either chemical or

organic fertilizers increases production of food organisms resulting in

higher shrimp production.

In the case of intensive shrimp farming systems in addition to selective

stocking of desired species, feeds with high conversion ratios which

provide all the nutrients essential for shrimp such as proteins, amino-

acids, carbohydrates, lipids and fatty acids, vitamins and minerals are

also required.

The quality feed and cost are critical and important factors in

determining profitability in a shrimp farm. In the selection of an

appropriate feed to match the shrimp farming, several factors have to be

considered and these include expert farm management, farm

infrastructure facilities.

SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF shrimp

Kingdom – Animalia

Phylum – Arthropoda

Subphylum – Crustacea

Class –Malacostraca

Order –Decapoda

Sub-Order –Dendrobranchiata

Family – Penaeidae

Genus –Penaeus

Species –P. monodon

Different species of shrimp

Fenneropenaeus

indicusPenaeus

merguiensis

P.semisulcata

s

Penaeus

vannamei

Penaeus

japonicusPenaeus

monodon

Soon after hatching into nauplius stage, thelarvae of shrimp derive nutrition from the yolk.The nauplious larvae grows by moulting about6 times and enter the stage called zoea.Duringthis stage the larvae feed on phytoplankton suchas skeletoema.it moults about 3 times andchanges into mysis.During mysis stage ,thelarvae feds on zooplankton and grows intopostlrva.During post larva stage ,it graduallymoves to the bottom and lives there feeding onbottom organism.

1. Compared to common fish ,shrimp are slow in digesting fats.

2. Their capacity to digest carbohydrates is also not very high.

3. They mainly digest proteins. In view of their growth ,which involves repeated moulting ,it is necessary to include sufficient quantity of the feed constituent which can easily help in formation of chitin.

Feed and feeding regime of larvae shrimp :Nutrient requirements of shrimp vary throughout their life-cycle. For meet the needs of

nutrient requirements larval shrimp proper feeding is needed.

* Feed four times a day.

Stage of shrimp

Artificial feed*Natural food

Size (μ)

Nauplius - Phytoplankton

Zoea 147 Chaetoceros + Rotifer

Mysis - P2

<165 Brine shrimp + Rotifer

P3

- P7

>165 Artificial diet only

P7

- P20

"

FEED FORMULATION

OFSHRIMP

FEED FORMULATION

Feed formulation is the combination of raw materials to satisfy the

pre established nutrient requirements of the species and age of fish.

Raw materials should be selected on their ability to supply particular

nutrients (e.g., protein, energy, essential amino acids and essential

fatty acids) at the lowest cost.

This assumes that nutrients present in different feedstuffs have the

same nutritional value, which permits the combination of many

different nutrient sources in different proportions to satisfy a given

set of nutrient requirements for a particular fish.

However, the fact that a nutrient is chemically measurable in a given

feedstuff does not necessarily mean that it is biologically available.

Feed formulation usually follows a certain sequence of virtually trial

and error steps.

FEED FORMULATIONSo the procedure for feed formulation is as follows:

Step1 – Use least cost analysis to select protein and energysources.

Step2 – Ensure that these sources will provide the desiredlevels of essential amino acids (EAA) and essential fatty acids(EFA).

Step3 – Remember that a better nutrient balance is likely tobe achieved by using several feedstuffs in combination.

Step4 – Balance crude protein level.

Step5 – Balance digestible energy level.

Step6 – Calculate the levels of EAA and EFA in the finishedfeed (if possible) and if these do not satisfy the requirementsof the carp, steps 4 and 5 are repeated.

Step7 – Add binders, vitamins & minerals

Proteins and amino acids Protein are a large class of nitrogenous substance of a complex

union of amino acids and containing carbon (50%), oxygen(22%), hydrogen (0.7%) and other elements such as sulphur, phosphorus , iron and iodine. Nitrogen (16%) is the most important element of protein.

