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KBP Technical Standards and

Operating Requirements

Content

• Broadcasting in General

• Technical standards and operating requirements for MF Broadcast Stations in the Philippines

• Technical standards and operating requirements for FM Broadcast Stations in the Philippines

• Technical standards and operating requirements for Television in the Philippines

What is Broadcasting?

• The art and science of conveying information through electrical means intended for the reception of the general public.

• As per RA 9292, Sec. 3c:▫ “an undertaking the object of which is totransmit audio, video, text, images, or othersignals or messages for the reception of abroad audience in a geographical area viawired or wireless means.”

The Basic Broadcasting Chain

Studio-to-Transmitter Configurations

• Combo Type

▫ Studio and Transmitter are co-located

▫ Link is commonly wired

• Split Type

▫ Studio and Transmitter are not co-located

▫ Link is commonly wireless

Broadcast Programming

• the practice of organizing television or radioprograms in a daily, weekly, or season-longschedule.

• Dayparting

▫ the practice of dividing the day into several parts,during each of which a different type of radioprogramming or television programmingappropriate for that time is aired.


• Early Morning▫ Follows “Sign-on”▫ Includes early

morning newscasts, and “Breakfast”

▫ Typically from 6:00AM to 9:00AM

• Daytime▫ Follows the end of

morning-show programming

▫ Typically 9:00AM to 4:30PM


• Early Fringe

▫ afternoon/early evening (before evening primetime)

▫ Typically 4:30PM to 7:30PM

• Prime Access

• Prime Time

▫ 8:00PM to 11:00PM

• Late News

▫ 11:00-11:30PM


• Late Fringe

▫ 11:30PM to 1:00 AM

• Late Night/Post late-Fringe

▫ 1:00AM

• Graveyard Slot

▫ 2:00AM to 6:00AM

I. Technical standards and operating requirements for MF

Broadcast Stations in the Philippines

A. Definition of Terms

• Medium Frequency Broadcast Station▫ An AM Broadcast Station licensed for aural or

sound transmissions intended for direct reception by the general public and operated in the MF band.

• Medium Frequency Broadcast Band▫ The band of frequencies from 526.5 to 1705

kHz

• Medium Frequency Broadcast Channel▫ The band of frequencies occupied by the

carrier and the 2 sidebands


• “Daytime”

▫ Period between 2200 Universal Time Coordinates (UTC) to 1000 Universal Time Coordinates (UTC) or (6:00AM to 6:00PM Standard Time)

• “Nightime”

▫ Period between 1000 Universal Time Coordinates (UTC) to 2200 Universal Time Coordinates (UTC) or (6:00PM to 6:00 AM Standard Time)


• “Experimental Period”

▫ Time between 12 midnight to 5:00AM local standard time (1600 – 2100 UTC)

▫ May be used for experimental, testing and maintenance purposes, provided that no interference is caused to other stations maintaining a regular operating schedule within such period.

B. Classification of Service Areas of a

Broadcast Station

• “Primary Service Area”

▫ Area in which the ground wave field of 1mV/m (60dBu) is not subject to objectionable fading/interference

• “Secondary Service Area”

▫ Area served by the skywave and not subject to objectionable interference

▫ Subject to intermittent variations in intensity

B. Classification of Service Areas of a

Broadcast Station

• “Intermittent Service Area”

▫ Area receiving service from the groundwavebut beyond the primary service area

▫ Subject to interference and fading

C. Technical MF Broadcast Standards

• MF band allocation

▫ 526.5 kHz – 1705 kHz

• Channel bandwidth

▫ 9 kHz

• Number of AM Channels Available

▫ 131 Channels

• Frequency Separation in any service area

▫ 36 kHz

D. Operating Requirements

• Hours of Operation

▫ Minimum Operating Schedule

2/3 of total hours that is authorized to operate

the station may cease operation for a period not exceeding 10 days


▫ Broadcast/s outside of the authorized operating schedules (e.g. before sign-on)

May be allowed without prior authorization, provided that the program falls under an emergency category or of very important relevance to the station’s existence


▫ Permanent discontinuance of operations

Licensee shall notify the Authority in writingat least 2 days before the actualdiscontinuance is effective

E. Maximum Power Allocation

AREA MAXIMUM POWER (kW)

Metro Manila * 50

All other Areas 10

• * Transmitters of Existing Metro Manila Stationsmay be located outside Metro Manila. Provided,Metro Manila remains within the 80 dBu contour ofthe transmitter.

• Station shall not operate more than 5% and notlower than 10% of its authorized operating power

II. Technical standards and operating requirements for FM

Broadcast Stations in the Philippines


• FM Broadcast Band▫ The band of frequencies from 88 MHz to 108

MHz

• FM Broadcast Station▫ A station employing frequency modulation in

the FM Broadcast band and intended to be received by the general public.

• FM Broadcast Channel▫ A band of frequencies of 200 kHz wide,

designated by its center frequency

B. Classes of FM Broadcast Stations

• Class A Station▫ Authorized transmitter power <= 25 kW

▫ Minimum transmitter power = 10 kW

▫ Effective Radiated Power (ERP) < =125 kW

▫ Ave. antenna height <= 2000ft above ave.terrain

▫ Shall only be allowed in Metro Manila and Metro-Cebu


• Class B Station▫ Authorized transmitter power <= 10 kW

▫ Minimum transmitter power = 1 kW

▫ Effective Radiated Power (ERP) <= 30 kW

▫ Ave. antenna height <= 500ft above ave.terrain

▫ Implemented in areas not covered by Class A


• Class C Station▫ Authorized ERP <= 1kW

▫ For Non-commercial, community station

• Class D Station▫ authorized transmitter power <= 10W

▫ Where educational stations are allowed to operate

NOTE:All classes of FM stations shall be protected

to the 1mV/m contour or 60dBu contour

C. Technical FM Broadcast Standards

• FM band allocation

▫ 88 MHz to 108 MHz

• Channel bandwidth

▫ 200 kHz per channel

• Number of AM Channels Available

▫ 100 Channels (Starting at 88.1 MHz)

• Minimum Frequency Separation in any service area

▫ 800 kHz

III. Technical standards and operating requirements for

Television in the Philippines


• Television Broadcast Band▫ 54 to 72 MHz (Channel 2 through 4)

▫ 76 to 88 MHz (Channels 5 & 6)

▫ 174 to 216 MHz (Channels 7 -13)

▫ 470 to 890 MHz (Channels 14 – 83)

• Television Broadcast Station▫ A station in the broadcasting service

transmitting simultaneously visual and auralsignals intended to be received by the generalpublic.


• Television Channel▫ A band of frequencies 6 MHz wide in the

television broadcast band

▫ Designated either by channel number orextreme lower and upper frequencies.

B. General Operating Requirements

• Hours of Operation▫ Minimum regular program operating

schedule: Not less than 2 hours daily for 5 broadcast days per

week, and:

not less than a total of 12 hours per week during 1st 18 months of operation

Not less than a total of 16 hrs., 20 hrs., and 24 hrs., per week for each successive 6month period of operation

Not less than 2 hours daily for 7 broadcast days per week, and not less than a total of 20 hrs. per week thereafter

Quiz

1. A TV program airing at 8pm every Mondays toFridays contains graphic scene of rape andviolence. The program, despite its content andtheme, is rated only G. Evaluate the TVprogram, and its implications to the youngviewers according to the code of ethicsstipulated in the KBP TV code.

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