katie mcintyre kevin jaggi maya d’alessio. “an infection acquired in a hospital by a patient who...
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NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS
Katie McIntyre
Kevin Jaggi
Maya D’Alessio
WHAT ARE NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS?“An infection acquired in a hospital by a
patient who was admitted for a reason other than that infection”
Infections acquired during a hospital stay If you didn’t walk in with it – it’s
nosocomial Also known as hospital acquired
infections (HAI) A major factor in terms of cost and time
for the current health care system
SOME SCARY FACTS Roughly 1.7 MILLION HAIs a year in the
USA leading to 99,000 deaths Roughly one third of nosocomial
infections are estimated to be preventable
Costs the USA between $4 billion and $11 billion per year
RISK FACTORS Immune suppression Major surgery/invasive procedures Prolonged use of invasive devices
(ventilators) Long hospital stays Major wounds Elderly/infants Antimicrobial therapies Chemotherapy
HOW CAN THEY BE SPREAD? Exogenous cross-infection Endemic or epidemic exogenous
environmental infections Endogenous infection
Indirect or direct contact transmission Droplet transmission Airborne transmission Vehicle transmission (contaminated
medication or surgical equipment)
SOURCES OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS Past
Infections were caused by pathogens of external origins
Microorganisms not present in the normal flora
PresentOpportunistic pathogens that are common
in the general population Shift due to use of antibiotic treatments
and hygiene practices
TUBERCULOSIS Pulmonary Infection caused by
Mycobacterium tuberculosis – inhabits the lung
Leading cause of death by bacterial infections in the world
Person can be Tb (+) however may not develop the actual disease~10% of Tb infected patients actually get
the disease HIV patients are at higher risk for TB
TB IN HOSPITALS Patients who have latent TB infections can
enter the hospital If they become immunocompromised they go
into active disease and can spread it TB can spread through droplet contact to
surrounding patients and healthcare workers Recently TDR TB has been detected in India, along with MDR and XDR TB TB treatment is long term and complicated
URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI) Most common nosocomial infection Bacterial Infection caused by E. coli
Gram Negative BacteriaNormal flora in body, however, some can
cause infections such as E. coli 0157:H7 known as a shiga producing toxin
Affects bladder, kidneys, urethra
URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI) Women are more prone than men Patients who have nerve damage
around the bladder are more prone Patients who have weakened immune
systems are more prone Patients in hospitals or care homes who
use catheters are more prone
SYMPTOMS/TREATMENT
Bladder InfectionsBurning sensation while urination, fatigue,
bloody urine Kidney Infections
High Fever, abdominal pain, chills Antibiotics up to 14 days
Amoxicillin Fluroquinolones
Lots of fluids is recommended
HAP- HOSPITAL ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA 2nd most common nosocomial infection,
however has the highest mortality rate Pneumonia (infection of lungs), which
develops when a patient is hospitalized for an extended period of time
Caused by Psuedomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aeurus, and Entrobacter, Acetinobacter
Patients who are on ventilators for more than 48 hours are most at risk, followed by patients in ICU and patients in post-op care.
MECHANICAL VENTILATORS AND HAP The most common way to get
pneumonia in a hospital or long term care facility (old age home) is through a ventilator VAP (Ventilator associated pneumonia)
~86% of all VAP cases have occurred in ICU wards
Patients who have been hospitalized for more than 5 days and have been on a ventilator for more than 48 hours should be screened
SYMPTOMS/DIAGNOSIS Hard to distinguish However the following are the main
symptoms to look for Fever, sputum, change in the
characteristics (color, etc.) of the discharge over a period of time, rapid or shallow breathing, hypoxia
Blood tests- WBC count Chest X-rays- Infiltrates indicate
pneumonia Bronchoscopy
PREVENTION Reduction of time the patient uses a
ventilator New research on coating the endotracheal
tubes with silver or hexetidine, which prevents bacteria to adhere to it
Using sterile fluid in the suction that is used to clear the catheter
Tilting the hospital bed 30-40° at all time to reduce GI reflux
Changing tubes and machines of the ventilators frequently
METHICILLIN RESISTANT S. AUREUS Includes any S. aureus strain that is
resistant to penicillins and cephalosporins
MRSA strains are not more virulent Infects respiratory tract, open wounds,
the sites of intravenous catheters and the urinary tract
Becoming resistant to vancomycin Human carriers
SCREENING FOR MRSA Upon admittance to the hospital, patient
history is taken If there is a potential that the patient is
carrying MRSA, they are swabbed for further testing
MRSA testing is not immediate Suspected patients are put on contact
precautions until the test results are released
VANCOMYCIN RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCUS Includes bacterial strains of
Enterococcus that are resistant to vancomycin
4% of hospital nosocomial infections in US
Spread through fecal to oral route
Use of cephalosporins is a risk factor for VRE infection
CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE Causes severe diarrhea and intestinal
disease Normally can’t compete with commensal
bacteria In a patient on antibiotics, the commensal
bacteria have been killed The use of fluoroquinolones and
clindamycin are strongly associated with cases of C. difficile
Can lead to pseudomembranous colitis, a severe inflammation of the colon or toxic megacolon which can be fatal
TREATMENT Treatment in mild cases of C. difficile can
be as simple as halting antibiotic treatment
In more serious cases metronidazole is used and vancomycin may be used as well
Relapses of C. difficile have been reported in up to 20% of cases
Antidiarrheal drugs make the damage worse
In Australia they are experimenting with fecal bacteriotherapy
ACINETOBACTER Pleomorphic gram negative bacillus Only rare cases of community acquired
infections Preferentially colonizes aquatic environments
- in hospitalized patients it is commonly found in their:
-sputum/respiratory secretions -urine -wounds
Capable of long-term survival in hospital environments
-contact patients via -inanimate objects-human reservoirs
A.baumannii is the most common species associated with infection causing opportunistic infections
Predominant role as an agent of ventilator-associated pneumoniaCan also cause
Bacteremia UTIs Secondary meningitis Skin and wound infections
Combination therapy is generally required to treat infections due to growing antibiotic resistance
CANDIDA In the 1990s Candida albicans was
responsible for approximately 80% of candidemias
There has been a shift in the type of Candidia infections away from C.albicansC.albicans (48%)C.glabrata (24%)C.tropicalis (19%)C.parapsilosis (7%)
These other species are less susceptible to the commonly used azole antifungal agents!
HOW DO WE STOP IT?…HAND HYGIENE Compliance with proper hand hygiene is
lower than 40% and leads to the transmission of infections between patients
Hand hygiene is simple In Ontario, hospitals must report their
hand hygiene compliance rates 80% of hospital staff who dressed a
MRSA infected wound carried the bacteria on their hands for THREE HOURS
FOUR MOMENTS FOR HAND HYGIENE
CONTAINING SPREAD Private rooms or cohorting Proper cleaning protocols, using bleach
or other heavy duter cleaners Frequent cleaning Replacing any damaged equipment Repainting of walls/surfaces Curtains and surfaces are depositories
for bacterial growth
IMPLEMENTING PRECAUTIONS Depending on the confirmed or
suspected illness patients on put on a specific “precaution” guideline
Contact precautions
Droplet precautions
Airborne precautions
CONCLUSION Many nosocomials are caused by
ubiquitous opportunistic pathogens Avoid hospitals when possible
Hand hygiene
Avoid antibiotics when possible