The basic units of protein are amino acids. There are some twenty three major amino acids .The ten essential amino acids can not be synthesized by the organism and have to be provided for in the feed for aquatic animals. For complete utilization of the dietary protein the amino acids have to be balanced.

Amino acids are not only the building block but are

also involved in growth , maintenance of body tissue

and energy for the well-being of the shrimp produce

hormones and enzymes. 1 g protein produce 4.1 kcal energy.

Contd…If an adequate protein source is not provided through the diet,

there is a rapid reduction of growth or even a loss of weight

because shrimp may withdraw protein from some tissues to

maintain the function of more vital tissues.

In addition to species, food-habit, age and water temperature,

the source of protein and energy levels of the diet as well as

stocking rate affects the protein requirement of shrimp.

Usually protein from animal source give better growth and

survival than plant protein.

The quality of the protein used in feed is also important.

Protein requirement(%) of different species of shrimp

species Common name Requirement

Penaeus aztecus Northern brown

shrimp

25-45

Penaeus indicus Indian white prawn 36-43

Penaeus japonicus Kuruma prawn 35-60

Penaeus

merguiensis

Banana prawn 34-50

Penaeus monodon Tiger prawn 40-50

Penaeus vannamei White leg shrimp 30-35

Amino acids profile of Penaeusmonodon(g)

Amino acids Requirment

Arginine 9.16

Histidine 1.52

Isoleucine 3.86

Leucine 8.04

Lysine 6.83

Methionine 2.01

Phnylalanine 4.02

Tyrosine 3.05

Valine 3.70

carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are major source of dietary energy which

can be used to meet the entire metabolic energy

requirements leaving proteins for growth.

1g carbohydrate produced 4.0 kcal energy.

Carbohydrates are present in small quantities in the

shrimp body as glycogen, sugars and their derivatives.

Carbohydrate or saccharides are generally composed of

carbon, hydrogen , oxygen

Contd…. In shrimp carbohydrate are important as energy source for

chitin synthesis and synthesis of non-essential fatty acids. However, there are different in utilization of the carbohydrate source. Monosaccharide such as glucose, galactose and fructose inhibit the growth of brown shrimp(Penaeus aztecus), kuruma shrimp(Penaeus japonicus).

On the other hand disaccharides like sucrose, maltose and polysaccharide such as dextrin and starch have high nutritive value as carbohydrate source.

Chitin is a linear polysaccharide with the formula(C6H13O5)n and the major component of exoskeleton of shrimp. Due to moulting this has to be steadily replaced. It is synthesisedfrom glucose via glucomine, a precursor of chitin.

fats Fats are the fatty acid esters of glycerol and are the

primary energy depots of shrimp. Aquatic animal ( like

shrimp) are able to metabolise lipid readily, particularly

when deprived of food.

Dietary lipids have two major function .They are

sources of energy and fatty acids. The metabolizable

energy of fat is estimated to be 9.1 Kcal/g.

Dietary lipids help in absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

and in addition play a very important role in the structure

of biological membranes such as phospholipids and

sterols esters.

Lipids are also important in textural and flavor properties

of shrimp. Fats are easily digested (digestibility about

90% or higher) and assimilated by fishes.

Contd…

In shrimp the requirement of fat is lower than for fish.

Recommendation are in the range of 4.0 to 10.0% for marine

shrimp.

The reproductive performance of shrimp is insufficient when

there is lack of essential fatty acids(EFA). In the presence of

phospholipids larval Penaeus japonicus required less PUFA

than post larval stage.

Shrimp have a dietary requirement for sterols because they are

incapable of synthesising de novo sterols from acetate and

mevalonic acid. Diet supplementation with o.25 to 1.0%

cholesterol meets the requirements of shrimp.

vitamins Vitamins are organic compounds required in trace amounts in the

function of most forms of life but which some organisms are unable to synthesize. Like other aquatic animals ,Shrimps meet their vitamin requirements from natural food in ponds. Since vitamins play a major role in maintaining most of the physiological and metabolic processes of shrimps, these are to be supplied in artificial complete feed and also supplementary feeds.

Vitamin A is involved in calcium transport across some membranes,

in reproduction and embryonic development.

Vitamin D stimulates absorption of calcium from the intestine.

Vitamin E protects highly unsaturated fatty acids in lipids of

biological membranes from oxidation in the presence of molecular

oxygen.

Vitamin requirements of Shrimp are affected by the size, age and

growth rate of fishes, environmental factors. Table-gives the

quantitative requirements of vitamins in Penaeus monodon.

Vitamin Penaeus monodon

(mg/kg diet)deficiency

Thiamin 30-32 Nervousness, fading of body colour.

Riboflavin 20-23 Skin and fin hemorrhages, mortality.

Pyridoxine 50-53 Nervous disorders

Pantothenic acid 75-77Poor growth, anemia, skin hemorrhages,

exophthalmia.

Nicotinic acid 150 Skin hemorrhages, mortality

Biotin o.5 Poor growth

Folic acid 5 None detected

Vitamin B12 20 None detected

Choline 400 Fatty liver

Inositol 300 Skin lesions

Ascorbic acid 1000Scoliosis and lordosis and impaired collagen

formation

Vitamin A 4000 IUFaded colour, exophthalmia, warped operculum,

fin and skin hemorrhages

Vitamin D 1000 IU Not tested

Vitamin E 100 Muscular dystrophy, mortality

Vitamin K 5-7 Not tested

minerals

• Minerals are important nutrients as these are required for normal bone, tissue, exoskeleton, blood plasma and hemoglobin or hemocyanin formations and also for many enzymatic reactions. Calcium (Ca) and Phosphorus (P) are required for the formation of skeletal tissues.

• Calcium is also essential for blood clotting, muscle function, proper nerve impulse transmission, osmoregulation and for serving as a cofactor during various enzymatic processes.

Macro and trace mineral requirement of

shrimp(%)

Macro mineralRequirement

Calcium 0.5-1.25

Phosphorus 1.0-2.0

Magnesium o.1-o.3

Sodium o.2-0.6

Potassium 0.7-o.9

Trace mineralRequirement (mg/kg)

Iron 70-300

Copper 10-35

Manganese 20-45

Cobult 5-10

Zinc 90-110

Iodine 30

Selenium 0.1-o.2

Summary of nutrient requirements of

shrimps for diet formulationNutrient Growth stages requirement

Protein(%) Reproductive stage 38-40

Juvenile 35-37

Adult 28-30

Carbohydrate(%) For all stages 25-35

Lipid includingphopholipids()%

For all stages 3-7

HUFA(%) >0.08

Cholesterol(%) For all stages 0.5-0.6

Vit.C (mg/kg) Grow out 100

Calcoum/phosphorus 1.5-2:1

Zn(mg/kg) 90

Other minerals Quantitative requirements not yet known

energy Reproductive stage 3.7-4 kcal/g feed

Other stages 2.9-3.2 kcal/g feed

conclusion The shrimp is one of the high value aquaculture product

emerging from Asia. At present feed is the largest single cost

item, as it constitute 40-60% of operational cost in shrimp

production.

So the knowledge about the nutritional requirement of shrimp

is very significant for preparation of feed which helps in the

proper growth of shrimp and other physiological and

metabolic processes of shrimps.

Hence feed to attain higher growth and more efficient feed

conversion ratio needs proper knowledge about the nutritional

requirement of shrimp.

In this context , the use of feeding attractants will have

relevance in improving feed intake and fed efficiency and to

minimize feed wastage and water pollution.

REFERNCES

BOOKS

1. FISH NUTRITION IN AQUACULTURE – Sena S.De Silva & Trevor A. Anderson

2 . Advances in shrimp aquaculture management-S.Felix

WEBSITE

1.Shrimp nutrition in www.google.com

2.www.wikipedia.com